From 743ccdf9dd6d6bb505f32d3fffbbbe916de01068 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Lin <kevinl@cs.uw.edu>
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2021 07:40:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Add small_wiki
---
...lican National Convention - Wikipedia.html | 964 +++
...ABC (The Jackson 5 album) - Wikipedia.html | 927 ++
small_wiki/AIM (software) - Wikipedia.html | 756 ++
small_wiki/Airliner - Wikipedia.html | 1743 ++++
small_wiki/Alcoholic drink - Wikipedia.html | 7512 +++++++++++++++++
small_wiki/Andrew Breitbart - Wikipedia.html | 558 ++
.../Baltimore Afro-American - Wikipedia.html | 688 ++
small_wiki/Black or White - Wikipedia.html | 1319 +++
small_wiki/Bloomberg L.P. - Wikipedia.html | 726 ++
small_wiki/Bob Corker - Wikipedia.html | 1737 ++++
...ry_American Presbyterians - Wikipedia.html | 478 ++
...les with ISNI identifiers - Wikipedia.html | 428 +
...cles with NLA identifiers - Wikipedia.html | 440 +
.../Chief financial officer - Wikipedia.html | 415 +
...impact of Michael Jackson - Wikipedia.html | 395 +
.../David Swinson Maynard - Wikipedia.html | 332 +
...Digital object identifier - Wikipedia.html | 912 ++
small_wiki/Euro - Wikipedia.html | 2857 +++++++
...l Bureau of Investigation - Wikipedia.html | 2999 +++++++
...leplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG - Wikipedia.html | 433 +
...Michael Jackson Grave.jpg - Wikipedia.html | 336 +
small_wiki/Fisheries science - Wikipedia.html | 1448 ++++
small_wiki/Game of Thrones - Wikipedia.html | 2802 ++++++
small_wiki/Hal Abelson - Wikipedia.html | 405 +
.../Hans-Hermann Hoppe - Wikipedia.html | 1673 ++++
.../Henry Holt and Company - Wikipedia.html | 634 ++
small_wiki/Humberto Gatica - Wikipedia.html | 749 ++
.../IEEE Computer Society - Wikipedia.html | 576 ++
small_wiki/In the Closet - Wikipedia.html | 999 +++
small_wiki/Internet privacy - Wikipedia.html | 990 +++
...Jackson 5 Christmas Album - Wikipedia.html | 970 +++
small_wiki/Jeb Bush - Wikipedia.html | 2620 ++++++
.../Jehovah's Witnesses - Wikipedia.html | 1962 +++++
small_wiki/KING-FM - Wikipedia.html | 737 ++
small_wiki/Light rail - Wikipedia.html | 1055 +++
...recorded by The Jackson 5 - Wikipedia.html | 4456 ++++++++++
...ving with Michael Jackson - Wikipedia.html | 773 ++
small_wiki/MJ & Friends - Wikipedia.html | 620 ++
small_wiki/Machine learning - Wikipedia.html | 875 ++
small_wiki/Mandalay Bay - Wikipedia.html | 1472 ++++
.../Mesoparapylocheles - Wikipedia.html | 683 ++
small_wiki/Michael Jackson - Wikipedia.html | 2219 +++++
small_wiki/Moonwalk (dance) - Wikipedia.html | 401 +
...Mountain View, California - Wikipedia.html | 1847 ++++
small_wiki/Nintendo - Wikipedia.html | 2609 ++++++
small_wiki/Orrin Hatch - Wikipedia.html | 2702 ++++++
small_wiki/Paul Gottfried - Wikipedia.html | 536 ++
small_wiki/RealNetworks - Wikipedia.html | 612 ++
...ublican Party of Virginia - Wikipedia.html | 1001 +++
...epublican Study Committee - Wikipedia.html | 713 ++
small_wiki/Rhinoplasty - Wikipedia.html | 1360 +++
...bert Mercer (businessman) - Wikipedia.html | 362 +
small_wiki/Robot (dance) - Wikipedia.html | 426 +
.../Seattle Mardi Gras riot - Wikipedia.html | 314 +
... Municipal Street Railway - Wikipedia.html | 363 +
small_wiki/Steve Forbes - Wikipedia.html | 981 +++
small_wiki/Tenor - Wikipedia.html | 702 ++
small_wiki/The News-Times - Wikipedia.html | 600 ++
...Rolling Stone Album Guide - Wikipedia.html | 776 ++
...apanese Single Collection - Wikipedia.html | 904 ++
...aditionalist conservatism - Wikipedia.html | 2087 +++++
small_wiki/UNCF - Wikipedia.html | 741 ++
small_wiki/Ubisoft - Wikipedia.html | 1353 +++
small_wiki/Unity Tour - Wikipedia.html | 976 +++
...versity District, Seattle - Wikipedia.html | 645 ++
small_wiki/VH1 - Wikipedia.html | 1170 +++
small_wiki/Viacom - Wikipedia.html | 2290 +++++
small_wiki/Waze - Wikipedia.html | 456 +
small_wiki/William E. Miller - Wikipedia.html | 1131 +++
small_wiki/William McKinley - Wikipedia.html | 3544 ++++++++
70 files changed, 87275 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 small_wiki/1964 Republican National Convention - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/ABC (The Jackson 5 album) - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/AIM (software) - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Airliner - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Alcoholic drink - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Andrew Breitbart - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Baltimore Afro-American - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Black or White - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Bloomberg L.P. - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Bob Corker - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Category_American Presbyterians - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Category_Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Category_Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Chief financial officer - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Cultural impact of Michael Jackson - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/David Swinson Maynard - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Digital object identifier - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Euro - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Federal Bureau of Investigation - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/File_Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/File_Michael Jackson Grave.jpg - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Fisheries science - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Game of Thrones - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Hal Abelson - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Hans-Hermann Hoppe - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Henry Holt and Company - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Humberto Gatica - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/IEEE Computer Society - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/In the Closet - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Internet privacy - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Jackson 5 Christmas Album - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Jeb Bush - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Jehovah's Witnesses - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/KING-FM - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Light rail - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5 - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Living with Michael Jackson - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/MJ & Friends - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Machine learning - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Mandalay Bay - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Mesoparapylocheles - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Michael Jackson - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Moonwalk (dance) - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Mountain View, California - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Nintendo - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Orrin Hatch - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Paul Gottfried - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/RealNetworks - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Republican Party of Virginia - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Republican Study Committee - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Rhinoplasty - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Robert Mercer (businessman) - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Robot (dance) - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Seattle Mardi Gras riot - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Seattle Municipal Street Railway - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Steve Forbes - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Tenor - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/The News-Times - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/The Rolling Stone Album Guide - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Thriller 25_ Limited Japanese Single Collection - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Traditionalist conservatism - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/UNCF - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Ubisoft - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Unity Tour - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/University District, Seattle - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/VH1 - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Viacom - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/Waze - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/William E. Miller - Wikipedia.html
create mode 100644 small_wiki/William McKinley - Wikipedia.html
diff --git a/small_wiki/1964 Republican National Convention - Wikipedia.html b/small_wiki/1964 Republican National Convention - Wikipedia.html
new file mode 100644
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+ <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">1964 Republican National Convention</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width:320px;">
+<caption>1964 Republican National Convention</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964 presidential election</a><br /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_(3x4).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Barry Goldwater photo1962 (3x4).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_%283x4%29.jpg/100px-Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_%283x4%29.jpg" width="100" height="133" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_%283x4%29.jpg/150px-Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_%283x4%29.jpg/200px-Barry_Goldwater_photo1962_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="517" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:William-Miller_(3x4).jpg" class="image"><img alt="William-Miller (3x4).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William-Miller_%283x4%29.jpg/100px-William-Miller_%283x4%29.jpg" width="100" height="131" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William-Miller_%283x4%29.jpg/150px-William-Miller_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William-Miller_%283x4%29.jpg/200px-William-Miller_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="347" /></a>
+<div>Nominees<br />
+Goldwater and Miller</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#AE1C23; color:#ffffff;">Convention</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Date(s)</th>
+<td>July 1316, 1964</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">City</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Daly_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Daly City">Daly City</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Venue</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Cow_Palace" title="Cow Palace">Cow Palace</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Notable speakers</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#AE1C23; color:#ffffff;">Candidates</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Presidential nominee</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barry_M._Goldwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry M. Goldwater">Barry M. Goldwater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Vice Presidential nominee</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Other candidates</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#AE1C23; color:#ffffff;">Voting</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Total delegates</th>
+<td>1,308</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Votes needed for nomination</th>
+<td>655</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Results (President)</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>): 883 (67.50%)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">Scranton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a>): 214 (16.36%)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>): 114 (8.72%)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Results (Vice President)</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>): 100% (<a href="/wiki/Roll_call_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll call vote">Roll call</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Ballots</th>
+<td>1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="noprint" style="text-align:center;background:#FFB6B6;"> <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a>  <b></b>  <a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The <b>1964 National Convention</b> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> took place in the <a href="/wiki/Cow_Palace" title="Cow Palace">Cow Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daly_City,_California" title="Daly City, California">Daly City, California</a>, on July 13 to July 16, 1964. Before 1964, there had been only one national Republican convention on the West Coast, the <a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 Republican National Convention</a>, which also took place in the Cow Palace. Many believed that a convention at San Francisco indicated the rising power of the Republican party in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Political_context"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Political context</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_convention"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The convention</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Platform"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Platform</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Candidates_for_the_nomination"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Candidates for the nomination</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Balloting"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Balloting</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Presidential"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Vice_Presidential"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vice Presidential</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_context">Political context</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political context">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1964" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964">Republican primaries</a> of 1964 featured liberal <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> of New York and conservative <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> of Arizona as the two leading candidates. Shortly before the California primary, Rockefeller's wife, whom he had just married the previous year soon after divorcing his previous wife, gave birth; this drew renewed attention to his family life which hurt his popularity among conservatives and helped Goldwater win the primary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An anti-Goldwater organization called for the nomination of Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a> of Pennsylvania, but the effort failed. Although former President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> only reluctantly supported Goldwater after he won the nomination, former President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> gave him enthusiastic endorsement. By the end of the primaries, Goldwater's nomination was secure.</p>
+<p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a>'s name was entered for nomination at the Convention, the first time a woman's name was entered for nomination at a major party convention.</p>
+<p>It was the only Republican convention between 1952 and 2008 that failed to feature <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush</a> on the ticket.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_convention">The convention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The convention">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/220px-1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/330px-1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/440px-1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="734" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Governor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Mark Hatfield</a> appears before the convention in the <a href="/wiki/Cow_Palace" title="Cow Palace">Cow Palace</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Republican National Convention of 1964 was a tension-filled contest. Goldwater's conservatives were openly clashing with Rockefeller's moderates. Goldwater was regarded as the "conservatives' leading spokesman."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Goldwater was not as popular with the moderates and liberals of the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> When Rockefeller attempted to deliver a speech, he was booed by the convention's conservative delegates, who regarded him as a member of the "eastern liberal establishment." Despite the infighting, Goldwater was easily nominated. He chose <a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a>, a Congressman from New York, as his running mate. In his acceptance speech, he declared communism as a "principal disturber of the peace in the world today" and said, "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." Some people, including those within his own campaign staff, believed this weakened Goldwater's chances, as he effectively severed ties with the moderates and liberals of the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Former vice president and GOP presidential nominee (and future President) <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> introduced the Arizonan as "Mr. Conservative" and "Mr. Republican" and he continued that "he is the man who, after the greatest campaign in history, will be Mr. President Barry Goldwater".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a> award-winning television journalist, <a href="/wiki/Belva_Davis" title="Belva Davis">Belva Davis</a>, she and another black reporter were chased out of the convention by attendees yelling racial slurs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Platform">Platform</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Platform">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg/220px-1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg/330px-1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg/440px-1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5127" data-file-height="3418" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Republican_National_Convention_Platform_Committee.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A Platform Committee meeting held ahead of the convention in on July 9</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The 1964 Republican Platform was dominated by Goldwater conservatives, which meant the platform was dominated by calls for <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, condemnations of the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> foreign and domestic policy, calls for more open space for <a href="/wiki/Free_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Free enterprise">free enterprise</a>, a hard-line against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, calls for reform of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, a staunch support of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, calls for <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">lower taxes</a>, a hard-line against international <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, and an accusation that the Kennedy-Johnson Administration was guilty of <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich-like appeasement</a> for having opened a hotline with the Soviet Union and not with American allies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Candidates_for_the_nomination">Candidates for the nomination</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Candidates for the nomination">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg/83px-Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg" width="83" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg/125px-Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg/167px-Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1540" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg/87px-George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg" width="87" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg/131px-George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg/174px-George_W._Romney_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2294" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:MargaretChaseSmith.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MargaretChaseSmith.jpg/93px-MargaretChaseSmith.jpg" width="93" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MargaretChaseSmith.jpg/139px-MargaretChaseSmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MargaretChaseSmith.jpg/185px-MargaretChaseSmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="259" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:BarryGoldwater.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BarryGoldwater.jpg/96px-BarryGoldwater.jpg" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BarryGoldwater.jpg/144px-BarryGoldwater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/BarryGoldwater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="225" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Judd.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Walter_Judd.jpg/102px-Walter_Judd.jpg" width="102" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Walter_Judd.jpg/153px-Walter_Judd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Walter_Judd.jpg/204px-Walter_Judd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="506" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)"><b>Walter Judd</b></a><br />
+from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg/97px-Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg" width="97" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg/145px-Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg/194px-Henry_Cabot_Lodge_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="595" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_South_Vietnam" title="United States Ambassador to South Vietnam">Ambassador</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiram_Fong.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hiram_Fong.jpg/96px-Hiram_Fong.jpg" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hiram_Fong.jpg/144px-Hiram_Fong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hiram_Fong.jpg/192px-Hiram_Fong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="610" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg/94px-HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg" width="94" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg/141px-HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg/188px-HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="480" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png/106px-Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png" width="106" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png/159px-Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png/212px-Wm_Scranton_Pennsylvania_87th_Cong.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="582" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<center><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Governor</a><br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a></b><br />
+of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Balloting">Balloting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Balloting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential">Presidential</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presidential">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> 883</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a> 214</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> 114</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George Romney</a> 41</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a> 27</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)">Walter Judd</a> 22</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a> 5</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.</a> 2</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vice_Presidential">Vice Presidential</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vice Presidential">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a>, a Congressman from Western New York who had served as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> since 1961, was nominated unanimously on a roll call vote. Goldwater stated that he chose Miller to be his running mate simply because "he drives Johnson nuts" with his Republican activism. But by some other accounts, Johnson "was barely aware of Miller's existence."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (May 2015)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Miller's Eastern roots and Catholic faith balanced the ticket in some ways, but ideologically he was conservative like Goldwater. His relative obscurity"he was better known for snipes at President Kennedy than for anything else"gave birth to the refrain <i>"Here's a riddle, it's a killer / Who the hell is William Miller?"</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>He was replaced as Chairman of the RNC by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a>, a Goldwater loyalist from Arizona.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" title="History of the United States Republican Party">History of the United States Republican Party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_National_Conventions" title="List of Republican National Conventions">List of Republican National Conventions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_nomination_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential nomination convention">U.S. presidential nomination convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">United States presidential election, 1964</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_presidential_campaign,_1964" title="Barry Goldwater presidential campaign, 1964">Barry Goldwater presidential campaign, 1964</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shadegg" title="Stephen Shadegg">Shadegg, Stephen</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--FAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134"><i>What Happened to Goldwater? The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign</i></a>. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Shadegg&rft.btitle=What+Happened+to+Goldwater%3F+The+Inside+Story+of+the+1964+Republican+Campaign&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=134&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--FAAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46IcuAAACAAJ&pg=PA65"><i>The New York Times Election Handbook 1964</i></a>. New York: McGraw Hill. 1964. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Election+Handbook+1964&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=65&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46IcuAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Epstein, Leon D.; Ranney, Austin (1966). "Who Voted for Goldwater: The Wisconsin Case". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>81</b> (1): 8294 [p. 85]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2146862">2146862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.atitle=Who+Voted+for+Goldwater%3A+The+Wisconsin+Case&rft.au=Ranney%2C+Austin&rft.aufirst=Leon+D.&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.pages=82-94+p.+85&rft.volume=81&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2146862&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mattar, Edward Paul (1964). <i>Barry Goldwater: A Political Indictment</i>. Minneapolis: Century Twenty One Unlimited. pp. 847.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.aufirst=Edward+Paul&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.btitle=Barry+Goldwater%3A+A+Political+Indictment&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=84-7&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Century+Twenty+One+Unlimited&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">White, Clifton F. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOB4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement</i></a>. New Rochelle: Arlington House. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.aufirst=Clifton+F.&rft.aulast=White&rft.btitle=Suite+3505%3A+The+Story+of+the+Draft+Goldwater+Movement&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=15&rft.place=New+Rochelle&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOB4AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQGEgH7pU58"><span class="plainlinks">Conservatives Re-Take the R...</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rutland, Ginger (February 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbee.com/2012/02/19/4272687/the-reading-rack.html">"The Reading Rack"</a>. <i>Sacramento Bee</i>. p. E3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.atitle=The+Reading+Rack&rft.aufirst=Ginger&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.date=2012-02-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Bee&rft.pages=E3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2F2012%2F02%2F19%2F4272687%2Fthe-reading-rack.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since September 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25840">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25840</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Perlstein, Rick (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DG3BE0C0VkAC&pg=PA389"><i>Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus</i></a>. p. 389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964+Republican+National+Convention&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.btitle=Before+the+Storm%3A+Barry+Goldwater+and+the+Unmaking+of+the+American+Consensus&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDG3BE0C0VkAC%26pg%3DPA389&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Republican_National_Convention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1964_Republican_National_Convention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1964 Republican National Convention">1964 Republican National Convention</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25840">Republican Party platform of 1964</a> at <i>The American Presidency Project</i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25973">Goldwater nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC</a> (transcript) at <i>The American Presidency Project</i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/1964-republican-convention.html%26+Archaeology%29">1964 Republican National Convention</a> at <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFSiyueal7Q">Video of Goldwater nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC from C-SPAN (via YouTube)</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://convert2mp3.net/en/index.php?p=tags&id=youtube_RFSiyueal7Q&key=VF9aMJcbgfwq">Audio of Goldwater nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYxkde0itOE">Video of Miller nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at RNC from C-SPAN (via YouTube)</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p><br /></p>
+<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_National_Conventions" title="List of Republican National Conventions">Republican National Conventions</a></b></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Republican_Party" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="United_States_Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">United States Republican Party</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairpersons<br />
+of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stewart_New" title="Harry Stewart New">New</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas)">Hamilton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. B. Morton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(Republican_Party_leader)" title="Mary Louise Smith (Republican Party leader)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah)" title="Richard Richards (Utah)">Richards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Reagan" title="Maureen Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(RNC)" title="Richard Bond (RNC)">Bond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martnez">Martnez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_Romney_McDaniel" title="Ronna Romney McDaniel">Romney McDaniel</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frmont">Frmont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (twice)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (twice)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> (twice)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (twice)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> (twice)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> (twice)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a><br />
+and territory</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Republican State Committee">New Jersey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Pennsylvania" title="Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territory</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Republican_Party" title="Puerto Rico Republican Party">Puerto Rico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Conventions</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_National_Conventions" title="List of Republican National Conventions">(list)</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1964 (San Francisco)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />
+organizations</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundraising groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives">Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Republican Conference of the United States Senate">Republican Conference of the United States Senate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectional groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factional groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" title="History of the United States Republican Party">History</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election,_2009" title="Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2009">2009 chairmanship election</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election,_2011" title="Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2011">2011 chairmanship election</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election,_2013" title="Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2013">2013 chairmanship election</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election,_2015" title="Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2015">2015 chairmanship election</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election,_2017" title="Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2017">2017 chairmanship election</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><b><a href="/wiki/File:Republicanlogo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Republicanlogo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/16px-Republicanlogo.svg.png" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/24px-Republicanlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/32px-Republicanlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="521" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Republican_Party" title="Portal:Republican Party">Republican Party portal</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barry_Goldwater" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barry_Goldwater" title="Template:Barry Goldwater"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Barry_Goldwater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political career</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barry_Goldwater" title="Electoral history of Barry Goldwater">Electoral history of Barry Goldwater</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Mental_Health_Enabling_Act" title="Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act">Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_presidential_campaign,_1964" title="Barry Goldwater presidential campaign, 1964">1964 presidential campaign</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984" title="Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984">Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="GoldwaterNichols Act">GoldwaterNichols Act</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div>
+<div class="floatright"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Barry_Goldwater_photo1962.jpg/100px-Barry_Goldwater_photo1962.jpg" width="100" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Barry_Goldwater_photo1962.jpg/150px-Barry_Goldwater_photo1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Barry_Goldwater_photo1962.jpg/200px-Barry_Goldwater_photo1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="930" /></div>
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+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona,_1952" title="United States Senate election in Arizona, 1952">United States Senate election in Arizona, 1952</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona,_1958" title="United States Senate election in Arizona, 1958">1958</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1964 Republican National Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">United States presidential election, 1964</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona,_1968" title="United States Senate election in Arizona, 1968">United States Senate election in Arizona, 1968</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona,_1974" title="United States Senate election in Arizona, 1974">1974</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona,_1980" title="United States Senate election in Arizona, 1980">1980</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and personal life</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater,_Jr." title="Barry Goldwater, Jr.">Barry Goldwater, Jr.</a> (son)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Goldwater" title="Morris Goldwater">Morris Goldwater</a> (uncle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Don_Goldwater" title="Don Goldwater">Don Goldwater</a> (nephew)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_(Fellows)" title="Barry Goldwater (Fellows)">Barry Goldwater</a></i> (statue)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%27s" title="Goldwater's">Goldwater's</a> (department store)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Goldwaters" title="The Goldwaters">The Goldwaters</a> (musical group)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Ginzburg" title="Goldwater v. Ginzburg">Goldwater v. Ginzburg</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_rule" title="Goldwater rule">Goldwater rule</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_M._Goldwater_Scholarship" title="Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship">Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_Institute" title="Goldwater Institute">Goldwater Institute</a></li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><i>ABC</i> (The Jackson 5 album)</h1>
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+<tr>
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+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(October 2010)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="infobox vevent haudio" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary album" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue">ABC</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:J5-abc.jpg" class="image"><img alt="J5-abc.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/J5-abc.jpg/220px-J5-abc.jpg" width="220" height="216" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/70/J5-abc.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="312" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue"><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Studio album</a> by <span class="contributor"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Released</th>
+<td class="published">May 8, 1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970-05-08</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Recorded</th>
+<td class="plainlist">1969-1970</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th>
+<td class="category hlist"><a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" title="Bubblegum pop">Bubblegum pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Length</th>
+<td><span class="duration"><span class="min">35</span>:<span class="s">45</span></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th>
+<td class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> <small>(MS 709)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Producer</a></th>
+<td class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a>, Bobby Taylor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a> chronology</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<table style="background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
+<tr style="line-height: 1.4em;">
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i><br />
+(1969)<span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a>1969</span></td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em"><i><b>ABC</b></i><br />
+(1970)</td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i><br />
+(1970)<span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a>1970</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: lightsteelblue"><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Singles</a> from <i>ABC</i></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<div style="text-align:left">
+<ol>
+<li><span class="item"><span class="fn">"<a href="/wiki/ABC_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (song)">ABC</a>"</span><br />
+Released: February 24, 1970</span></li>
+<li><span class="item"><span class="fn">"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>"/"I Found That Girl"</span><br />
+Released: May 16, 1970</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="font-size:120%">Professional ratings</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d1dbdf;font-size:120%">Review scores</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col">Source</th>
+<th scope="col">Rating</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="white-space:nowrap" title="4.5/5 stars"><img alt="4.5/5 stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" title="4.5/5 stars" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Star_half.svg/11px-Star_half.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Star_half.svg/17px-Star_half.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Star_half.svg/22px-Star_half.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle">favorable<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i><b>ABC</b></i> is the second <a href="/wiki/Studio_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio album">studio album</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a> and was issued on May 8, 1970, by <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a>. It featured the No. 1 singles, "<a href="/wiki/ABC_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (song)">ABC</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>". Also present on the LP are several notable album tracks including a cover of <a href="/wiki/Funkadelic" title="Funkadelic">Funkadelic's</a> "I'll Bet You", "I Found That Girl" (the only lead song from brother <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine</a>), and "The Young Folks" originally recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross-led</a> version of <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a>.</p>
+<p>The album peaked at No. 4 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> Pop Albums Chart</a> and at No. 1 on the <i>Billboard</i> Black Albums chart. It was named No. 98 on the <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a> All-Time Albums Top 100. It remains one of the Jackson 5's most popular efforts selling over 5.7 million copies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Re-release"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Re-release</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Track_listing"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Track listing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Charts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Charts</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Album"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Album</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Singles"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Singles</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Re-release">Re-release</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Re-release">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>In 2001, Motown Records remastered all J5 albums in a "Two Classic Albums/One CD" series (much like they did in the late 1980s). This album was paired up with <i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_the_Jackson_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5</a></i>. The bonus track was an outtake, "Oh, I've Been Blessed", a song also released on the rare 1979 outtakes album <i>Boogie</i>.</p>
+<p>An alternate version of the title track appears on the CD <i>Jackson 5  I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</i> released in 2009.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Track_listing">Track listing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Track listing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="tracklist" style="display:block;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:collapse;padding:4px">
+<tr>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:2em;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:60%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Title</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:40%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Writer(s)</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:4em;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee">Length</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">1.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"One More Chance"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">The Corporation</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:59</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 song)">ABC</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">The Corporation</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">4.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"2-4-6-8"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Jones" title="Gloria Jones">Gloria Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">5.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/(Come_%27Round_Here)_I%27m_the_One_You_Need" title="(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need">(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, Edward Holland</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:46</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">6.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_Why" title="I Don't Know Why">Don't Know Why I Love You</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Lula_Mae_Hardaway" title="Lula Mae Hardaway">Lula Mae Hardaway</a>, Don Hunter, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Riser" title="Paul Riser">Paul Riser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:47</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">7.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Never Had a Dream Come True"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Moy" title="Sylvia Moy">Sylvia Moy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cosby" title="Henry Cosby">Henry Cosby</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:58</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">8.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"True Love Can Be Beautiful"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Caston,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Caston, Jr.">Leonard Caston, Jr.</a>, Jeana Jackson, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Taylor_%26_the_Vancouvers" title="Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers">Bobby Taylor</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">9.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/La-La_(Means_I_Love_You)" title="La-La (Means I Love You)">La-La (Means I Love You)</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Thom_Bell" title="Thom Bell">Thom Bell</a>, William Hart</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">10.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"I'll Bet You"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(musician)" title="George Clinton (musician)">George Clinton</a>, Sidney Barnes, Theresa Lindsey</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">11.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"I Found That Girl"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">The Corporation</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">12.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"The Young Folks"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">George Gordy, Allen Story</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:50</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Charts">Charts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Charts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Album">Album</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Album">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col">Chart (1970)</th>
+<th scope="col">Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Australian Albums (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Albums_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Albums Chart">Kent Music Report</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></th>
+<td>14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Canadian Albums (<i><a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)">RPM</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_album_positions_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_album_positions-5">[5]</a></sup></th>
+<td>25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Japanese Albums (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_Albums_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Albums Chart">Oricon</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Jachart_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jachart-6">[6]</a></sup></th>
+<td align="center">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">UK Albums (<a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">OCC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></th>
+<td>22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a><sup id="cite_ref-VPb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPb-8">[8]</a></sup></th>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Singles">Singles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Singles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Year</th>
+<th>Single</th>
+<th>Chart</th>
+<th>Position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">1970</td>
+<td>"ABC"</td>
+<td rowspan="2"><i>Billboard</i> Pop Singles</td>
+<td rowspan="2">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Love You Save"</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1970_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one R&B albums of 1970 (U.S.)">List of number-one R&B albums of 1970 (U.S.)</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r10004">ABC</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thejackson5/albums/album/88901/review/5942891/abc">Rolling Stone review</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chery, Carl: <i>XXL: Michael Jackson Special Collectors Edition</i>, page 99. American Press.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kent, David (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/Kent_Music_Report" title="Kent Music Report">Australian Chart Book 19701992</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(doc)</span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|format=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#format_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, NSW. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6">0-646-11917-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABC+%28The+Jackson+5+album%29&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.btitle=Australian+Chart+Book+1970%E2%80%931992&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-646-11917-6&rft.pub=Australian+Chart+Book%2C+St+Ives%2C+NSW&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Canadian_album_positions-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_album_positions_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=h6banu1fsvdt9pof8c4m7dun24&q1=village+people&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=50">"RPM: The Jackson 5 (albums)"</a>. RPM Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABC+%28The+Jackson+5+album%29&rft.btitle=RPM%3A+The+Jackson+5+%28albums%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RPM+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Frpm%2F028020-110.01-e.php%3FPHPSESSID%3Dh6banu1fsvdt9pof8c4m7dun24%26q1%3Dvillage%2Bpeople%26q2%3DTop%2BAlbums%252FCDs%26interval%3D50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Jachart-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jachart_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970-2005</i>. <a href="/wiki/Roppongi" title="Roppongi">Roppongi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87131-077-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-87131-077-9">4-87131-077-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABC+%28The+Jackson+5+album%29&rft.btitle=Oricon+Album+Chart+Book%3A+Complete+Edition+1970-2005&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=4-87131-077-9&rft.place=Roppongi%2C+Tokyo&rft.pub=Oricon+Entertainment&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/13914/jackson-5/">"The Jackson 5 Chart History"</a>. Official Charts Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABC+%28The+Jackson+5+album%29&rft.btitle=The+Jackson+5+Chart+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Official+Charts+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fartist%2F13914%2Fjackson-5%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-VPb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VPb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/416643/jackson-5/chart?f=305">"The Jackson 5 US Chart History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABC+%28The+Jackson+5+album%29&rft.btitle=The+Jackson+5+US+Chart+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Billboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2F416643%2Fjackson-5%2Fchart%3Ff%3D305&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5" title="Template:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Randy Jackson</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jackson 5</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ABC</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jacksons</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Live albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">The Jackson 5 in Japan</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(Jackson_5_Album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie (Jackson 5 Album)">Boogie</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5:_The_Ultimate_Collection" title="Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection">Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Jacksons" title="The Essential Jacksons">The Essential Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_The_Jacksons" title="The Very Best of The Jacksons">The Very Best of The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_First_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 First National Tour">First National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Second_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 Second National Tour">Second National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_World_Tour" title="Destiny World Tour">Destiny World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Tour" title="Triumph Tour">Triumph Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Tour_(The_Jacksons_tour)" title="Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)">Victory Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Tour" title="Unity Tour">Unity Tour</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5ive_(TV_series)" title="The Jackson 5ive (TV series)">The Jackson 5ive</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(TV_series)" title="The Jacksons (TV series)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream" title="The Jacksons: An American Dream">The Jacksons: An American Dream</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_A_Family_Dynasty" title="The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty">The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related articles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography" title="The Jackson 5 discography">Discography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5" title="List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Jackson_5_band_members" title="List of The Jackson 5 band members">Chronology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Jackson_5" title="Category:The Jackson 5">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons_singles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5_singles" title="Template:The Jackson 5 singles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5_singles" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5 singles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5_singles&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons_singles" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography#Singles" title="The Jackson 5 discography">singles</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Singles on <a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(song)" title="Big Boy (song)">Big Boy</a>"</li>
+<li>"We Don't Have to Be Over 21 (To Fall in Love)"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ABC</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 song)">ABC</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>" / "I Found That Girl"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Had_a_Dream_Come_True_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Never Had a Dream Come True (Stevie Wonder song)">Never Had a Dream Come True</a>"</li>
+<li>"I'll Bet You"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_Why" title="I Don't Know Why">Don't Know Why I Love You</a>"</li>
+<li>" <a href="/wiki/La-La_(Means_I_Love_You)" title="La-La (Means I Love You)">La La (Means I Love You)</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Be_There_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)">I'll Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Pearl" title="Mama's Pearl">Mama's Pearl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_I_Saw_in_You_Was_Just_a_Mirage" title="The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage">The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Coming to Town</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus" title="I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus">I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Love_on_Christmas_Day" title="Give Love on Christmas Day">Give Love on Christmas Day</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye" title="Never Can Say Goodbye">Never Can Say Goodbye</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song)">Maybe Tomorrow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/16_Candles_(song)" title="16 Candles (song)">16 Candles</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Daddy_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Sugar Daddy (The Jackson 5 song)">Sugar Daddy</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Bitty_Pretty_One" title="Little Bitty Pretty One">Little Bitty Pretty One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows_(song)" title="Lookin' Through the Windows (song)">Lookin' Through the Windows</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Doctor_My_Eyes" title="Doctor My Eyes">Doctor My Eyes</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Corner of the Sky"</li>
+<li>"Hallelujah Day"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Skywriter_(song)" title="Skywriter (song)">Skywriter</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_It_Together_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Get It Together (The Jackson 5 song)">Get It Together</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</li>
+<li>"The Life of the Party"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Am_Love_(song)" title="I Am Love (song)">I Am Love</a>"</li>
+<li>"Whatever You Got, I Want"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Came_Today" title="Forever Came Today">Forever Came Today</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_I_Do_Is_Think_of_You" title="All I Do Is Think of You">All I Do Is Think of You</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Enjoy Yourself (The Jacksons song)">Enjoy Yourself</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Show_You_the_Way_to_Go" title="Show You the Way to Go">Show You the Way to Go</a>"</li>
+<li>"Dreamer"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Goin' Places"</li>
+<li>"Even Though You're Gone"</li>
+<li>"Different Kind of Lady"</li>
+<li>"Music's Taking Over"</li>
+<li>"Find Me a Girl"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Boogie" title="Blame It on the Boogie">Blame It on the Boogie</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>"</li>
+<li>"Destiny"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lovely_One" title="Lovely One">Lovely One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Place_Hotel" title="This Place Hotel">This Place Hotel</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Can_You_Feel_It_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)">Can You Feel It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Walk_Right_Now" title="Walk Right Now">Walk Right Now</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Things I Do for You" <small>(Live)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/State_of_Shock_(song)" title="State of Shock (song)">State of Shock</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Torture_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Torture (The Jacksons song)">Torture</a>"</li>
+<li>"Body"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothin%27_(That_Compares_2_U)" title="Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)">Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street_(song)" title="2300 Jackson Street (song)">2300 Jackson Street</a>"</li>
+<li>"Art of Madness"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Notable collaborations and album tracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Lovin%27_You" title="Who's Lovin' You">Who's Lovin' You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hum_Along_and_Dance" title="Hum Along and Dance">Hum Along and Dance</a>"</li>
+<li>"Time Out for the Burglar"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Feelin%27_Alright%3F" title="Feelin' Alright?">Feelin' Alright</a>"</li>
+<li>"That's How Love Is"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></b></li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">AIM (software)</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=AOL_Instant_Messenger&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AOL Instant Messenger</a>)</span></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="summary">AIM</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_AOL_Instant_Messenger_(2011).png" class="image" title="AIM's new logo introduced in December 2011, replacing the earlier "running man" mascot"><img alt="AIM's new logo introduced in December 2011, replacing the earlier "running man" mascot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Logo_of_AOL_Instant_Messenger_%282011%29.png/220px-Logo_of_AOL_Instant_Messenger_%282011%29.png" width="220" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Logo_of_AOL_Instant_Messenger_%282011%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="171" /></a>
+<div>AIM's new logo introduced in December 2011, replacing the earlier "running man" mascot</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th>
+<td>May 1997<span class="noprint">; 20 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997-05</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Broad_categories" title="Software categories">Type</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim.com">www<wbr />.aim<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>AIM</b> (<b>AOL Instant Messenger</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">presence</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> created by <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR instant messaging protocol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC protocol</a> to allow registered users to communicate in real time.</p>
