Use parent pointer instead of ppid.

PDF at http://am.lcs.mit.edu/~rsc/xv6.pdf

Various changes made while offline.

 + bwrite sector argument is redundant; use b->sector.
 + reformatting of files for nicer PDF page breaks
 + distinguish between locked, unlocked inodes in type signatures
 + change FD_FILE to FD_INODE
 + move userinit (nee proc0init) to proc.c
 + move ROOTDEV to param.h
 + always parenthesize sizeof argument

Various cleanup:

 - Got rid of dummy proc[0].  Now proc[0] is init.
 - Added initcode.S to exec /init, so that /init is
   just a regular binary.
 - Moved exec out of sysfile to exec.c
 - Moved code dealing with fs guts (like struct inode)
   from sysfile.c to fs.c.  Code dealing with system call
   arguments stays in sysfile.c
 - Refactored directory routines in fs.c; should be simpler.
 - Changed iget to return *unlocked* inode structure.
   This solves the lookup-then-use race in namei
   without introducing deadlocks.
   It also enabled getting rid of the dummy proc[0].

Because limit gives the address of the last addressable
byte in the segment, the limit argument to SEG16 and SEG
needs to have 1 subtracted from it.

bug in proc_wait

lots of cleanup

idecref cwd in exit

delete unused functions
a few comments