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title: Accessibility --Week 1, Monday--
description: Accessibility
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# Welcome to the Future of Access Technologies
{{site.classnum}}, {{site.quarter}}
Thanks to [Tracy Tran](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/tracyt/) for much of the text and imagery in this slide deck!
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## Disability
a context dependent .red[mismatched interaction]
]
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## 1980

.font-medium[**Disability as a personal attribute**
"restriction or lack of ability ... within the range considered normal for a human being" (medical model)
]
]
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## Today

.font-medium[**Disability as context-dependent**
"the interaction between features of a person's body and features of the society in which they live" (social model)
]
]
---
# Worldwide Stats
1 Billion (~15%) of population [WHO'11];
19% of USA [Census'12]
| Visual | Hearing | Cognitive | Speech | Mobility | Neural |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ray Charles | Marleen Matlin | Temple Grandin | President Biden | Ali Stroker | Catherine Zeta-Jones |
| Colorblind
Low Vision
Blind | Hearing loss
Deaf | Dyslexia
Seizure
Learning Disabilities
Autism | Stutter | Quadriplegia | Bipolar
Anxiety
PTSD
Depression |
---
# Worldwide Stats
.left-column60[
1 Billion (~15%) of population [WHO]
19% of USA [Census'12]
Rates of disability are increasing
- Aging population
- Situational Impairment
- Increasing numbers of people with chronic illness (can span disability segments)
]
.right-column40[
| Parkinson's Disease | ALS |
| --- | --- |
|  | 
| Michael J. Fox | Prof. Stephen Hawking |
| Parkinson’s affects
cognition, speech and mobility | ALS affects mobility and speech |
]
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# A note on language
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]
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Many ways to think about disability, ability. Will talk in more depth later this quarter but…
- Medical Model (how do we *fix* people)
- Social Model (disability as social construct)
- Combined: Disability resides both in the person and in society
Ability first vs person first
]
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# Accessibility
.row[
.column[**Disability** is a mismatched interaction between someone and their context]
.column[**Accessibility** is a broad term for tools that help people navigate mismatched interactions and provides options for people of all ability]
.column[**Inclusive design** is a framework that helps us design more accessible products]
]
.row[

]
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# Assistive technology
.quote["[anything] ... used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities"] (Wikipedia)
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]
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# Assistive technology
.quote["[anything] ... used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities"] (Wikipedia)
How people with disabilities *may*
navigate computing
(and the world)
Not a *medical* device
]
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.left-column[
]
.right-column90[
.font-medium[Screen Readers]
.font-mediumsmall[Narrator, VoiceOver, JAWS, Window Eyes, NVDA, TalkBack]
.font-medium[Screen adjustment]
.font-mediumsmall[ZoomText, Magnifier, Zoom, High Contrast
]
.font-medium[Speech input]
.font-mediumsmall[Dragon Naturally Speaking, Dictation, Speech Recognition]
.font-medium[Keyboarding]
.font-mediumsmall[Sticky Keys, Mouse Keys, Filter Keys, Keyboard Shortcuts]
.font-medium[Many more]
]
]
---
# Some terms used in HCI
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Universal Design
- One design works for everybody
- Typical example: curb cuts
Accessibility software
- Accessibility of a computersystem to all people, regardlessof disability or severity of impairment
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Access Technology - Richard Ladner
- Technology that makes accessible what otherwise isn’t(including things out in the world and computers)
Ability-Based Design - Jacob Wobbrock
- Technology that adapts to the abilities of the user in their current context
]
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# Accessibility Software
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Most Operating Systems have a whole collection of adaptations
- Accessories/Ease of Access
- Magnifier – make whole screen or a portion bigger
- Can also just use larger fonts, lower resolution
- Change colors and contrast
- Free Screen Reader – read the words on the screen
- On-Screen keyboard
- Can be scanned
- Built-in speech recognition
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# Accessibility Software
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Adaptations for mouse
- Make mouse easier to see
- Move mouse with the keyboard
Adaptations for keyboard
- Sticky Keys – so no need for chords
- Work like on Smartphones
]
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# On Screen Keyboards
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Built-in or add-on
- Usually add auto-complete and *auto-predict* .footnote[Auto-predict: Predict next word based on previous words with no letters typed]
Can point to on-screen keyboards with various mechanisms
Or use scanning keyboards
- e.g. sip and puff to select
]
.right-column50[
![:youtube Video of boy using switch input to game,2BhHwk9qSvI]
]
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# Screen Readers: Non-Visual Computer Use
- Reads the words on the screen
- Keystroke to move to next area
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.right-column60[
![:youtube Banking failure, b-R5r_aKmKo]
]
---
# Accessibility in the iPhone
Many pages of accessibility settings
- VoiceOver – reads what is on screen
- Speech recognition for controlling device
- Zoom – screen magnifier – 3 finger tap
- Closed captions on videos
- AssistiveTouch – so don’t need multiple fingers, don’t need to press Home
button, etc.
- Switch Control (ios7 and later):
- Optional connection to external switch
- Can use [head movement with built in camera](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXF2ThtYXzM)
---
# Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices
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Originally were cardboard pictures that eyes would point at
Now computerized e.g. [MinSpeak](https://minspeak.com/)
- Usually pictures since faster than typing
- Pointing – head or eye tracking or scanning with switch (like keyboards)
]
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Black AAC User Perspectives on Racism and Disability
![:youtube Video from black disabled men talk podcast,iTSAK4yRf5A?t=960]
(start at around 16)
]
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# Lots of exciting advances happening
.left-column[
- Vizwiz (Bigham)
]
.right-column[