+<p>AIM was popular from the late 1990s to mid-2000s in North America, and was the leading instant messaging application in that region. AIM's popularity declined steeply in the late 2000s, and its fall has often been compared with other once-popular Internet services such as <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> On October 5, 2017, AIM's owner, <a href="/wiki/Oath_Inc." title="Oath Inc.">Oath Inc.</a>, announced that it would discontinue AIM as a service on December 15, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-retirement_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retirement-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Usage_decline_and_product_sunset"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Usage decline and product sunset</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_.22Running_Man.22"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The "Running Man"</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Protocol"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Protocol</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Privacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Chat_robots"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Chat robots</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#URI_scheme"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">URI scheme</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vulnerabilities"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Vulnerabilities</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Extra_features"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Extra features</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#iPhone_application"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">iPhone application</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#iPad_application"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">iPad application</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#AIM_Express"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">AIM Express</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#AIM_Pages"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">AIM Pages</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#AIM_for_Mac"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">AIM for Mac</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#AIM_real-time_IM"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">AIM real-time IM</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#AIM_to_mobile_.28messaging_to_phone_numbers.29"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">AIM to mobile (messaging to phone numbers)</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Discontinued_features"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Discontinued features</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#AIM_for_Phoneline"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">AIM for Phoneline</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#AIM_Call_Out"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">AIM Call Out</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Security"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Security</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>AOL Instant Messenger was initially integrated into <a href="/wiki/AOL_Desktop" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Desktop">AOL Desktop</a> and later also released as a stand-alone download by <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a> (AOL) in May 1997 for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mashable_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mashable-3">[3]</a></sup> The software, maintained by AOL, Inc., at one time had the largest share of the instant messaging market in North America, especially in the United States (with 52% of the total reported as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> This does not include other instant messaging software related to or developed by AOL, such as <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a>.</p>
+<p>Its main competitors during its heyday were <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Messenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a>. AOL particularly had a rivalry or 'chat war' with rival <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> starting in 1999. There were several attempts from Microsoft to simultaneously log into their own and AIM's protocol servers. AOL were not happy about this and started blocking MSN Messenger from being able to access AIM.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<p>AIM went officially mobile in early 2008 when the application was released for <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> devices and allowed for all devices to send IMs via SMS.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> However AIM could already be used on various devices beforehand with third-party applications, and as early as 2002 on a <a href="/wiki/Danger_Hiptop" title="Danger Hiptop">Sidekick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Since 2012, stand-alone official AIM client software includes advertisements and is available for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="IOS (Apple)">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Usage_decline_and_product_sunset">Usage decline and product sunset</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage decline and product sunset">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Around 2011 AIM started to lose popularity rapidly, partly due to the quick rise of <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> and its built-in real-name <a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Chat">Google Chat</a> instant messenger integration in 2011 and because many people started purely moving onto <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> websites (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a>, which was released as a standalone app the same year) for instant messaging.</p>
+<p>As of June 2011<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, one source reported AOL Instant Messenger market share had collapsed to 0.73%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> However, this number only reflects installed IM applications, and not active users. The engineers responsible for AIM claimed that they were unable to convince AOL management that free was the future.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On March 3, 2012, AOL ended employment of AIM's development staff while leaving it active and with help support still provided.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> On October 5, 2017, it was announced that the AIM service will be discontinued on December 15.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-retirement_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retirement-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span id="The_"Running_Man""></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_.22Running_Man.22">The "Running Man"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The "Running Man"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:34px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_aol_messenger.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Farm-Fresh_aol_messenger.png" width="32" height="32" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_aol_messenger.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The "Running Man"</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The AIM mascot was designed by JoRoan Lazaro and was implemented in the first release in 1997. This was a yellow <a href="/wiki/Stick_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick figures">stickman</a>-like figure, often called the "Running Man". The mascot appeared on all AIM logos and most wordmarks, and always appeared at the top of the buddy list. AIM's incredible popularity in the late 1990s and the 2000s led to the "Running Man" becoming a familiar brand on the Internet. After over 14 years, the iconic logo was finally disappeared as part of the AIM rebranding in 2011. However, in August 2013, the "Running Man" once again returned.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2014, a <i><a href="/wiki/Complex_(magazine)" title="Complex (magazine)">Complex</a></i> editor called it a "symbol of America".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In April 2015 the Running Man was officially featured in the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_London_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin London Marathon">Virgin London Marathon</a>, dressed by a person for the AOL-partnered <a href="/wiki/Free_The_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Free The Children">Free The Children</a> charity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Protocol">Protocol</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protocol">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The standard protocol that AIM clients use to communicate is called <a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">Open System for CommunicAtion in Realtime</a> (OSCAR). Most AOL-produced versions of AIM and popular third party AIM clients use this protocol. However, AOL also created a simpler protocol called <a href="/wiki/TOC2_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="TOC2 protocol">TOC</a> that lacks many of OSCAR's features but is sometimes used for clients that only require basic chat functionality. The TOC/TOC2 protocol specifications were made available by AOL, while OSCAR is a closed protocol that third parties have had to reverse-engineer.</p>
+<p>In January 2008, AOL introduced experimental <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol</a> (XMPP) support for AIM,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> allowing AIM users to communicate using the standardized, open-source XMPP. However, in March 2008, this service was discontinued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In May 2011, AOL started offering limited XMPP support.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> On March 1, 2017, AOL announced (via XMPP-login-time messages<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>) that the AOL XMPP gateway would be desupported, effective March 28, 2017.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy">Privacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>For privacy regulations, AIM has strict age restrictions. AIM accounts are available only for people over the age of 13; children younger than that are not permitted access to AIM.<sup id="cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Under the AIM Privacy Policy, AOL has no rights to read or monitor any private communications between users. The profile of the user has no privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>If public content is accessed. it can be used for online, print or even broadcast advertising, etc. This is outlined in the policy and terms of service: "... you grant AOL, its parent, affiliates, subsidiaries, assigns, agents and licensees the irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide right to reproduce, display, perform, distribute, adapt and promote this Content in any medium". This allows anything one posts to be used without a separate request for permission.<sup id="cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The issue of AIM's security has been called into question. AOL states that it has taken great steps to insure that personal information will not be accessed by unauthorized members, but that it cannot guarantee that that will not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>AIM is different from other clients, such as <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Messenger</a>, in that it does not require approval from one buddy to be added to another's buddy list. As a result, it is possible for users to keep other unsuspecting users on their buddy list to see when they are online, read their status and away messages, and read their profiles. In fact, there is a Web API to display one's status and away message as a widget on one's Web page.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> However, one can block another user from communicating and seeing one's status, but this does not prevent the user from creating a new account that is not blocked and therefore can still track the first user's status. A more complete privacy option is to select a menu option allowing communication only with those on one's buddy list; this causes blocking (thus appearing offline to) all users who are not on one's buddy list.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Chat_robots">Chat robots</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chat robots">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>AOL and various other companies supply robots on AIM that can receive messages and send a response based on the bot's purpose. For example, bots can help with studying, like StudyBuddy. Some are made to relate to children and teenagers, like <a href="/wiki/Spleak" title="Spleak">Spleak</a>, others give advice, and others are for more general purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/SmarterChild" title="SmarterChild">SmarterChild</a>. The more useful chat bots have features like the ability to play games, get sport scores, weather forecasts or financial stock information. Users were able to talk to automated chat bots that could respond to natural human language. They were primarily put into place as a marketing strategy and for unique advertising options. It was used by advertisers to market products or build better consumer relations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Before the inclusions of such bots, the other bots DoorManBot and AIMOffline provided features that are provided today by AOL for those who needed it. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZolaOnAOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZolaOnAOL (page does not exist)">ZolaOnAOL</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZoeOnAOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZoeOnAOL (page does not exist)">ZoeOnAOL</a> were short lived bots that ultimately retired their features in favor of <a href="/wiki/SmarterChild" title="SmarterChild">SmarterChild</a>. As of November 18, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/SmarterChild" title="SmarterChild">SmarterChild</a> bot for AIM was retired and is no longer offering any services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="URI_scheme">URI scheme</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: URI scheme">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>AOL Instant Messenger's installation process automatically installs an extra <a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a> ("protocol") handler into some Web browsers, so URIs beginning "<tt>aim:</tt>" can open a new AIM window with specified parameters. This is similar in function to the <tt>mailto:</tt> URI scheme, which creates a new e-mail message using the system's default mail program. For instance, a Web page might include a link like the following in its HTML source to open a window for sending a message to the AIM user <i>notarealuser</i>:</p>
+<pre>
+<code><a href="aim:goim?screenname=notarealuser">Send Message</a></code>
+</pre>
+<p>To specify a message body, the <code>message</code> parameter is used, so the link location might look like this:</p>
+<pre>
+<code>aim:goim?screenname=notarealuser&message=This+is+my+message</code>
+</pre>
+<p>To specify an away message, the message parameter is used, so the link location might look like this:</p>
+<pre>
+<code>aim:goaway?message=Hello,+my+name+is+Bill</code>
+</pre>
+<p>When placing this inside a URL link, an AIM user could click on the URL link and the away message "Hello, my name is Bill" would instantly become their away message.</p>
+<p>To add a buddy, the addbuddy message is used, with the screenname parameter</p>
+<pre>
+<code>aim:addbuddy?screenname=notarealuser</code>
+</pre>
+<p>This type of link is commonly found on forum profiles, to easily add contacts</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vulnerabilities">Vulnerabilities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vulnerabilities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>AIM has security weaknesses that have enabled <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploits</a> to be created that use third-party software to perform malicious acts on users' computers.<sup id="cite_ref-fileforum.betanews.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fileforum.betanews.com-24">[24]</a></sup> Although most are relatively harmless, such as being kicked off the AIM service, others perform potentially dangerous actions such as sending <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>. Some of these exploits rely on <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social engineering (computer security)">social engineering</a> to spread by automatically sending instant messages that contain a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> accompanied by text suggesting the receiving user click on it, an action which leads to infection (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan</a>). These messages can easily be mistaken as coming from a friend and contain a link to a Web address that installs software on the user's computer to restart the cycle.</p>
+<p>Users have also reported sudden additions of toolbars and advertisements from third parties in the newer version of AIM. Multiple complaints about the lack of control of third party involvement have caused many users to stop using the service.<sup id="cite_ref-fileforum.betanews.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fileforum.betanews.com-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extra_features">Extra features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Extra features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="iPhone_application">iPhone application</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: iPhone application">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On March 6, 2008, during <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IPhone_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone SDK">iPhone SDK</a> event, AOL announced that they would be releasing an AIM application for <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> users. The application is available for free from the App Store, but the company also provides a paid version, which displays no advertisements. Both are available from the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a>. The AIM client for <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> supports standard AIM accounts as well as <a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a> accounts. There is also an express version of AIM accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> browser on the iPhone and iPod Touch.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2011, AOL launched a massive overhaul of their Instant Messaging service. Included in the update was a brand new <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> application for <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> which incorporated all the latest features. A brand new icon was used for the application, featuring the new cursive logo for AIM. The user-interface was entirely redone for the features including: a new buddy list, group messaging, in-line photos and videos, as well as improved file-sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Currently the application is in version 5.0.5, which was updated as of March 2012. In the latest iteration, it supports more social stream features, much like Facebook and Twitter, as well as the ability to send voice messages up to 60 seconds long.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="iPad_application">iPad application</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: iPad application">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On April 3, 2010, Apple released the first generation iPad. Along with this newly released device AOL released the AIM application for iPad. It was built entirely from scratch for the new version iOS with a specialized user-interface for the device. It supports geo location, Facebook status updates and chat, Myspace, Twitter, YouTube, Foursquare and many social networking platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_Express">AIM Express</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: AIM Express">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>AIM Express ran in a pop-up browser window. It was intended for use by people who are unwilling or unable to install a standalone application or those at computers that lack the AIM application. AIM Express supported many of the standard features included in the stand-alone client, but did not provide advanced features like file transfer, audio chat, video conferencing, or buddy info. It was implemented in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> It was an upgrade to the prior AOL Quick Buddy, which was later available for older systems that cannot handle Express before being discontinued. Express and Quick Buddy were similar to <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger#MSN_Web_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Web Messenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger#Web_Messenger" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Web Messenger</a>. This web version has evolved into AIM.com's web-based messenger.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_Pages">AIM Pages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: AIM Pages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AIM_Pages" title="AIM Pages">AIM Pages</a></div>
+<p>AIM Pages was released in May 2006, allowing the 63 million AIM users to create an online, dynamic profile. The buddy list serves as the basis for the AIM Page <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>. An AIM Page is built using modules following the ModuleT <a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">microformat</a>. AIM Pages was discontinued in late 2007.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_for_Mac">AIM for Mac</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: AIM for Mac">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>AOL released an all-new AIM for the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> on September 29, 2008 and the final build on December 15, 2008. The redesigned AIM for Mac is a full <a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">universal binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa API">Cocoa API</a> application that supports both Tiger and Leopard <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> 10.4.8 (and above) or Mac OS X 10.5.3 (and above). On October 1, 2009, AOL released AIM 2.0 for Mac.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_real-time_IM">AIM real-time IM</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: AIM real-time IM">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>This feature is available for AIM 7 and allows for a user to see what the other is typing as it is being done. It was developed and built with assistance from Trace Research and Development Centre at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a>. The application provides visually impaired users the ability to convert messages from text (words) to speech.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Real-Time_IM_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Real-Time_IM-30">[30]</a></sup> For the application to work users must have AIM 6.8 or higher, as it is not compatible with older versions of AIM software, AIM for Mac or iChat.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Real-Time_IM_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Real-Time_IM-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="AIM_to_mobile_(messaging_to_phone_numbers)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_to_mobile_.28messaging_to_phone_numbers.29">AIM to mobile (messaging to phone numbers)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: AIM to mobile (messaging to phone numbers)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>This feature allows <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> to a phone number (<a href="/wiki/Messaging#Increasing_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Messaging">text messaging is less functional</a> than instant messaging).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Discontinued_features">Discontinued features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discontinued features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_for_Phoneline">AIM for Phoneline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: AIM for Phoneline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>AIM Phoneline was a <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC service<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> provided via the AIM application. It was also known to work with Apple's iChat Client.</p>
+<p>Launched on May 16, 2006, AIM Phoneline provided users the ability to have several local numbers, allowing AIM users to receive free incoming calls.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> The service allowed users to make calls to landlines and mobile devices through the use of a computer. The service, however, was only free for receiving and AOL charged users $14.95 a month for unlimited calling plan.<sup id="cite_ref-pcworld.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcworld.com-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In order to use AIM Phoneline users had to install the latest free version of AIM Triton software and needed a good set of headphones with a boom microphone. It could take several days after a user signed up before it started working.<sup id="cite_ref-pcworld.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcworld.com-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The service provided users with many interfaces such as Auto Action APIs, Ringback Tone APIs and Screen Name Services API that made the AIM Phoneline a great service.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On January 13, 2009, the service was officially closed. The closing of the free service caused the number associated with the service to be disabled and not transferrable for a different service.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AIM_Call_Out">AIM Call Out</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: AIM Call Out">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>AIM Call Out is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC service provided by AOL via its AIM application that replaced the defunct AIM Phoneline service in November 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> It did not depend on the AIM client and could be used with only an AIM screenname via the WebConnect feature or a dedicated SIP device. The AIM Call Out service was shut down on March 25, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Security">Security</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>On November 4, 2014, AIM scored one out of seven points on the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>'s secure messaging scorecard. AIM received a point for encryption during transit but lost points because communications are not encrypted with a key the provider doesn't have access to (i.e. the communications are not <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encrypted</a>), users can't verify contacts' identities, past messages are not secure if the encryption keys are stolen (i.e. the service does not provide <a href="/wiki/Forward_secrecy" title="Forward secrecy">forward secrecy</a>), the code is not open to independent review (i.e. the code is not <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a>), the security design is not properly documented, and there has not been a recent independent security audit.<sup id="cite_ref-secure-messaging-scorecard_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secure-messaging-scorecard-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBuddy" title="EBuddy">Ebuddy XMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hushmail" title="Hushmail">Hushmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik Messenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo Messenger</a> also scored one out of seven points.<sup id="cite_ref-secure-messaging-scorecard_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secure-messaging-scorecard-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Abbruzzese, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2014/04/15/aim-history/">"The Rise and Fall of AIM, the Breakthrough AOL Never Wanted"</a>. <i>mashable.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mashable.com&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+AIM%2C+the+Breakthrough+AOL+Never+Wanted&rft.aulast=Abbruzzese&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2014%2F04%2F15%2Faim-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6_Facts_About_AIM.27s_Privacy_Policy_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brandon De Hoyos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://im.about.com/od/promotingimsafety/a/aim-privacy.htm">"AIM Privacy -- Terms of Service Policy -- AIM Privacy"</a>. <i>About.com Tech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Tech&rft.atitle=AIM+Privacy+--+Terms+of+Service+Policy+--+AIM+Privacy&rft.au=Brandon+De+Hoyos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fim.about.com%2Fod%2Fpromotingimsafety%2Fa%2Faim-privacy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.aol.com/data_sheets/WebAIM_Quick_Start_Guide.pdf">"Integrate Your Site with AIM in 3 Easy Steps"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>AOL Developer Network</i>. AOL Inc. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062640/http://dev.aol.com/data_sheets/WebAIM_Quick_Start_Guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AOL+Developer+Network&rft.atitle=Integrate+Your+Site+with+AIM+in+3+Easy+Steps&rft.pages=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.aol.com%2Fdata_sheets%2FWebAIM_Quick_Start_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnet.com/news/aol-tries-out-new-im-chat-bot/">"tries out new IM chat bot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. 2003-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tries+out+new+IM+chat+bot&rft.pub=CNET&rft.date=2003-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Faol-tries-out-new-im-chat-bot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-fileforum.betanews.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fileforum.betanews.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fileforum.betanews.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fileforum.betanews.com/detail/AOL-Instant-Messenger-for-Windows/929853714/1">"Reviews of AOL Instant Messenger for Windows"</a>. 2011-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+AOL+Instant+Messenger+for+Windows&rft.date=2011-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffileforum.betanews.com%2Fdetail%2FAOL-Instant-Messenger-for-Windows%2F929853714%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macrumors.com/2008/03/06/apple-releases-iphone-sdk-demos-spore-instant-messaging/">"Apple Releases iPhone SDK, Demos Spore, Instant Messaging"</a>. Mac Rumors. 2008-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Releases+iPhone+SDK%2C+Demos+Spore%2C+Instant+Messaging&rft.pub=Mac+Rumors&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrumors.com%2F2008%2F03%2F06%2Fapple-releases-iphone-sdk-demos-spore-instant-messaging%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2396491,00.asp/">"AOL Overhauls AIM, Adds New iPhone App"</a>. PC Magazine. 2011-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AOL+Overhauls+AIM%2C+Adds+New+iPhone+App&rft.pub=PC+Magazine&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2396491%2C00.asp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227011258/http://handheld.softpedia.com/get/Chat/AIM-for-iPhone-97755.shtml">"AIM for iPhone 5.0.5"</a>. Softpedia. 2012-03-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handheld.softpedia.com/get/Chat/AIM-for-iPhone-97755.shtml/">the original</a> on 2011-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM+for+iPhone+5.0.5&rft.pub=Softpedia&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandheld.softpedia.com%2Fget%2FChat%2FAIM-for-iPhone-97755.shtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macstories.net/ipad/aim-for-ipad-approved-screenshot/">"AIM for iPad Approved, Screenshot"</a>. MacStories. 2010-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM+for+iPad+Approved%2C+Screenshot&rft.pub=MacStories&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macstories.net%2Fipad%2Faim-for-ipad-approved-screenshot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim.com/products/express">"www.aim.com/products/express"</a>. Aim.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205062532/http://www.aim.com/products/express">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.aim.com%2Fproducts%2Fexpress&rft.pub=Aim.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim.com%2Fproducts%2Fexpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-What_is_Real-Time_IM-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Real-Time_IM_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Real-Time_IM_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aniesoft.com/realtime-im.html">"What is Real-Time IM? Source: AOL Help"</a>. <i>aniesoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aniesoft.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Real-Time+IM%3F+Source%3A+AOL+Help&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aniesoft.com%2Frealtime-im.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2004/07/13/how-to-use-aol-instant-messenger-to-send-a-text-message-to-a">"How-To use AIM to send a Text Message to a phone"</a>. <i>engadget.com</i>. July 13, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engadget.com&rft.atitle=How-To+use+AIM+to+send+a+Text+Message+to+a+phone&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2004%2F07%2F13%2Fhow-to-use-aol-instant-messenger-to-send-a-text-message-to-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1194787,00.html">"Press Releases"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Releases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timewarner.com%2Fcorp%2Fnewsroom%2Fpr%2F0%2C20812%2C1194787%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labnol.blogspot.ca/2006/05/aim-phoneline-free-phone-number-for.html">"AIM Phoneline: Free Phone number for AOL Messenger users"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM+Phoneline%3A+Free+Phone+number+for+AOL+Messenger+users&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabnol.blogspot.ca%2F2006%2F05%2Faim-phoneline-free-phone-number-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pcworld.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcworld.com_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcworld.com_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/126005/first_look_aim_phoneline_and_skype_25.html">"First Look: AIM Phoneline and Skype 2.5"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. June 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=First+Look%3A+AIM+Phoneline+and+Skype+2.5&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F126005%2Ffirst_look_aim_phoneline_and_skype_25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.programmableweb.com/api/aim-phoneline">"AIM Phoneline"</a>. <i>ProgrammableWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProgrammableWeb&rft.atitle=AIM+Phoneline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.programmableweb.com%2Fapi%2Faim-phoneline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r21456143-Free-AIM-Phoneline-Service-Closing-on-January-13-2009">"Free AIM Phoneline Service Closing on January 13, 2009 - VOIP Tech Chat - DSLReports Forums"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+AIM+Phoneline+Service+Closing+on+January+13%2C+2009+-+VOIP+Tech+Chat+-+DSLReports+Forums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dslreports.com%2Fforum%2Fr21456143-Free-AIM-Phoneline-Service-Closing-on-January-13-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aimphoneline.com/?promo=784114&flv=1&ncid=oyjqUzrKfk0000000465&icid=one_click.M">"Looking for AIM Phoneline?"</a>. Aimphoneline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+for+AIM+Phoneline%3F&rft.pub=Aimphoneline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aimphoneline.com%2F%3Fpromo%3D784114%26flv%3D1%26ncid%3DoyjqUzrKfk0000000465%26icid%3Done_click.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voice.aol.com/">"AOL Voice Services no longer offers new registrations"</a>. <i>AOL.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AOL.com&rft.atitle=AOL+Voice+Services+no+longer+offers+new+registrations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoice.aol.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-secure-messaging-scorecard-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secure-messaging-scorecard_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secure-messaging-scorecard_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/secure-messaging-scorecard">"Secure Messaging Scorecard. Which apps and tools actually keep your messages safe?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. November 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secure+Messaging+Scorecard.+Which+apps+and+tools+actually+keep+your+messages+safe%3F&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fsecure-messaging-scorecard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2471658,00.asp">"Only 6 Messaging Apps Are Truly Secure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. November 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Only+6+Messaging+Apps+Are+Truly+Secure&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2471658%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAIM+%28software%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIM_(software)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Instant_messaging" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instant_messaging" title="Template talk:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Instant_messaging&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Instant_messaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols<br />
+(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols" title="Comparison of instant messaging protocols">comparison</a>)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol">IMPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(communication_protocol)" title="Matrix (communication protocol)">Matrix</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(messaging_service)#Encryption_scheme" title="Telegram (messaging service)">MTProto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Message_Session_Relay_Protocol" title="Message Session Relay Protocol">MSRP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">WFP</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Protocol" title="Distributed Data Protocol">DDP</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skype_protocol" title="Skype protocol">Skype</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger_Protocol" title="Yahoo! Messenger Protocol">YMSG</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AIM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BAND_(software)" title="BAND (software)">BAND</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Google Allo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Google Hangouts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Google Talk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hike_Messenger" title="Hike Messenger">Hike Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IGap" title="IGap">iGap</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#Networks" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC Networks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTalk" title="KakaoTalk">KakaoTalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libon_(service)" title="Libon (service)">Libon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messenger_service" title="Microsoft Messenger service">Microsoft Messenger service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OoVoo" title="OoVoo">ooVoo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palringo" title="Palringo">Palringo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Qik" title="Skype Qik">Skype Qik</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(software)" title="Tango (software)">Tango</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(messaging_service)" title="Telegram (messaging service)">Telegram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Threema" title="Threema">Threema</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Upptalk" title="Upptalk">Upptalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VEON_(software)" title="VEON (software)">Veon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger_service" title="Windows Messenger service">Windows Messenger service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Messenger</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients<br />
+(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients" title="Comparison of instant messaging clients">comparison</a>)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single protocol</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Allo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AIM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu Hi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CSipSimple" title="CSipSimple">CSipSimple</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetion" title="Fetion">Fetion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gadu-Gadu" title="Gadu-Gadu">Gadu-Gadu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Sametime" title="IBM Sametime">IBM Sametime</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IMVU" title="IMVU">IMVU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palringo" title="Palringo">Palringo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(software)" title="Ring (software)">Ring</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(messaging_service)" title="Telegram (messaging service)">Telegram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">Tencent QQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wire_(software)" title="Wire (software)">Wire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Messenger</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-protocol</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ayttm" title="Ayttm">Ayttm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EBuddy" title="EBuddy">eBuddy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_(software)" title="Empathy (software)">Empathy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fire_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Fire (instant messaging client)">Fire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gizmo5" title="Gizmo5">Gizmo5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Instantbird" title="Instantbird">Instantbird</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a>/<a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_IM" title="Miranda IM">Miranda IM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Internet_Pager" title="Quiet Internet Pager">QIP 2010</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Telepathy" title="KDE Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Upptalk" title="Upptalk">Upptalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xfire" title="Xfire">Xfire</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP (Jabber)</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bombus_(software)" title="Bombus (software)">Bombus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Facebook_features" title="List of Facebook features">Facebook Chat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Google Talk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psi_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Psi (instant messaging client)">Psi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tkabber" title="Tkabber">Tkabber</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(XMPP_client)" title="Spark (XMPP client)">Spark</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AMSN" title="AMSN">aMSN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emesene" title="Emesene">emesene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Messenger" title="Windows Live Messenger">Windows Live Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Windows Messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">Backchannel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_profile" title="Buddy profile">Buddy profile</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chat_log" title="Chat log">Chat log</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">Contact list</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Instant_message_service_center" title="Instant message service center">Instant message service center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_instant_messaging" title="Mobile instant messaging">Mobile instant messaging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">Presence information</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoutbox" title="Shoutbox">Shoutbox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Status_message_(instant_messaging)" title="Status message (instant messaging)">Status message</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Web_chat" title="Web chat">Web chat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(software)" title="Circuit (software)">Circuit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EXo_Platform" title="EXo Platform">eXo Platform</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FirstClass" title="FirstClass">FirstClass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(messaging_service)" title="Flock (messaging service)">Flock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fuze_(company)" title="Fuze (company)">Fuze Box</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glip" class="mw-redirect" title="Glip">Glip</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hall.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall.com">Hall.com</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(company)" title="Lua (company)">Lua</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oath_Inc." style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oath_Inc." title="Template:Oath Inc."><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oath_Inc.&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Oath_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oath_Inc." title="Oath Inc.">Oath Inc.</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Mail" title="Alto Mail">Alto Mail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cambio.com" title="Cambio.com">Cambio.com</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moviefone" title="Moviefone">Moviefone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RYOT" title="RYOT">RYOT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BrightRoll" title="BrightRoll">BrightRoll</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polyvore" title="Polyvore">Polyvore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" title="AOL Instant Messenger Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" title="AOL Instant Messenger Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" title="AOL Instant Messenger Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" title="AOL Instant Messenger Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" title="AOL Instant Messenger Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" title="AOL Instant Messenger Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM" title="AIM Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_(%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F)" title="AIM () Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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diff --git a/small_wiki/Airliner - Wikipedia.html b/small_wiki/Airliner - Wikipedia.html
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Airliner</h1>
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+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Airliners" redirects here. For the website, see <a href="/wiki/Airliners.net" title="Airliners.net">Airliners.net</a>.</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_(DC-3),_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_(DDA_Classic_Airlines)_AN2107554.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg/350px-Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg" width="350" height="244" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg/525px-Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg/700px-Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a>
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+Considered among the most revolutionary airliners, the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> is the most produced airliner in history. First flying in 1936, it remains in active service today.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_737-100_(N73700)_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Boeing_737-100_%28N73700%29_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg/350px-Boeing_737-100_%28N73700%29_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg" width="350" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Boeing_737-100_%28N73700%29_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg/525px-Boeing_737-100_%28N73700%29_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Boeing_737-100_%28N73700%29_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg/700px-Boeing_737-100_%28N73700%29_on_its_maiden_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="2355" /></a>
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+Pictured on its maiden voyage in 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> is the most produced <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a> in history.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>An <b>airliner</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> for transporting <a href="/wiki/Passenger" title="Passenger">passengers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">air cargo</a>. Such aircraft are most often operated by <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial service.</p>
+<p>The largest airliners are <i><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body</a></i> jets. These aircraft are frequently called <i>twin-aisle aircraft</i> because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. These aircraft are usually used for <a href="/wiki/Flight_length#long-haul" title="Flight length">long-haul flights</a> between <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">airline hubs</a> and major cities with many passengers.</p>
+<p>A smaller, more common class of airliners is the <i><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body</a></i> or <i>single aisle</i> aircraft. These smaller airliners are generally used for short to medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts.</p>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliners</a></i> typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a>. These airliners are the non-<a href="/wiki/Mainline_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (flight)">mainline</a> counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the major carriers, legacy carriers, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carriers</a> and are used to feed traffic into the large airline hubs. These regional routes then form the spokes of a hub-and-spoke air transport model.</p>
+<p>The lightest (<a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_light_transport_aircraft" title="List of light transport aircraft">list of light transport aircraft</a>) of short haul regional feeder airliner type aircraft that carry 19 or fewer passenger seats are called <i>commuter aircraft,</i> <i>commuterliners, feederliners,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Air_taxi" title="Air taxi">air taxis</a></i>, depending on their size, engines, how they are marketed, region of the world, and seating configurations. The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, for example, has only 19 seats.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Inter-war_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Inter-war period</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_post-war_jet_age"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The post-war jet age</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#USSR"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">USSR</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Wide-body_airliners"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wide-body airliners</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Narrow-body_airliners"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Narrow-body airliners</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Regional.2C_short_haul_and_feederliner_aircraft"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Regional, short haul and feederliner aircraft</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Commuterliners_used_by_regional_airlines_and_air_taxi_operators"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Commuterliners used by regional airlines and air taxi operators</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Engines"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Engines</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Airliner_variants"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Airliner variants</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Configuration"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Configuration</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Current_manufacturers"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Current manufacturers</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notable_airliners"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable airliners</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#In_production_aircraft"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In production aircraft</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Market"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Market</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Storage.2C_scrapping_and_recycling"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Storage, scrapping and recycling</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cabin_configurations_and_features"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Cabin configurations and features</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Seats"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Seats</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Overhead_bins"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Overhead bins</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Passenger_service_units"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Passenger service units</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cabin_pressurization"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cabin pressurization</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Cabin_climate_control"><span class="tocnumber">11.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cabin climate control</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Baggage_holds"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Baggage holds</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Narrow-body_airliners_2"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Narrow-body airliners</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Wide-body_airliners_2"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wide-body airliners</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Lists"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lists</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Topics"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Topics</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inter-war period">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>When the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> made the worlds first sustained <a href="/wiki/Heavier-than-air_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier-than-air flight">heavier-than-air flight</a>, they laid the foundation for what would become a major transport industry. Their flight in 1903 was just 11 years before what is often defined as the worlds first airliner.<sup id="cite_ref-Tise_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tise-1">[1]</a></sup> These airliners would have a significant impact on global society, economics, and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernardo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernardo-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="466" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets" title="Sikorsky Ilya Muromets">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets</a> while in use as a bomber by Russia</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>If an airliner is defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers in commercial service, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets" title="Sikorsky Ilya Muromets">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets</a> was the first aircraft meeting that definition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The Ilya Muromets was a luxurious aircraft with a separate passenger <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">saloon</a>, wicker chairs, bedroom, lounge and a toilet. The aircraft also had heating and <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">electrical lighting</a>. The Ilya Muromets first flew on December 10, 1913. On February 25, 1914, it took off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard. From June 21  June 23, it made a round-trip from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> in 14 hours and 38 minutes with one intermediate landing. However, it was never used as a commercial airliner due to the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</p>
+<p>In 1915 the very first airliner (for commercial use) was used by Elliot Air Service. The aircraft was a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_JN_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss JN 4">Curtiss JN 4</a>, a small biplane which was used mainly in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a trainer. Later, it was also used as a tour and familiarization flight aircraft in the early 1920s.</p>
+<p>In 1919, after World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Farman_F.60_Goliath" title="Farman F.60 Goliath">Farman F.60 Goliath</a>, originally designed as a long-range heavy bomber, was converted for commercial use into a passenger airliner. It could seat 14 passengers from 1919, and approximately 60 were built. Initially several publicity flights were made, including one on 8 February 1919, when the Goliath flew 12 passengers from <a href="/wiki/Toussus-le-Noble" title="Toussus-le-Noble">Toussus-le-Noble</a> to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Kenley" title="RAF Kenley">RAF Kenley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, despite having no permission from the British authorities to land.</p>
+<p>Another important airliner built in 1919 was the Airco DH.16; a re-designed <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9A" title="Airco DH.9A">Airco DH.9A</a> with a wider <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> to accommodate an enclosed cabin seating four passengers, plus pilot in an open cockpit. In March 1919, the prototype first flew at <a href="/wiki/Hendon_Aerodrome" title="Hendon Aerodrome">Hendon Aerodrome</a>. Nine aircraft were built, all but one being delivered to the nascent airline, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Transport_and_Travel" title="Aircraft Transport and Travel">Aircraft Transport & Travel Limited (AT&T)</a>. AT&T used the first aircraft for pleasure flying, and on 25 August 1919 it inaugurated the first scheduled international airline service from London to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62-3">[3]</a></sup> One aircraft was sold to the River Plate Aviation Company in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, to operate a cross-river service between <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62-3">[3]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the competing <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> converted its successful WW1 bomber, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">Vickers Vimy</a>, into a civilian version, the Vimy Commercial. It was redesigned with a larger diameter fuselage (largely of <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> plywood), and first flew from the Joyce Green airfield in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> on 13 April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_Vickersp95_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickersp95-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_v3_p202_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_v3_p202-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The world's first all-metal transport aircraft was the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_F.13" title="Junkers F.13">Junkers F.13</a>, also from 1919 with 322 built. The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Fokker" title="Fokker">Fokker</a> company produced the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.II" title="Fokker F.II">Fokker F.II</a> followed by its development the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.III" title="Fokker F.III">F.III</a>. These aircraft were used by the Dutch airline <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> when it re-opened an Amsterdam-London service in 1921. The Fokkers were soon flying to destinations across Europe, including Bremen, Brussels, Hamburg and Paris. They proved to be very reliable aircraft.</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page" title="Handley Page">Handley Page</a> company in Britain produced the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_W" title="Handley Page Type W">Handley Page Type W</a> as the company's first civil transport aircraft. It housed two crew in an open <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> and 15 passengers in an enclosed cabin. Powered by two 450 hp (340 kW) <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a> engines the prototype first flew on 4 December 1919, shortly after it was displayed at the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a> at <a href="/wiki/Le_Bourget" title="Le Bourget">Le Bourget</a>. It was the world's first airliner to be designed with an on-board <a href="/wiki/Washroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Washroom">lavatory</a>.</p>
+<p>Meanwhile, in France the <a href="/wiki/Bleriot-SPAD_S.33" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleriot-SPAD S.33">Bleriot-SPAD S.33</a> was a great success throughout the 1920s, initially serving the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>-<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> route, and later on <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">continental</a> routes. The enclosed cabin could carry four passengers with an extra seat in the cockpit.</p>
+<p>By 1921, it was becoming apparent that aircraft capacity needed to be larger for the economics to remain favourable. The English company <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a>, therefore built the ten-passenger <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Doncaster" title="De Havilland Doncaster">DH.29</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplane</a>, while starting work on the design of the DH.32, an eight-seater <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> with a less powerful but more economical <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Eagle" title="Rolls-Royce Eagle">Rolls-Royce Eagle</a> <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">engine</a>. Owing to the urgent need for more capacity, however, work on the DH.32 was stopped and the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.34" title="De Havilland DH.34">DH.34</a> biplane was designed, accommodating ten passengers. The <a href="/wiki/Fokker_trimotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker trimotor">Fokker trimotor</a> was an important and popular transport, manufactured under license in Europe and America.</p>
+<p>Throughout the 1920s, companies in Britain and France were at the forefront of the civil airliner industry,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> often considerably aided by government subsidies.</p>
+<p>In America, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> was an important early airliner. With two engines mounted on the wings and one in the nose and a slabsided body, it carried eight passengers and was produced from 1925 to 1933. It was used by the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a>, and by other airlines long after production ceased. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a> opened up transoceanic service in the late 1920s and early '30s, based on a series of large seaplanes the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-38" title="Sikorsky S-38">Sikorsky S-38</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-42" title="Sikorsky S-42">Sikorsky S-42</a>.</p>
+<p>By the 1930s, the airliner industry had matured and large consolidated national airlines were established with regular international services that spanned the globe, including <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> in Germany, KLM in the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> in America. Multi-engined aircraft were now capable of transporting dozens of passengers in comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon" title="De Havilland Dragon">de Havilland Dragon</a> was a successful aircraft during the 1930s. Its simple design used a plywood box fuselage. It could carry six passengers each with 45 pounds (20 kg) of luggage on the London-Paris route on a fuel consumption of just 13 gal (49 l) per hour. The wing panels outboard of the engines could be folded for storage. The type was attractive as a short-haul low capacity airliner and was soon in service worldwide. British production of the DH.84 ended when it was replaced on the assembly line by the more powerful and elegant <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">de Havilland Dragon Rapide</a>.</p>
