---
layout: presentation
title: Additive Manufacturing and Access --Week 6--
description: Description of Additive Manufacturing and physical computing
class: middle, center, inverse
---
background-image: url(img/people.png)

.left-column50[
# Welcome to the Future of Access Technologies

Week 6, Additive Manufacturing and Access

{{site.classnum}}, {{site.quarter}}
]
---
name: normal
layout: true
class:

---
# Important Reminder

## This is an important reminder
## Make sure zoom is running and recording!!!
## Make sure captioning is turned on

---
layout:false

[//]: # (Outline Slide)
.title[Today's goals]
.body[
- Talk about the value of additive manufacturing & physical computing in accessibility
- Cover some common approaches to making & physical computing
- Go into detail about a specific approach, laser cutting
- Make something accessible!
]

---
# Making in an accessibility course? Why?

.column[
What is craft?
]

.column[
- Fits real needs
- Comfortable
- Loving
- .lowlight[Creative]
- Practical
- .lowlight[Healing]
- .lowlight[Empowering]
- .lowlight[Subversive]

]

.column[
![:img A picture of Jen's child 3 at age wearing a white knit sweater; knit mittens and a knit hat. The mittens are a bit too large and he has his hands raised in the air to show them off and a smile on his face., 100%, width](img/3dprinting/arun-knitting.png)
]

---
# Making in an accessibility course? Why?

.column[
What is craft?
]

.column[
- Fits real needs
- Comfortable
- Loving
- .lowlight[Creative]
- Practical
- **Healing**
- **Empowering**
- .lowlight[Subversive]
]

.column[
![:img A picture of two different /knockers/: realistic stuffed crochet breasts for use by breast cancer survivors, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/knockers.png)
]

---
# Making in an accessibility course? Why?

.column[
What is craft?

[Vice Article](https://www.vice.com/en/article/8qwpzb/mark-my-words-the-subversive-history-of-women-using-thread-as-ink)
]

.column[
- Fits real needs
- Comfortable
- Loving
- **Creative**
- Practical
- Healing
- Empowering
- **Subversive**
]

.column[
![:img A picture of two  embroidered articles. The first dates back to 1890 and is the work of a German seamstress who had been consigned to an asylum. embroidered script in German is visible on a hanging piece of cloth. The second is an embroidered tv. Inside it is an image of a naked woman looking into a mirror with the word /Censored/ over her breasts where they show on the mirror. The image says /new mirrors by Facebook/ and /patriarchy approved/, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/subversive.png)
]

???
dating back to the 1890s, it's the work of a German seamstress who had been consigned to an asylum. Although it's often falsely described as her straitjacket, it was actually cut and assembled from a hospital gown, tailored and then turned into an autobiography wrought on fabric. 

---
[Facebook Fashion Discrimination](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/style/disabled-fashion-facebook-discrimination.html)

![:img Two pictures of women wearing a grey cardigan and black pants. One is a white woman standing looking over her left shoulder as her white blond hair waves in the wind. She stands on a white featureless background. The other has brown skin and black hair and is posed in a wheelchair. Two pots with arrangements of dried flowers set the scene, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/fashion.png)

---
# What is craft?

- 1000s of years old
- Highly skilled
- Only labeled “arts and crafts” after the industrial revolution
- Often centered in women’s “busy” work
- Sometimes entrepreneurial 
- Exceptional at addressing unique and individual needs

---
![:img Three textbooks (Adapt my world by J. Rose Laxen; Illustrated guide to Assistive Technology & Devices by Suzanne Robitaille; and Assistive Technology Solutions in Minutes Book II by Therese Willkomm) and A screenshot of the Thingiverse website showing 3D printed accessibility technologies collected by user @glitchpudding last updated on July 22 i 2016, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/books-at.png)

---
# Modern crafting technology
<BR>
.left-column50[
- New ways to ideate and create
 - Faster, easier, sometimes better
- New ways to customize
 - Faster iteration
 - Mass customization
- New materials
- New and/or more complicated shapes
]