]
---
# Lots of exciting advances happening
.left-column[
- Vizwiz
- Thingiverse (Hurst)
]
.right-column[

]
---
# Lots of exciting advances happening
.left-column[
- Vizwiz
- Thingiverse
- Facade (Guo)
]
.right-column[

]
---
# Lots of exciting advances happening
.left-column[
- Vizwiz
- Thingiverse
- Facade
- Ravelry (Mankoff)
]
.right-column[

]
---
# Lots of exciting advances happening
.left-column[
- Vizwiz
- Thingiverse
- Facade
- Ravelry
- [Voice Assistants](https://voicebot.ai/2019/09/11/amazon-alexa-ad-shows-how-voice-assistants-help-visually-impaired-people/) (Findlater)
]
---
# Lots of exciting advances happening
.left-column[
- Vizwiz
- Thingiverse
- Facade
- Ravelry
- [Voice Assistants](https://voicebot.ai/2019/09/11/amazon-alexa-ad-shows-how-voice-assistants-help-visually-impaired-people/)
- Notifications
]
.right-column[
![:youtube Video showing notifications,UUEXVpC2ALQ]
(start at around 2:20)
]
---
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## Accessibility is not a given
Originated in the disability rights movement
History of protest
Collaboration with Black Panther movement
]
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# Legal Basis for Accessibility
Rehab Act (1976)
- Equal access to government services
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
- Equal access to all goods/services
UN Convention on Rights of PWD (2006)
- 147 countries ratified convention
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# Human Rights Basis for Accessibility
.right-column50[
.row[
 .centerv[Education]]
.row[
 .centerv[Employment]]
.row[
 .centerv[Pandemic everything!]]
]
.left-column50[
.row[
 .centerv[Shop From Home]]
.row[
 .centerv[Blind People Read
7x as Many Books]]
]
---
# Practical Basis for Accessibility
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.centerh[

]
In 1808, Pellegrino Turri built the first typewriter, so that his blind lover, could write letters more legibly.
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.centerh[

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In 1972, Vint Cerf programmed the first email protocols because electronic messaging was the only seamless way to communicate with his deaf wife while he was at work.
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.centerh[

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In 1937, Joseph Friedman created the first bendy straw to help his young daughter drink from a cup on a counter that was too high for her.
]
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# People with Disabilities as Early Adopters