+<p>The first modern-looking sleek metal airliners also came into service in the 1930s. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">Boeing 247</a> and the 14-passenger <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">Douglas DC-2</a> flew, and in 1935 the more powerful, faster, 2132 passenger <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> appeared. DC-3s were produced in quantity for World War II and sold as surplus afterward. The Douglas DC-3 was a particularly important airplane, because it was the first airliner to be profitable without a government subsidy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellberg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellberg-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Long-haul flights were expanded during the 1930s as both <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Airways">Pan American Airways</a> and Imperial Airways competed in the provision of <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic travel</a> using <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> such as the British <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short Empire</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314</a>. This prefigured the dramatic growth of transatlantic travel in the post-war period.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_post-war_jet_age">The post-war jet age</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The post-war jet age">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">Jet airliner</a></div>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg/220px-Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg/330px-Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg/440px-Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Prototype of the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a> in 1949, the first jet airliner in the world</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Brabazon_Committee" title="Brabazon Committee">Brabazon Committee</a> was formed in 1942 under <a href="/wiki/John_Moore-Brabazon,_1st_Baron_Brabazon_of_Tara" title="John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara">John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara</a> to investigate the future needs of the British Empire's civilian airliner market. The study was an attempt at defining in broad overview; the impact of projected advances in aviation technology and to forecast the global needs of the post war <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> (in South Asia, Africa, the Near and <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>) and Commonwealth (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>) in the area of air transport, for passengers, mail, and cargo. The crucial problem that the planners faced was that an agreement had been reached between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the United Kingdom in 1942 to split responsibility for building multi-engine aircraft types for British use: the US would concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport aircraft</a> while the UK would concentrate on their <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bombers</a>. This decision meant that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> would be left at the close of the war with little experience in the design, manufacture and final assembly of transport aircraft.</p>
+<p>The final report called for the construction of four general designs studied by the committee and members of the state-owned airlines <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC) and later <a href="/wiki/British_European_Airways" title="British European Airways">British European Airways</a> (BEA). The first three designs were piston-powered aircraft of varying sizes for different markets, while the Type IV design, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Havilland" title="Geoffrey de Havilland">Geoffrey de Havilland</a> whose company was involved in development the first jet fighters, was for a <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet-powered</a> 100-seat design.</p>
+<p>The Type I design, after a brief contest was given to the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a>, building on submissions they had made during the war for a "100 ton <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a>". This evolved into the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Brabazon" title="Bristol Brabazon">Bristol Brabazon</a>.</p>
+<p>The Type II process was complicated by the proposition of <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> that there should be a move to the newly developed <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> power. The specification was therefore split in two, with the conventional piston design going to the eventual <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">de Havilland Dove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Ambassador" title="Airspeed Ambassador">Airspeed Ambassador</a>. The revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">VC.2 Viceroy</a>, first flown in 1948 was the first turboprop design anywhere. The Type III requirement was developed as the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Tudor" title="Avro Tudor">Avro Tudor</a>.</p>
+<p>The Type IV for the jet-powered aircraft went to <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> and became, in 1949, the world's first jet airliner, the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">Comet</a>. It featured an aerodynamically clean design with four <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Ghost" title="De Havilland Ghost">de Havilland Ghost</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engines buried in the wings, a pressurised fuselage, and large square windows. For the era, it offered a relatively quiet, comfortable passenger cabin and showed signs of being a commercial success at its 1952 debut. However, a year after entering commercial service the Comets began suffering problems, with three of them breaking up during mid-flight in well-publicised accidents. This was later found to be due to catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">metal fatigue</a>, not well understood at the time, in the airframes. The Comet was withdrawn from service and extensively tested to discover the cause. Rival manufacturers meanwhile heeded the lessons learned from the Comet while developing their own aircraft. Although sales never fully recovered, the improved Comet 2 and the prototype Comet 3 culminated in the redesigned Comet 4 series which debuted in 1958 and had a productive career of over 30 years.</p>
+<p>This disaster, coupled with the fact that the UK's domestic market was much smaller than the US's, meant that by the 1960s it was increasingly clear that the UK had lost the airliner market to the US, and later designs like the <a href="/wiki/BAC_1-11" class="mw-redirect" title="BAC 1-11">BAC 1-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a> although successful would be unable to win a substantial part of it back again. Another committee was formed to consider <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> designs, STAC, and worked with Bristol to create the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_223" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol 223">Bristol 223</a> design for a 100-passenger transatlantic airliner. However, this was going to be so expensive to produce that the effort was later merged with similar efforts in France to create the first supersonic airlinerthe <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>The United States, conversely, gained a huge advantage in design and production in the airline industry in the years leading up to the war, but many of the developments would be put off until after the war as the manufacturing efforts were placed on the war effort. The advancements that the United States would make in this industry were in large part due to the cooperation of the airlines discussing what they desired with the airliner manufacturers.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg/220px-6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg/330px-6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg/440px-6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1178" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">DC-6</a>, Stapleton Airport, Denver, September 1966</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Soon after the war though Douglas made a large advancement with the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">DC-4</a>, although this could not cross the Atlantic at every point, it was able to make a nonstop flight from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> to the United Kingdom. Due to the war going on, the first batch of these planes went to the U.S. Army and Air Forces, and was named the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">C-54 Skymaster</a>. Some of these that were used in the war would later be converted for the airline industry, along with the passenger and cargo versions that were placed on the market once the war ended. Douglas would later develop a version of this plane that was pressurized and five feet longer; this redesigned plane would become the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">DC-6</a>. These DC-6s would be grounded for six months to rectify a few safety issues that were causing in-flight fires.</p>
+<p>Soon after the DC-4, Lockheed developed the distinctive triple-tail <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Constellation</a>. An aviation breakthrough, it was the first commercially successful pressurized airliner, allowing it to fly higher than other airliners. Its fuselage was some 127 inches wider than the DC-4s. Drafted by the military in World War II, it experienced a similar late entry into the civilian airline industry. Safety concerns grounded it for six months soon after it entered service while problems were investigated and repaired.</p>
+<p>In 1947 the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_377" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 377">Boeing 377</a> Stratocruiser entered the industry with a completely different design than Douglas and Lockheed aircraft. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter">C-97 Stratofreighter</a> military transport, it had a double deck and pressurized fuselage. Luxury and a 100-passenger capacity distinguished it from its rivals. While 900 C-97s were supplied to the military, only 55 were produced for civil aviation.</p>
+<p>The American companies had done a great job of advancing the status of transcontinental travel, but there was also the aging fleet of DC-3s that had to be addressed. Convair decided that they were going to address this market, and would begin producing the <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 240</a>, which was a 40-person fully pressurized plane. There were 566 of these planes that would fly, including two that were equipped with jet-assisted take off units. Convair would later develop the <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 340</a>, which was slightly larger and could accommodate between 44 and 52 passengers, and 311 of this model plane were produced. Finally Convair would create a Convair 440, which had small modifications, including much better soundproofing than the previous models. Convair would experience a little bit of competition from the <a href="/wiki/Martin_2-0-2" title="Martin 2-0-2">Martin 2-0-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_4-0-4" title="Martin 4-0-4">Martin 4-0-4</a>, but in general Convair was able to control this market, as the 2-0-2 had safety concerns and was unpressurized, and the 4-0-4 only sold around 100 units.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The United States was dominant in this industry for several reasons, including a large domestic market for these planes. The market would also work in the United States favor as the American companies began to build pressurized airliners. During the postwar years engines became much larger and more powerful, and safety features such as deicing, navigation, and weather were added to the planes. Lastly, the planes produced in the United States were more comfortable and had superior flight decks than those produced in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>In the postwar years France developed a few significant airliners, some of these being planes that could land on water, part of the reason that the French companies were so focused on these flying boats is that in 1936 the French Air Ministry requested transatlantic flying boats that could hold at least 40 passengers. Only one model from this request would ever be put into service. The first set of these were three <a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_631" title="Latcore 631">Latcore 631</a>'s that <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> purchased and put into service in July 1947. However, two of these planes crashed, and the third plane was soon removed because of safety concerns. There would later be a <a href="/wiki/SNCASE_Languedoc" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCASE Languedoc">SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc</a> build, which was a much more successful plane, and over 100 of these were built, with 40 of them being placed into service through Air-France.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-9">[9]</a></sup> The French also developed the <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Deux-Ponts" title="Breguet Deux-Ponts">Breguet 763 Deux Ponts</a>, which first flew in February 1949. This was a double-decker transport airliner that would end up being used for both people and cargo. This four-engine airliner would end up being used to hold large amounts of cargo or 97 passengers. After a long silence, France then created the <a href="/wiki/Sud-Aviation_Caravelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Aviation Caravelle">Caravelle</a>, the world's first short-to-midrange jet airliner. Subsequent French efforts were part of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> pan-European initiative.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="USSR">USSR</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: USSR">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Soon after the war most of the Soviet fleet of airliners consisted of DC-3s or the <a href="/wiki/Lisunov_Li-2" title="Lisunov Li-2">Lisunov Li-2</a>. These planes were in desperate need of replacement, and in 1946 the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-12" title="Ilyushin Il-12">Ilyushin Il-12</a> made its first flight. The Il-12 was very similar in design to American Convair 240, except was unpressurized. In 1953 the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-14" title="Ilyushin Il-14">Ilyushin Il-14</a> would make its first flight, and this version was equipped with much more powerful engines. The main contribution that the Soviets made in regards to airliners was the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2</a>. This plane is a biplane, unlike most of the other airliners, and sold more units than any other transport plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wide-body_airliners">Wide-body airliners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wide-body airliners">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:747-8I_(N6067E)_takeoff.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/747-8I_%28N6067E%29_takeoff.jpg/250px-747-8I_%28N6067E%29_takeoff.jpg" width="250" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/747-8I_%28N6067E%29_takeoff.jpg/375px-747-8I_%28N6067E%29_takeoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/747-8I_%28N6067E%29_takeoff.jpg/500px-747-8I_%28N6067E%29_takeoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="609" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:747-8I_(N6067E)_takeoff.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">Boeing 747-8</a>I <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body airliner</a>, first flight in 2011</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The largest airliners are <i><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body</a></i> jets. These aircraft are frequently called <i>twin-aisle aircraft</i> because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. Aircraft in this category are the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a>/<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011 TriStar</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">McDonnell Douglas MD-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-86" title="Ilyushin Il-86">Ilyushin Il-86</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Ilyushin Il-96</a>. These aircraft are usually used for long-haul flights between airline hubs and major cities with many passengers.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Narrow-body_airliners">Narrow-body airliners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Narrow-body airliners">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Airlines,_TC-JSK,_Airbus_A321-231_(16268921020).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Turkish_Airlines%2C_TC-JSK%2C_Airbus_A321-231_%2816268921020%29.jpg/220px-Turkish_Airlines%2C_TC-JSK%2C_Airbus_A321-231_%2816268921020%29.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Turkish_Airlines%2C_TC-JSK%2C_Airbus_A321-231_%2816268921020%29.jpg/330px-Turkish_Airlines%2C_TC-JSK%2C_Airbus_A321-231_%2816268921020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Turkish_Airlines%2C_TC-JSK%2C_Airbus_A321-231_%2816268921020%29.jpg/440px-Turkish_Airlines%2C_TC-JSK%2C_Airbus_A321-231_%2816268921020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Airlines,_TC-JSK,_Airbus_A321-231_(16268921020).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A321" title="Airbus A321">Airbus A321</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body</a> airliner</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>A smaller, more common class of airliners is the <i><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body</a></i> or <i>single aisle</i> aircraft. These smaller airliners are generally used for <a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">medium haul</a> flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts. Currently produced narrow-body airliners are the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CSeries" title="Bombardier CSeries">Bombardier CSeries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-204" title="Tupolev Tu-204">Tupolev Tu-204</a>/214.</p>
+<p>Out-of production aircraft include the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9</a> and its derivatives <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-80/MD-90</a> series and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">Boeing 717</a>, using the same cabin cross section as the Boeing 737 the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">757</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">727</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">707</a>, its competitor the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev Tu-154</a>. Future narrow-body airliners include the <a href="/wiki/Comac_C919" title="Comac C919">Comac C919</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irkut_MC-21" title="Irkut MC-21">Irkut MC-21</a>.</p>
+<h3><span id="Regional,_short_haul_and_feederliner_aircraft"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional.2C_short_haul_and_feederliner_aircraft">Regional, short haul and feederliner aircraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional, short haul and feederliner aircraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG/220px-JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG/330px-JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG/440px-JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="808" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:JetBlue_Embraer_190.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/JetBlue_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="JetBlue Airways">JetBlue Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Embraer_190" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer 190">Embraer 190</a>, short haul airliner</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PU_CRC.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PU_CRC.jpg/220px-PU_CRC.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PU_CRC.jpg/330px-PU_CRC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PU_CRC.jpg/440px-PU_CRC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PU_CRC.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/PLUNA" title="PLUNA">PLUNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ900" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ900">Bombardier CRJ900</a>, short haul (regional) airliner taxiing</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png/220px-KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png/330px-KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png/440px-KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KSU_Direktflyg_BAe_Jetstream_32.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Direktflyg" title="Direktflyg">Direktflyg</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream" title="British Aerospace Jetstream">Jetstream 32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristiansund_Airport,_Kvernberget" title="Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget">Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliners</a></i> typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a>. These airliners are the non-<a href="/wiki/Mainline_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (flight)">mainline</a> counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the major carriers, legacy carriers, and flag carriers and are used to feed traffic into the large <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">airline hubs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Focus_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus city">focus cities</a>. These particular routes may need the size of a smaller aircraft to meet the frequency needs and service levels customers expect in the marketed product that is offered by larger airlines and their modern narrow and widebody aircraft. Therefore, these short-haul airliners are usually equipped with <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">lavatories</a>, stand up cabins, <a href="/wiki/Pressurization" title="Pressurization">pressurization</a>, overhead storage bins, reclining seats, and have a <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendant</a> to look after the in-flight needs of the passengers during <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_transit" title="Point-to-point transit">Point-to-point transit</a> or routes.</p>
+<p>Because these aircraft are frequently operated by smaller airlines that are contracted to provide ("feed") passengers from smaller cities to hub airports (and reverse) for a "major" or "flag" carrier, regional airliners may be painted in the liveries of the major airline for whom they provide this "feeder" service so the regional airlines may offer and market a seamless transition between the larger airline to smaller airline.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg/220px-Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg/330px-Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg/440px-Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1390" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lufthansa_bombardier_crj-200_d-acrf_arp.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ200" title="Bombardier CRJ200">Bombardier CRJ200</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg/220px-090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg/330px-090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg/440px-090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:090228-N623CZ-MSP.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Compass_Airlines_(North_America)" title="Compass Airlines (North America)">Compass Airlines (North America)</a> <a href="/wiki/Embraer_170" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer 170">Embraer ERJ-170-200LR</a> in the feederliner colors of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlink" title="Northwest Airlink">Northwest Airlink</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Typical aircraft in this category include the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ family">Bombardier CRJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_145_family" title="Embraer ERJ 145 family">Embraer ERJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jets</a> along with the Bombardier "Q" (<a href="/wiki/DASH-8" class="mw-redirect" title="DASH-8">DASH-8</a>) series, <a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>/<a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">72</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saab_2000" title="Saab 2000">2000</a> turboprop airliners.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Commuterliners_used_by_regional_airlines_and_air_taxi_operators">Commuterliners used by regional airlines and air taxi operators</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commuterliners used by regional airlines and air taxi operators">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1900C_envol.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1900C_envol.jpg/220px-1900C_envol.jpg" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1900C_envol.jpg/330px-1900C_envol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1900C_envol.jpg/440px-1900C_envol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1900C_envol.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, short range commuter aircraft</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The lightest (<a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_light_transport_aircraft" title="List of light transport aircraft">list of light transport aircraft</a>) of short haul regional feeder airliner type aircraft that carry 19 or fewer passenger seats are called <i>commuter aircraft,</i> <i>commuterliners, feederliners,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Air_taxi" title="Air taxi">air taxis</a></i>, depending on their size, engines, how they are marketed, region of the world, and seating configurations. The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, for example, has only 19 seats. Depending on local and national regulations, a commuter aircraft may not qualify as an airliner and may not be subject to the regulations applied to larger aircraft. Members of this class of aircraft normally lack such amenities as <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">lavatories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">galleys</a> and typically do not carry a <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendant</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Aircrew_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircrew member">aircrew member</a>.</p>
+<p>Other aircraft that may fall into this category are the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild Metro">Fairchild Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetstream_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetstream 31">Jetstream 31</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante" title="Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante">Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Caravan">Cessna Caravan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12</a> are single-engine turboprops, sometimes used as small airliners, although many countries stipulate a minimum requirement of two engines for aircraft to be used as airliners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>Twin piston-engined aircraft made by <a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_Aircraft" title="Piper Aircraft">Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britten-Norman" title="Britten-Norman">Britten-Norman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft" title="Beechcraft">Beechcraft</a> are also in use as short haul, short range commuter type aircraft.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Engines">Engines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Engines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Until the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engines</a> were common on <a href="/wiki/Propliner" title="Propliner">propliners</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a>. Nearly all modern airliners are now powered by <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine</a> engines, either <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a>. Gas turbine engines operate efficiently at much higher altitudes, are more reliable than piston engines, and produce less vibration and noise. The use of a common fuel type kerosene-based jet fuel is another advantage. Prior to the Jet Age, it was common for the same or very similar engines to be used in civilian airliners as in <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a>. In recent years, divergence has occurred so that it is now unusual for the same engine to be used on a military type and a civilian type. Those military aircraft which do share engine technology with airliners are typically <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transports</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">tanker</a> types.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Airliner_variants">Airliner variants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Airliner variants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Some variants of airliners have been developed for carrying freight or for luxury <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">corporate use</a>. Many airliners have also been modified for government use as <a href="/wiki/Very_Important_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Important Person">VIP</a> transports and for military functions such as airborne tankers (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> <a href="/wiki/L1011" class="mw-redirect" title="L1011">L-1011</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>), air ambulance (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">USN</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_145_family" title="Embraer ERJ 145 family">Embraer ERJ 145</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>), as well as for troop-carrying roles.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Configuration">Configuration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Configuration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Modern jetliners are usually low-wing designs with two engines mounted underneath the <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> aircraft are slow enough to use straight wings). The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> are the only airliners in production which are too heavy (more than 400 tons <a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">maximum takeoff weight</a>) for just two engines. Smaller airliners sometimes have their engines mounted on either side of the rear fuselage. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to this arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Perhaps the most important advantage to mounting the engines under the wings is that the total aircraft weight is more evenly distributed across the wingspan, which imposes less <a href="/wiki/Bending_moment" title="Bending moment">bending moment</a> on the wings and allows for a lighter wing structure. This factor becomes more important as aircraft weight increases, and there are no in-production airliners with both a maximum takeoff weight of more than 50 tons and engines mounted on the fuselage. The <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-148" title="Antonov An-148">Antonov An-148</a> is the only in-production jetliner with high-mounted wings (usually seen in <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">military transport aircraft</a>), which reduces the risk of damage from unpaved runways.</p>
+<p>Except for a few experimental or military designs, all aircraft built to date have had all of their weight <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lifted</a> off the ground by airflow across the wings. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, the fuselage has been a mere burden. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> are currently developing a <a href="/wiki/Blended_wing_body" title="Blended wing body">blended wing body</a> design in which the entire airframe, from wingtip to wingtip, contributes lift. This promises a significant gain in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel efficiency in transportation">fuel efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_manufacturers">Current manufacturers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Current manufacturers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg/220px-Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg/330px-Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg/440px-Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Assembly of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a> airliner nose section</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The major manufacturers with airliners currently in production include:</p>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Country</th>
+<th>Company</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Aircraft_Industrial_Corporation" title="Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation">Xi'an</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Let_Kunovice" title="Let Kunovice">Let Kunovice</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br />
+<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br />
+<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br />
+<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br />
+<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/ATR_(aircraft_manufacturer)" title="ATR (aircraft manufacturer)">ATR</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Aircraft_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation">Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Corporation">United Aircraft Corporation</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a>, and others)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Antonov" title="Antonov">Antonov</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>A great majority of the global market for middle-sized and large-sized airliners is divided between <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, although Russian/former Soviet manufacturers still sell significant numbers of airliners to their traditional markets. The market for smaller-sized airliners is mostly split between <a href="/wiki/ATR_(aircraft_manufacturer)" title="ATR (aircraft manufacturer)">ATR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_airliners">Notable airliners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable airliners">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg/220px-Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg" width="220" height="161" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg/330px-Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg/440px-Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="1954" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_airlines_a380_9v-skf_takeoff_arp.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> "superjumbo" of <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> takes off</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An-225-manchester-2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An-225-manchester-2006.jpg/220px-An-225-manchester-2006.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An-225-manchester-2006.jpg/330px-An-225-manchester-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An-225-manchester-2006.jpg/440px-An-225-manchester-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:An-225-manchester-2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 <i>Mriya</i></a> "Mriya"</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png/220px-Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png" width="220" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png/330px-Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png/440px-Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="680" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Development of the capabilities of long haul airliners shown by some notable ones.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">Boeing 247</a> the first design to incorporate modern features such as all-metal construction and <a href="/wiki/Retractable_landing_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Retractable landing gear">retractable landing gear</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> still in service more than 70 years after its debut, it is generally regarded as one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_307" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 307">Boeing 307</a> one of the first airliners to be pressurized and have the ability to fly into the stratosphere</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6</a> originally developed as a military transport, it was reworked for passenger service after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a role it continues to perform today</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 377">Boeing 377</a>- developed soon after World War 2, from the C-97 Stratofreighter, this was a luxurious double-decker airliner with a pressurized cabin.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a> the first turboprop airliner to enter service</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a> a distinctive triple-tailed piston-engined airliner of the 1950s, it was one of the last large propeller-driven airliners</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">De Havilland Comet</a> the world's first jetliner to reach <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>, early crashes informed vital design lessons</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2</a>- best selling transport airliner up to the point it was built.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104" title="Tupolev Tu-104">Tupolev Tu-104</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> airliner to provide sustained service, and the sole jetliner operating in the world between 1956 and 1958</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> the first United States-built jetliner to enter production</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-124" title="Tupolev Tu-124">Tupolev Tu-124</a> the first turbo-fan powered airliner</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a> launched after the Boeing 707, it nevertheless established Douglas in the airliner market, and continues to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo aircraft</a> to this day</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Sud Aviation Caravelle</a> the first jetliner with rear mounted engines. It is also the first airliner to perform a CAT III landing (low visibility)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev Tu-154</a> standard medium-range airliner for Russia (and others), carried half of all Soviet air traffic since 1972 with 1015 built; the fastest airliner in service</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62" title="Ilyushin Il-62">Ilyushin Il-62</a> standard long-range airliner for Russia (and others) for three decades, first flight 1963; still in service</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-9">Douglas DC-9</a> production of it and successive variants nearly reached 2,500</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> the best-selling jet airliner in the history of aviation<sup id="cite_ref-fg6000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fg6000-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a> The first airliner to make an automated blind landing whilst in service</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a> aircraft constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> an Anglo-French supersonic transport, it remains the only supersonic aircraft to sustain a regular passenger service</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> "Jumbo Jet" an iconic aircraft, it was the world's largest passenger airliner between 1969 and 2005. It was also the first widebody jet airliner to enter service, introducing many features that became standard in current jetliners like high-bypass <a href="/wiki/Turbofans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbofans">turbofans</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a> a <a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">trijet</a> competitor to the <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">widebody</a> 747</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011 TriStar</a> a <a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">trijet</a> competitor to the Boeing 747 and the similarly sized DC-10. Lockheed's last entry into commercial aircraft manufacturing.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a> the world's first <a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">twinjet</a> widebody</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pioneer" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pioneer">pioneered</a> the use of <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> technology</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 <i>Mriya</i></a> "Mriya" the world's largest and heaviest aircraft. Only one example built, it is used for carrying oversized payloads. It is also the only airliner with six engines</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> the first airliner designed entirely by computer, without physical mockups</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> "Superjumbo" the world's largest passenger airliner from 2005 onwards</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</a> the world's first jet airliner to make use of <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> for most of its construction</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_production_aircraft">In production aircraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In production aircraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<caption>Mainline airliners<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Model</th>
+<th>First flight</th>
+<th>Net orders</th>
+<th>Deliveries</th>
+<th>Backlog</th>
+<th>MTOW (t)</th>
+<th>typ. seats</th>
+<th>Range (nmi)</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a></th>
+<td>220/02/1987</td>
+<td>13160</td>
+<td>7658</td>
+<td>2505</td>
+<td>68-95</td>
+<td>107-206</td>
+<td>3,110-4,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a></th>
+<td>02/11/1992</td>
+<td>1631</td>
+<td>1328</td>
+<td>303</td>
+<td>242</td>
+<td>247-287</td>
+<td>6,350-7,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a></th>
+<td>14/06/2013</td>
+<td>856</td>
+<td>114</td>
+<td>742</td>
+<td>259-308</td>
+<td>276-366</td>
+<td>7,950-8,245</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a></th>
+<td>27/04/2005</td>
+<td>317</td>
+<td>216</td>
+<td>101</td>
+<td>575</td>
+<td>544</td>
+<td>8,200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_NG" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 NG">Boeing 737 NG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX" title="Boeing 737 MAX">Boeing 737 MAX</a></th>
+<td>09/02/1997</td>
+<td>10660</td>
+<td>6257</td>
+<td>4403</td>
+<td>70.1-88.3</td>
+<td>126-188</td>
+<td>2,935-3,515</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>-200LR/300ER/<a href="/wiki/Boeing_777X" title="Boeing 777X">Boeing 777X</a></th>
+<td>24/02/2003</td>
+<td>1369</td>
+<td>944</td>
+<td>425</td>
+<td>347.5-351</td>
+<td>301-400</td>
+<td>7,370-8,700</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a></th>
+<td>28/11/2008</td>
+<td>1265</td>
+<td>591</td>
+<td>674</td>
+<td>227.9-250.8</td>
+<td>242-330</td>
+<td>6,430-7,635</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CSeries" title="Bombardier CSeries">Bombardier CSeries</a></th>
+<td>16/09/2013</td>
+<td>355</td>
+<td>18</td>
+<td>337</td>
+<td>60.8-67.6</td>
+<td>108-130</td>
+<td>3,100-3,300</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Market">Market</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Market">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Since it began, the <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a> market had a recurring pattern of seven years of growth followed by three years of deliveries falling 30-40%, except a steady growth from 2004 due to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)#2000.E2.80.93present" title="Economic history of China (1949present)">economic rise of China</a> going from 3% of world market in 2001 to 22% in 2015, expensive <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> till 2014 stimulating old jets replacement allowed by low <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> since 2008, and strong <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> passenger demand since.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<caption>Airliners orders and deliveries for 2016<sup id="cite_ref-FGfleetwatch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGfleetwatch-16">[16]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Manufacturer</th>
+<th>Deliveries</th>
+<th>values ($bn)</th>
+<th>net orders</th>
+<th>backlog</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boeing</td>
+<td>726</td>
+<td>57.8</td>
+<td>563</td>
+<td>5,660</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Airbus</td>
+<td>685</td>
+<td>45.5</td>
+<td>711</td>
+<td>6,845</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Embraer</td>
+<td>108</td>
+<td>2.9</td>
+<td>39</td>
+<td>444</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bombardier</td>
+<td>81</td>
+<td>1.9</td>
+<td>162</td>
+<td>437</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>ATR</td>
+<td>73</td>
+<td>1.5</td>
+<td>36</td>
+<td>236</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Other</td>
+<td>31</td>
+<td>0.5</td>
+<td>72</td>
+<td>1,080</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total</td>
+<td>1,704</td>
+<td>110.1</td>
+<td>1,583</td>
+<td>14,702</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>In 2016, the deliveries went for 38% in Asia-Pacific, 25% in Europe, 22% in North America, 7% in Middle East, 6% in South America and 2% in Africa. 1,020 narrowbodies were delivered and their backlog reach 10891: 4,991 A320neo, 644 A320ceo; 3,593 737 Max, 835 737NG, 348 CSeries, 305 C919 and 175 MC-21; while 398 widebodies were delivered : 137 Dreamliners and 99 B777 for Boeing (65%) against 63 A330 and 49 A350 for Airbus, more than 2,400 widebodies were in backlog, led by the A350 with 753 (31%) then the Boeing 787 with 694 (28%).<sup id="cite_ref-FGfleetwatch_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGfleetwatch-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<caption>Largest in service mainline fleet<sup id="cite_ref-2017census_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-17">[17]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Model</th>
+<th>2017</th>
+<th>2016</th>
+<th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-18">[18]</a></sup></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a></td>
+<td>6,838</td>
+<td>6,516</td>
+<td>6,041</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_NG" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 NG">Boeing 737 NG</a></td>
+<td>5,968</td>
+<td>5,556</td>
+<td>5,115</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a></td>
+<td>1,387</td>
+<td>1,319</td>
+<td>1,258</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a></td>
+<td>1,214</td>
+<td>1,169</td>
+<td>1,093</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737 Classic</a>/original</td>
+<td>890</td>
+<td>931</td>
+<td>1,006</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a></td>
+<td>744</td>
+<td>738</td>
+<td>762</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a></td>
+<td>689</td>
+<td>688</td>
+<td>737</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">Boeing 717</a>/MD-80/90/DC-9</td>
+<td>607</td>
+<td>653</td>
+<td>668</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a></td>
+<td>554</td>
+<td>422</td>
+<td>288</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a></td>
+<td>489</td>
+<td>503</td>
+<td>558</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<caption>Largest in service regional fleet<sup id="cite_ref-2017census_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-17">[17]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Model</th>
+<th>2017</th>
+<th>2016</th>
+<th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-18">[18]</a></sup></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Embraer_E-jets" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer E-jets">Embraer E-jets</a></td>
+<td>1,235</td>
+<td>1,140</td>
+<td>1,102</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/ATR_(aircraft_manufacturer)" title="ATR (aircraft manufacturer)">ATR</a>42/72</td>
+<td>950</td>
+<td>913</td>
+<td>886</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ700">Bombardier CRJ700</a>/900/1000</td>
+<td>762</td>
+<td>747</td>
+<td>696</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ100" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ100">Bombardier CRJ100</a>/200</td>
+<td>516</td>
+<td>557</td>
+<td>558</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Q400" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Q400">Bombardier Q400</a></td>
+<td>506</td>
+<td>465</td>
+<td>451</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_145_family" title="Embraer ERJ 145 family">Embraer ERJ 145 family</a></td>
+<td>454</td>
+<td>528</td>
+<td>606</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8</a>-100/200/300</td>
+<td>374</td>
+<td>395</td>
+<td>424</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>-100/200/300</td>
+<td>328</td>
+<td>338</td>
+<td>347</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter</a></td>
+<td>270</td>
+<td>266</td>
+<td>268</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a></td>
+<td>225</td>
+<td>231</td>
+<td>228</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The most important driver of orders is airline <a href="/wiki/Profitability" class="mw-redirect" title="Profitability">profitability</a>, itself driven mainly by world <a href="/wiki/GDP_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP growth">GDP growth</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> balance and <a href="/wiki/Oil_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price">oil prices</a>, while new programmes by <a href="/wiki/Airbus_and_Boeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus and Boeing">Airbus and Boeing</a> help to stimulate aircraft demand. In 2016, 38% of the 25 years old airliners had been retired, 50% of the 28 years old : there will be 523 aircraft reaching 25 years old in 2017, 1,127 in 2026 and 1,628 in 2041. Deliveries rose by 80% from 2004 to 2016, they represented 4.9% of the fleet in 2004 and 5.9% in 2016, down from 8% previously.<sup id="cite_ref-CAPA20June2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPA20June2017-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span id="Storage,_scrapping_and_recycling"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Storage.2C_scrapping_and_recycling">Storage, scrapping and recycling</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Storage, scrapping and recycling">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <small><i>(January 2015)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Airliners are typically operated for 20 to 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_fatigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal fatigue">metal fatigue</a>, and low availability of new spare parts are problems encountered in greater frequency the older a machine becomes. Eventually, these factors, alongside improvements in fuel-efficiency and reduction in maintenance cost of newer machines, reduce the economical viability of the operation of older airliners. Consequently, they may be stored, or scrapped and recycled. It was estimated in 2013 that over 12,500 commercial planes would be scrapped within the next 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base" title="DavisMonthan Air Force Base">Davis-Monthan Air Force Base</a> in Arizona is home to 4,400 retired aircraft, chiefly military, and the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave Air and Space Port</a> stores over 1000 civilian planes. Vast expanses of arid desert are ideal for storage because hangars are not needed to maintain the aircraft at low humidity. Upon arrival, aircraft are washed to remove corroding salt, drained of fuel and lubricated with a light viscous oil. Explosive devices from the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">evacuation slides</a> are removed, air ducts sealed, and an easily removable protective coat of paint may be applied.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>While some airliners are kept in working order as reserves, and a few are involved in fire-fighting and aerospace training schemes or in safety tests,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a></sup> most are used as source of spare parts and scrapped. The scrapping process takes six weeks and begins with the removal of the explosive escape equipment and toxic de-icing fluid. Some components are unbolted and salvaged, including the engines and instruments, while the fuel is drained away.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a></sup> For example, the seats are worth from $450 to $5,000 and the <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> can be sold for millions of dollars, although all parts need a Certificate of Airworthiness to be re-used. Cables, batteries and other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">e-waste</a> are fed into the conventional recycling chains. The remaining shell is cut into pieces and broken down by an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_shredder" title="Industrial shredder">industrial shredder</a> so that the aluminium can be melted down.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The scrap metal is ground up, mechanically sorted by density and magnetism, then sold to the trade. A future challenge for disposal is the construction of aircraft which use composite materials, such as <a href="/wiki/GLARE" title="GLARE">GLARE</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> which is a mixture of fibreglass and aluminium.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a></sup> There are also concerns about contamination with alloys and the dumping of non-recyclable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Purpose-built recycling platforms may be used, such as those of Bartin Aero Recycling at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux-Centre_%22Marcel_Dassault%22_Airport" title="Chteauroux-Centre "Marcel Dassault" Airport">Chteauroux-Dols airport</a> in France, Air Salvage International at <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Airport" title="Cotswold Airport">Cotswold Airport</a>, UK, and the Evergreen Aircenter, in Marana, US. <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> has set up a centre in <a href="/wiki/Tarbes%E2%80%93Lourdes%E2%80%93Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_Airport" title="TarbesLourdesPyrnes Airport">Tarbes Airport</a> in France to research the decommission and recycling of older aircraft as part of the <a href="/wiki/PAMELA_Project" title="PAMELA Project">PAMELA Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Fleet_Recycling_Association" title="Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association">Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association</a>, an international non-profit association bringing together different sectors of the aircraft industry, aims to promote environmental <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practice</a>, regulatory excellence and sustainable developments in the fields of aircraft disassembly, as well as the salvaging and recycling aircraft parts and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-test_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cabin_configurations_and_features">Cabin configurations and features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cabin configurations and features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight-interior.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flight-interior.jpg/220px-Flight-interior.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flight-interior.jpg/330px-Flight-interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flight-interior.jpg/440px-Flight-interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight-interior.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Interior of a <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. Video systems (the vertical white panels) are visible above the very centre seats of the aircraft</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></div>
+<p>An airliner will usually have several classes of seating: <a href="/wiki/First_class_travel" title="First class travel">first class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">business class</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">economy class</a> (which may be referred to as coach class or tourist class, and sometimes has a separate "premium" economy section with more legroom and amenities). The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights. Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service.</p>
+<p>Domestic flights generally have a two-class configuration, usually first or business class and coach class, although many airlines instead offer all-economy seating. International flights generally have either a two-class configuration or a three-class configuration, depending on the airline, route and aircraft type. Many airliners offer <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">movies or audio/video</a> on demand (this is standard in first and business class on many international flights and may be available on economy). Cabins of any class are provided with <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">lavatory</a> facilities, reading lights and <a href="/wiki/Gasper_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasper (aircraft)">gaspers</a>. Larger airliners may have a segregated <a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">rest compartment</a> reserved for crew use during breaks.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seats">Seats</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Seats">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></div>
+<p>The types of seats that are provided and how much legroom is given to each passenger are decisions made by the individual airlines, not the aircraft manufacturers. Seats are mounted in "tracks" on the floor of the cabin and can be moved back and forth by the maintenance staff or removed altogether. Naturally the airline tries to maximize the number of seats available in every aircraft to carry the largest possible (and therefore most profitable) number of passengers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>Passengers seated in an <b>exit row</b> (the row of seats adjacent to an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">emergency exit</a>) usually have substantially more legroom than those seated in the remainder of the cabin, while the seats directly in front of the exit row may have less legroom and may not even recline (for evacuation safety reasons). However, passengers seated in an exit row may be required to assist cabin crew during an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">emergency evacuation</a> of the aircraft opening the emergency exit and assisting fellow passengers to the exit. As a precaution, many airlines prohibit young people under the age of 15 from being seated in the exit row.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The seats are designed to withstand strong forces so as not to break or come loose from their floor tracks during <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> or accidents. The backs of seats are often equipped with a fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to set up a portable computer, or a music or video player. Seats without another row of seats in front of them have a tray that is either folded into the armrest or that clips into brackets on the underside of the armrests. However, seats in premium cabins generally have trays in the armrests or clip-on trays, regardless of whether there is another row of seats in front of them. Seatbacks now often feature small colour <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> screens for videos, television and video games. Controls for this display as well as an outlet to plug in audio headsets are normally found in the armrest of each seat.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Overhead_bins"><span id="Overhead_bin"></span> Overhead bins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Overhead bins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Overhead_bins_(6389156645).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg/220px-Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg/330px-Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg/440px-Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Overhead_bins_(6389156645).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Overhead bins aboard a <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100" title="Sukhoi Superjet 100">Sukhoi Superjet 100</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The overhead bins are used for stowing carry-on baggage and other items. While the airliner manufacturer will normally specify a standard version of the product to supply, airlines can choose to have bins of differing size, shape, or color installed. Over time, overhead bins evolved out of what were originally overhead shelves that were used for little more than coat and briefcase storage. As concerns about falling debris during turbulence or in accidents increased, enclosed bins became<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the norm. Bins have increased in size to accommodate the larger carry-on baggage passengers can bring onto the aircraft. Newer bin designs have included a handrail, useful when moving through the cabin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Passenger_service_units">Passenger service units</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Passenger service units">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Above the passenger seats are <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Service_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger Service Unit">Passenger Service Units</a> (PSU). These typically contain reading lights, air vents, and a flight attendant call light. On most narrowbody aircraft (and some <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310s</a>), the flight attendant call button and the buttons to control the reading lights are located directly on the PSU, while on most widebody aircraft, the flight attendant call button and the reading light control buttons are usually part of the <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">in-flight entertainment</a> system. The units frequently have small "Fasten Seat Belt" and "No Smoking" illuminated signage and may also contain a speaker for the cabin public address system.</p>
+<p>The PSU will also normally contain the drop-down <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen masks</a> which are activated if there is a sudden drop in cabin pressure. These are supplied with oxygen by means of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">chemical oxygen generator</a>. By using a chemical reaction rather than a connection to an oxygen tank, these devices supply breathing oxygen for long enough for the airliner to descend to thicker, more breathable air. Oxygen generators do generate considerable heat in the process. Because of this, the oxygen generators are thermally shielded and are only allowed in commercial airliners when properly installed they are not permitted to be loaded as freight on passenger-carrying flights. <a href="/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_592" title="ValuJet Flight 592">ValuJet Flight 592</a> crashed on May 11, 1996, as a result of improperly loaded chemical oxygen generators.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cabin_pressurization">Cabin pressurization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cabin pressurization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">Cabin pressurization</a></div>
+<p>Airliners developed since the 1940s have had pressurized cabins (or, more accurately, pressurized hulls including baggage holds) to enable them to carry passengers safely at high altitudes where low oxygen levels and air pressure would otherwise cause sickness or death. High altitude flight enabled airliners to fly above most weather systems that cause turbulent or dangerous flying conditions, and also to fly faster and further as there is less drag due to the lower air density. Pressurization is applied using compressed air, in most cases bled from the engines, and is managed by an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental control system">environmental control system</a> which draws in clean air, and vents stale air out through a valve.</p>
+<p>Pressurization presents design and construction challenges to maintain the structural integrity and sealing of the cabin and hull and to prevent <a href="/wiki/Rapid_decompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid decompression">rapid decompression</a>. Some of the consequences include small round windows, doors that open inwards and are larger than the door hole, and an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">emergency oxygen system</a>.</p>