--
count: false

.right-column50[
![:youtube Video of child using a 3D printed hand, WoZ2BgPVtA0]

]

---
# DIY Accessibility

Rapid iteration can help with accessible design

.left-column40[

![:img Rainbow loom to assist with knitting, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/rainbow-loom.jpg)
![:img Red knitting loom with white hooks to aid accessibility, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/loom.png)


]

.right-column60[
![:youtube Xbox adaptive controller intro, 9fcK19CAjWM]
]

---
# DIY Accessibility
.right-column60[

[Interactiles: 3D Printed Tactile Interfaces to Enhance Mobile Touchscreen Accessibility](https://make4all.org/portfolio/interactiles/) (ASSETS 2018)

![:img A picture of a mobile phone with a tangible scrollbar and number pad built into its case to help improve blind interaction with the phone,50%, width ](img/3dprinting/interactiles.png)

]

.left-column40[
Combination of materials
- Silicon & sewn conductive thread (could use conductive powder instead)
- Nuts and bolts
]

---
# Pause and discuss

Try to think of some everyday objects that could be made more accessible (customized through DIY making)

Post on [Ed]({{site.discussion}}/3750264)

---
[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Who makes accessibility happen? (1/2)

Crafters with Disabilities

---
# Example: Knitters with disabilities

We interviewed 16 disabled knitters about their motivations, process, needs, and experiences of bias

- 11 Blind or Low-Vision
- 7 Motor-impaired
- 3 with Cognitive Impairment

We collected data from six forums to extend our sample size and complement our interviews with more motor and cognition related data

---
# Making Patterns Accessible 

Pattern accessibility was a frequent problem for disabled knitters
- Forum posters mentioned over 40 different pattern formatting guidelines to make patterns more accessible
- Not just about nonvisual access

For example P14-MC, who wrote out patterns in detail, said: 

.quote[...if it says you need to go and knit 16 rows, I’ll write out [all of them] and then I’ll mark them off as I go. (P14-MC)] 

.footnote[MC indicates motor and cognitive impairment]

---
# Making Craft Accessible

Four participants (P1-MVC, P2-V, P5-M, P11-V) reported difficulty with small gauged looms

Both circular knitting needle and loom knitters experienced difficulty executing a purl stitch

.quote[...when I purl …[I] have to push my thumb down like that to get
tension… And so there’s a lot more pinching for me… and that
definitely causes discomfort the fastest. (P3-M)] 

---
# Making Accessible Objects

.left-column[
![:img A neuro-diverse crochet robot wearing headphones with a big heart, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/neurodiverse-robot.png) 

![:img A crochet robot with a prosthetic leg and a big heart, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/prosthetic-leg-robot.png)

]
.right-column[
The results of knitting solved accessibility problems for some knitters
- Patterns for toy robots with disabilities to increase the inclusion and representation of disability in the knitting community (P10-M)
- Tops for wheelchair users with a shorter back and longer front

.quote[if your sweater is too long in the back [and] goes underneath you, it's hard to transfer. (P14-M)] 

]
---
# Community Ableism

Participants primarily participated in communities of knitters to learn, as support networks, project collaborators, and to increase inclusion. 

Bias included assumptions about ability and even concerns about image, such as one forum poster experienced when a pattern designer *“didn’t like the idea of a wheelchair being in the shot.”*



---
[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Who makes accessibility happen? (2/2)

Crafters with Disabilities

Domain Experts

- Medical makers
- People with disabilities
- ...