+<p>To maintain a pressure in the cabin equivalent to an altitude close to sea level would, at a cruising altitude around 10,000 m (33,000 ft), create a pressure difference between inside the aircraft and outside the aircraft that would require greater hull strength and weight. Most people do not suffer ill effects up to an altitude of 1,8002,500 m (5,9008,200 ft), and maintaining cabin pressure at this equivalent altitude significantly reduces the pressure difference and therefore the required hull strength and weight. A side effect is that passengers experience some discomfort as the cabin pressure changes during ascent and descent to the majority of airports, which are at low altitudes.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cabin_climate_control">Cabin climate control</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cabin climate control">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The air bled from the engines is hot and requires cooling by <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> units. It is also extremely dry at cruising altitude, and this causes sore eyes, dry skin and <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> on long flights. Although <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">humidification</a> technology could raise its <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> to comfortable middle levels, this is not done since humidity promotes <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> to the inside of the hull and risks <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> which could <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short</a> electrical systems, so for safety reasons it is deliberately kept to a low value, around 10%. Another problem of the air coming from the ventilation (unto which the oil lubrication system of the engines is hooked up) is that fumes from components in the synthetic oils can sometimes travel along, causing passengers, pilots and crew to be intoxicated. The illness it causes is called <a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">aerotoxic syndrome</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Baggage_holds"><span id="Baggage_hold"></span> Baggage holds</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Baggage holds">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG/220px-Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG/330px-Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG/440px-Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320</a> baggage hold</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg/220px-USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg" width="220" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg/330px-USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg/440px-USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1597" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Loading luggage onto a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boston_Logan_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Logan Airport">Boston Logan Airport</a>, during snow</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg/220px-747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg/330px-747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg/440px-747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> front lower compartment. Note the rollers for <a href="/wiki/Unit_Load_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Load Device">ULDs</a> on the floor and the partition labeled "Caution: Do Not Hit Potable Water Tank Inside".</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Airliners must have space on board to store "checked" baggage that which will not safely fit in the passenger cabin.</p>
+<p>Designed to hold baggage as well as freight, these compartments are called "cargo bins", "holds", or occasionally "pits". Occasionally baggage holds may be referred to as <b>cargo decks</b> on the largest of aircraft. These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft.</p>
+<p>Depending on the aircraft, baggage holds are normally inside the hull and are therefore pressurized just like the passenger cabin although they may not be heated. While lighting is normally installed for use by the loading crew, typically the compartment is unlit when the door is closed.</p>
+<p>Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment and larger aircraft have automated or remotely activated fire-fighting devices installed.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Narrow-body_airliners_2">Narrow-body airliners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Narrow-body airliners">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Most "<a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body</a>" airliners with more than 100 seats have space below the cabin floor, while smaller aircraft often have a special compartment separate from the passenger area but on the same level.</p>
+<p>Baggage is normally stacked within the bin by hand, sorted by destination category. Netting that fits across the width of the bin is secured to limit movement of the bags. Airliners often carry items of <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a> and mail. These may be loaded separately from the baggage or mixed in if they are bound for the same destination. For securing bulky items "hold down" rings are provided to tie items into place.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wide-body_airliners_2">Wide-body airliners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Wide-body airliners">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>"<a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a>" airliners frequently have a compartment like the ones described above, typically called a "bulk bin". It is normally used for late arriving luggage or bags which may have been checked at the gate.</p>
+<p>However, most baggage and loose freight items are loaded into containers called <a href="/wiki/Unit_Load_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Load Device">Unit Load Devices</a> (ULDs), often referred to as "cans". ULDs come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but the most common model is the <a href="/wiki/LD3" class="mw-redirect" title="LD3">LD3</a>. This particular container has approximately the same height as the cargo compartment and fits across half of its width.</p>
+<p>ULDs are loaded with baggage and are transported to the aircraft on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolly_cart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolly cart (page does not exist)">dolly carts</a> and loaded into the baggage hold by a loader designed for the task. By means of <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">belts</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_(machine_part)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roller (machine part) (page does not exist)">rollers</a> an operator can maneuver the ULD from the dolly cart, up to the aircraft baggage hold door, and into the aircraft. Inside the hold, the floor is also equipped with drive wheels and rollers that an operator inside can use to move the ULD properly into place. Locks in the floor are used to hold the ULD in place during flight.</p>
+<p>For consolidated freight loads, like a pallet of boxes or an item too oddly shaped to fit into a container, flat metal pallets that resemble large baking sheets that are compatible with the loading equipment are used.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lists">Lists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">Regional jets</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">List of civil aircraft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airliners" title="List of regional airliners">List of regional airliners</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airliners_by_maximum_takeoff_weight" title="List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight">List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topics">Topics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Topics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_design_process" title="Aircraft design process">Aircraft design process</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft spotting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_and_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation and the environment">Aviation and the environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">Flight length</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_planning" title="Flight planning">Flight planning</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-Tise-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tise_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tise, Larry E. Conquering the Sky. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009. Print.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bernardo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernardo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernardo, James V. Aviation and Space: In the Modern World. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1968.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 1973, p.62.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickersp95-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickersp95_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 95.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Jackson_v3_p202-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_v3_p202_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 1988, p. 202.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chavis, Jason C. (19 May 2011). Patsalides, Laurie, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighthub.com/science/aviation/articles/64406.aspx">"From Civilian to Military: All About 1920 Airplanes"</a>. Brighthub.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.aufirst=Jason+C.&rft.aulast=Chavis&rft.btitle=From+Civilian+to+Military%3A+All+About+1920+Airplanes&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Brighthub.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brighthub.com%2Fscience%2Faviation%2Farticles%2F64406.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/29214178/World-Airliners-1913-to-1939">"World Airliners 1913 to 1939"</a>. Scribd.com. 31 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.btitle=World+Airliners+1913+to+1939&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Scribd.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F29214178%2FWorld-Airliners-1913-to-1939&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Mellberg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mellberg_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mellberg, William F (2003). "TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION". <i>Mechanical Engineering</i>. <b>125</b>: 2225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=TRANSPORTATION+REVOLUTION&rft.aufirst=William+F&rft.aulast=Mellberg&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Engineering&rft.pages=22-25&rft.volume=125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Jarrett-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarrett, Phillip. eds. Modern Air Transport: Worldwide Air Transport from 1945 to the Present. London: Putnam, 2000.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamilton-Paterson, James (2010). <i>Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World</i> (1St edition reprint ed.). Faber & Faber. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571247946" title="Special:BookSources/0571247946">0571247946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Hamilton-Paterson&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Clouds%3A+When+Britain%27s+Aircraft+Ruled+the+World&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=1St+edition+reprint&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0571247946&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kroo, Ilan (January 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/propulsion/engineplacement.html">"Engine Placement"</a>. <i>AA241 Introduction to Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Engine+Placement&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft.aulast=Kroo&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AA241+Introduction+to+Aircraft+Design%3A+Synthesis+and+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadg.stanford.edu%2Faa241%2Fpropulsion%2Fengineplacement.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/bwb_main.html">"Blended Wing Body Feature"</a>. NASA. 17 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.btitle=Blended+Wing+Body+Feature&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ftopics%2Faeronautics%2Ffeatures%2Fbwb_main.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-fg6000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fg6000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingsley-Jones, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/04/22/325472/pictures-6000-and-counting-for-boeings-popular-little-twinjet.html">"6,000 and counting for Boeings popular little twinjet."</a> <i>Flight International</i>, Reed Business Information, April 22, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Craig Hoyle (23 Oct 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14400">"WORLD AIRLINER DIRECTORY"</a>. <i>Flight Global</i>. Mainliners : new arrivals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=WORLD+AIRLINER+DIRECTORY&rft.au=Craig+Hoyle&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+Global&rft.pages=Mainliners+%3A+new+arrivals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fasset%2F14400&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Richard Aboulafia (Sep 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/opinion-have-jetliners-escaped-boom-bust-cycle">"Opinion: Have Jetliners Escaped The Boom-Bust Cycle?"</a>. <i>Aviation Week & Space Technology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Have+Jetliners+Escaped+The+Boom-Bust+Cycle%3F&rft.au=Richard+Aboulafia&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fcommercial-aviation%2Fopinion-have-jetliners-escaped-boom-bust-cycle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FGfleetwatch-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FGfleetwatch_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FGfleetwatch_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/15876">"Fleet Watch 2017: commercial aircraft orders and deliveries for 2016"</a>. <i>FlightGlobal</i>. 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Fleet+Watch+2017%3A+commercial+aircraft+orders+and+deliveries+for+2016&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FlightGlobal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fasset%2F15876&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2017census-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2017census_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017census_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-787-stars-in-annual-airliner-census-439552/">"787 stars in annual airliner census"</a>. <i>FlightGlobal</i>. 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=787+stars+in+annual+airliner+census&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FlightGlobal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fanalysis-787-stars-in-annual-airliner-census-439552%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2016census-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-flightglobal-airliner-census-reveals-fleet-428019/">"FlightGlobal airliner census reveals fleet developments"</a>. <i>FlightGlobal</i>. 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=FlightGlobal+airliner+census+reveals+fleet+developments&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FlightGlobal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fanalysis-flightglobal-airliner-census-reveals-fleet-428019%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CAPA20June2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAPA20June2017_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/aircraft-manufacturers-embrace-the-consumer-societys-values-of-built-in-obsolescence-348494">"Aircraft manufacturers embrace the consumer society's values of built-in obsolescence"</a>. <i>CAPA center for aviation</i>. 20 Jun 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Aircraft+manufacturers+embrace+the+consumer+society%27s+values+of+built-in+obsolescence&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CAPA+center+for+aviation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Finsights%2Fanalysis%2Faircraft-manufacturers-embrace-the-consumer-societys-values-of-built-in-obsolescence-348494&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">CHANDLER, Charles (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationpros.com/article/10874310/aircraft-recycling">"Aircraft Recycling | AviationPros.com"</a>. <i>www.aviationpros.com</i>. Cygnus Business Media, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Recycling+%7C+AviationPros.com&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=CHANDLER&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aviationpros.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationpros.com%2Farticle%2F10874310%2Faircraft-recycling&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dowling, Stephen (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140918-secrets-of-the-aircraft-boneyards">"The secrets of the desert aircraft boneyards"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=The+secrets+of+the+desert+aircraft+%E2%80%98boneyards%E2%80%99&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Fstory%2F20140918-secrets-of-the-aircraft-boneyards&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Heberlein, Claudia (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/files/publications/vital-waste2/VWG2_p3to46.pdf">"Vital Waste Graphics 2"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.grida.no</i>. The Basel Convention Secretariat. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Vital+Waste+Graphics+2&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.aulast=Heberlein&rft.date=2006-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grida.no&rft.pages=30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fvital-waste2%2FVWG2_p3to46.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Burchell, Bill (24 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223114843/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=om&id=news%2Fom206pam.xml">"Recycling Aircraft"</a>. <i>www.aviationweek.com</i>. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=om&id=news/om206pam.xml">the original</a> on 23 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Recycling+Aircraft&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Burchell&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aviationweek.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory_generic.jsp%3Fchannel%3Dom%26id%3Dnews%2Fom206pam.xml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Brothers, Caroline (2009-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/28iht-wbscrap.html">"Where Old Airplanes Go to Die"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Where+Old+Airplanes+Go+to+Die&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.aulast=Brothers&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F28%2Fbusiness%2F28iht-wbscrap.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hardigree, Matt (22 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jalopnik.com/5569874/how-to-recycle-an-airplane/">"How To Recycle An Airplane"</a>. <i>jalopnik.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=How+To+Recycle+An+Airplane&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.aulast=Hardigree&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jalopnik.com%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2F5569874%2Fhow-to-recycle-an-airplane%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cacciottolo, Mario (2010-03-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8542482.stm">"How do you recycle a jumbo jet?"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=How+do+you+recycle+a+jumbo+jet%3F&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.aulast=Cacciottolo&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8542482.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carberry, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~pgrant/Airplane%20scrapping%20and%20recycling.pdf">"Aircraft Scrapping and Recycling"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>users.ox.ac.uk</i>. Boeing Commercial Airplanes: Airplane Environmental Performance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Scrapping+and+Recycling&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Carberry&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.ox.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~pgrant%2FAirplane%2520scrapping%2520and%2520recycling.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-test-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afraassociation.org/NewsDocs/09_OctNov_ATE_M.pdf">"Aircraft recycling best practice and the role of AFRA, Aircraft Technology Engineering & Maintenance, 2009</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303050750/http://www.casa.gov.au/airsafe/trip/seating.htm">"Civil Aviation Safety Authority Seating information"</a>. Australian Government Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.gov.au/airsafe/trip/seating.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.btitle=Civil+Aviation+Safety+Authority+%E2%80%93+Seating+information&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Civil+Aviation+Safety+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Fairsafe%2Ftrip%2Fseating.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Benson, Tom (2010-09-13). Gas Turbine Propulsion. NASA, Glenn Research Center, 13 September 2010. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbine.html">http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbine.html</a>.</li>
+<li>"Aviation Industry." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2011, from Encyclopedia.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045300147.html">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045300147.html</a></li>
+<li>Brayton thermodynamic cycle <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/brayton.html">http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/brayton.html</a></li>
+<li>Newhouse, John. <i>The Sporty Game: The High-Risk Competitive Business of Making and Selling Commercial Airliners.</i> New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51447-5">978-0-394-51447-5</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation news">Jim Winchester (1521 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14332">"World Airliner Directory"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner&rft.atitle=World+Airliner+Directory&rft.au=Jim+Winchester&rft.date=2016-11-15%2F2016-11-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fasset%2F14332&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_aircraft" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Template:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Template talk:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lists_of_aircraft&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Lists_of_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">Lists of aircraft</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="By_name" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By name</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(pre-1914)" title="List of aircraft (pre-1914)">pre-1914</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(0-A)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (0-A)">0-Ah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Ai-Am)" title="List of aircraft (Ai-Am)">Ai-Am</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(An-Az)" title="List of aircraft (An-Az)">An-Az</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(B-Be)" title="List of aircraft (B-Be)">B-Be</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Bf-Bo)" title="List of aircraft (Bf-Bo)">Bf-Bo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Br-Bz)" title="List of aircraft (Br-Bz)">Br-Bz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(C-Ca)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (C-Ca)">C-Ca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Cd-Cn)" title="List of aircraft (Cd-Cn)">Cd-Cn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Co-Cz)" title="List of aircraft (Co-Cz)">Co-Cz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(D)" title="List of aircraft (D)">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(E)" title="List of aircraft (E)">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(F)" title="List of aircraft (F)">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(G)" title="List of aircraft (G)">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(H)" title="List of aircraft (H)">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(I)" title="List of aircraft (I)">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(J)" title="List of aircraft (J)">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(K)" title="List of aircraft (K)">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(La-Lh)" title="List of aircraft (La-Lh)">La-Lh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Li-Lz)" title="List of aircraft (Li-Lz)">Li-Lz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(M)" title="List of aircraft (M)">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(N)" title="List of aircraft (N)">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(O)" title="List of aircraft (O)">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(P)" title="List of aircraft (P)">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Q)" title="List of aircraft (Q)">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(R)" title="List of aircraft (R)">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(S)" title="List of aircraft (S)">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(T)" title="List of aircraft (T)">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(U)" title="List of aircraft (U)">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(V)" title="List of aircraft (V)">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(W)" title="List of aircraft (W)">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(X)" title="List of aircraft (X)">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Y)" title="List of aircraft (Y)">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Z)" title="List of aircraft (Z)">Z</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">List of human-powered aircraft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">List of unmanned aerial vehicles</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Civil_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">Civil aircraft</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-size:95%;">
+<div id="By_characteristic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By characteristic</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft" title="List of aerobatic aircraft">Aerobatic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_plane" title="Bush plane">Bush planes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_aircraft" title="List of electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_wings" title="List of flying wings">Flying wings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">Human-powered</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prone-pilot_aircraft" title="List of prone-pilot aircraft">Prone-pilot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_aircraft" title="List of rocket aircraft">Rocket-powered</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seaplanes_and_amphibious_aircraft" title="List of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft">Seaplanes and amphibious aircraft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_STOL_aircraft" title="List of STOL aircraft">STOL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supersonic_aircraft" title="List of supersonic aircraft">Supersonic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_triplanes" title="List of triplanes">Triplanes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">Unmanned</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VTOL_aircraft" title="List of VTOL aircraft">VTOL</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuselage</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Double-deck_aircraft" title="Double-deck aircraft">Double-deck</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">Narrow-body</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li>Weight</li>
+<li>Size</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airliners_by_maximum_takeoff_weight" title="List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight">Maximum takeoff weight</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">Light aircraft</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_very_light_jets" title="List of very light jets">very light jets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">Large aircraft</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturer</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Airbus_Group_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Airbus Group aircraft">Airbus</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Antonov_aircraft" title="Template:Antonov aircraft">Antonov</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Boeing_airliners" title="Template:Boeing airliners">Boeing</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bombardier_aircraft" title="Template:Bombardier aircraft">Bombardier</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Douglas_airliners" title="Template:Douglas airliners">Douglas / McDonnell Douglas</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Embraer_aircraft" title="Template:Embraer aircraft">Embraer</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Template:Ilyushin aircraft">Ilyushin</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" title="Template" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Tupolev_aircraft" title="Template:Tupolev aircraft">Tupolev</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine number</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">Trijets</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">Twinjets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Range</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_airliners" title="List of jet airliners">Jet airliners</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airliners" title="List of regional airliners">Regional airliners</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_transport_aircraft" title="List of light transport aircraft">Light transport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_racing_aircraft" title="List of racing aircraft">Racers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliner</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jet</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_aircraft" title="List of experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_X-planes" title="List of X-planes">X-planes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotor-powered</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_helicopters" title="List of utility helicopters">utility</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor#List_of_tiltrotor_aircraft" title="Tiltrotor">Tiltrotors</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li>Executive</li>
+<li>Private</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">Business jets</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" title="Light-sport aircraft">Light-sport aircraft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roadable_aircraft" title="Roadable aircraft">Roadable aircraft</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-size:95%;">
+<div id="Other_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other lists</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_date_and_usage_category" title="List of aircraft by date and usage category">By date and usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_tail_number" title="List of aircraft by tail number">By tail number</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">Most-produced</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Military_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airborne_early_warning_aircraft" title="List of airborne early warning aircraft">AEW</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attack_aircraft" title="List of attack aircraft">Attack</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft" title="List of bomber aircraft">Bomber</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_bombers" title="List of torpedo bombers">Torpedo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carrier-based_aircraft" title="List of carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="List of maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine-borne_aircraft" title="List of submarine-borne aircraft">Submarine-borne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tanker_aircraft" title="List of tanker aircraft">Tanker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_by_nation" title="Lists of military aircraft by nation">Nation</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Afghan Air Force aircraft">Afghanistan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Albanian Air Force aircraft">Albania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Argentine_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force">Argentina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">Bangladesh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belize_Defence_Force_Air_Wing_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belize Defence Force Air Wing aircraft">Belize</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Brazilian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Brazilian military aircraft">Brazil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bulgarian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bulgarian military aircraft">Bulgaria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Canada%27s_air_forces" title="List of aircraft of Canada's air forces">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">China</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of military aircraft of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Denmark" title="List of military aircraft of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force">Egypt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Finland" title="List of military aircraft of Finland">Finland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_France" title="List of military aircraft of France">France</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of military aircraft of Germany">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Hellenic_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force">Greece</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Indonesian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Indonesian Air Force">Indonesia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Iranian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Iranian Air Force">Iran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Irish_Air_Corps" title="List of aircraft of the Irish Air Corps">Ireland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Israeli_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Italian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Italian military aircraft">Italy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Japan" title="List of military aircraft of Japan">Japan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Moroccan_military_aircraft" title="List of active Moroccan military aircraft">Morocco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_New_Zealand_military_aircraft" title="List of active New Zealand military aircraft">New Zealand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Norway" title="List of military aircraft of Norway">Norway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Pakistan_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_military_aircraft_of_the_Philippines" title="List of active military aircraft of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Portuguese_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Portuguese Air Force">Portugal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Romanian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force">Romania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_Russian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active Russian military aircraft">Russia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_South_African_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the South African Air Force">South Africa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Spanish_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Spanish Air Force">Spain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of military aircraft of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Swiss_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Swiss Air Force">Switzerland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_aircraft_of_the_Turkish_Air_Force" title="List of active aircraft of the Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">United Kingdom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">United States</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Era</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Entente_aircraft" title="List of World War I Entente aircraft">WWI Entente</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Central_Powers_aircraft" title="List of World War I Central Powers aircraft">WWI Central Powers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Interwar_military_aircraft" title="List of Interwar military aircraft">Interwar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">World War II</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of jet aircraft of World War II">World War II jets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commercial_air_travel" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template talk:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Commercial_air_travel&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Commercial_air_travel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">Commercial air travel</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>International (<a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a>)</li>
+<li>United States (<a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a>)</li>
+<li>Europe (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_European_Airlines" title="Association of European Airlines">AEA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Low_Fares_Airline_Association" title="European Low Fares Airline Association">ELFAA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Airlines_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Regional Airlines Association">ERA</a>)</li>
+<li>Other regions (<a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers Organization">AACO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Captain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aeronautics)" title="First officer (aeronautics)">First Officer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aeronautics)" title="Second officer (aeronautics)">Second Officer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aeronautics)" title="Third officer (aeronautics)">Third Officer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (aeronautics)">Pilot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Deadheading</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Airliner</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class (aviation)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First_class_travel" title="First class travel">First class travel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy" title="Premium economy">Premium economy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Low_cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low cost carrier terminal">Low cost carrier terminal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a> (<a href="/wiki/Landing_card" title="Landing card">Landing card</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Visa</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Impact on environment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK-US, 1946-78)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK-US, 1978-2008)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">China-US</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_charter" title="Cross-Strait charter">Cross-Strait charter</a> (China-Taiwan)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Open_skies" title="Open skies">Open skies</a> (<a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EUUS Open Skies Agreement">EUUS Open Skies Agreement</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Luggage</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Safety</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Navigation_and_Transport_Act" title="Air Navigation and Transport Act">Air Navigation and Transport Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control (ATC)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_aviation_authority" title="National aviation authority">National aviation authority</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unruly_aircraft_passenger" title="Unruly aircraft passenger">Unruly aircraft passenger</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Ticketing</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(commercial_airline_flight)" title="Tracking (commercial airline flight)">Tracking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Groundcrew" title="Groundcrew">Groundcrew</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em">
+<ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0">
+<li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviacionavion.png" class="image"><img alt="Aviacionavion.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/21px-Aviacionavion.png" width="21" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/32px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4121851-6">4121851-6</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001097546">001097546</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3_comercial" title="Avi comercial Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopravn%C3%AD_letoun" title="Dopravn letoun Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passagerfly" title="Passagerfly Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsflugzeug" title="Verkehrsflugzeug German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reisilennuk" title="Reisilennuk Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_comercial" title="Avin comercial Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_ligne" title="Avion de ligne French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passazjiersfleanmasine" title="Passazjiersfleanmasine Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EA%B0%9D%EA%B8%B0" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linijski_putni%C4%8Dki_zrakoplov" title="Linijski putniki zrakoplov Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_penumpang_sipil" title="Pesawat penumpang sipil Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%BEegaflugv%C3%A9l" title="Faregaflugvl Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aereo_di_linea" title="Aereo di linea Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_laineris" title="Oro laineris Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_terbang_penumpang" title="Kapal terbang penumpang Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passagiersvliegtuig" title="Passagiersvliegtuig Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E6%A9%9F" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passasjerfly" title="Passasjerfly Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passasjerfly" title="Passasjerfly Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samolot_pasa%C5%BCerski" title="Samolot pasaerski Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_comercial" title="Avio comercial Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopravn%C3%A9_lietadlo" title="Dopravn lietadlo Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potni%C5%A1ko_letalo" title="Potniko letalo Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni%C4%8Dki_avion" title="Putniki avion Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matkustajalentokone" title="Matkustajalentokone Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikflyg" title="Trafikflyg Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolcu_u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yolcu ua Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title=" Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_bay_d%C3%A2n_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="My bay dn dng Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%88%AA%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F" title=" Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Alcoholic drink</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a>)</span></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about drinks containing alcohol. For alcohol as a drug specifically, see <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (drug)</a>.</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg/300px-Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg" width="300" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg/450px-Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg/600px-Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A selection of alcoholic drinks. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">malt whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a>, lager, cherry <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueur</a> and red wine</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg/300px-Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg/450px-Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg/600px-Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A <a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">liquor store</a> in the United States. Global sales of alcoholic drinks exceeded $1 <a href="/wiki/10%5E12" class="mw-redirect" title="10^12">trillion</a> in 2014.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>An <b>alcoholic drink</b>, or <b>alcoholic beverage</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drink</a> that contains <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a> which in low doses causes <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, reduced anxiety, and sociability and in higher doses causes <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">intoxication</a> (drunkenness), <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconsciousness</a>. Long-term use can lead to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.</p>
+<p>Drinking alcohol plays an important <a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">social role</a> in many cultures. Most countries have <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">laws</a> regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages;<sup id="cite_ref-IARD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARD-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">some countries</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">ban such activities entirely</a>. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" title="Alcohol industry">alcoholic drink industry</a> exceeded $1 trillion in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Alcohol is one of the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drugs">recreational drugs</a> in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at some point, 70% had drunk it in the last year, and 56% in the last month.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Alcoholic drinks are typically divided into three classes<a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>and typically contain between 3% and 40% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a>.</p>
+<p>Discovery of late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period (cir. 10,000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Many animals also consume alcohol when given the opportunity and are affected in much the same way as humans, although humans are the only species known to produce alcoholic drinks intentionally.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Fermented_drinks"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Fermented drinks</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Wine"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wine</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Beer"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beer</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cider"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cider</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mead"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mead</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Pulque"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Pulque</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Distilled_drinks"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Distilled drinks</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Rectified_spirit"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rectified spirit</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Health_effects"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Health effects</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Short-term_effects"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Short-term effects</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Long-term_effects"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Long-term effects</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ap.C3.A9ritifs_and_digestifs"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Apritifs and digestifs</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Flavoring"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flavoring</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Congeners"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Congeners</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Food_energy"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Food energy</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Alcohol_measurement"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Alcohol measurement</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Alcohol_concentration"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alcohol concentration</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Serving_measures"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Serving measures</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Shot_sizes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shot sizes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Standard_drinks"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Standard drinks</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Laws"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Laws</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Beverage-related_articles"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Beverage-related articles</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Social_and_health"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Social and health</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fermented_drinks">Fermented drinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fermented drinks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg/220px-Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg/330px-Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg/440px-Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Wine (left) and beer (right) are served in different glasses</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wine">Wine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wine_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and health">Wine and health</a></div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> is a fermented beverage produced from <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>. Wine involves a longer fermentation process than beer and also a long <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aging process</a> (months or years), resulting in an alcohol content of 9%16% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine</a> can be made by means of a <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine#Secondary_fermentation" title="Sparkling wine">secondary fermentation</a>.</p>
+<p>"<a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit wines</a>" are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a> is a popular example of "<a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>".</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Beer">Beer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beer_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer styles">Beer styles</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">List of beer styles</a></div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> is a beverage fermented from <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mash</a>. It is typically made from <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">blend</a> of several grains and flavored with <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. Most beer is naturally carbonated as part of the fermentation process. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink becomes a <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage">spirit</a>. In the Andean region, the most common beer is <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a>, made from grain or fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2005-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cider">Cider</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cider">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a> or cyder (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="//: primary stress follows"></span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/a/: 'i' in 'tide'">a</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/r/: 'er' in 'letter'">r</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><small title="English pronunciation respelling"><i><b>SY</b>-dr</i></small></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> alcoholic drink made from any <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">fruit juice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">apple juice</a> (traditional and most common), <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a> ("Perry" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a> to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called "apple wine".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mead">Mead</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mead">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="//: primary stress follows"></span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">i</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drink's fermentable sugar is derived from honey.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pulque">Pulque</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pulque">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> fermented drink made from the "honey water" of <a href="/wiki/Maguey" title="Maguey">maguey</a> cacti. The drink distilled from pulque is <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mescal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescal">mescal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distilled_drinks">Distilled drinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distilled drinks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage">Distilled beverage</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaming_cocktails.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flaming_cocktails.jpg/220px-Flaming_cocktails.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flaming_cocktails.jpg/330px-Flaming_cocktails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flaming_cocktails.jpg/440px-Flaming_cocktails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaming_cocktails.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+These <a href="/wiki/Flaming_beverage" title="Flaming beverage">flaming cocktails</a> illustrate that <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">high-proof</a> alcohol will readily catch fire and burn.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>A distilled drink or liquor is an alcoholic drink produced by <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrating by distillation</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> produced by means of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermenting</a> grain, fruit, or vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have an alcohol content of at least 20% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a> are called <i><a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> For the most common distilled drinks, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol content is around 40%. The term <i>hard liquor</i> is used in North America to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones (implicitly weaker). <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whiskey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a> are examples of distilled drinks. Distilling <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrates</a> the alcohol and eliminates some of the <a href="/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)" title="Congener (alcohol)">congeners</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freeze_distillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze distillation">Freeze distillation</a> concentrates ethanol along with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">fusel alcohols</a> (fermentation by-products partially removed by distillation) in <a href="/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)" title="Applejack (beverage)">applejack</a>.</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a> is wine, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, to which a distilled beverage (usually <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>) has been added.<sup id="cite_ref-ALE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALE-12">[12]</a></sup> Fortified wine is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a> made from wine in that spirits are produced by means of <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, while fortified wine is simply wine that has had a spirit added to it. Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>, sherry, <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">marsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commandaria" title="Commandaria">commandaria</a>, and the aromatized wine <a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">vermouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rectified_spirit">Rectified spirit</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rectified spirit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">Rectified spirit</a>, also called "neutral grain spirit," is alcohol which has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e., repeated distillation). The term "neutral" refers to the spirit's lacking the flavor that would have been present if the mash ingredients had been distilled to a lower level of alcoholic purity. Rectified spirit also lacks any flavoring added to it after distillation (as is done, for example, with <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>). Other kinds of spirits, such as <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>, are distilled to a lower alcohol percentage in order to preserve the flavor of the mash.</p>
+<p>Rectified spirit is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that may contain as much as 95% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>. It is often used for <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medicinal purposes</a>. It may be a grain spirit or it may be made from other plants. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed drinks">mixed drinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liqueurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqueurs">liqueurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tinctures</a>, but also as a household <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_effects">Health effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">Alcohol and health</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/220px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/330px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/440px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Results of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Independent_Scientific_Committee_on_Drugs" title="Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs">ISCD</a> study ranking the levels of damage caused by drugs, in the opinion of drug-harm experts. When harm to self and others is summed, alcohol was the most harmful of all drugs considered, scoring 72%.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Alcoholic drinks are classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" title="List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens">Group 1 carcinogen</a> (carcinogenic to humans). <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a> classifies alcoholic drink consumption as a cause of <a href="/wiki/Breast_Cancer_Risk_Factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast Cancer Risk Factor">female breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer#cause" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer#risk_factors" title="Laryngeal cancer">larynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer#causes" title="Liver cancer">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer#causes" title="Esophageal cancer">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer#causes" title="Oral cancer">oral cavity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer#causes" title="Head and neck cancer">pharynx</a> cancers; and as a probable cause of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer#risk_factors" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Alcohol in <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">carbonated drinks</a> is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Short-term_effects">Short-term effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Short-term effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-term effects of alcohol">Short-term effects of alcohol</a></div>
+<p>Wine, beer, distilled spirits and other alcoholic drinks contain <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl alcohol">ethyl alcohol</a> and alcohol consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the wine, beer or spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or <a href="/wiki/Street_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Street drugs">street drugs</a>, among other factors.</p>
+<p>Drinking enough to cause a <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol concentration">blood alcohol concentration</a> (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">flushed, red appearance in the face</a> and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, unconsciousness, <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">pulmonary aspiration</a>) while unconscious) and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a> (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol poisoning">alcohol poisoning</a>. As with all alcoholic drinks, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_and_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking and driving">drinking while driving</a>, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Long-term effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempranillowine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tempranillowine.jpg/220px-Tempranillowine.jpg" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tempranillowine.jpg/330px-Tempranillowine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tempranillowine.jpg/440px-Tempranillowine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="980" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempranillowine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic red <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">wine may boost heart health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The main active ingredient of wine, beer and distilled spirits is alcohol. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men per day) is associated with a decreased risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, and early death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-17">[17]</a></sup> Drinking more than this amount, however, increases the risk of heart disease, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-17">[17]</a></sup> The risk is greater in younger people due to <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a> which may result in violence or accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-17">[17]</a></sup> About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Stats_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-18">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years<sup id="cite_ref-Schu2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schu2014-19">[19]</a></sup> and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-17">[17]</a></sup> No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Another long-term effect of alcohol usage, when also used with tobacco products, is alcohol acting as a solvent, which allows harmful chemicals in tobacco to get inside the cells that line the digestive tract. Alcohol slows these cells' healing ability to repair the damage to their DNA caused by the harmful chemicals in tobacco. Alcohol contributes to cancer through this process.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>While lower quality evidence suggest a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause <a href="/wiki/Liver_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cirrhosis">liver cirrhosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Usage">Usage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span id="Apritifs_and_digestifs"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ap.C3.A9ritifs_and_digestifs">Apritifs and digestifs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Apritifs and digestifs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>An <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apritif">apritif</a> is any alcoholic beverage usually served before a meal to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> while a <a href="/wiki/Digestif" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestif">digestif</a> is any alcoholic beverage served after a meal for the stated purpose of improving digestion. <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">dry champagne</a> are common apritifs. Because apritifs are served before dining, they are usually dry rather than sweet. One example is <a href="/wiki/Cinzano" title="Cinzano">Cinzano</a>, a brand of <a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">vermouth</a>. Digestifs include brandy, fortified wines and herb-infused spirits (<a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a>).</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flavoring">Flavoring</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flavoring">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Pure ethanol tastes <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)#Bitterness" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a> to humans; some people also describe it as sweet.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> However, ethanol is also a moderately good <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> for many fatty substances and essential oils. This facilitates the use of flavoring and coloring compounds in alcoholic drinks as a taste mask, especially in <a href="/wiki/Distilled_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drinks">distilled drinks</a>. Some flavors may be naturally present in the beverage's raw material. Beer and wine may also be flavored before fermentation, and spirits may be flavored before, during, or after distillation. Sometimes flavor is obtained by allowing the beverage to stand for months or years in oak barrels, usually made of American or French oak. A few brands of spirits may also have fruit or herbs inserted into the bottle at the time of bottling.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a> of red wine for a sauce by cooking it on a stovetop. It is called a reduction because the heat boils off some of the water and most of the more volatile alcohol, leaving a more concentrated, wine-flavoured sauce.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as an accompanying beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">stocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a>, since its acidity lends balance to rich <a href="/wiki/Basic_taste#Savouriness" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic taste">savory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a> dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine_sauce" title="Wine sauce">Wine sauce</a> is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>, with most wines being in the 12.514.5% range.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wines</a> (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Congeners">Congeners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Congeners">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)" title="Congener (alcohol)">Congener (alcohol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></div>
+<p>In the alcoholic drinks industry, congeners are substances produced during <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermentation</a>. These substances include small amounts of chemicals such as occasionally desired other alcohols, like <a href="/wiki/Propanol" title="Propanol">propanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/3-methyl-1-butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methyl-1-butanol">3-methyl-1-butanol</a>, but also compounds that are never desired such as <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycols" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycols">glycols</a>. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic drinks, and contribute to the taste of non-distilled drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> It has been suggested that these substances contribute to the symptoms of a <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tannins_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins in wine">Tannins</a> are congeners found in wine in the presence of phenolic compounds. Wine tannins add bitterness, have a drying sensation, taste herbaceous and are often described as <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a>. Wine tannins adds balance, complexity, structure and makes a wine last longer, so they play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aging of wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food_energy">Food energy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Food energy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Alcoholic drinks are a source of food energy. The <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> uses a figure of 6.93 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kilocalories</a> (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal (22.9 kJ) per <a href="/wiki/Millilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">ml</a>) for calculating food energy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> In addition to alcohol, many alcoholic drinks contain carbohydrates. For example, along with approximately 96 calories from alcohol in 350 ml (12 US fl oz) of 5% ABV beer, there are usually 1015 g of carbohydrates (4060 kcal or 170250 kJ). Excessive daily calorie intake may contribute to an increase in body weight and so-called "<a href="/wiki/Beer_belly" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer belly">beer belly</a>". In addition to the direct effect of its caloric content, alcohol is also known to potentiate the <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin response</a> of the human body to <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, which, in essence, "instructs" the body to convert consumed carbohydrates into fat and to suppress carbohydrate and fat oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alcohol_measurement">Alcohol measurement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alcohol measurement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alcohol_concentration">Alcohol concentration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alcohol concentration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center">
+<caption>Typical ABV ranges<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<td>Beers</td>
+<td>typically 5% (range is from 315%)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wines</td>
+<td>typically 13.5% (range is from 8%17%)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fortified wines</td>
+<td>1522%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spirits</td>
+<td>typically 30%-40% (range is from 15% to, in some rare cases, up to 98%)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fruit juices</td>
+<td>< 0.1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cider, wine coolers</td>
+<td>4%8%</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a></div>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of alcohol in a beverage is usually stated as the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a>  (ABV, the number of milliliters (ml) of pure ethanol in 100 ml of beverage) or as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof"><i>proof</i></a>. In the United States, <i>proof</i> is twice the percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g. 80 proof = 40% ABV). <i>Degrees proof</i> were formerly used in the United Kingdom, where 100 degrees proof was equivalent to 57.1% ABV. Historically, this was the most dilute spirit that would sustain the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>.</p>
+<p>Ordinary <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> cannot produce alcohol of more than 95.6% ABV (191.2 proof) because at that point alcohol is an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> with water. A spirit which contains a very high level of alcohol and <i>does not contain any added flavoring</i> is commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirit">neutral spirit</a>. Generally, any distilled alcoholic beverage of 170 US proof or higher is considered to be a neutral spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Most <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a> cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18%, so that is the practical limit for the strength of fermented drinks such as wine, beer, and <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a>. However, some strains of yeast have been developed that can reproduce in solutions of up to 25% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Serving_measures">Serving measures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Serving measures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol equivalence">Alcohol equivalence</a></div>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Shot_sizes">Shot sizes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shot sizes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Shot_glass#Sizes" title="Shot glass">Shot sizes</a> vary significantly from country to country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, serving size in <a href="/wiki/Licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing laws of the United Kingdom">licensed premises</a> is regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom">Weights and Measures Act (1985)</a>. A single serving size of spirits (<a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Beer is typically served in <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pints</a> (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL.</p>
+<p>The shape of a glass can have a significant effect on how much one pours. A <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> study of students and bartenders' pouring showed both groups pour more into short, wide glasses than into tall, slender glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Aiming to pour one shot of alcohol (1.5 ounces or 44.3 ml), students on average poured 45.5 ml & 59.6 ml (30% more) respectively into the tall and short glasses. The bartenders scored similarly, on average pouring 20.5% more into the short glasses. More experienced bartenders were more accurate, pouring 10.3% less alcohol than less experienced bartenders. Practice reduced the tendency of both groups to over pour for tall, slender glasses but not for short, wide glasses. These misperceptions are attributed to two perceptual biases: (1) Estimating that tall, slender glasses have more volume than shorter, wider glasses; and (2) Over focusing on the height of the liquid and disregarding the width.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_drinks">Standard drinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Standard drinks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_whisky.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Glass_of_whisky.jpg/200px-Glass_of_whisky.jpg" width="200" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Glass_of_whisky.jpg/300px-Glass_of_whisky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Glass_of_whisky.jpg/400px-Glass_of_whisky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1000" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_whisky.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A "standard drink" of <a href="/wiki/Hard_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard liquor">hard liquor</a> does not necessarily reflect a typical serving size, such as seen here</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>A <a href="/wiki/Standard_drink#Pure_alcohol_measure" title="Standard drink">standard drink</a> is a notional drink that contains a specified amount of pure <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>. The standard drink is used in many countries to quantify alcohol intake. It is usually expressed as a measure of beer, wine, or spirits. One standard drink always contains the same amount of alcohol regardless of serving size or the type of alcoholic beverage. The standard drink varies significantly from country to country. For example, it is 7.62 ml (6 grams) of alcohol in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, but in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> it is 25 ml (19.75 grams).</p>
+<ul>
+<li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, there is a system of <a href="/wiki/Units_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of alcohol">units of alcohol</a> which serves as a guideline for alcohol consumption. A single <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_alcohol" title="Unit of alcohol">unit of alcohol</a> is defined as 10 ml. The number of units present in a typical drink is sometimes printed on bottles. The system is intended as an aid to people who are regulating the amount of alcohol they drink; it is not used to determine serving sizes.</li>
+<li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the standard drink contains 0.6 US fluid ounces (18 ml) of alcohol. This is approximately the amount of alcohol in a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) glass of beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 ml) glass of a 40% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a> (80 US proof) spirit.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Laws">Laws</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Laws">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p><span id="Legal_considerations"></span></p>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol laws">Alcohol laws</a></div>
+<p>Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution, sale, consumption, blood alcohol content of motor vehicle drivers, open containers, and transportation of alcoholic drinks. Such laws generally seek to reduce the adverse health and social impacts of alcohol consumption. In particular, alcohol laws set the <a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">legal drinking age</a>, which usually varies between 16 and 25 years, sometimes depending upon the type of drink (e.g., beer vs. hard liquor). Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most countries set the minimum age at 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-IARD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARD-1">[1]</a></sup> Such laws may take the form of permitting distribution only to licensed stores, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">monopoly stores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a> and they are often combined with taxation, which serves to reduce the demand for alcohol (by raising its price) and it is a form of revenue for governments. These laws also often limit the hours or days (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Blue_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue laws">blue laws</a>") on which alcohol may be sold or served, as can also be seen in the "<a href="/wiki/Last_call_(bar_term)" title="Last call (bar term)">last call</a>" ritual in US and Canadian bars, where bartenders and servers ask patrons to place their last orders for alcohol, due to serving hour cutoff laws. In some countries, alcohol cannot be sold to a person who is already intoxicated. Alcohol laws in many countries prohibit <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk driving">drunk driving</a>.</p>
+<p>In some jurisdictions, alcoholic drinks are totally prohibited for reasons of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> (e.g., Islamic countries with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia law</a>) or for reasons of <a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">local option</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morals</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a> from 1920 to 1933). In jurisdictions which enforce sharia law, the consumption of alcoholic drinks is an <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">illegal offense</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> although such laws may exempt non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg/220px-Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg" width="220" height="249" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg/330px-Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg/440px-Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="2539" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Corps_Brunsviga_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_1837.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Members of a <a href="/wiki/German_Student_Corps" title="German Student Corps">German Student Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>) shown drinking in a picture from 1837.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></div>
+<ul>
+<li>10,0005,000 BC: Discovery of late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> jugs suggests that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
+<li>70005600 BC: Examination and analysis of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> jars from the neolithic village of <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province of northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> revealed residue left behind by the alcoholic drinks they had once contained. According to a study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>, chemical analysis of the residue confirmed that a fermented drink made of grape and hawthorn fruit wine, honey mead and rice beer was being produced in 70005600 BC (McGovern et al., 2005; McGovern 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcgovern_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgovern-44">[44]</a></sup> The results of this analysis were published in December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></li>
+<li>9th century AD: The <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">medieval Arabs</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> process extensively, and applied it to the <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage">distillation of alcohol</a>. The Arab chemist <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hassan-Alcohol_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-Alcohol-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
+<li>12th century: The process of distillation spread from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-habib_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habib-49">[49]</a></sup> where distilled alcoholic drinks were recorded in the mid-12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-50">[50]</a></sup> In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (11151234)">Jin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-haw_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haw-51">[51]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a> has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, dating to the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-haw_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haw-51">[51]</a></sup></li>
+<li>14th century: In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> by the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-habib_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habib-49">[49]</a></sup> By the early 14th century, distilled alcoholic drinks had spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">European continent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-50">[50]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" width="16" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/28px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/42px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/56px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_wine.png" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/26px-Glass_of_wine.png" width="26" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/39px-Glass_of_wine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/52px-Glass_of_wine.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Beverage-related_articles">Beverage-related articles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Beverage-related articles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List of alcoholic drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption">List of countries by alcohol consumption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alcoholic_beverages" title="Chinese alcoholic beverages">Chinese alcoholic beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_with_alcohol" title="Cooking with alcohol">Cooking with alcohol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_drink" title="Mixed drink">Mixed drink</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_and_health">Social and health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Social and health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">Alcohol and health</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-IARD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IARD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IARD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iard.org/policy-tables/minimum-legal-age-limits/">"Minimum Legal Age Limits"</a>. <i>IARD.org</i>. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Minimum+Legal+Age+Limits&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IARD.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iard.org%2Fpolicy-tables%2Fminimum-legal-age-limits%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520105103/http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636">"Faostat"</a>. Faostat.fao.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636#ancor">the original</a> on 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Faostat&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Faostat.fao.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat.fao.org%2Fsite%2F636%2FDesktopDefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D636%23ancor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics">"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"</a>. March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Facts+and+Statistics&rft.date=2015-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niaaa.nih.gov%2Falcohol-health%2Foverview-alcohol-consumption%2Falcohol-facts-and-statistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles H, Patrick; Durham, NC (1952). <i>Alcohol, Culture, and Society</i>. Duke University Press (reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970). pp. 2627. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404049065" title="Special:BookSources/9780404049065">9780404049065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.au=Durham%2C+NC&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.aulast=Charles+H&rft.btitle=Alcohol%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.date=1952&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780404049065&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+%28reprint+edition+by+AMS+Press%2C+New+York%2C+1970%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zielinski, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-alcoholics-of-the-animal-world-81007700/?no-ist">"The Alcoholics of the Animal World"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.aulast=Zielinski&rft.btitle=The+Alcoholics+of+the+Animal+World&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fthe-alcoholics-of-the-animal-world-81007700%2F%3Fno-ist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Super, "Alcoholic Beverages" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 1, p. 45. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Nelson_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nelson, Max (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage"><i>The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31121-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31121-7">0-415-31121-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian%27s+Beverage%3A+A+History+of+Beer+in+Ancient+Europe&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-31121-7&rft.pages=1&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6xul0O_SI1MC%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dmost%2Bconsumed%2Bbeverage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTsC65kCJbUC&pg=PA169"><i>The Prokaryotes: Proteobacteria: alpha and beta subclasses</i></a>. Springer. p. 169<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.au=Martin+Dworkin%2C+Stanley+Falkow&rft.btitle=The+Prokaryotes%3A+Proteobacteria%3A+alpha+and+beta+subclasses&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTsC65kCJbUC%26pg%3DPA169&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Super, "Alcoholic Beverages", pp. 45-46.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit">"Distilled spirit/distilled liquor"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Distilled+spirit%2Fdistilled+liquor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9106006%2Fdistilled-spirit&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichine, Alexis. <i>Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits</i> (5th edition) (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 707709.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ALE-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALE_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lichine, Alexis (1987). <i>Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits</i> (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56262-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-56262-3">0-394-56262-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.aulast=Lichine&rft.btitle=Alexis+Lichine%27s+New+Encyclopedia+of+Wines+%26+Spirits&rft.date=1987&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-394-56262-3&rft.pages=236&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robinson, J., ed. (2006). <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rft.pages=279&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cogliano, VJ; Baan, R; Straif, K; Grosse, Y; Lauby-Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L; Guha, N; Freeman, C; Galichet, L; Wild, CP (December 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243677">"Preventable exposures associated with human cancers."</a>. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>. <b>103</b> (24): 182739. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243677">3243677</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158127">22158127</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjr483">10.1093/jnci/djr483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Preventable+exposures+associated+with+human+cancers.&rft.au=Baan%2C+R&rft.au=Benbrahim-Tallaa%2C+L&rft.au=Bouvard%2C+V&rft.au=El+Ghissassi%2C+F&rft.au=Freeman%2C+C&rft.au=Galichet%2C+L&rft.au=Grosse%2C+Y&rft.au=Guha%2C+N&rft.au=Lauby-Secretan%2C+B&rft.au=Straif%2C+K&rft.au=Wild%2C+CP&rft.aufirst=VJ&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.pages=1827-39&rft.volume=103&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3243677&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3243677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjr483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22158127&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roberts, C.; Robinson, S.P. (2007). "Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks: The effect on blood alcohol levels". <i>Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine</i>. <b>14</b> (7): 398405. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720590">17720590</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2006.12.010">10.1016/j.jflm.2006.12.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Alcohol+concentration+and+carbonation+of+drinks%3A+The+effect+on+blood+alcohol+levels&rft.au=Robinson%2C+S.P.&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+and+Legal+Medicine&rft.pages=398-405&rft.volume=14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2006.12.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17720590&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20120906/nonalcoholic-red-wine-may-boost-heart-health">"Non-Alcoholic Red Wine May Boost Heart Health"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Non-Alcoholic+Red+Wine+May+Boost+Heart+Health&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fhypertension-high-blood-pressure%2Fnews%2F20120906%2Fnonalcoholic-red-wine-may-boost-heart-health&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Kee2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014). "Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy.". <i>Mayo Clinic Proceedings</i>. <b>89</b> (3): 38293. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582196">24582196</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005">10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+cardiovascular+health%3A+the+dose+makes+the+poison...or+the+remedy.&rft.au=Bajwa%2C+A&rft.au=Bhatti%2C+SK&rft.au=DiNicolantonio%2C+JJ&rft.au=Lavie%2C+CJ&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.date=2014-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.pages=382-93&rft.volume=89&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24582196&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NIH2015Stats-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015Stats_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics">"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Facts+and+Statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niaaa.nih.gov%2Falcohol-health%2Foverview-alcohol-consumption%2Falcohol-facts-and-statistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Schu2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schu2014_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schuckit, MA (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens).". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>371</b> (22): 210913. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113">25427113</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1407298">10.1056/NEJMra1407298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Recognition+and+management+of+withdrawal+delirium+%28delirium+tremens%29.&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.aulast=Schuckit&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=2109-13&rft.volume=371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1407298&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25427113&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp"><i>Alcohol and Heart Health</i></a> American Heart Association</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/dietandphysicalactivity/alcohol-use-and-cancer">"Alcohol Use and Cancer"</a>. Cancer.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Use+and+Cancer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cancer.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fcancercauses%2Fdietandphysicalactivity%2Falcohol-use-and-cancer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm">"General Information on Alcohol Use and Health"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.btitle=General+Information+on+Alcohol+Use+and+Health&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Falcohol%2Fquickstats%2Fgeneral_info.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">American Heart Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422">"Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.au=American+Heart+Association&rft.btitle=Alcohol%2C+Wine+and+Cardiovascular+Disease&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheart.org%2Fpresenter.jhtml%3Fidentifier%3D4422&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Caton, S. J.; Ball, M; Ahern, A; Hetherington, M. M. (2004). "Dose-dependent effects of alcohol on appetite and food intake". <i>Physiology & Behavior</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 518. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15059684">15059684</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2003.12.017">10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.12.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Dose-dependent+effects+of+alcohol+on+appetite+and+food+intake&rft.au=Ahern%2C+A&rft.au=Ball%2C+M&rft.au=Hetherington%2C+M.+M.&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.aulast=Caton&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&rft.pages=51-8&rft.volume=81&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2003.12.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15059684&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scinska, A; Koros, E; Habrat, B; Kukwa, A; Kostowski, W; Bienkowski, P (2000). "Bitter and sweet components of ethanol taste in humans". <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</i>. <b>60</b> (2): 199206. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10940547">10940547</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0376-8716%2899%2900149-0">10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00149-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Bitter+and+sweet+components+of+ethanol+taste+in+humans&rft.au=Bienkowski%2C+P&rft.au=Habrat%2C+B&rft.au=Koros%2C+E&rft.au=Kostowski%2C+W&rft.au=Kukwa%2C+A&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Scinska&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.pages=199-206&rft.volume=60&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0376-8716%2899%2900149-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10940547&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/6-secrets-of-cooking-with-wine#1">http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/6-secrets-of-cooking-with-wine#1</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Parker, Robert M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHp1GJk8IMcC&pg=PA15"><i>Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4391-3997-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4391-3997-0">1-4391-3997-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.au=Parker%2C+Robert+M.&rft.btitle=Parker%27s+Wine+Buyer%27s+Guide%2C+7th+Edition&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4391-3997-0&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHp1GJk8IMcC%26pg%3DPA15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jancis Robinson (2006). <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.au=Jancis+Robinson&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> See <i>alcoholic strength</i> at p. 10.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=features&content=74439&ftitle=Understanding%20Congeners%20in%20Wine">Understanding Congeners in Wine</a>, Wines & Vines. Accessed 2011-4-20</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8416431.stm">Whisky hangover 'worse than vodka, a study suggests'</a>, BBC News. Accessed 2009-12-19</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winefolly.com/review/wine-characteristics/">"The 5 Basic Wine Characteristics - Wine Folly"</a>. <i>Wine Folly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=The+5+Basic+Wine+Characteristics+-+Wine+Folly&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Folly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinefolly.com%2Freview%2Fwine-characteristics%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/SR26/sr26_doc.pdf">"Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>. August 2013. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=Composition+of+Foods+Raw%2C+Processed%2C+Prepared+USDA+National+Nutrient+Database+for+Standard+Reference%2C+Release+26+Documentation+and+User+Guide&rft.date=2013-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=USDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fsp2UserFiles%2FPlace%2F12354500%2FData%2FSR26%2Fsr26_doc.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Graham G. "Biographical Review: Seduced by Yeast". <i>Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists</i> (2015): 1-21. <i>American Society of Brewing Chemists</i>. 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 14 May 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifefire.gov.uk/topics/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.display&subjectid=8133D50D-A872-4A5B-9C65EE07BBF04E7E&objectid=6DDC0AD4-C85A-2F07-BE70B5A0D64D0A58">"fifedirect - Licensing & Regulations - Calling Time on Short Measures!"</a>. Fifefire.gov.uk. 2008-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.btitle=fifedirect+-+Licensing+%26+Regulations+-+Calling+Time+on+Short+Measures%21&rft.date=2008-07-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Fifefire.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifefire.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dnews.display%26subjectid%3D8133D50D-A872-4A5B-9C65EE07BBF04E7E%26objectid%3D6DDC0AD4-C85A-2F07-BE70B5A0D64D0A58&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wansink, Brian; van Ittersum, Koert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/331/7531/1512">"Shape of glass and amount of alcohol poured: comparative study of effect of practice and concentration"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>331</b> (7531): 151214. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322248">1322248</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373735">16373735</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7531.1512">10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Shape+of+glass+and+amount+of+alcohol+poured%3A+comparative+study+of+effect+of+practice+and+concentration&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7531&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.pages=1512-14&rft.volume=331&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1322248&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F331%2F7531%2F1512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7531.1512&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16373735&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</a>)</span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-hassan-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassan_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassan_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA65"><i>Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences</i>, pages 65-69</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Hassan-Alcohol-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan-Alcohol_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html">"Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources"</a>. <i>History of Science and Technology in Islam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+the+Distillation+of+Wine+in+Arabic+Sources&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2Fnotes%2Fnotes7.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2281757">The Economist: "Liquid fire - The Arabs discovered how to distil alcohol. They still do it best, say some"</a> December 18, 2003</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-habib-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-habib_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-habib_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA55"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500</i>, page 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Forbes1970-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1970_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1970_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Forbes, Robert James (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=XeqWOkKYn28C"><i>A Short History of the Art of Distillation: From the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1">978-90-04-00617-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Art+of+Distillation%3A+From+the+Beginnings+up+to+the+Death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00617-1&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DXeqWOkKYn28C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-haw-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haw_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haw_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Haw" title="Stephen G. Haw">Haw, Stephen G.</a> (2006). "Wine, women and poison". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA148"><i>Marco Polo in China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 147148. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27542-7">978-1-134-27542-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-10</span></span>. <q>The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+drink&rft.atitle=Wine%2C+women+and+poison&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+in+China&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-134-27542-7&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSfvfr8VQSEC%26pg%3DPA148&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alcoholic_beverages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alcoholic beverages">Alcoholic beverages</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages#Q154" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Alcoholic beverages">Alcoholic beverages</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on
+<div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;">
+<ul>
+<li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Alcoholic_Drink" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Alcoholic Drink">Alcoholic Drink</a></b></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyemerald.com/2012/05/22/redefining-alcoholic-what-this-means-for-students/">About 37 percent of college students could now be considered alcoholics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Emerald" title="Daily Emerald">Daily Emerald</a></i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/my_lifestyle/alcohol/index_en.htm">Alcohol, Health-EU Portal</a>, Health-EU Portal</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2.htm">What Is a Standard Drink?</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_drinks" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Alcoholic_drinks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Alcoholic_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic drinks</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">History of French wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese_wine" title="History of Portuguese wine">History of Portuguese wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_African_wine" title="History of South African wine">History of South African wine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_brewer_80px.png" class="image"><img alt="16th century brewer 80px.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/16th_century_brewer_80px.png" width="80" height="102" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="102" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Alcoholic_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Alcoholic drinks</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermented</a> drink</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fermented_drinks" title="Category:Fermented drinks">Other fermented drinks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Alcoholic_beverages.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Alcoholic beverages.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/100px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg" width="100" height="75" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/150px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/200px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distilled_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drink">Distilled drink</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distilled_drinks" title="Category:Distilled drinks">Other distilled drinks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fortified_wine" title="Category:Fortified wine">Other fortified wines</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Distilled_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drink">Distilled drinks</a> by ingredients</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Apple</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)" title="Applejack (beverage)">Applejack</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></dd>
+<dt>Cashew apple</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></dd>
+<dt>Coconut</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></dd>
+<dt>Fig</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></dd>
+<dt>Grape</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></dd>
+<dt>Plum</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="uic">uic</a></dd>
+<dt><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a></dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></dd>
+<dt>Various fruits</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Plinka">Plinka</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Schnapps#German" title="Schnapps">Schnaps</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Alambic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Alambic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alambic.svg/50px-Alambic.svg.png" width="50" height="73" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alambic.svg/75px-Alambic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alambic.svg/100px-Alambic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="590" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Barley</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></dd>
+<dt>Maize</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></dd>
+<dt>Rice</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rice_baijiu" title="Rice baijiu">Rice baijiu</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shch">Shch</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></dd>
+<dt>Rye</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></dd>
+<dt>Sorghum</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_wine" title="Kaoliang wine">Kaoliang wine</a>)</dd>
+<dt>Multiple grains</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a></dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></dd>
+<dt>Buckwheat</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shch">Shch</a></dd>
+<dt>Sugarcane or molasses</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaa">Cachaa</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></dd>
+<dt>Various starches</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitn">Poitn</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shch">Shch</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Almond</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crme de Noyaux">Crme de Noyaux</a></dd>
+<dt>Anise</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rak">Rak</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></dd>
+<dt>Blackthorn shrub</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></dd>
+<dt>Chocolate</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></dd>
+<dt>Cinnamon</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></dd>
+<dt><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a></dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></dd>
+<dt>Coconut</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></dd>
+<dt>Coffee</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahla">Kahla</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></dd>
+<dt>Egg</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></dd>
+<dt>Hazelnut</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></dd>
+<dt>Herbs</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bndictine">Bndictine</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivn">Brennivn</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crme de menthe">Crme de menthe</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></dd>
+<dt>Honey</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Brenfang">Brenjger</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></dd>
+<dt>Juniper</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></dd>
+<dt>Orange</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaao (liqueur)">Curaao</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></dd>
+<dt>Peppers</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></dd>
+<dt>Star anise</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></dd>
+<dt>Sugarcane/molasses</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></dd>
+<dt>Various fruits</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crme de banane">Crme de banane</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crme de cassis">Crme de cassis</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;">
+<div>
+<dl>
+<dd><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Category:Alcoholic drinks">Category</a></dd>
+<dt><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> Portals</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></dd>
+<dt><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> WikiProjects</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Beer" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Beer">Beer</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spirits" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spirits">Spirits</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Wine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Wine">Wine</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol_and_health" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template talk:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Alcohol_and_health&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Alcohol_and_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">Alcohol and health</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br />
+interactions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Note: see <a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use">Template:Psychoactive substance use</a> for diagnoses
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder#Alcohol-induced_mood_disorders" title="Mood disorder">Alcohol-induced mood disorders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance<br />
+abuse<br />
+prevention</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol<br />
+limitation</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Recommended_maximum_intake_of_alcoholic_beverages" title="Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages">Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li>
+<li>Anti-addictive <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">disulfiram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">calcium carbimide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">cyanamide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">alcohol in the Bible</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islam and alcohol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcohol-free beverage definition controversy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Alcohol self-medication</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a>
+<ul>
+<li>0.08 <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">BAC</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(alcohol-related_amnesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)">Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/College_student_alcoholism" title="College student alcoholism">College student alcoholism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">pregaming</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Family systems</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Safety" title="Moonshine">moonshine contamination</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_market#Alcohol" title="Black market">black market</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">Sin tax</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" title="Pigovian tax">Pigovian tax</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (drug)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cocktails" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cocktails" title="Template:Cocktails"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cocktails" title="Template talk:Cocktails"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cocktails&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Cocktails" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktails</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Corpse_Reviver" title="Corpse Reviver">Corpse Reviver #2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon_(cocktail)" title="Death in the Afternoon (cocktail)">Death in the Afternoon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_(cocktail)" title="Earthquake (cocktail)">Earthquake</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Russian" title="Green Russian">Green Russian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Modernista" title="The Modernista">The Modernista</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moloko_Plus" title="Moloko Plus">Moloko Plus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sazerac_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazerac (cocktail)">Sazerac</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg" class="image" title="A gin and tonic"><img alt="A gin and tonic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg/150px-Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg" width="150" height="137" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg/225px-Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg/300px-Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tan" title="Black and Tan">Black and Tan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_Velvet_(beer_cocktail)" title="Black Velvet (beer cocktail)">Black Velvet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker_(beer_cocktail)" title="Boilermaker (beer cocktail)">Boilermaker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hangman%27s_Blood" title="Hangman's Blood">Hangman's Blood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Car_Bomb" title="Irish Car Bomb">Irish Car Bomb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michelada" title="Michelada">Michelada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Porchcrawler" title="Porchcrawler">Porchcrawler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sake_Bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sake Bomb">Sake Bomb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shandy" title="Shandy">Shandy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Snakebite_(drink)" title="Snakebite (drink)">Snakebite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U-Boot_(beer_cocktail)" title="U-Boot (beer cocktail)">U-Boot</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">cognac</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Duo_and_trio_cocktails#B_and_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Duo and trio cocktails">B & B</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#The_Blenheim" title="Joe Gilmore">The Blenheim</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)#Variations" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Brandy Manhattan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brandy_Sour_(Cyprus)" title="Brandy Sour (Cyprus)">Brandy Sour (Cyprus)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sour_(cocktail)#Other_sours" title="Sour (cocktail)">Brandy Sour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brandy_Daisy" title="Brandy Daisy">Brandy Daisy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cocktail" title="Chicago Cocktail">Chicago Cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Curacao_Punch" title="Curacao Punch">Curacao Punch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Four_Score" title="Joe Gilmore">Four Score</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hennchata" title="Hennchata">Hennchata</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Incredible_Hulk_(cocktail)" title="Incredible Hulk (cocktail)">Incredible Hulk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Rose_(cocktail)" title="Jack Rose (cocktail)">Jack Rose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaschka" title="Nikolaschka">Nikolaschka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_(cocktail)" title="Orgasm (cocktail)">Orgasm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panama_(cocktail)#Trios" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama (cocktail)">Panama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Savoy_Affair" title="Joe Gilmore">Savoy Affair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Savoy_Corpse_Reviver" title="Joe Gilmore">Savoy Corpse Reviver</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_(drink)" title="Tom and Jerry (drink)">Tom and Jerry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(cocktail)" title="Zombie (cocktail)">Zombie</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaa">Cachaa</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Batida_.28Shaken.29" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Batida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Caju_Amigo_.28Friendly_Cashew.29" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Caju Amigo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Leite_de_On.C3.A7a_.28Jaguar_Milk.29" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Leite de Ona</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Quent.C3.A3o_.28Hot_Stuff.29" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Quento</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Rabo-de-galo" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Rabo-de-galo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Royce_.28Shaken.29" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Royce</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_Velvet_(beer_cocktail)" title="Black Velvet (beer cocktail)">Black Velvet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_Fizz_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck's Fizz (cocktail)">Buck's Fizz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kir_Royal_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kir Royal (cocktail)">Kir Royal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_(cocktail)" title="20th Century (cocktail)">20th Century</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Duo_and_trio_cocktails#Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Duo and trio cocktails">Alexander</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bijou_(cocktail)" title="Bijou (cocktail)">Bijou</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bloodhound_(cocktail)" title="Bloodhound (cocktail)">Bloodhound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_(cocktail)" title="Bronx (cocktail)">Bronx</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_(cocktail)" title="Gibson (cocktail)">Gibson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(cocktail)" title="Gimlet (cocktail)">Gimlet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gin_and_tonic" title="Gin and tonic">Gin and tonic</a></li>
+<li>Gin buck (a <a href="/wiki/Buck_(cocktail)" title="Buck (cocktail)">Buck</a> variant)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gin_pahit" title="Gin pahit">Gin pahit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gin Sour">Gin Sour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hanky-Panky_cocktail" title="Hanky-Panky cocktail">Hanky-Panky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Highball_(cocktail)#List_of_highball_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Highball (cocktail)">Joker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Word_(cocktail)" title="The Last Word (cocktail)">The Last Word</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lime_Rickey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime Rickey">Lime Rickey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (cocktail)">Lorraine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Slim" title="Mickey Slim">Mickey Slim</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_Cocktail" class="mw-redirect" title="My Fair Lady Cocktail">My Fair Lady</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Etonian_(cocktail)" title="Old Etonian (cocktail)">Old Etonian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_(cocktail)" title="Paradise (cocktail)">Paradise</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pegu_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu (cocktail)">Pegu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pimm%27s_Cup_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimm's Cup (cocktail)">Pimm's Cup</a> (incl. Nos. 1, 3, 6, and variants)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Gin" title="Pink Gin">Pink Gin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pink_lady_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink lady (cocktail)">Pink Lady</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arrival" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arrival">Royal Arrival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Highball_(cocktail)#Salty_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Highball (cocktail)">Salty Dog</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple_cocktail#Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirley Temple cocktail">Shirley Temple Black</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Collins" title="Tom Collins">Tom Collins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/White_Lady_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Lady (cocktail)">White Lady</a> or Delilah</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Cocktail" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Cocktail">Wolfram</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ouzini_(Cyprus_Cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouzini (Cyprus Cocktail)">Ouzini</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hawaii_(drink)" title="Blue Hawaii (drink)">Blue Hawaii</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Monkey_(cocktail)" title="Brass Monkey (cocktail)">Brass Monkey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bumbo" title="Bumbo">Bumbo</a> (also called a Bombo or Bumboo)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bushwacker_(cocktail)" title="Bushwacker (cocktail)">Bushwacker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caribou_Lou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou Lou">Caribou Lou</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cojito" title="Cojito">Cojito</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Corn_N%27_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn N' Oil">Corn N' Oil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Culto_A_La_Vida" title="Culto A La Vida">Culto A La Vida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Presidente_(cocktail)" title="El Presidente (cocktail)">El Presidente</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_House_Punch" title="Fish House Punch">Fish House Punch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Doctor_Pepper" title="Flaming Doctor Pepper">Flaming Dr Pepper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_volcano" title="Flaming volcano">Flaming Volcano</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fluffy_Critter" title="Fluffy Critter">Fluffy Critter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Goldeneye" title="The Goldeneye">The Goldeneye</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">Grog</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gunfire_(drink)" title="Gunfire (drink)">Gunfire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Cooler" title="Havana Cooler">Havana Cooler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(cocktail)" title="Hurricane (cocktail)">Hurricane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macu%C3%A1" title="Macu">Macu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Painkiller_(cocktail)" title="Painkiller (cocktail)">Painkiller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bermuda_Yacht_Club#Cocktail" title="Royal Bermuda Yacht Club">Royal Bermuda Cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Swizzle" title="Rum Swizzle">Rum Swizzle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Ferry_(cocktail)" title="Staten Island Ferry (cocktail)">Staten Island Ferry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sundowner_(drink)" title="Sundowner (drink)">Sundowner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ti%27_Punch" title="Ti' Punch">Ti' Punch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_(drink)" title="Tom and Jerry (drink)">Tom and Jerry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tschunk" title="Tschunk">Tschunk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Bird_(cocktail)" title="Yellow Bird (cocktail)">Yellow Bird</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(cocktail)" title="Zombie (cocktail)">Zombie</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Mary" title="Ginza Mary">Ginza Mary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sake_bomb" title="Sake bomb">Sake Bomb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tamagozake" title="Tamagozake">Tamagozake</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bananarita" title="Bananarita">Bananarita</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Duo_and_trio_cocktails#Bloody_Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Duo and trio cocktails">Bloody Aztec</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chimay%C3%B3_Cocktail" title="Chimay Cocktail">Chimay Cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Toro_Loco" class="mw-redirect" title="El Toro Loco">El Toro Loco</a> Patron and Redbull</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Collins_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Collins (cocktail)">Juan Collins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matador_(cocktail)" title="Matador (cocktail)">Matador</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paloma_(cocktail)" title="Paloma (cocktail)">Paloma</a></li>