---
# Domain Experts

**A lot of research is needed here**

- Full power of software engineering
- Equivalent of end user programming
- Production and personalization of interactive systems
  - Modularity 
  - Requirements Specification
  - Hybrid Control over AI based systems (e.g. optimization)

--
This is a focus of a lot of my group's work

---
# Announcements (1/2)

- Reminder: This is fabrication week, please come to class prepared to make things :)
- This is also the start of "Module 2", post-GUI accessibility.  Please fill out our end-of-module survey to give feedback on module 1 (we will post it on Ed this week) 
- Was everyone able to find their comments in the gradebook?
- Office hours at 3:30 on Tuesday; online at 11:30 on Wednesday instead of in person
- Section is in **.red[CSE022]**

---
# Announcements (2/2)

- Reminder: accessibility goes both ways in this class. 
  - You can expect it of us (and correct us if we make a mistake)
  - We also expect it of you (it is a requirement for us to assess you)
  
- Things that we expect you to do going forward in order to assess you on *other* competencies and give you full credit for participation
  - alt text for images
  - accessible documents
  - accessible presentations

---
# Traditional Manufacturing


<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

---
# The future (is here)
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

<br>
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Design) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry)
B -->|Interpret| D(Manufacturing instructions)
D -->|Machine| E(Made Object)
E -->|Clean Up| F(Final Object)
class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>


---

<!-- ![:youtube Time lapse video liquid printing, l3TgmvV2ElQ?t=23] -->
![:youtube Time lapse video explaining 3D printing, m_QhY1aABsE]
<!-- ![:youtube Time lapse video laser sintering, 9E5MfBAV_tA?t=53] -->
<!-- ![:youtube Time lapse video of powder printing, kBHsfNDsbCs?t=7s] -->

---
# Fabrication technologies are not

- ...the Star Trek replicator
- ...as fast as the best manufacturing solutions for bulk manufacturing
- ...as fast as your 2d printer
- ...inexpensive
- ...nice to touch (material range is limited)

**But** they can do a lot of interesting things

---
# Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Design) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry)
B -->|Interpret| D(Manufacturing instructions)
D -->|Machine| E(Made Object)
E -->|Clean Up| F(Final Object)

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

<br>
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(CAD software) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry) 
B -->|Slice| D(G-Code)
D -->|3D Printer: additive<BR>CNC:subtractive| E(Plastic/Wood/Metal)
E -->|Snip & Sand & Finish | F(Final Object)

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---
# Additive Vs Subtractive (e.g. CNC) Printing

.left-column50[
- Additive printing puts down material, building up the object layer by layer
  - Some are done with extruded plastic or other material
  - Others are done with powders that are sealed together (powder printers)
- Subtractive removes materials from around the object
]

.right-column50[
![:img three 3D printed lion heads two are subtractive printing one is additive, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/add-subtract.png)

]

---
# Example: CNC Spoon

![:youtube Video of a person using a CNC machine to make a spoon, caf5WDeBUaA]

---

# Machine Knitting
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Design) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry)
B -->|Interpret| D(Manufacturing instructions)
D -->|Machine| E(Made Object)
E -->|Clean Up| F(Final Object)

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(CAD software) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry) 
B -->|Slice| D(G-Code)
D -->|3D Printer: additive<BR>CNC:subtractive| E(Plastic/Wood/Metal)
E -->|Snip & Sand & Finish | F(Final Object)

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

<br>
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(knit_script) -->|Prepare| B(Knit Graph) 
B -->|Compile| D(DAT)
D -->|Knitting Machine| E(Knit Object)
E -->|Cut & Sew| F(Final Object)

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---

# Creating Knitted Objects

![:img A knitspeak file contains text that is compiled into a knit graph and then compiled to machine readable instructions that can be used to produce a knitted result, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/knitting-process.png)

<!-- --- -->
<!-- # KnitScript: Striped Sheet -->

<!-- ```python -->
<!-- import cast_ons; -->
<!-- width = 40; -->
<!-- height = 12; -->

<!-- def knit_colored_stripe(new_carrier):{ -->
<!--     with Carrier as new_carrier:{ -->
<!--         knit_stripe(); -->
<!--     } -->
<!-- } -->