+<li>Slammer Royale or <a href="/wiki/Tequila_Slammer" title="Tequila Slammer">Tequila Slammer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_and_Tonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tequila and Tonic">Tequila and Tonic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tequila_Mockingbird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tequila Mockingbird (page does not exist)">Tequila Mockingbird</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_Sour" title="Tequila Sour">Tequila Sour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torito_Tequila_Cocktail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torito Tequila Cocktail (page does not exist)">Torito Tequila Cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_kids_in_A_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two kids in A Cup (page does not exist)">Two kids in A Cup</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange_(cocktail)" title="Agent Orange (cocktail)">Agent Orange</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Appletini" title="Appletini">Apple Martini</a> or Appletini</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Astro_pop_(cocktail)" title="Astro pop (cocktail)">Astro pop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Batida_.28Shaken.29" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Batida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Breeze" title="Bay Breeze">Bay Breeze</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BLT_cocktail" title="BLT cocktail">BLT cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Lagoon_(cocktail)" title="Blue Lagoon (cocktail)">Blue Lagoon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Shot">Bull Shot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(cocktail)" title="Caesar (cocktail)">Caesar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caipirinha#Variations" title="Caipirinha">Caipivodka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Codder_(cocktail)" title="Cape Codder (cocktail)">Cape Cod</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a_colada#Variations" title="Pia colada">Chi-Chi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_(cocktail)" title="Colombia (cocktail)">Colombia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fizzy_apple_cocktail" title="Fizzy apple cocktail">Fizzy apple cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flirtini" title="Flirtini">Flirtini</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(cocktail)" title="Gimlet (cocktail)">Gimlet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Goldeneye" title="The Goldeneye">The Goldeneye</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_(cocktail)" title="Greyhound (cocktail)">Greyhound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrogate_Nights_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrogate Nights (cocktail)">Harrogate Nights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Screwdriver_(cocktail)#Variations" title="Screwdriver (cocktail)">Hi-fi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_Pick_(cocktail)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice Pick (cocktail) (page does not exist)">Ice Pick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Court_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington Court Special">Kensington Court Special</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mint_Julep#Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint Julep">Kremlin Colonel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_Drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon Drop">Lemon Drop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lime_Rickey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime Rickey">Lime Rickey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Link_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Up">Link Up</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Duo_and_trio_cocktails#List_of_Duos_and_Trios" class="mw-redirect" title="Duo and trio cocktails">Mudslide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Tundra" title="Orange Tundra">Orange Tundra</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Highball_(cocktail)#Paralyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Highball (cocktail)">Paralyzer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Duo_and_trio_cocktails#List_of_Duos_and_Trios" class="mw-redirect" title="Duo and trio cocktails">Red Lotus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Russian_(cocktail)" title="Red Russian (cocktail)">Red Russian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy_Cocktail" title="Rose Kennedy Cocktail">Rose Kennedy Cocktail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salmiakki_Koskenkorva" title="Salmiakki Koskenkorva">Salmiakki Koskenkorva</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salty_Dog_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salty Dog (cocktail)">Salty Dog</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(cocktail)" title="Gimlet (cocktail)">Vodka Gimlet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_Martini" title="Vodka Martini">Vodka Martini</a> or Kangaroo.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Highball_(cocktail)#List_of_highball_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Highball (cocktail)">Vodka McGovern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sundowner_(drink)" title="Sundowner (drink)">Vodka Sundowner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_Sunrise_(cocktail)#Variations" title="Tequila Sunrise (cocktail)">Vodka Sunrise</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wassa_World_(cocktail)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wassa World (cocktail) (page does not exist)">Wassa World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Woo_Woo_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woo Woo (cocktail)">Woo Woo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yorsh" title="Yorsh">Yorsh</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Moon" title="Amber Moon">Amber Moon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_beverage#Blue_Blazer_cocktail" title="Flaming beverage">Blue Blazer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Burns_(drink)" title="Bobby Burns (drink)">Bobby Burns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Lancer" title="Bourbon Lancer">Bourbon Lancer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_(cocktail)" title="Brooklyn (cocktail)">Brooklyn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill (cocktail)">Churchill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Farnell_(cocktail)" title="Farnell (cocktail)">Farnell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_(drink)" title="Four Horsemen (drink)">Four Horsemen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_and_Coke" title="Jack and Coke">Jack and Coke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Juice">Jungle Juice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_Lemonade" title="Lynchburg Lemonade">Lynchburg Lemonade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Mule" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Mule">Missouri Mule</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon (cocktail)">Nixon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_cocktail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rob Roy cocktail">Rob Roy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/7_and_7" title="7 and 7">Seven and Seven</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Wise_Men_(cocktail)" title="Three Wise Men (cocktail)">Three Wise Men</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ward_8_(cocktail)" title="Ward 8 (cocktail)">Ward 8</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_Mac" title="Whisky Mac">Whisky Mac</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_glass" title="Cocktail glass">Cocktail glass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party" title="Cocktail party">Cocktail party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_shaker" title="Cocktail shaker">Cocktail shaker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dale_DeGroff" title="Dale DeGroff">Dale DeGroff</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_beverage" title="Flaming beverage">Flaming beverage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Highball" title="Highball">Highball</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duo_and_trio_cocktails" title="List of duo and trio cocktails">List of duo and trio cocktails</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">List of IBA official cocktails</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_drink" title="Mixed drink">Mixed drink</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fine_Art_of_Mixing_Drinks" title="The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks">The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Flessen drank.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/27px-Flessen_drank.jpg" width="27" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/41px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/54px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wine_by_country&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" title="List of wine-producing countries">country</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Grape-symbol.svg" class="image"><img alt="Grape-symbol.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grape-symbol.svg/35px-Grape-symbol.svg.png" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grape-symbol.svg/53px-Grape-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grape-symbol.svg/70px-Grape-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sabile" title="Sabile">Latvia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">Macedonia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Singani" title="Singani">Bolivia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_drinks" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_drinks" title="Template:Lists of drinks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_drinks" title="Template talk:Lists of drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lists_of_drinks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Lists_of_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_drinks" title="Lists of drinks">Lists of drinks</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinks" title="List of drinks">List of drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley-based_drinks" title="List of barley-based drinks">Barley-based drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bottled_water_brands" title="List of bottled water brands">Bottled water brands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brand_name_soft_drink_products" title="List of brand name soft drink products">Brand name soft drink products</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breakfast_drinks" title="List of breakfast drinks">Breakfast drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_drinks" title="List of chocolate drinks">Chocolate drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_soft_drinks" title="List of citrus soft drinks">Citrus soft drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea#Major_varieties" title="Herbal tea">Herbal teas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_drinks" title="List of hot drinks">Hot drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_juices" title="List of juices">Juices</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lemon_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of lemon dishes and beverages">Lemon dishes and beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lemonade_topics" title="List of lemonade topics">Lemonade topics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_beverages" title="List of rice beverages">Rice beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drink_flavors" title="List of soft drink flavors">Soft drink flavors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drink_producers" title="List of soft drink producers">Soft drink producers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drinks_by_country" title="List of soft drinks by country">Soft drinks by country</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">U.S. state beverages</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic drinks</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List of alcoholic drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_by_region" title="Beer by region">Beer by region</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cider_brands" title="List of cider brands">Cider brands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liqueurs" title="List of liqueurs">Liqueurs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_liquors" title="List of national liquors">National liquors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piscos" title="List of piscos">Piscos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rum_producers" title="List of rum producers">Rum producers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tequilas" title="List of tequilas">Tequilas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vodkas" title="List of vodkas">Vodkas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands" title="List of whisky brands">Whisky brands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wines" title="Lists of wines">Wines</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktails</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Beer_cocktail" title="Beer cocktail">Beer cocktail</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails_named_after_New_York_City_boroughs" title="List of cocktails named after New York City boroughs">Cocktails named after New York City boroughs</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cocktails with cachaa">Cocktails with cachaa</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails_with_wine,_sparkling_wine,_or_port" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cocktails with wine, sparkling wine, or port">Cocktails with wine, sparkling wine, or port</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_duo_and_trio_cocktails" title="List of duo and trio cocktails">Duo and trio cocktails</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Highball" title="Highball">Highball</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_martini_variations" title="List of martini variations">Martini variations</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Shooter_(drink)" title="Shooter (drink)">Shooters</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Well_drink" title="Well drink">Well drink</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Wine_cocktail" title="Wine cocktail">Wine cocktail</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_drink" title="Caffeinated drink">Caffeinated drinks</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_drinks" title="List of energy drinks">Energy drinks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bolivian_drinks" title="List of Bolivian drinks">Bolivian drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_drinks" title="List of Brazilian drinks">Brazilian drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alcoholic_beverages" title="Chinese alcoholic beverages">Chinese alcoholic beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">Chinese teas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine#List_of_Cuban_drinks" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban drinks</a></li>
+<li>France
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e_wines" title="List of Appellation d'Origine Contrle wines">AOC wines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VDQS_wines" title="List of VDQS wines">VDQS wines</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_beverages" title="List of Indian beverages">Indian beverages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_drinks" title="List of Indonesian drinks">Indonesian drinks</a></li>
+<li>Italian
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_soda" title="Italian soda">Italian soda</a></li>
+<li>Wines
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOC_wines" title="List of Italian DOC wines">Italian DOC wines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOCG_wines" title="List of Italian DOCG wines">Italian DOCG wines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_IGT_wines" title="List of Italian IGT wines">Italian IGT wines</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japanese wine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_beverages" title="List of Korean beverages">Korean beverages</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_alcoholic_beverages" title="Korean alcoholic beverages">Korean alcoholic beverages</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnamese wine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_drinks" title="Category:Lists of drinks">Category</a></b></li>
+<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beverages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beverages">Commons</a></b></li>
+<li><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject Food and drink</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Drug_use&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Major<br />
+recreational<br />
+drugs</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Medical
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Suboxone</li>
+<li>Subutex</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Krokodil</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Darvocet</li>
+<li>Darvon</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Heroin</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Dilaudid</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Kratom</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paan" title="Paan">Betel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra">Ephedra</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" title="Empathogenentactogen">Entactogens</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Benzofury</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Ecstasy</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD-25</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">Marijuana</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quaaludes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaaludes">Quaaludes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (Ecstasy)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tea_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea house">Tea house</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports bar">Sports bar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing_(electronic_cigarette)" title="Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)">Cloud-chasing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Drug<br />
+production<br />
+and trade</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br />
+production</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_precursors" title="Drug precursors">Drug precursors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_distribution" title="Drug distribution">Drug distribution</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Issues with<br />
+drug use</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Prevention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible use</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a>
+<ul>
+<li>of tobacco or other substances</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legality of<br />
+drug use</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">International</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">State level</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug policy<br />
+by country</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" title="Philippine Drug War">Philippine Drug War</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists of<br />
+countries by...</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country" title="Legality of cannabis by country">Cannabis legality</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cigarette_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita">Cigarette consumption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohols" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohols" title="Template:Alcohols"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohols" title="Template talk:Alcohols"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Alcohols&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Alcohols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohols</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Straight-chain<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Primary_alcohol" title="Primary alcohol">primary<br />
+alcohols</a> (1)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+1</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+2</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">1-Propanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+3</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Butanol" title="N-Butanol"><i>n</i>-Butanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+4</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Pentanol" title="1-Pentanol">1-Pentanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+5</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Hexanol" title="1-Hexanol">1-Hexanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+6</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Heptanol" title="1-Heptanol">1-Heptanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+7</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Octanol" title="1-Octanol">1-Octanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+8</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Nonanol" title="1-Nonanol">1-Nonanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+9</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Decanol" title="1-Decanol">1-Decanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+10</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Undecanol" title="Undecanol">Undecanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+11</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanol" title="Dodecanol">Dodecanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+12</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tridecan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tridecan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Tridecan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+13</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Tetradecanol" title="1-Tetradecanol">1-Tetradecanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+14</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentadecan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentadecan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Pentadecan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+15</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cetyl_alcohol" title="Cetyl alcohol">Cetyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+16</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptadecan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptadecan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Heptadecan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+17</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stearyl_alcohol" title="Stearyl alcohol">Stearyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+18</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonadecan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonadecan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Nonadecan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+19</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arachidyl_alcohol" title="Arachidyl alcohol">Arachidyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+20</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heneicosan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heneicosan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Heneicosan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+21</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Docosanol" title="Docosanol">Docosanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+22</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricosan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricosan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Tricosan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+23</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Tetracosanol" title="1-Tetracosanol">1-Tetracosanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+24</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentacosan-1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentacosan-1-ol (page does not exist)">Pentacosan-1-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+25</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Hexacosanol" title="1-Hexacosanol">1-Hexacosanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+26</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Heptacosanol" title="1-Heptacosanol">1-Heptacosanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+27</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Octacosanol" title="1-Octacosanol">1-Octacosanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+28</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Nonacosanol" title="1-Nonacosanol">1-Nonacosanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+29</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triacontanol" title="Triacontanol">Triacontanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+30</span></span>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other primary<br />
+alcohols</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">Isobutanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+4</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoamyl_alcohol" title="Isoamyl alcohol">Isoamyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+5</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-1-butanol" title="2-Methyl-1-butanol">2-Methyl-1-butanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+5</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenethyl_alcohol" title="Phenethyl alcohol">Phenethyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+8</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophol" title="Tryptophol">Tryptophol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+10</span></span>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary<br />
+alcohols (2)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+3</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Butanol" title="2-Butanol">2-Butanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+4</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Pentanol" title="2-Pentanol">2-Pentanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+5</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Hexanol" title="2-Hexanol">2-Hexanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+6</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Heptanol" title="2-Heptanol">2-Heptanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+7</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">Cyclohexanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+6</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Octanol" title="2-Octanol">2-Octanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+8</span></span>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary<br />
+alcohols (3)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Butyl alcohol"><i>tert</i>-Butyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+4</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Amyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Amyl alcohol"><i>tert</i>-Amyl alcohol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+5</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-2-pentanol" title="2-Methyl-2-pentanol">2-Methyl-2-pentanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+6</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylhexan-2-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylhexan-2-ol (page does not exist)">2-Methylhexan-2-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+7</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylheptan-2-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylheptan-2-ol (page does not exist)">2-Methylheptan-2-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+8</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-3-pentanol" title="3-Methyl-3-pentanol">3-Methyl-3-pentanol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+6</span></span>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methyloctan-3-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methyloctan-3-ol (page does not exist)">3-Methyloctan-3-ol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />
+9</span></span>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center">Consumption of ethanol </div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorder_.28F10.E2.80.93F19.2C_291.E2.80.93292.3B_303.E2.80.93305.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template talk:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Psychoactive_substance_use&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorder_.28F10.E2.80.93F19.2C_291.E2.80.93292.3B_303.E2.80.93305.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">substance-related disorder</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_V:_Mental_and_behavioural_disorders#.28F10.E2.80.93F19.29_Mental_and_behavioural_disorders_due_to_psychoactive_substance_use" title="ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders">F10F19</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes_290%E2%80%93319:_mental_disorders#Psychoactive_substance" title="List of ICD-9 codes 290319: mental disorders">291292; 303305</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder#Substance-induced_disorders" title="Substance-related disorder">SID</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Substance intoxication</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">SUD</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Substance use disorder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance-related disorders">Substance-related disorders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SID</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neurological<br />
+disorders</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">Alcohol withdrawal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a> (FASD)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">Fetal alcohol syndrome</a> (FAS)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome" title="Korsakoff's syndrome">Korsakoff's syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="WernickeKorsakoff syndrome">WernickeKorsakoff syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digestive<br />
+system</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Auto-brewery_syndrome" title="Auto-brewery syndrome">Auto-brewery syndrome</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nervous<br />
+system</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">Alcohol-related dementia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular<br />
+system</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUD</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> (alcohol use disorder)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_caffeine_on_memory" title="Effect of caffeine on memory">Effect of caffeine on memory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_sleep_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced sleep disorder">Caffeine-induced sleep disorder</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogen</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder" title="Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder">Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> /<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>:</i> SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>:</i> SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate overdose</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Volatile<br />
+solvent</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalant abuse">Inhalant abuse</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene toxicity</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>SID
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Combined_drug_intoxication" title="Combined drug intoxication">Combined drug intoxication</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>SUD
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polysubstance_dependence" title="Polysubstance dependence">Polysubstance dependence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Drug_use&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Major<br />
+recreational<br />
+drugs</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Medical
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Suboxone</li>
+<li>Subutex</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Krokodil</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Darvocet</li>
+<li>Darvon</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Heroin</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Dilaudid</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Kratom</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paan" title="Paan">Betel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra">Ephedra</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" title="Empathogenentactogen">Entactogens</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Benzofury</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Ecstasy</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD-25</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">Marijuana</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quaaludes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaaludes">Quaaludes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (Ecstasy)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tea_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea house">Tea house</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports bar">Sports bar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing_(electronic_cigarette)" title="Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)">Cloud-chasing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Drug<br />
+production<br />
+and trade</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br />
+production</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_precursors" title="Drug precursors">Drug precursors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_distribution" title="Drug distribution">Drug distribution</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Issues with<br />
+drug use</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Prevention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible use</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a>
+<ul>
+<li>of tobacco or other substances</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legality of<br />
+drug use</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">International</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">State level</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug policy<br />
+by country</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" title="Philippine Drug War">Philippine Drug War</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists of<br />
+countries by...</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country" title="Legality of cannabis by country">Cannabis legality</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cigarette_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita">Cigarette consumption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_therapeutic_products_.28V03AG.E2.80.93V03AZ.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Other_therapeutic_products" title="Template:Other therapeutic products"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Other_therapeutic_products" title="Template talk:Other therapeutic products"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Other_therapeutic_products&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Other_therapeutic_products_.28V03AG.E2.80.93V03AZ.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other therapeutic products (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03#V03AG" title="ATC code V03">V03AG</a><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03#V03AZ" title="ATC code V03">V03AZ</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cellulose_phosphate" title="Sodium cellulose phosphate">Sodium cellulose phosphate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycaemia">hypoglycaemia</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical gases</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nerve depressants</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(medicine)" title="Alcohol (medicine)">Ethanol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center">Patophysiology of ethanol </div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antidotes_.28V03AB.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidotes" title="Template:Antidotes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antidotes" title="Template talk:Antidotes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Antidotes&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Antidotes_.28V03AB.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03#V03AB" title="ATC code V03">V03AB</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous<br />
+system</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve agent</a> /<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">Organophosphate<br />
+poisoning</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">Oximes</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">Obidoxime</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">Pralidoxime</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><i>see also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">Cholinesterase</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate<br />
+overdose</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Ethamivan</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine<br />
+overdose</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GHB_overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="GHB overdose">GHB overdose</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SCH-50911" title="SCH-50911">SCH-50911</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxapram" title="Doxapram">Doxapram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reversal of<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">neuromuscular blockade</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sugammadex" title="Sugammadex">Sugammadex</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory<br />
+system</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker#Adverse_effects" title="Beta blocker">Beta blocker</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_toxicity" title="Digoxin toxicity">Digoxin toxicity</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_Immune_Fab" class="mw-redirect" title="Digoxin Immune Fab">Digoxin Immune Fab</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heparin#Treatment_of_overdose" title="Heparin">Heparin</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Protamine_sulfate" title="Protamine sulfate">Protamine</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaptosuccinic_acid" title="Dimercaptosuccinic acid">Succimer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">Cyanide poisoning</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4-Dimethylaminophenol" title="4-Dimethylaminophenol">4-Dimethylaminophenol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">Hydroxocobalamin</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">Sodium nitrite</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">Sodium thiosulfate</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">Hydrofluoric acid</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">Calcium gluconate</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> /<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_poisoning" title="Ethylene glycol poisoning">Ethylene glycol<br />
+poisoning</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Primary alcohols: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(medicine)" title="Alcohol (medicine)">Ethanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fomepizole" title="Fomepizole">Fomepizole</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracetamol toxicity">Paracetamol toxicity</a><br />
+(Acetaminophen)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcysteine" title="Acetylcysteine">Acetylcysteine</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">Toxic metals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">cadmium</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_poisoning" title="Thallium poisoning">thallium</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Edetates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">Potassium iodide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylthioninium chloride</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone/promethazine" title="Prednisolone/promethazine">Prednisolone/promethazine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">Emetic</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper sulfate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychotria_ipecacuanha" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotria ipecacuanha">Ipecacuanha</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac">Syrup of ipecac</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;">
+<div>
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li>
+<li><sup></sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>:
+<ul>
+<li><sup></sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li>
+<li><sup></sup>Never to phase III</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anxiolytics_.28N05B.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anxiolytics" title="Template talk:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Anxiolytics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Anxiolytics_.28N05B.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B" title="ATC code N05">N05B</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor"><abbr title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub>R</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a><sup></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>R</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a><sup></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a><sup></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a>; <i>Herbs:</i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a><br />
+<small>(<a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit"><sub>2</sub></abbr> <abbr title="voltage-dependent calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">blockers</a>)</small></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">MAOIs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>); <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a><br />
+<small>(<a href="/wiki/Antiadrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiadrenergic">Antiadrenergics</a>)</small></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzoctamine" title="Benzoctamine">Benzoctamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sceletium_tortuosum" title="Sceletium tortuosum">Kanna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula" title="Lavandula">Lavender</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorpiprazole" title="Lorpiprazole">Lorpiprazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a><sup></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Validolum" class="mw-redirect" title="Validolum">Validolum</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li>
+<li><sup></sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>:
+<ul>
+<li><sup></sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li>
+<li><sup></sup>Never to phase III</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypnotics.2Fsedatives_.28N05C.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template:Hypnotics and sedatives"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template talk:Hypnotics and sedatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Hypnotics.2Fsedatives_.28N05C.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05C" title="ATC code N05">N05C</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohols</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2M2B" class="mw-redirect" title="2M2B">2M2B</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mephobarbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mephobarbital">Mephobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxibarbal">Proxibarbal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alphadolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">Alphaxolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eltanolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eltanolone">Eltanolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">Lithium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">Sodium bromide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kavalactone" title="Kavalactone">Kavalactones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">Tetronal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">Trional</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">Sesquiterpene</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">Isovaleramide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">Valerenic acid</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Fluorophenibut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Valerolactone" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">GVL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/H1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="H1 receptor">H<sub>1</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methapyrilene" title="Methapyrilene">Methapyrilene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonists_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors">Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor"><sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ramelteon" title="Ramelteon">Ramelteon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tasimelteon" title="Tasimelteon">Tasimelteon</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Almorexant" title="Almorexant">Almorexant</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Filorexant" title="Filorexant">Filorexant</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">Suvorexant</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit"><sub>2</sub></abbr> <abbr title="voltage-gated calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophenylalkyldiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorophenylalkyldiol (page does not exist)">Chlorophenylalkyldiols</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metaglycodol" title="Metaglycodol">Metaglycodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol (page does not exist)">Diethylpropanediol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evoxine" title="Evoxine">Evoxine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fenadiazole" title="Fenadiazole">Fenadiazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guaifenesin" title="Guaifenesin">Guaifenesin</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenesin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorphenesin">Chlorphenesin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mephenesin" title="Mephenesin">Mephenesin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metaxalone" title="Metaxalone">Metaxalone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passion flower</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/UMB68" class="mw-redirect" title="UMB68">UMB68</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_dependants" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_dependants" title="Template:Physical dependants"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Physical_dependants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Physical dependants (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Physical_dependants&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Physical_dependants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependants</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mu-opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu-opioid receptor"></a>-<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">All <a href="/wiki/Mu-opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu-opioid receptor"></a>-<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> with any (even slight) <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> effect, such as (partial list) <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">nalbuphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fentanil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fentanil">fentanil</a>, but not agonists specific to non- opioid receptors, such as <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">salvinorin A</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Kappa_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa opioid receptor">k-opioid</a> agonist), nor <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">opioid antagonists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a> (a universal opioid <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonist</a>)</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">All <a href="/wiki/GABA" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA">GABA</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonists">agonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/GABA-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA-A">GABA-A</a> <a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionotropic receptor">ionotropic receptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/GABA-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA-B">GABA-B</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">metabotropic receptor</a> subunits, of which the following drugs are examples (partial list):
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">Alcohols</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">barbiturates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbenzodiazepines">nonbenzodiazepines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z-drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-drugs">z-drugs</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbamates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbamates">carbamates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">clomethiazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />
+drug groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptic">antiepileptic</a></li>
+<li>blood pressure medications</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic-anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic-anabolic steroids">androgenic-anabolic steroids</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucocorticoids">glucocorticoids</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other drugs</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurotoxins" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotoxins" title="Template:Neurotoxins"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotoxins" title="Template talk:Neurotoxins"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Neurotoxins&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Neurotoxins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bestoxin" title="Bestoxin">Bestoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Birtoxin" title="Birtoxin">Birtoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Huwentoxin" title="Huwentoxin">Huwentoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vanillotoxin" title="Vanillotoxin">Vanillotoxin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial toxin">Bacterial</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant toxin">Plant</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Penitrem_A" title="Penitrem A">Penitrem A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fenpropathrin" title="Fenpropathrin">Fenpropathrin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rotenone" title="Rotenone">Rotenone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve agents</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center">Pharmacology of ethanol </div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff">
+<div id="Acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors">mAChRs</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor agonist">Agonists</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/77-LH-28-1" title="77-LH-28-1">77-LH-28-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-42 (page does not exist)">AC-42</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-260,584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-260,584 (page does not exist)">AC-260,584</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF30 (page does not exist)">AF30</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF150(S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF150(S) (page does not exist)">AF150(S)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF267B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF267B (page does not exist)">AF267B</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alvameline" title="Alvameline">Alvameline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQRA-741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQRA-741 (page does not exist)">AQRA-741</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bethanechol" title="Bethanechol">Bethanechol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bevonium" title="Bevonium">Bevonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0034 (page does not exist)">CDD-0034</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0078 (page does not exist)">CDD-0078</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0097&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0097 (page does not exist)">CDD-0097</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0098 (page does not exist)">CDD-0098</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0102 (page does not exist)">CDD-0102</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cevimeline" title="Cevimeline">Cevimeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Dioxolane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-Dioxolane">cis-Dioxolane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itameline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itameline (page does not exist)">Itameline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-593,039&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-593,039 (page does not exist)">LY-593,039</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689,660&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689,660 (page does not exist)">L-689,660</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2,033,298&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2,033,298 (page does not exist)">LY-2,033,298</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McNA343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McNA343 (page does not exist)">McNA343</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methacholine" title="Methacholine">Methacholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milameline" title="Milameline">Milameline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Muscarine" title="Muscarine">Muscarine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGX-267&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGX-267 (page does not exist)">NGX-267</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocvimeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocvimeline (page does not exist)">Ocvimeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxotremorine" title="Oxotremorine">Oxotremorine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-151,832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-151,832 (page does not exist)">PD-151,832</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS86 (page does not exist)">RS86</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sabcomeline" title="Sabcomeline">Sabcomeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_210-086&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ 210-086 (page does not exist)">SDZ 210-086</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Talsaclidine" title="Talsaclidine">Talsaclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tazomeline" title="Tazomeline">Tazomeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiopilocarpine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiopilocarpine (page does not exist)">Thiopilocarpine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vedaclidine" title="Vedaclidine">Vedaclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0029767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0029767 (page does not exist)">VU-0029767</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0090157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0090157 (page does not exist)">VU-0090157</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0152099&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0152099 (page does not exist)">VU-0152099</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0152100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0152100 (page does not exist)">VU-0152100</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VU-0238429" title="VU-0238429">VU-0238429</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-132,983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-132,983 (page does not exist)">WAY-132,983</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline" title="Xanomeline">Xanomeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-796&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-796 (page does not exist)">YM-796</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4-DAMP" title="4-DAMP">4-DAMP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide" title="Aclidinium bromide">Aclidinium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aclidinium/formoterol" title="Aclidinium/formoterol">+formoterol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF-DX_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF-DX 250 (page does not exist)">AF-DX 250</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AFDX-384" title="AFDX-384">AF-DX 384</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ambutonium_bromide" title="Ambutonium bromide">Ambutonium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First-generation_antihistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="First-generation antihistamine">Antihistamines (first-generation)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buclizine" title="Buclizine">buclizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">captodiame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">cinnarizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">clemastine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">cyproheptadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">dimetindene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">doxylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">meclizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mequitazine" title="Mequitazine">mequitazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">perlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenindamine" title="Phenindamine">phenindamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">phenyltoloxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">propiomazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">triprolidine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQ-RA_741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQ-RA 741 (page does not exist)">AQ-RA 741</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atropine_methonitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropine methonitrate">Atropine methonitrate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilapine (page does not exist)">rilapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenilapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenilapine (page does not exist)">tenilapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">Benactyzine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzilone" title="Benzilone">Benzilone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzilylcholine_mustard" title="Benzilylcholine mustard">Benzilylcholine mustard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BIBN_99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIBN 99 (page does not exist)">BIBN 99</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprine" title="Bornaprine">Bornaprine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Camylofin" title="Camylofin">Camylofin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,282&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,282 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,282</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,368 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,368</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,537 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,537</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,668 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,668</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cimetropium_bromide" title="Cimetropium bromide">Cimetropium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clidinium_bromide" title="Clidinium bromide">Clidinium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-27349&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-27349 (page does not exist)">CS-27349</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentolate" title="Cyclopentolate">Cyclopentolate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAU-5884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAU-5884 (page does not exist)">DAU-5884</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desfesoterodine" title="Desfesoterodine">Desfesoterodine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dexetimide" title="Dexetimide">Dexetimide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIBD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIBD (page does not exist)">DIBD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dicycloverine" title="Dicycloverine">Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihexyverine" title="Dihexyverine">Dihexyverine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Difemerine" title="Difemerine">Difemerine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diphemanil_metilsulfate" title="Diphemanil metilsulfate">Diphemanil metilsulfate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">Ditran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emepronium_bromide" title="Emepronium bromide">Emepronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etanautine" title="Etanautine">Etanautine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fenpiverinium" title="Fenpiverinium">Fenpiverinium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fentonium" title="Fentonium">Fentonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fesoterodine" title="Fesoterodine">Fesoterodine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flavoxate" title="Flavoxate">Flavoxate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Glycopyrronium bromide">Glycopyrronium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium" title="Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium">+beclometasone/formoterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indacaterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide">+indacaterol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrodifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexahydrodifenidol (page does not exist)">Hexahydrodifenidol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrosiladifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexahydrosiladifenidol (page does not exist)">Hexahydrosiladifenidol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexbutinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexbutinol (page does not exist)">Hexbutinol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexocyclium" title="Hexocyclium">Hexocyclium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Himbacine" title="Himbacine">Himbacine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HL-031,120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HL-031,120 (page does not exist)">HL-031,120</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homatropine" title="Homatropine">Homatropine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imidafenacin" title="Imidafenacin">Imidafenacin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide" title="Ipratropium bromide">Ipratropium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide/salbutamol" title="Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol">+salbutamol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isopropamide" title="Isopropamide">Isopropamide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J-104,129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J-104,129 (page does not exist)">J-104,129</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins" title="Mamba">Mamba toxin 3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins" title="Mamba">Mamba toxin 7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mazaticol" title="Mazaticol">Mazaticol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mebeverine" title="Mebeverine">Mebeverine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meladrazine" title="Meladrazine">Meladrazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mepenzolate" title="Mepenzolate">Mepenzolate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methantheline" title="Methantheline">Methantheline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoctramine" title="Methoctramine">Methoctramine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylatropine" title="Methylatropine">Methylatropine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylhomatropine" title="Methylhomatropine">Methylhomatropine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylscopolamine_bromide" title="Methylscopolamine bromide">Methylscopolamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metixene" title="Metixene">Metixene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_toxin_7" title="Muscarinic toxin 7">Muscarinic toxin 7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Octatropine_methylbromide" title="Octatropine methylbromide">Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otenzepad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otenzepad (page does not exist)">Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxapium_iodide" title="Oxapium iodide">Oxapium iodide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxitropium_bromide" title="Oxitropium bromide">Oxitropium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxybutynin" title="Oxybutynin">Oxybutynin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphencyclimine" title="Oxyphencyclimine">Oxyphencyclimine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenonium_bromide" title="Oxyphenonium bromide">Oxyphenonium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBID (page does not exist)">PBID</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PD-102,807" title="PD-102,807">PD-102,807</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PD-0298029" title="PD-0298029">PD-0298029</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Penthienate" title="Penthienate">Penthienate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PFHHSiD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PFHHSiD (page does not exist)">pFHHSiD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenglutarimide" title="Phenglutarimide">Phenglutarimide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pipenzolate_bromide" title="Pipenzolate bromide">Pipenzolate bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperidolate" title="Piperidolate">Piperidolate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirenzepine" title="Pirenzepine">Pirenzepine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piroheptine" title="Piroheptine">Piroheptine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poldine" title="Poldine">Poldine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pridinol" title="Pridinol">Pridinol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prifinium_bromide" title="Prifinium bromide">Prifinium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Procyclidine" title="Procyclidine">Procyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Profenamine" title="Profenamine">Profenamine (ethopropazine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propantheline_bromide" title="Propantheline bromide">Propantheline bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propiverine" title="Propiverine">Propiverine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revefenacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revefenacin (page does not exist)">Revefenacin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rociverine" title="Rociverine">Rociverine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-47,213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-47,213 (page does not exist)">RU-47,213</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-57,790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-57,790 (page does not exist)">SCH-57,790</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-72,788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-72,788 (page does not exist)">SCH-72,788</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-217,443&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-217,443 (page does not exist)">SCH-217,443</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" title="Hyoscine">Scopolamine (hyoscine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_butylbromide" title="Hyoscine butylbromide">Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahexacyclium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahexacyclium (page does not exist)">Silahexacyclium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofpironium_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofpironium bromide (page does not exist)">Sofpironium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">femoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Telenzepine" title="Telenzepine">Telenzepine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tiemonium_iodide" title="Tiemonium iodide">Tiemonium iodide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timepidium_bromide" title="Timepidium bromide">Timepidium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tiotropium_bromide" title="Tiotropium bromide">Tiotropium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiquizium_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiquizium bromide (page does not exist)">Tiquizium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+perphenazine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide" title="Amitriptylinoxide">amitriptylinoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">butriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cidoxepin" title="Cidoxepin">cidoxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmethyldesipramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmethyldesipramine (page does not exist)">desmethyldesipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibenzepin" title="Dibenzepin">dibenzepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin (dothiepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">lofepramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxazepine" title="Nitroxazepine">nitroxazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northiaden" title="Northiaden">northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">protriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinupramine" title="Quinupramine">quinupramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tridihexethyl" title="Tridihexethyl">Tridihexethyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trihexyphenidyl" title="Trihexyphenidyl">Trihexyphenidyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripitamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripitamine (page does not exist)">Tripitamine (tripitramine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropacine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropacine (page does not exist)">Tropacine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropatepine" title="Tropatepine">Tropatepine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropicamide" title="Tropicamide">Tropicamide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trospium_chloride" title="Trospium chloride">Trospium chloride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">chlorprothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">mesoridazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide" title="Umeclidinium bromide">Umeclidinium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol" title="Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol">+vilanterol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WIN-2299" title="WIN-2299">WIN-2299</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline" title="Xanomeline">Xanomeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamifenacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamifenacin (page does not exist)">Zamifenacin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br />