<!-- def knit_stripe():{ -->
<!-- 	for r in range(0, height):{ -->
<!-- 		in reverse direction:{ -->
<!-- 			knit Loops; -->
<!-- 		} -->
<!-- 	} -->
<!-- } -->

<!-- with Carrier as c1:{ -->
<!--     cast_ons.alt_tuck_cast_on(width); -->
<!--     knit_stripe(); // uses c1 -->
<!--     knit_colored_stripe(c2); // will use c2 -->
<!--     knit_stripe(); // starts using c1 again -->
<!-- } -->
<!-- ``` -->
<!-- --- -->

<!-- # Knitting a stripe -->

<!-- ![:youtube Video a knitting machine, jpDFHhmgsnk] -->

---
# Creating Knitted Objects

![:youtube Video a knitting machine, t2Lpk4Jal6o]

---


# Laser Cutting
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Design) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry)
B -->|Interpret| D(Manufacturing instructions)
D -->|Machine| E(Made Object)
E -->|Clean Up| F(Final Object)

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(CAD software) -->|Prepare| B(Geometry) 
B -->|Slice| D(G-Code)
D -->|3D Printer: additive<BR>CNC:subtractive| E(Plastic/Wood/Metal)
E -->|Snip & Sand & Finish | F(Final Object)

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(knit_script) -->|Prepare| B(Knit Graph) 
B -->|Compile| D(DAT)
D -->|Knitting Machine| E(Knit Object)
E -->|Cut & Sew| F(Final Object)

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

<br>
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Adobe/Powerpoint/etc) -->|Prepare| B(DXF or SVG) 
B -->|...| D(DXF or SVG)
D -->|Laser Cutter| E(Wood/Cardboard/Leather)

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---
# Coming Up

- I will briefly introduce Laser Cutting with  Tinkercad (I will assume you have done the tutorials!)
- You will design something
- You will refine it in lab and we will print it during lab
- Further iteration possible Friday

---
# Example: Bagholder

.left-column[
![:img A handle with hooks below it to make it more comfortable to hold a bag , 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-bagholder.png)
]
.right-column[
[Instructables project](https://www.instructables.com/Making-a-laser-cut-bag-holder/)

Examples In Tinkercad: [1](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/iR1ogjaD0a9) [2](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/lhLixGNHxFe-bag-holder) [3](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/8Cu8NS0Ws2n) [4](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/3gfeTggL15I) [5](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/h9xkhbg6dgE) [6](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/6OoyVYTHOU4)
How could you modify this to make it more comfortable?

]

---
# Example: Book Opener ([Etsy](https://www.etsy.com/listing/883330413/book-buddy-book-holder-wood-thumb-page))

.left-column50[![:img Wooden items decoratively shaped but all relatively wide and flat with a finger hole for holding a book open, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-bookopener.png)]
.right-column50[
Example In Tinkercad: [1](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/a5riyLRKUBU)
]
---
# Example: Cup Holder ([T:1863196](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1863196))

![:img A ring that fits a cup with two holes to attach a string and hang it around ones neck, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-hanging-cupholder.png)

---
# Example: Key Guard ([T:1365497](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1365497))

![:img A flat rectangle with a few inner shapes to make it easier to press keys in known locations, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-keyguard.png)

---
# Example: Bottle Opener ([T:40131](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:40131))

![:img A keyhole-shaped object with a semicircle of teeth at top that can grasp a bottle lid and handles that can be pressed together to apply leverage to the teeth and turn, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-bottle-opener.png)
Example in Tinkercad: [1](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/9SmzdtgJ9Ou) [2](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/gt2P9U1njre) [3](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/kUCNz3pnKIG) [4](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/l7ol57fDvi3) [5](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/lbPdLUKzzoP)

---
# Example: Key Handle ([T:2802082](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2802082))

.left-column50[
![:img A flat item with an opening shaped to hold a door key so as to make it easier to grasp and turn, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-keyhandle.png)
]
.right-column50[
How would you attach this securely?
]
     
<!-- --- -->
<!-- # Example: Cookbook Holder ([Home Depot](https://www.homedepot.com/p/Honey-Can-Do-Natural-Acacia-and-Steel-Tablet-or-Cookbook-Stand-KCH-08569/312111086)) -->

<!-- ![:img Two arms that cross in such a way that they create a space to hold a cookbook up and open on the counter, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-cookbook-holder.jpeg) -->

---
# Example: Pillbox ([Etsy](https://www.etsy.com/listing/1321874671/laser-cut-3-or-4-mm-18-inch-svg-7-days?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=laser+cut+pill&ref=sr_gallery-1-6&organic_search_click=1))
.left-column50[
![:img A box with weekday labels broken into sections for each day that can hold pills, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-pillbox.png)
]
.right-column50[
Probably made with [boxes.py](https://www.instructables.com/Lasercut-Little-Wood-Boxes/)
![:img Pictures of laser cut boxes, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-boxes.png)
]


---
# Example: Cutting Board ([rehab-store.com](https://www.rehab-store.com/p-one-handed-deluxe-maple-cutting-board.html)) 

![:img A cutting board with nails and ridges to make it easier for someone with lower hand dexterity to cut, 35%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-cutting.jpeg) Examples in Tinkercad: [1](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/iWToRbHgluC) [2](https://www.tinkercad.com/things/eDCKLmKA0MA)

---
# Example: Keyboard Risers ([Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/SUPBEE-Laptop-Computer-Keyboard-Pockets/dp/B0B21VHY57))

![:img Wedges for changing the angle of a keyboard for accessibility, 35%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-supbee-keyboard.jpg)

---
# Next steps

- Now it's time to think about what you might want to make
- Talk to your neighbor
- Post on [Ed]({{site.discussion}}/3750270)! 


---
# If you want more

.left-column50[

[3D printing for health](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-for-health/)

[More materials](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-in-a-range-of-materials/)

[Metamaterials](http://make4all.org/portfolio/metamaterials/)

[3D printing for education](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-for-education/)

]
.right-column50[

[Interactive objects](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-of-interactive-objects/)

[3D printing and sustainability](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-and-sustainability/)

[Options for rapid fabrication with 3D printing](http://make4all.org/portfolio/rapid-fabrication-prototyping/)
]

---
# The End!

---

---
# old slides...

---
# Printing to enhance a mobile phone

.right-column60[
[Etch a Sketch!](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3251892)

![:youtube Mobile phone case to use the phone like an etch a sketch, dcaErURbyIA]
]

--
count: false
.left-column40[
New ways of interacting!
- Works by combining conductive plastic with custom interactor
- Looks like touch input to the software
- Gears control motion options mechanically
]
---
# Mechanically to enhance a mobile phone

.right-column60[
[Phone trigger buttons](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2960274)
![:youtube Game playing hardware --trigger buttons--,X_C1Qxjg2WI]
]
.left-column40[
New ways of interacting!
- Similar approach, also conductive
]

---
# Printing to enhance a mobile phone
.right-column60[

Acoustruments
![:youtube Printed objects whose use can be sensed, C2d1pB1qlvA]
]

.left-column40[
New ways of interacting!
- Leverages the phone's microphone
- Uses flexible plastic with holes
- Requires machine learning
]

---
# Use your phone to control general hardware

.left-column40[
[IOIO](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/ioio-otg-hookup-guide) /
[IOIO wiki](https://github.com/ytai/ioio/wiki)

[[Arduino](https://www.arduino.cc/)
]

.right-column60[
![:img a development board specially designed to allow developers to add advanced
hardware I/O capabilities to their Android or PC application. It features a PIC
micro-controller which acts like a bridge that connects an app on your PC or
Android device to low-level peripherals. An app-level library helps you write
control code for these low level peripherals in the same way you’d write any other
Java app, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/ioio.jpg)
]

---
# Printing to enhance a mobile phone

.right-column50[
[Phone for potentiostatic
control](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6916991)

![:img Arrangement used for mobile phone based ECL sensing. The audio
jack supplies the potential to the paper microfluidic sensor while the
resultant emission is detected by the camera in video mode. Both the
excitation and detection processes are controlled by a software
application which can also transmit the results via e-mail. The black
plastic sleeve surrounding the top of the phone holds the sensor
adjacent to the camera and blocks ambient light., 40%, width](img/3dprinting/potentiometric.jpg)
 ]
.left-column50[
New ways of interacting

Phone as embedded computer

New ways of sensing
- exploits ability to play sounds
- serves basic functions of a potentiostat in controlling an applied
 potential to oxidise ECL-active molecules
- resultant photonic signal is monitored using the camera in video
 mode.
- combined with paper microfluidic sensors

]
???

The audio jack supplies the potential to the paper microfluidic
sensor, while the resultant emission is detected by the camera in
video mode. Both the excitation and detection processes are controlled
by a software application which can also transmit the results via
e-mail. The black plastic sleeve surrounding the top of the phone
holds the sensor adjacent to the camera and blocks ambient light.

---
# Moon House Video

![:youtube Video of a robot 3d printing a round house, 8zt_3Gs1ksg]

---
# Prepare for Printing

- Create a model using any one of a number of 3D modeling packages such as Sketchup, Open SCAD,
Rhino 3d, Meshmixer, Blender, OnShape, Minecraft, SolidWorks
  - Some packages represent 3D objects as solids, others as shells and boundaries.
- Or you can find lots of stuff in repositories, like [Thingiverse](http://www.thingiverse.com/)


.left-column50[
__Solids__ (image from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry ))

![:img example of what solid modeling looks like, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/solid-modeling.png)
]

.right-column50[
__Shells/Boundaries__

![:img A 2D nurb plane, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/shells.png)
![:img A 3d scan of a male with long hair, 30%, width](img/3dprinting/bust.png)
]

---
# Example: .stl File (Additive)

Almost every software package can save the files as a `.stl` file (stereolithography)

.left-column50[

![:img open cube modeled as with surfaces, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/cube-shell.png)
![:img open cube as stl file, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/cube-stl.png)

]
.right-column50[
```
solid OBJECT
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 10 -10 0
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 0 -10 0
    endloop
  endfacet
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 10 -10 20
      vertex 8 -10 20
    endloop
  endfacet
```
]

---
# Printer Controller

The printer controller converts the `.stl` file into GCode, commands read by the printer


.left-column50[
```
solid OBJECT
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 10 -10 0
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 0 -10 0
    endloop
  endfacet
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 10 -10 20
      vertex 8 -10 20
    endloop
  endfacet
```
]

--
.right-column50[

![:img colorful magician, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/magician.png)

]
---
# Printer Controller

The printer controller converts the `.stl` file into GCode, commands read by the printer


.left-column50[
```
solid OBJECT
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 10 -10 0
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 0 -10 0
    endloop
  endfacet
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 10 -10 20
      vertex 8 -10 20
    endloop
  endfacet
```
]

.right-column50[
```
G1 X-5.87 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F3360.0
G1 F1200.0
G1 E1.0
G1 F3360.0
M101
G1 X-5.87 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E5.799
G1 X-2.93 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E6.354
G1 X-2.93 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E11.152
G1 X0.0 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E11.707
G1 X0.0 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E16.506
G1 X2.93 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E17.06
G1 X2.93 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E21.859
G1 X5.87 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E22.414
G1 X5.87 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E27.213
G1 X8.8 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E27.768
```
]

---
# Results

![:img small grey 3D printed box, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/grey-box.png)

---
# What not to print

- Food handling articles (unless on a special printer)
- Safety critical strong things
- High heat tolerance things
- Things for chemically harsh environments

---
# Other Materials

- [Lisa Harouni Talk](https://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_harouni_a_primer_on_3d_printing#t-120717) (@2:12)
- [Powder printer](https://youtu.be/kBHsfNDsbCs?t=29s)
- [Liquid Based additive printers](https://www.popsci.com/new-liquid-based-3d-printer-takes-minutes-not-hours/) (@1:07)
- [Candy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=rU6RAM0Wrck&feature=emb_logo),
[Chocolate](http://youtu.be/BIFi8but3Vw) other [Confections](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3TmrCzVZ6w)
- [Pancake bot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3Q8nbtRNT0)
- Cement for houses [old](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzmCnzA7hnE), [new](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zt_3Gs1ksg)
- [MIT’s glass printer](https://gizmodo.com/watching-mits-glass-3d-printer-is-absolutely-mesmerizin-1725433454)
- [Ceramics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JjaqKUUMMw) (with sound vibrations), [Sample art](https://www.foransuon.com/)

---
# Printing: Beyond plastic

.left-column50[
![:img Model for embedding a nut and bolt in a print, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/embedding.png)
![:img Fabric taped down and embedded, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/fabric.png)
![:img Fabric attached through holes, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/fabric2.png)

]

.right-column50[
![:img Shorey designs embedded metal, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/metal-embed.jpg)&nbsp;&nbsp;
![:img Shorey designs dragon scales, 40%, width](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5cf88c7cc74fa800012045db/1559817320037-GI8H3Y56L8W087DD9CDG/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kLxnK526YWAH1qleWz-y7AFZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWEtT5uBSRWt4vQZAgTJucoTqqXjS3CfNDSuuf31e0tVH-2yKxPTYak0SCdSGNKw8A2bnS_B4YtvNSBisDMT-TGt1lH3P2bFZvTItROhWrBJ0/aaezgif.com-video-to-gif.gif?format=1000w)

[Shorey Designs](https://www.shoreydesigns.com/3d-printing-on-fabric)

]
---
# Printing with Kinetics

.left-column-half[
![:img Picture of tendon that can be used to bend something, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/tendon1.png)
![:img Picture of tendon that has been used to bend something, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/tendon2.png)
]
.right-column-half[
![:youtube Examples of embedded fabric, 9xqze9csLmY]
]
???
- String or wire (like a tendon)

<!-- --- -->
<!-- # Printing with Kinetics -->

<!-- ![:img Gears, 20%, width](img/3dprinting/gear.png) -->
<!-- ![:img Timing wheel, 20%, width](img/3dprinting/wheel.png) -->
<!-- ![:img String Drive Wheel, 20%, width](img/3dprinting/stringdrive.png) -->
<!-- ![:img Switch blade comb, 20%, width](img/3dprinting/comb.gif) -->


---
# Printing new interactions

<iframe title="vimeo-player" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/551468278" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>


---
# More examples!

<br>
- [3D Printed Medical Device Saves Baby's Life](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr0HGCZSgE4)
- [Prosthetic hand](http://youtu.be/CHPuMCshkLU?t=42s) (up to ~2:10)
- [Prostheic 3D printed Eagle Beak](https://youtu.be/M1jxnogZgd4)
- [3D printed car](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daioWlkH7ZI)
- [Lots of examples quickly](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5AZzOw7FwA)
- [3D printers print ten houses in 24 hours](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SObzNdyRTBs)
- [Printed body parts](http://youtu.be/jSjW-EgKOhk?t=1m8s)
- [Printed organs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nqw1yjyKEs)
- [3D printed pizza](http://youtu.be/dvjqmMfMU7w?t=15s)
- [3D printed fashion](http://youtu.be/63Xozzh_uHM)
- [3D Printing a Garden Sprinkler](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9XRD3P2G-E)