+<small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></i></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors">nAChRs</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor agonist">Agonists</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid">5-HIAA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-582,941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-582,941 (page does not exist)">A-582,941</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-867,744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-867,744 (page does not exist)">A-867,744</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-560 (page does not exist)">ABT-560</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-894&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-894 (page does not exist)">ABT-894</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate" title="Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate">Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butinoline" title="Butinoline">Butinoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desformylflustrabromine" title="Desformylflustrabromine">Desformylflustrabromine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenylpiperazinium" title="Dimethylphenylpiperazinium">Dimethylphenylpiperazinium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP-4473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP-4473 (page does not exist)">EVP-4473</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EVP-6124" class="mw-redirect" title="EVP-6124">EVP-6124</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">Levamisole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEM-63,908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEM-63,908 (page does not exist)">MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morantel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morantel (page does not exist)">Morantel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-1738&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-1738 (page does not exist)">NS-1738</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHA-709,829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHA-709,829 (page does not exist)">PHA-709,829</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrantel" title="Pyrantel">Pyrantel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RJR-2429" title="RJR-2429">RJR-2429</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SIB-1508Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIB-1508Y (page does not exist)">SIB-1508Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suxamethonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxamethonium">Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suxethonium_chloride" title="Suxethonium chloride">Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-1734 (page does not exist)">TC-1734</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TC-5214" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5214">TC-5214</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TC-5619" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5619">TC-5619</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-6683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-6683 (page does not exist)">TC-6683</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tribendimidine" title="Tribendimidine">Tribendimidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">Tropisetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XY-4083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XY-4083 (page does not exist)">XY-4083</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylaminocoronaridine" title="18-Methylaminocoronaridine">18-MAC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Neurotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="-Neurotoxin">-Neurotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="-bungarotoxin">-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-cobratoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="-cobratoxin">-cobratoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="-conotoxin">-conotoxin</a>, many others)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-126&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-126 (page does not exist)">ABT-126</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcuronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuronium">Alcuronium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatruxonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatruxonium (page does not exist)">Anatruxonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQW051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQW051 (page does not exist)">AQW051</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Atracurium">Atracurium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BNC-210" title="BNC-210">BNC-210</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="-bungarotoxin">-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="-bungarotoxin">-bungarotoxin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BW-A444" title="BW-A444">BW-A444</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Candocuronium_iodide" title="Candocuronium iodide">Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorisondamine" title="Chlorisondamine">Chlorisondamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cisatracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisatracurium">Cisatracurium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coclaurine" title="Coclaurine">Coclaurine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Curare" title="Curare">Curare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dacuronium_bromide" title="Dacuronium bromide">Dacuronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dehydronorketamine" title="Dehydronorketamine">Dehydronorketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadonium (page does not exist)">Diadonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydro-beta-erythroidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydro-beta-erythroidine (page does not exist)">DHE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrochandonium" title="Dihydrochandonium">Dihydrochandonium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltubocurarine">Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dioscorine" title="Dioscorine">Dioscorine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrandium" title="Dipyrandium">Dipyrandium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxacurium">Doxacurium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Encenicline" title="Encenicline">Encenicline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erythravine" title="Erythravine">Erythravine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fazadinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazadinium">Fazadinium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gallamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallamine">Gallamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gantacurium_chloride" title="Gantacurium chloride">Gantacurium chloride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluronium">Hexafluronium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxynorketamine" title="Hydroxynorketamine">Hydroxynorketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laudexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudexium">Laudexium (laudolissin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malouetine" title="Malouetine">Malouetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate" title="2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate">ME-18-MC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan (racemethorphan)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methyllycaconitine" title="Methyllycaconitine">Methyllycaconitine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metocurine" title="Metocurine">Metocurine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mivacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mivacurium">Mivacurium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol (racemorphan)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pancuronium_bromide" title="Pancuronium bromide">Pancuronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pempidine" title="Pempidine">Pempidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentamine" title="Pentamine">Pentamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pipecuronium_bromide" title="Pipecuronium bromide">Pipecuronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rapacuronium_bromide" title="Rapacuronium bromide">Rapacuronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rocuronium_bromide" title="Rocuronium bromide">Rocuronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Surugatoxin" title="Surugatoxin">Surugatoxin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toxiferine" title="Toxiferine">Toxiferine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeinium (page does not exist)">Tropeinium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubocurarine">Tubocurarine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vecuronium_bromide" title="Vecuronium bromide">Vecuronium bromide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br />
+<small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></i></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template talk:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator"><abbr title="-Aminobutyric acid A">GABA<sub>A</sub></abbr> receptor positive modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohols</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brometone (page does not exist)">Brometone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Butanol">Butanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobutanol" title="Chlorobutanol">Chlorobutanol (cloretone)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">alcoholic drink</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">Isobutanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Pentanol" title="1-Pentanol">Pentanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">Propanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Butanol"><i>tert</i>-Butanol (2M2P)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Pentanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Pentanol"><i>tert</i>-Pentanol (2M2B)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tribromoethanol" title="Tribromoethanol">Tribromoethanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoroethanol">Trifluoroethanol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid (page does not exist)">(-)-DMBB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alphenal" title="Alphenal">Alphenal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzobarbital" title="Benzobarbital">Benzobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzylbutylbarbiturate" title="Benzylbutylbarbiturate">Benzylbutylbarbiturate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brallobarbital" title="Brallobarbital">Brallobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brophebarbital" title="Brophebarbital">Brophebarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butalbital" title="Butalbital">Butalbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buthalital" title="Buthalital">Buthalital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butallylonal" title="Butallylonal">Butallylonal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbubarb" title="Carbubarb">Carbubarb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crotylbarbital" title="Crotylbarbital">Crotylbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital" title="Cyclopentobarbital">Cyclopentobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enallylpropymal" title="Enallylpropymal">Enallylpropymal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eterobarb" title="Eterobarb">Eterobarb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heptobarbital" title="Heptobarbital">Heptobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexethal" title="Hexethal">Hexethal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methitural" title="Methitural">Methitural</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nealbarbital" title="Nealbarbital">Nealbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phetharbital" title="Phetharbital">Phetharbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Probarbital" title="Probarbital">Probarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propallylonal" title="Propallylonal">Propallylonal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbital" title="Proxibarbital">Proxibarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sigmodal" title="Sigmodal">Sigmodal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spirobarbital" title="Spirobarbital">Spirobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabarbital" title="Tetrabarbital">Tetrabarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thialbarbital" title="Thialbarbital">Thialbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiobarbital" title="Thiobarbital">Thiobarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiobutabarbital" title="Thiobutabarbital">Thiobutabarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valofane" title="Valofane">Valofane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam" title="2-Oxoquazepam">2-Oxoquazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam" title="3-Hydroxyphenazepam">3-Hydroxyphenazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arfendazam" title="Arfendazam">Arfendazam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Avizafone" title="Avizafone">Avizafone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bentazepam" title="Bentazepam">Bentazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bretazenil" title="Bretazenil">Bretazenil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carburazepam" title="Carburazepam">Carburazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ciclotizolam" title="Ciclotizolam">Ciclotizolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinazepam" title="Cinazepam">Cinazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clazolam" title="Clazolam">Clazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloniprazepam" title="Cloniprazepam">Cloniprazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-1414S" title="CP-1414S">CP-1414S</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprazepam" title="Cyprazepam">Cyprazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">Delorazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demoxepam" title="Demoxepam">Demoxepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diclazepam" title="Diclazepam">Diclazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elfazepam" title="Elfazepam">Elfazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate" title="Ethyl carfluzepate">Ethyl carfluzepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate" title="Ethyl dirazepate">Ethyl dirazepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EVT-201" title="EVT-201">EVT-201</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FG-8205" title="FG-8205">FG-8205</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fletazepam" title="Fletazepam">Fletazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazepam" title="Flubromazepam">Flubromazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flutazolam" title="Flutazolam">Flutazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fosazepam" title="Fosazepam">Fosazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gidazepam" title="Gidazepam">Gidazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">Haloxazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Iclazepam" title="Iclazepam">Iclazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imidazenil" title="Imidazenil">Imidazenil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irazepine" title="Irazepine">Irazepine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lofendazam" title="Lofendazam">Lofendazam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lopirazepam" title="Lopirazepam">Lopirazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meclonazepam" title="Meclonazepam">Meclonazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Menitrazepam" title="Menitrazepam">Menitrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metaclazepam" title="Metaclazepam">Metaclazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexazolam" title="Mexazolam">Mexazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Motrazepam" title="Motrazepam">Motrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam" title="N-Desalkylflurazepam">N-Desalkylflurazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nifoxipam" title="Nifoxipam">Nifoxipam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepate" title="Nitrazepate">Nitrazepate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nortetrazepam" title="Nortetrazepam">Nortetrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">Oxazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pivoxazepam" title="Pivoxazepam">Pivoxazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Premazepam" title="Premazepam">Premazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proflazepam" title="Proflazepam">Proflazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolam" title="Pyrazolam">Pyrazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/QH-II-66" title="QH-II-66">QH-II-66</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reclazepam" title="Reclazepam">Reclazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ripazepam" title="Ripazepam">Ripazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-6791" title="Ro48-6791">Ro48-6791</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-8684" title="Ro48-8684">Ro48-8684</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F" title="SH-053-R-CH3-2F">SH-053-R-CH3-2F</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sulazepam" title="Sulazepam">Sulazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">Tetrazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tolufazepam" title="Tolufazepam">Tolufazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triflubazam" title="Triflubazam">Triflubazam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triflunordazepam" title="Triflunordazepam">Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tuclazepam" title="Tuclazepam">Tuclazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uldazepam" title="Uldazepam">Uldazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zapizolam" title="Zapizolam">Zapizolam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zomebazam" title="Zomebazam">Zomebazam</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clocental" title="Clocental">Clocental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclarbamate" title="Cyclarbamate">Cyclarbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorbamate" title="Lorbamate">Lorbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mebutamate" title="Mebutamate">Mebutamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nisobamate" title="Nisobamate">Nisobamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentabamate" title="Pentabamate">Pentabamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Styramate" title="Styramate">Styramate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Methylapigenin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Methylapigenin (page does not exist)">6-Methylapigenin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ampelopsin" title="Ampelopsin">Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">Baicalein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">Baicalin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigallocatechin">EGC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">Hispidulin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linarin (page does not exist)">Linarin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-6,4%E2%80%B2-dimethoxyretrochalcone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-6,4-dimethoxyretrochalcone (page does not exist)">Rc-OMe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wogonin" title="Wogonin">Wogonin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">10-Methoxyyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Methoxyyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Hydroxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Hydroxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Hydroxyyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyyangonin" title="Desmethoxyyangonin">Desmethoxyyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain (page does not exist)">11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydroyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">Kavain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxykavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Hydroxykavain (page does not exist)">5-Hydroxykavain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dihydroyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydrokavain (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydrokavain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dehydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dehydromethysticin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dehydromethysticin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methysticin" title="Methysticin">Methysticin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydromethysticin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydromethysticin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yangonin" title="Yangonin">Yangonin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alfadolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfaxalone" title="Alfaxalone">Alfaxalone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3-Androstanediol">3-Androstanediol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Androstenol" title="Androstenol">Androstenol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li>
+<li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3-Dihydroprogesterone">3-DHP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5-Dihydroprogesterone">5-DHP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5-Dihydroprogesterone">5-DHP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">DHT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ORG-20599" title="ORG-20599">ORG-20599</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ORG-21465" title="ORG-21465">ORG-21465</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/P1-185" title="P1-185">P1-185</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone (eltanolone)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renanolone" title="Renanolone">Renanolone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-105 (page does not exist)">SAGE-105</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-217 (page does not exist)">SAGE-217</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-324&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-324 (page does not exist)">SAGE-324</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-516 (page does not exist)">SAGE-516</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-689 (page does not exist)">SAGE-689</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-872 (page does not exist)">SAGE-872</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carboline" title="Beta-Carboline">-Carbolines</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abecarnil" title="Abecarnil">Abecarnil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gedocarnil" title="Gedocarnil">Gedocarnil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harmane" title="Harmane">Harmane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SL-651,498" title="SL-651,498">SL-651,498</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ZK-93423" title="ZK-93423">ZK-93423</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">Cyclopyrrolones</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pagoclone" title="Pagoclone">Pagoclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">Imidazopyridines</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DS-1_(drug)" title="DS-1 (drug)">DS-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">Pyrazolopyrimidines</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Divaplon" title="Divaplon">Divaplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fasiplon" title="Fasiplon">Fasiplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorediplon" title="Lorediplon">Lorediplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ocinaplon" title="Ocinaplon">Ocinaplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panadiplon" title="Panadiplon">Panadiplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taniplon" title="Taniplon">Taniplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/Adipiplon" title="Adipiplon">Adipiplon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CGS-8216" title="CGS-8216">CGS-8216</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CGS-9896" title="CGS-9896">CGS-9896</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CGS-13767" title="CGS-13767">CGS-13767</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CGS-20625" title="CGS-20625">CGS-20625</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CL-218,872" title="CL-218,872">CL-218,872</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-615,003" title="CP-615,003">CP-615,003</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTP-354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTP-354 (page does not exist)">CTP-354</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ELB-139" title="ELB-139">ELB-139</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GBLD-345" title="GBLD-345">GBLD-345</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JM-1232" title="JM-1232">JM-1232</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/L-838,417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NS-2664" title="NS-2664">NS-2664</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NS-2710" title="NS-2710">NS-2710</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NS-11394" title="NS-11394">NS-11394</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pipequaline" title="Pipequaline">Pipequaline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-51204" title="RWJ-51204">RWJ-51204</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-205,384" title="SB-205,384">SB-205,384</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SX-3228" title="SX-3228">SX-3228</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGSC01AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGSC01AA (page does not exist)">TGSC01AA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TP-003" title="TP-003">TP-003</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TPA-023" title="TPA-023">TPA-023</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TP-13" title="TP-13">TP-13</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U-89843A" title="U-89843A">U-89843A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U-90042" title="U-90042">U-90042</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Viqualine" title="Viqualine">Viqualine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Y-23684" title="Y-23684">Y-23684</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">Fospropofol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ICI-190,622" title="ICI-190,622">ICI-190,622</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">gases</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aliflurane" title="Aliflurane">Aliflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">Butylene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloral" title="Chloral">Chloral</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cryofluorane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryofluorane">Cryofluorane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">Dichloromethane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethane" title="Chloroethane">Ethyl chloride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fluroxene" title="Fluroxene">Fluroxene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halopropane" title="Halopropane">Halopropane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropane" title="Methoxypropane">Methoxypropane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Norflurane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norflurane">Norflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propene" title="Propene">Propylene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roflurane" title="Roflurane">Roflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Synthane" title="Synthane">Synthane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Teflurane" title="Teflurane">Teflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_ether" title="Vinyl ether">Vinyl ether</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Others/unsorted</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybutanal" title="3-Hydroxybutanal">3-Hydroxybutanal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-Ethyl--methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">-EMTBL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-29504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-29504 (page does not exist)">AA-29504</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">lithium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone" title="3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone">DEABL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)">dihydroergosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (page does not exist)">DS2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">flufenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">niflumic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">tolfenamic acid</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hopantenic_acid" title="Hopantenic acid">Hopantenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/4-O-methylhonokiol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-O-methylhonokiol">4-O-methylhonokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolol" title="Magnolol">magnolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obovatol" title="Obovatol">obovatol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_isovalerate" title="Menthyl isovalerate">Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide (niacinamide)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Org_25435" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 25435">Org 25,435</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Safranal" title="Safranal">Safranal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">tetronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">trional</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-methylbutanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylbutanoic acid">isovaleric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">isovaleramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerenol (page does not exist)">valerenol</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="-Pinene">-Pinene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRK-409_(MK-0343)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRK-409 (MK-0343) (page does not exist)">MRK-409 (MK-0343)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1105 (page does not exist)">TCS-1105</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1205&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1205 (page does not exist)">TCS-1205</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators">GABA metabolism/transport modulators</a></i></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glycine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glycine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Glycine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Glycine_receptor_modulators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Glycine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor">Glycine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a><br />
+<small>(<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</small></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor"><abbr title="Glycine receptor">GlyR</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" class="mw-redirect" title="-Alanine">-Alanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Aminobutyric_acid" title="Beta-Aminobutyric acid">-ABA (BABA)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Aminoisobutyric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-Aminoisobutyric acid (page does not exist)">-AIBA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>D</small>-Alanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>D</small>-Serine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>L</small>-Alanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline"><small>L</small>-Proline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>L</small>-Serine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine"><small>L</small>-Threonine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27531&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27531 (page does not exist)">MDL-27531</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picolinic_acid" title="Picolinic acid">Picolinic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualamine" title="Quisqualamine">Quisqualamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Positive modulators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brometone (page does not exist)">brometone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorobutanol" title="Chlorobutanol">chlorobutanol (chloretone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Butyl alcohol"><i>tert</i>-butanol (2M2P)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribromoethanol" title="Tribromoethanol">tribromoethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">trichloroethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoroethanol">trifluoroethanol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alkylbenzene_sulfonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkylbenzene sulfonate">Alkylbenzene sulfonate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethiazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlormethiazole">Chlormethiazole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D12-116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D12-116 (page does not exist)">D12-116</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">nicardipine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ginsenoside" title="Ginsenoside">ginsenosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside-Rf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside-Rf (page does not exist)">ginsenoside-Rf</a>))</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid (glutamate)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alfaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfaxolone">alfaxolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone (eltanolone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">pregnenolone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">minaxolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/ORG-20599" title="ORG-20599">ORG-20599</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Penicillin_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin G">Penicillin G</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeine (page does not exist)">Tropeines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bemesetron" title="Bemesetron">bemesetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-278584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-278584 (page does not exist)">LY-278584</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">tropisetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zatosetron" title="Zatosetron">zatosetron</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">desflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether (ether)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">enflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">halothane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">isoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">methoxyflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,1,1-trichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,1,1-trichloroethane">trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Aminostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Aminostrychnine (page does not exist)">2-Aminostrychnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Nitrostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Nitrostrychnine (page does not exist)">2-Nitrostrychnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine (page does not exist)">4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methyl-%CE%B3-thiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-Ethyl--methyl--thiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">EMBTL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brucine" title="Brucine">Brucine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cacotheline" title="Cacotheline">Cacotheline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colchicine" title="Colchicine">Colchicine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colubrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colubrine">Colubrine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanotriphenylborate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanotriphenylborate (page does not exist)">Cyanotriphenylborate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dendrobine" title="Dendrobine">Dendrobine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaboline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaboline (page does not exist)">Diaboline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">Endocannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-arachidonylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-arachidonylglycerol">2-AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide (AEA)</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemine" title="Gelsemine">Gelsemine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-THAZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iso-THAZ (page does not exist)">iso-THAZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isobutyric_acid" title="Isobutyric acid">Isobutyric acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isostrychnine (page does not exist)">Isostrychnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methylbicuculline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methylbicuculline (page does not exist)">N-Methylbicuculline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methylstrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methylstrychnine (page does not exist)">N-Methylstrychnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylmuscimol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylmuscimol (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylmuscimol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pitrazepin" title="Pitrazepin">Pitrazepin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudostrychnine (page does not exist)">Pseudostrychnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">Quinolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-hydroxyquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)">4-hydroxyquinoline</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=5,7-dichloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,7-dichloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">5,7-CIQA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)">7-CIQ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)">7-TFQ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">7-TFQA</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-5135&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-5135 (page does not exist)">RU-5135</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Negative modulators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">bromazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">flurazepam</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corymine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corymine (page does not exist)">Corymine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanotriphenylborate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanotriphenylborate (page does not exist)">Cyanotriphenylborate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">nicardipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">nifedipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">nitrendipine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">bilobalide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgolide" title="Ginkgolide">ginkgolides</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide A (page does not exist)">ginkgolide A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgolide_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgolide B">ginkgolide B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide C (page does not exist)">ginkgolide C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide J (page does not exist)">ginkgolide J</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide M (page does not exist)">ginkgolide M</a>))</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1-androsterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-androsterone sulfate (page does not exist)">3-androsterone sulfate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B2-androsterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-androsterone sulfate (page does not exist)">3-androsterone sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone" title="Deoxycorticosterone">deoxycorticosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/DHEA_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">pregnenolone sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">dextrorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">levomethadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">oripavine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">thebaine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenylbenzene_%CF%89-phosphono-%CE%B1-amino_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenylbenzene -phosphono--amino acid (page does not exist)">PMBA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeine (page does not exist)">Tropeines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bemesetron" title="Bemesetron">bemesetron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-278584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-278584 (page does not exist)">LY-278584</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">tropisetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zatosetron" title="Zatosetron">zatosetron</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a><br />
+<small>(<a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">blockers</a>)</small></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_transporter_1" title="Glycine transporter 1"><abbr title="Glycine transporter 1">GlyT1</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACPPB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACPPB (page does not exist)">ACPPB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALX-1393&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALX-1393 (page does not exist)">ALX-1393</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALX-5407&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALX-5407 (page does not exist)">ALX-5407 (NFPS)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMG-747&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMG-747 (page does not exist)">AMG-747</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASP2535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASP2535 (page does not exist)">ASP2535</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bitopertin" title="Bitopertin">Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-802079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-802079 (page does not exist)">CP-802079</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyldodecylamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyldodecylamide (page does not exist)">Glycyldodecylamide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK1018921&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK1018921 (page does not exist)">GSK1018921</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2365109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2365109 (page does not exist)">LY-2365109</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-24598&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-24598 (page does not exist)">ORG-24598</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ORG-25935" title="ORG-25935">ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-02545920&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-02545920 (page does not exist)">PF-02545920</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-03463275&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-03463275 (page does not exist)">PF-03463275</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PF-04958242" title="PF-04958242">PF-04958242</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-103,800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-103,800 (page does not exist)">SSR-103,800</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-504,734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-504,734 (page does not exist)">SSR-504,734</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_transporter_2" title="Glycine transporter 2"><abbr title="Glycine transporter 2">GlyT2</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine" title="N-Arachidonylglycine">NAGly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-25543&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-25543 (page does not exist)">ORG-25543</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VVZ-368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VVZ-368 (page does not exist)">VVZ-368</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<dl>
+<dt>See also</dt>
+<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></dd>
+<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a></i></dd>
+<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor positive modulators</a></i></dd>
+<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></i></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic_acid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor"><abbr title="-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor">AMPAR</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorowillardiine" title="5-Fluorowillardiine">5-Fluorowillardiine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acromelic acid (page does not exist)">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (page does not exist)">BOAA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willardiine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willardiine (page does not exist)">Willardiine</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CX-614" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-614">CX-614</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CX-717" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-717">CX-717</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CX-1739" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-1739">CX-1739</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CX-1942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CX-1942 (page does not exist)">CX-1942</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-392098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-392098 (page does not exist)">LY-392098</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-395153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-395153 (page does not exist)">LY-395153</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-404187" title="LY-404187">LY-404187</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451646 (page does not exist)">LY-451646</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-503430" title="LY-503430">LY-503430</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mibampator" title="Mibampator">Mibampator (LY-451395)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ORG-26576" title="ORG-26576">ORG-26576</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PF-04958242" title="PF-04958242">PF-04958242</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tulrampator" title="Tulrampator">Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPO (page does not exist)">ATPO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Becampanel" title="Becampanel">Becampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fanapanel" title="Fanapanel">Fanapanel (MPQX)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM90K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM90K (page does not exist)">YM90K</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zonampanel" title="Zonampanel">Zonampanel</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Evans blue">Evans blue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52466" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52466">GYKI-52466</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GYKI-53655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GYKI-53655 (page does not exist)">GYKI-53655</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irampanel" title="Irampanel">Irampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a>; <i>Unknown/unsorted antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor"><abbr title="Kainate receptor">KAR</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromowillardiine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromowillardiine (page does not exist)">5-Bromowillardiine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5-Iodowillardiine" title="5-Iodowillardiine">5-Iodowillardiine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acromelic acid (page does not exist)">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPA (page does not exist)">ATPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-339434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-339434 (page does not exist)">LY-339434</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SYM-2081&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SYM-2081 (page does not exist)">SYM-2081</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-382884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-382884 (page does not exist)">LY-382884</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NS102" title="NS102">NS102</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Evans blue">Evans blue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-3763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-3763 (page does not exist)">NS-3763</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (page does not exist)">AMAA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">Aspartate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteic_acid" title="Homocysteic acid">Homocysteic acid (<small>L</small>-HCA)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homoquinolinic_acid" title="Homoquinolinic acid">Homoquinolinic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" title="Quinolinic acid">Quinolinic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a>; <i>Glycine site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Fluoro-D-alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-Fluoro-D-alanine (page does not exist)">-Fluoro-<small>D</small>-alanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACBD_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACBD (drug) (page does not exist)">ACBD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid">ACC (ACPC)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AK-51_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AK-51 (drug) (page does not exist)">AK-51</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B6B21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B6B21 (page does not exist)">B6B21</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxycyclopropylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxycyclopropylglycine (page does not exist)">CCG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>D</small>-Alanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine"><small>D</small>-Cycloserine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>D</small>-Serine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide (page does not exist)">DHPG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylglycine" title="Dimethylglycine">Dimethylglycine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HA-966" title="HA-966">HA-966</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-687414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-687414 (page does not exist)">L-687414</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>L</small>-Alanine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>L</small>-Serine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neboglamine" title="Neboglamine">Neboglamine (nebostinel)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a>; <i>Polyamine site agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spermidine" title="Spermidine">Spermidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spermine" title="Spermine">Spermine</a>; <i>Other positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=24S-Hydroxycholesterol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="24S-Hydroxycholesterol (page does not exist)">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr></a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DHEA_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA sulfate"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr> sulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epipregnanolone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epipregnanolone sulfate (page does not exist)">Epipregnanolone sulfate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-718&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-718 (page does not exist)">SAGE-718</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Competitive antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/AP5" title="AP5">AP5 (APV)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AP-7_(drug)" title="AP-7 (drug)">AP7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CGP-37849" title="CGP-37849">CGP-37849</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39551&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39551 (page does not exist)">CGP-39551</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-40116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-40116 (page does not exist)">CGP-40116</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGS-19755&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGS-19755 (page does not exist)">CGS-19755</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (page does not exist)">CPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-233053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-233053 (page does not exist)">LY-233053</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-235959" title="LY-235959">LY-235959</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-274614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-274614 (page does not exist)">LY-274614</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-100453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-100453 (page does not exist)">MDL-100453</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel">Midafotel (d-CPPene)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-12626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-12626 (page does not exist)">NPC-12626</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-17742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-17742 (page does not exist)">NPC-17742</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBPD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBPD (page does not exist)">PBPD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PEAQX" title="PEAQX">PEAQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PPDA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ-220581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ-220581 (page does not exist)">SDZ-220581</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel</a>; <i>Glycine site antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorokynurenine" title="4-Chlorokynurenine">4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dichlorokynurenic_acid" title="5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid">5,7-DCKA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/7-Chlorokynurenate" class="mw-redirect" title="7-Chlorokynurenate">7-CKA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid">ACC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1328 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1328</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AV-101" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-101">AV-101</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine"><small>D</small>-Cycloserine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gavestinel" title="Gavestinel">Gavestinel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GV-196771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV-196771 (page does not exist)">GV-196771</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkoseride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harkoseride (page does not exist)">Harkoseride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689560 (page does not exist)">L-689560</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-701324&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-701324 (page does not exist)">L-701324</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LU-73068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LU-73068 (page does not exist)">LU-73068</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-105519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-105519 (page does not exist)">MDL-105519</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRZ_2/576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRZ 2/576 (page does not exist)">MRZ 2/576</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZD-9379&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZD-9379 (page does not exist)">ZD-9379</a>; <i>Polyamine site antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcaine (page does not exist)">Arcaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co_101676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co 101676 (page does not exist)">Co 101676</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Diaminopropane" title="1,3-Diaminopropane">Diaminopropane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">Diethylenetriamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a>; <i>Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):</i> <a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCMo" title="3-MeO-PCMo">3-MeO-PCMo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline">8A-PDHQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endopsychosin" title="Alpha-Endopsychosin">-Endopsychosin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argiotoxin-636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argiotoxin-636 (page does not exist)">Argiotoxin-636</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-12495 (page does not exist)">ARL-12495</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-15896-AR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-15896-AR (page does not exist)">ARL-15896-AR</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-16247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-16247 (page does not exist)">ARL-16247</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine (NPS-1506)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethadone" title="Dextromethadone">Dextromethadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogamine" title="Ibogamine">Ibogamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indantadol" title="Indantadol">Indantadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lanicemine" title="Lanicemine">Lanicemine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitromemantine" title="Nitromemantine">Nitromemantine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PCPr" class="mw-redirect" title="PCPr">PCPr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PD-137889" title="PD-137889">PD-137889</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">Propoxyphene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sabeluzole" title="Sabeluzole">Sabeluzole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthine" title="Tabernanthine">Tabernanthine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a>; <i>Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:</i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Besonprodil" title="Besonprodil">Besonprodil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine (nylidrin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CO-101244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO-101244 (page does not exist)">CO-101244 (PD-174494)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiprodil (page does not exist)">Radiprodil (RGH-896)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rislenemdaz" title="Rislenemdaz">Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_8-4304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 8-4304 (page does not exist)">Ro 8-4304</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro 25-6981</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safaprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safaprodil (page does not exist)">Safaprodil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Traxoprodil" title="Traxoprodil">Traxoprodil (CP-101606)</a>; <i>NR2A-selective antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-004 (page does not exist)">MPX-004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-007 (page does not exist)">MPX-007</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-201 (page does not exist)">TCN-201</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-213 (page does not exist)">TCN-213</a>; <i>Cations:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>; <i>Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:</i> <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hexanol" title="Hexanol">Hexanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Octanol" title="Octanol">Octanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">Urethane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">Xylene</a>; <i>Unknown/unsorted antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARR-15896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARR-15896 (page does not exist)">ARR-15896</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/D-%CE%B1-Aminoadipate" class="mw-redirect" title="D--Aminoadipate"><small>D</small>-AA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">Dexanabinol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPL-12495 (page does not exist)">FPL-12495</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-115427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-115427 (page does not exist)">FR-115427</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipenoxazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipenoxazone (page does not exist)">Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27266 (page does not exist)">MDL-27266</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">Pentamidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Psychotridine" title="Psychotridine">Psychotridine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transcrocetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcrocetin">Transcrocetin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serotonin_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Serotonin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Serotonin_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">Serotonin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT<sub>1</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adatanserin" title="Adatanserin">Adatanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">etoperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">vilazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">vortioxetine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">cariprazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eptapirone" title="Eptapirone">eptapirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">gepirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">perospirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">tandospirone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bay_R_1531" title="Bay R 1531">Bay R 1531</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Befiradol" title="Befiradol">Befiradol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BMY-14802" title="BMY-14802">BMY-14802</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ebalzotan" title="Ebalzotan">Ebalzotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eltoprazine" title="Eltoprazine">Eltoprazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enciprazine" title="Enciprazine">Enciprazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-11461&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-11461 (page does not exist)">F-11461</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-12826&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-12826 (page does not exist)">F-12826</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-13714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-13714 (page does not exist)">F-13714</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-14679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-14679 (page does not exist)">F-14679</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/F-15599" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15599">F-15599</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flesinoxan" title="Flesinoxan">Flesinoxan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flumexadol" title="Flumexadol">Flumexadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lesopitron" title="Lesopitron">Lesopitron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-293284" title="LY-293284">LY-293284</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-301317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-301317 (page does not exist)">LY-301317</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MKC-242" class="mw-redirect" title="MKC-242">MKC-242</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naluzotan" title="Naluzotan">Naluzotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NBUMP" title="NBUMP">NBUMP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Osemozotan" title="Osemozotan">Osemozotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piclozotan" title="Piclozotan">Piclozotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Repinotan" title="Repinotan">Repinotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RU-24969" class="mw-redirect" title="RU-24969">RU-24969</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-14506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-14506 (page does not exist)">S-14506</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S-14671" title="S-14671">S-14671</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S-15535" title="S-15535">S-15535</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-181507 (page does not exist)">SSR-181507</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sunepitron" title="Sunepitron">Sunepitron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indorenate" title="Indorenate">indorenate</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U-92016A" class="mw-redirect" title="U-92016A">U-92016A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xaliproden" title="Xaliproden">Xaliproden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AV965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AV965 (page does not exist)">AV965</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">alprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">carteolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanopindolol" title="Cyanopindolol">cyanopindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol" title="Iodocyanopindolol">iodocyanopindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">isamoltane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">penbutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindobind" title="Pindobind">pindobind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">pindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">tertatolol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BMY-7378" class="mw-redirect" title="BMY-7378">BMY-7378</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CSP-2503" title="CSP-2503">CSP-2503</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flopropione" title="Flopropione">Flopropione</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-46611 (page does not exist)">GR-46611</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lecozotan" title="Lecozotan">Lecozotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mefway_(18F)" title="Mefway (18F)">Mefway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPPF" title="MPPF">MPPF</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NAN-190" title="NAN-190">NAN-190</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robalzotan" title="Robalzotan">Robalzotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S-15535" title="S-15535">S-15535</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-649915" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-649915">SB-649915</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_216-525&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ 216-525 (page does not exist)">SDZ 216-525</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spiramide" title="Spiramide">Spiramide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/UH-301" title="UH-301">UH-301</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100135" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-100135">WAY-100135</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100635" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-100635">WAY-100635</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xylamidine" title="Xylamidine">Xylamidine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acetryptine" title="Acetryptine">Acetryptine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">5-HT<sub>1B</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/CGS-12066A" title="CGS-12066A">CGS-12066A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-93129" title="CP-93129">CP-93129</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-94253" title="CP-94253">CP-94253</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-122,288" title="CP-122,288">CP-122,288</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-135807" title="CP-135807">CP-135807</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eltoprazine" title="Eltoprazine">Eltoprazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RU-24969" class="mw-redirect" title="RU-24969">RU-24969</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Avitriptan" title="Avitriptan">avitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donitriptan" title="Donitriptan">donitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolmitriptan" title="Zolmitriptan">zolmitriptan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/AR-A000002" title="AR-A000002">AR-A000002</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">alprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">carteolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">isamoltane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">penbutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">tertatolol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elzasonan" title="Elzasonan">Elzasonan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GR-127935" title="GR-127935">GR-127935</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-393558&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-393558 (page does not exist)">LY-393558</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-216641" title="SB-216641">SB-216641</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-224289&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-224289 (page does not exist)">SB-224289</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-236057" title="SB-236057">SB-236057</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">5-HT<sub>1D</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/CP-122,288" title="CP-122,288">CP-122,288</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-135807" title="CP-135807">CP-135807</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-286601&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-286601 (page does not exist)">CP-286601</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-46611 (page does not exist)">GR-46611</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/L-694247" title="L-694247">L-694247</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-772405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-772405 (page does not exist)">L-772405</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNU-109291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNU-109291 (page does not exist)">PNU-109291</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-142633" title="PNU-142633">PNU-142633</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Almotriptan" title="Almotriptan">almotriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avitriptan" title="Avitriptan">avitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donitriptan" title="Donitriptan">donitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frovatriptan" title="Frovatriptan">frovatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naratriptan" title="Naratriptan">naratriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizatriptan" title="Rizatriptan">rizatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolmitriptan" title="Zolmitriptan">zolmitriptan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Ethyl-DMT" title="5-Ethyl-DMT">5-Et-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine" title="5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine">5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alniditan" title="Alniditan">Alniditan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BRL-15572" class="mw-redirect" title="BRL-15572">BRL-15572</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elzasonan" title="Elzasonan">Elzasonan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GR-127935" title="GR-127935">GR-127935</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-310762" title="LY-310762">LY-310762</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-367642&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-367642 (page does not exist)">LY-367642</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-393558&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-393558 (page does not exist)">LY-393558</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-456219&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-456219 (page does not exist)">LY-456219</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-456220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-456220 (page does not exist)">LY-456220</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acetryptine" title="Acetryptine">Acetryptine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">lysergol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">5-HT<sub>1E</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/BRL-54443" title="BRL-54443">BRL-54443</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">lysergol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">5-HT<sub>1F</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/BRL-54443" title="BRL-54443">BRL-54443</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-122,288" title="CP-122,288">CP-122,288</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">lysergol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a> <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lasmiditan" title="Lasmiditan">Lasmiditan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-334370" title="LY-334370">LY-334370</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naratriptan" title="Naratriptan">naratriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT<sub>2</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> 25H/NB series (e.g., <a href="/wiki/25I-NBF" title="25I-NBF">25I-NBF</a>, <a href="/wiki/25I-NBMD" title="25I-NBMD">25I-NBMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/25I-NBOH" title="25I-NBOH">25I-NBOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25C-NBOMe" title="25C-NBOMe">25C-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25TFM-NBOMe" title="25TFM-NBOMe">25TFM-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/2CBCB-NBOMe" title="2CBCB-NBOMe">2CBCB-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25CN-NBOH" title="25CN-NBOH">25CN-NBOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe" title="2CBFly-NBOMe">2CBFly-NBOMe</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2Cs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-FLY" title="2C-B-FLY">2C-B-FLY</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2CB-Ind" title="2CB-Ind">2CB-Ind</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-Methoxytryptamines</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DET" title="5-MeO-DET">5-MeO-DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DPT" title="5-MeO-DPT">5-MeO-DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Alkyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="-Alkyltryptamine">-Alkyltryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-MT">5-Cl-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluoro-MT">5-Fl-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-ET">5-MeO-ET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AMT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-AMT">5-MeO-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyl-5-HT" class="mw-redirect" title="-Methyl-5-HT">-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">ET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">MT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AL-34662" title="AL-34662">AL-34662</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AL-37350A" title="AL-37350A">AL-37350A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY" title="Bromo-DragonFLY">Bromo-DragonFLY</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DMBMPP" title="DMBMPP">DMBMPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DOx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/1P-LSD" title="1P-LSD">1P-LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALD-52" title="ALD-52">ALD-52</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">ergine (LSA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">LA-SS-Az</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">LSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD-Pip" title="LSD-Pip">LSD-Pip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide" title="Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide">LSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide">LSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flumexadol" title="Flumexadol">Flumexadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jimscaline" title="Jimscaline">Jimscaline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDxx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/O-4310" title="O-4310">O-4310</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PHA-57378" title="PHA-57378">PHA-57378</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-22394" title="PNU-22394">PNU-22394</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-181731" title="PNU-181731">PNU-181731</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RH-34" title="RH-34">RH-34</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">lophophine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">quipazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TCB-2" title="TCB-2">TCB-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TFMFly" title="TFMFly">TFMFly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine" title="Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine" title="Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-I-R91150" title="5-I-R91150">5-I-R91150</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-NBpBrT" title="5-MeO-NBpBrT">5-MeO-NBpBrT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-90179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-90179 (page does not exist)">AC-90179</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adatanserin" title="Adatanserin">Adatanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Altanserin" title="Altanserin">Altanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">cyproheptadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">hydroxyzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">ketotifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">perlapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene" title="9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene">AMDA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amperozide" title="Amperozide">amperozide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">blonanserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">carpipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">clocapramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">gevotroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">melperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">mosapramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocaperidone" title="Ocaperidone">ocaperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">zicronapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinanserin" title="Cinanserin">Cinanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CSP-2503" title="CSP-2503">CSP-2503</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eplivanserin" title="Eplivanserin">Eplivanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-215840" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-215840">LY-215840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergolexole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergolexole (page does not exist)">sergolexole</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fananserin" title="Fananserin">Fananserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glemanserin" title="Glemanserin">Glemanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irindalone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irindalone (page does not exist)">Irindalone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KML-010" title="KML-010">KML-010</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landipirdine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landipirdine (page does not exist)">Landipirdine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-393558&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-393558 (page does not exist)">LY-393558</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MIN-101" title="MIN-101">MIN-101</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naftidrofuryl" title="Naftidrofuryl">Naftidrofuryl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nantenine" title="Nantenine">Nantenine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nelotanserin" title="Nelotanserin">Nelotanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pelanserin" title="Pelanserin">Pelanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin" title="Pimavanserin">Pimavanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirenperone" title="Pirenperone">Pirenperone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pruvanserin" title="Pruvanserin">Pruvanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S-14671" title="S-14671">S-14671</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarpogrelate" title="Sarpogrelate">Sarpogrelate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">etoperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">lubazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">mepiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-46349B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-46349B (page does not exist)">SR-46349B</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temanogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temanogrel (page does not exist)">Temanogrel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">aptazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">esmirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">perphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">pipamperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">prochlorperazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setoperone" title="Setoperone">setoperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">spiperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiramide" title="Spiramide">spiramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">thiothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">trifluoperazine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Volinanserin" title="Volinanserin">Volinanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xylamidine" title="Xylamidine">Xylamidine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">5-HT<sub>2B</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">chlorphentermine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">cloforex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">fenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">levofenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">norfenfluramine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BW-723C86" title="BW-723C86">BW-723C86</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DOx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDxx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a>, [MMDA (drug)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">amisulpride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">cariprazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-desalkylquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-desalkylquetiapine (page does not exist)">N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-desmethylclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="N-desmethylclozapine">N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">pipamperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EGIS-7625" title="EGIS-7625">EGIS-7625</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-272,015" title="LY-272,015">LY-272015</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-393558&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-393558 (page does not exist)">LY-393558</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metadoxine" title="Metadoxine">Metadoxine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirenperone" title="Pirenperone">Pirenperone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PRX-08066" title="PRX-08066">PRX-08066</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RS-127445" title="RS-127445">RS-127445</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarpogrelate" title="Sarpogrelate">Sarpogrelate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-200646" title="SB-200646">SB-200646</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-204741" title="SB-204741">SB-204741</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-215505" title="SB-215505">SB-215505</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-221284&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-221284 (page does not exist)">SB-221284</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-228357&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-228357 (page does not exist)">SB-228357</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SDZ_SER-082" title="SDZ SER-082">SDZ SER-082</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tegaserod" title="Tegaserod">Tegaserod</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TIK-301" title="TIK-301">TIK-301</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2Cs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-Methoxytryptamines</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DET" title="5-MeO-DET">5-MeO-DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DPT" title="5-MeO-DPT">5-MeO-DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Alkyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="-Alkyltryptamine">-Alkyltryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-MT">5-Cl-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluoro-MT">5-Fl-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-ET">5-MeO-ET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-aMT" title="5-MeO-aMT">5-MeO-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyl-5-HT" class="mw-redirect" title="-Methyl-5-HT">-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">ET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">MT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A-372159" title="A-372159">A-372159</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AL-38022A" title="AL-38022A">AL-38022A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alstonine" title="Alstonine">Alstonine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CP-809101" title="CP-809101">CP-809101</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DOx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/ALD-52" title="ALD-52">ALD-52</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">ergine (LSA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">LA-SS-Az</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">LSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD-Pip" title="LSD-Pip">LSD-Pip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide" title="Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide">LSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide">LSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flumexadol" title="Flumexadol">Flumexadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDxx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MK-212" title="MK-212">MK-212</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Org_12962" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 12962">Org 12962</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Org_37684" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 37684">Org 37684</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PHA-57378" title="PHA-57378">PHA-57378</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">lophophine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">quipazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-22394" title="PNU-22394">PNU-22394</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PNU-181731" title="PNU-181731">PNU-181731</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ro60-0175" title="Ro60-0175">Ro60-0175</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ro60-0213" title="Ro60-0213">Ro60-0213</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine" title="Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine" title="Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vabicaserin" title="Vabicaserin">Vabicaserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-629" title="WAY-629">WAY-629</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-161503" title="WAY-161503">WAY-161503</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/YM-348" title="YM-348">YM-348</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adatanserin" title="Adatanserin">Adatanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">melperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide" title="6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide">CEPC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinanserin" title="Cinanserin">Cinanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eltoprazine" title="Eltoprazine">Eltoprazine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-215840" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-215840">LY-215840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergolexole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergolexole (page does not exist)">sergolexole</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-260010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-260010 (page does not exist)">FR-260010</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irindalone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irindalone (page does not exist)">Irindalone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine (dimebolin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirenperone" title="Pirenperone">Pirenperone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RS-102221" title="RS-102221">RS-102221</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S-14671" title="S-14671">S-14671</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-200646" title="SB-200646">SB-200646</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-221284&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-221284 (page does not exist)">SB-221284</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-228357&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-228357 (page does not exist)">SB-228357</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-242084" title="SB-242084">SB-242084</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-243213" title="SB-243213">SB-243213</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SDZ_SER-082" title="SDZ SER-082">SDZ SER-082</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">aptazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">esmirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TIK-301" title="TIK-301">TIK-301</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">pipamperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xylamidine" title="Xylamidine">Xylamidine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a><sub><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a></sub></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/N-Butanol" title="N-Butanol">butanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">trichloroethanol</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylbiguanide" title="Chlorophenylbiguanide">m-CPBG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbiguanide" title="Phenylbiguanide">Phenylbiguanide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">quipazine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RS-56812" title="RS-56812">RS-56812</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SR-57227" title="SR-57227">SR-57227</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-57227A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-57227A (page does not exist)">SR-57227A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine" title="2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine">2-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenidine" title="Bufotenidine">bufotenidine (5-HTQ)</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles/gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">halothane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">isoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">trichloroethane</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/YM-31636" title="YM-31636">YM-31636</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alosetron" title="Alosetron">Alosetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AS-8112" title="AS-8112">AS-8112</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azasetron" title="Azasetron">Azasetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Batanopride" title="Batanopride">Batanopride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bemesetron" title="Bemesetron">Bemesetron (MDL-72222)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cilansetron" title="Cilansetron">Cilansetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CSP-2503" title="CSP-2503">CSP-2503</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dazopride" title="Dazopride">Dazopride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dolasetron" title="Dolasetron">Dolasetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Galanolactone" title="Galanolactone">Galanolactone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Granisetron" title="Granisetron">Granisetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICS-205930&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICS-205930 (page does not exist)">ICS-205930</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lerisetron" title="Lerisetron">Lerisetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">Ondansetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palonosetron" title="Palonosetron">Palonosetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ramosetron" title="Ramosetron">Ramosetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renzapride" title="Renzapride">Renzapride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricasetron" title="Ricasetron">Ricasetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropanserin" title="Tropanserin">Tropanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">Tropisetron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles/gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zacopride" title="Zacopride">Zacopride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zatosetron" title="Zatosetron">Zatosetron</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">5-HT<sub>4</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BIMU8" title="BIMU8">BIMU8</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capeserod" title="Capeserod">Capeserod</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinitapride" title="Cinitapride">Cinitapride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CJ-033466" title="CJ-033466">CJ-033466</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dazopride" title="Dazopride">Dazopride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesapride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minesapride (page does not exist)">Minesapride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mosapride" title="Mosapride">Mosapride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prucalopride" title="Prucalopride">Prucalopride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PRX-03140" title="PRX-03140">PRX-03140</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renzapride" title="Renzapride">Renzapride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RS-67333" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-67333">RS-67333</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-67506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-67506 (page does not exist)">RS-67506</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tegaserod" title="Tegaserod">Tegaserod</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Velusetrag" title="Velusetrag">Velusetrag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zacopride" title="Zacopride">Zacopride</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/GR-113808" title="GR-113808">GR-113808</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-125487&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-125487 (page does not exist)">GR-125487</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-Lysine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piboserod" title="Piboserod">Piboserod</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-39604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-39604 (page does not exist)">RS-39604</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-67532&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-67532 (page does not exist)">RS-67532</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-203186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-203186 (page does not exist)">SB-203186</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-204070" title="SB-204070">SB-204070</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5-HT<sub>5A</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">Valerenic Acid</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine (dimebolin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-699551" title="SB-699551">SB-699551</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">5-HT<sub>6</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine" title="2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine">2-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-6801" title="E-6801">E-6801</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-6837" title="E-6837">E-6837</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMD-386088" title="EMD-386088">EMD-386088</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMDT" title="EMDT">EMDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-586713&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-586713 (page does not exist)">LY-586713</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methyl-5-HT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methyl-5-HT (page does not exist)">N-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-181187" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-181187">WAY-181187</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WAY-208466" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-208466">WAY-208466</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-354 (page does not exist)">ABT-354</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">tiospirone</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AVN-101" title="AVN-101">AVN-101</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AVN-211" title="AVN-211">AVN-211</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVN-322&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AVN-322 (page does not exist)">AVN-322</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVN-397&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AVN-397 (page does not exist)">AVN-397</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BGC20-760&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BGC20-760 (page does not exist)">BGC20-760</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BVT-5182&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BVT-5182 (page does not exist)">BVT-5182</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BVT-74316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BVT-74316 (page does not exist)">BVT-74316</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cerlapirdine" title="Cerlapirdine">Cerlapirdine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EGIS-12233" class="mw-redirect" title="EGIS-12233">EGIS-12233</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-742457&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-742457 (page does not exist)">GW-742457</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Idalopirdine" title="Idalopirdine">Idalopirdine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landipirdine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landipirdine (page does not exist)">Landipirdine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine (dimebolin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MS-245" title="MS-245">MS-245</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PRX-07034" title="PRX-07034">PRX-07034</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ro_04-6790" title="Ro 04-6790">Ro 04-6790</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_63-0563&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 63-0563 (page does not exist)">Ro 63-0563</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-258585" title="SB-258585">SB-258585</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-271046" title="SB-271046">SB-271046</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-357134" title="SB-357134">SB-357134</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-399885" title="SB-399885">SB-399885</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-742457" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-742457">SB-742457</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lergotrile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lergotrile (page does not exist)">lergotrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">5-HT<sub>7</sub></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AS-19_(drug)" title="AS-19 (drug)">AS-19</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bifeprunox" title="Bifeprunox">Bifeprunox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/E-55888" title="E-55888">E-55888</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LP-12" title="LP-12">LP-12</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LP-44" title="LP-44">LP-44</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RU-24969" class="mw-redirect" title="RU-24969">RU-24969</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Frovatriptan" title="Frovatriptan">frovatriptan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">amisulpride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">tiospirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DR-4485" title="DR-4485">DR-4485</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EGIS-12233" class="mw-redirect" title="EGIS-12233">EGIS-12233</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-215840" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-215840">LY-215840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergolexole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergolexole (page does not exist)">sergolexole</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-18038683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-18038683 (page does not exist)">JNJ-18038683</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LY-215840" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-215840">LY-215840</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-258719" title="SB-258719">SB-258719</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-258741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-258741 (page does not exist)">SB-258741</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SB-269970" title="SB-269970">SB-269970</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-656104&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-656104 (page does not exist)">SB-656104</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-656104A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-656104A (page does not exist)">SB-656104A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-691673&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-691673 (page does not exist)">SB-691673</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLV-313&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLV-313 (page does not exist)">SLV-313</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLV-314&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLV-314 (page does not exist)">SLV-314</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-181507 (page does not exist)">SSR-181507</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">acetophenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">chlorprothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Melatonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Melatonergics">Melatonergics</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">releasing agents</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128384-3">4128384-3</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570044">00570044</a></span></span></li>
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+100.00% 913.839 1 -total
+ 45.98% 420.173 57 Template:Navbox
+ 28.58% 261.208 1 Template:Reflist
+ 12.50% 114.212 1 Template:Alcohols
+ 11.51% 105.176 49 Template:Chem
+ 10.79% 98.594 49 Template:Chem/link
+ 9.39% 85.805 15 Template:Cite_web
+ 8.84% 80.809 98 Template:Chem/atom
+ 7.18% 65.640 12 Template:Cite_book
+ 5.64% 51.549 10 Template:Cite_journal
+-->
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+<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18948043-0!canonical and timestamp 20171103203949 and revision id 808538810
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+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&oldid=808538810">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&oldid=808538810</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Category:Alcoholic drinks">Alcoholic drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anesthesia" title="Category:Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anxiolytics" title="Category:Anxiolytics">Anxiolytics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_inventions" title="Category:Chinese inventions">Chinese inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distilled_drinks" title="Category:Distilled drinks">Distilled drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drinking_culture" title="Category:Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drug_culture" title="Category:Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_acting_on_the_nervous_system" title="Category:Drugs acting on the nervous system">Drugs acting on the nervous system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethanol" title="Category:Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Euphoriants" title="Category:Euphoriants">Euphoriants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fermented_drinks" title="Category:Fermented drinks">Fermented drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulators" title="Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators">GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Category:Hypnotics and sedatives">Hypnotics and sedatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" title="Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens">IARC Group 1 carcinogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoactive_drugs" title="Category:Psychoactive drugs">Psychoactive drugs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div>
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+ <li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-portal"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</a></li> </ul>
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+ </div>
+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-tb' aria-labelledby='p-tb-label'>
+ <h3 id='p-tb-label'>Tools</h3>
+
+ <div class="body">
+ <ul>
+ <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alcoholic_drink" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alcoholic_drink" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&oldid=808538810" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-wikibase"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alcoholic_drink&id=808538810" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-coll-print_export' aria-labelledby='p-coll-print_export-label'>
+ <h3 id='p-coll-print_export-label'>Print/export</h3>
+
+ <div class="body">
+ <ul>
+ <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Alcoholic+drink">Create a book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Alcoholic+drink&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drink&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul>
+ </div>
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+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-wikibase-otherprojects' aria-labelledby='p-wikibase-otherprojects-label'>
+ <h3 id='p-wikibase-otherprojects-label'>In other projects</h3>
+
+ <div class="body">
+ <ul>
+ <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alcoholic_beverages" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li> </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-lang' aria-labelledby='p-lang-label'>
+ <h3 id='p-lang-label'>Languages</h3>
+
+ <div class="body">
+ <ul>
+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcoholica" title="Bebida alcoholica Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragons</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcoh%C3%B3lico" title="Bebida alcohlico Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoqollu_i%C3%A7kil%C9%99r" title="Alkoqollu ikilr Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%BA" title="Chi Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%96" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9" title=" Belarusian (Tarakievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target"> ()</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholno_pi%C4%87e" title="Alkoholno pie Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title=" Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beguda_alcoh%C3%B2lica" title="Beguda alcohlica Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title=" Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1poj" title="Alkoholick npoj Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod_feddwol" title="Diod feddwol Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholiske_drikkevarer" title="Alkoholiske drikkevarer Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getr%C3%A4nk#Alkoholische_Getr.C3.A4nke" title="Getrnk German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohoolne_jook" title="Alkohoolne jook Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8C" title=" Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcoh%C3%B3lica" title="Bebida alcohlica Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohola%C4%B5o" title="Alkoholao Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edari_alkoholdun" title="Edari alkoholdun Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisson_alcoolis%C3%A9e" title="Boisson alcoolise French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcul" title="Alcul Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcoh%C3%B3lica" title="Bebida alcohlica Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title=" Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title=" Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A0" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholno_pi%C4%87e" title="Alkoholno pie Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohola_drinkajo" title="Alkohola drinkajo Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuman_beralkohol" title="Minuman beralkohol Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%96%93%E1%94%AE%E1%95%90%E1%93%87%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title=" Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" class="interlanguage-link-target">/inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81fengi" title="fengi Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevanda_alcolica" title="Bevanda alcolica Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A3" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_(%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF)" title=" ( ) Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombe" title="Pombe Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title=" Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temetum" title="Temetum Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholiskie_dz%C4%93rieni" title="Alkoholiskie dzrieni Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholinis_g%C4%97rimas" title="Alkoholinis grimas Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanga" title="Masanga Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingla</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogoulijuomine" title="Alkogoulijuomine Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholos_ital" title="Alkoholos ital Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title=" Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%B4la" title="Alkla Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title=" Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title=" Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak" title="Arak Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%AB" title="Ci Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mng-dng-ng</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubida_alc%C3%B3lica" title="Bubida alclica Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octli" title="Octli Nhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholische_drank" title="Alcoholische drank Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title=" Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a 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lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6" title=" Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogolli_ichimliklar" title="Alkogolli ichimliklar Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C3%B3j_alkoholowy" title="Napj alkoholowy Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alco%C3%B3lica" title="Bebida alcolica Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a 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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Andrew Breitbart</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Andrew Breitbart</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Andrew Breitbart by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/220px-Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" width="220" height="283" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/330px-Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/440px-Andrew_Breitbart_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3331" /></a>
+<div>Breitbart at <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a> in 2012</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span class="nickname">Andrew James Breitbart</span><br />
+<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1969-02-01</span>)</span>February 1, 1969<br />
+<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Died</th>
+<td>March 1, 2012<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">2012-03-01</span>)</span> (aged 43)<br />
+<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Westwood, Los Angeles">Westwood</a>, Los Angeles, California, U.S.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Cause of death</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Resting place</th>
+<td class="label"><a href="/wiki/Hillside_Memorial_Park_Cemetery" title="Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery">Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
+<td class="category">American</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Alma mater</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Occupation</th>
+<td class="role">Writer, columnist, journalist, publisher</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Home town</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Brentwood, Los Angeles">Brentwood, Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Political party</th>
+<td class="org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span></th>
+<td><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew Breitbart">Susannah Bean (<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1997; his death 2012)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Children</th>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/">www<wbr />.breitbart<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Andrew James Breitbart</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="//: primary stress follows"></span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/a/: 'i' in 'tide'">a</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/r/: 'ar' in 'far'">r</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; February 1, 1969 March 1, 2012) was an American entrepreneur, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> publisher,<sup id="cite_ref-c-span_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-span-1">[1]</a></sup> commentator for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>, media critic, journalist, author,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> and television and radio personality<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> on various news programs, who served as an editor for the <i><a href="/wiki/Drudge_Report" title="Drudge Report">Drudge Report</a></i> website.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> He was a researcher for and close friend of <a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Arianna Huffington</a>, and he helped create an early version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-huff_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<p>After helping in the early stages of <i>The Huffington Post</i> and <i>Drudge Report</i>, Breitbart created his own website <i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart.com">Breitbart.com</a></i>, a news and right-wing opinion website, along with multiple other "BIG" sites - BIGHollywood, BIGGovernment, BIGJournalism. He played central roles in the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner_sexting_scandals" title="Anthony Weiner sexting scandals">Anthony Weiner sexting scandal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">firing of Shirley Sherrod</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ACORN_2009_undercover_videos_controversy" title="ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy">ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Commenters such as <a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Nick Gillespie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf" title="Conor Friedersdorf">Conor Friedersdorf</a> have credited Breitbart with changing how people wrote about politics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic1-10">[10]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Public_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Public life</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Authorship.2C_research.2C_and_reporting"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Authorship, research, and reporting</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Breitbart.com"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Breitbart.com</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Commentaries"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Commentaries</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Activism"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Activism</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Breitbart was born in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, on February 1, 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> He was adopted son of Gerald and Arlene Breitbart, a restaurant owner and banker respectively, and grew up in the affluent neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Brentwood, Los Angeles">Brentwood, Los Angeles</a>. He was adopted at three weeks old and raised <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> His biological parents had been <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> He said that his birth certificate indicated his biological father was a folk singer. His adoptive mother had <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converted</a> to Judaism when marrying his adoptive father.<sup id="cite_ref-family_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-15">[15]</a></sup> Breitbart studied at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a> and had a <a href="/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Theologically he was an agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-family_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Breitbart attended <a href="/wiki/Brentwood_School_(Los_Angeles)" title="Brentwood School (Los Angeles)">Brentwood School</a>, one of the country's top private schools, but did not distinguish himself, saying: "My sense of humor saved me".<sup id="cite_ref-family_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-14">[14]</a></sup> However, he discovered that he loved writing, publishing his first comedic piece in the school newspaper, the <i>Brentwood Eagle</i>, analyzing the inequality in his highschool's senior and junior parking lots: "One had Mercedes and BMWs, the other Sciroccos and GTIs.""<sup id="cite_ref-family_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-14">[14]</a></sup> Breitbart remembers his upbringing as <a href="/wiki/Apolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolitical">apolitical</a>, except in one instance: when the family's rabbi tried to defend <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> against charges of antisemitism after his "<a href="/wiki/Hymietown" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymietown">Hymietown</a>" comment, his parents left the synagogue in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-family_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Breitbart would remain "proudly and playfully Jewish" throughout his life, although not always religiously observant. He would sing Hebrew songs at work while also teasing his Orthodox Jewish colleagues for keeping a kosher diet.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-17">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joel_Pollak" title="Joel Pollak">Joel Pollak</a> wrote: He carried his faith as he carried all his convictions: with a lighthearted touch but a deep commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-17">[17]</a></sup> Breitbart later said of his profession: "I'm glad I've become a journalist because I'd like to fight on behalf of the Israeli people... And the Israeli people, I adore and I love."<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<p>While in high school, Breitbart worked as a <a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">pizza delivery</a> driver; he sometimes delivered to celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Judge_Reinhold" title="Judge Reinhold">Judge Reinhold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_studies" title="American studies">American studies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> in 1991, graduating with "no sense of [his] future whatsoever."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> His early jobs included a stint at <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> channel <a href="/wiki/E!_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="E! Entertainment Television">E! Entertainment Television</a>, working for the company's <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">online magazine</a>, and some time in film production.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Previously left-leaning in his politics, Breitbart changed his political views after experiencing "an <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" title="Epiphany (feeling)">epiphany</a>" while watching the late 1991 confirmation hearings for Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. Breitbart later described himself as "a <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> conservative" with <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-c-span_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-span-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Listening to radio hosts such as <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> helped Breitbart refine his political and philosophical positions, igniting an interest in learning that he had suppressed as a result of his distaste for the "nihilistic musings of dead <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theorists</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36-21">[21]</a></sup> that had dominated his studies at Tulane. In this era, Breitbart also read <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae">Sexual Personae</a></i> (1990), a massive survey of Western art, literature and culture from ancient Egypt to the 20th century, which, he wrote, "made me realize how little I really had learned in college."<sup id="cite_ref-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Ben Shapiro</a>, who was a friend of Breitbart's for the last 14 years of his life, said Breitbart cared less about public policy than that people should not be lied about or bullied. Jeremy D. Boreing wrote:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>He wasn't actually very politicalthat is, he had almost no interest at all in policy. ...</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>What defined and motivated Andrew was his unique ability to perceive the gross double standard that the media, the political establishment, and the pop culture employ in their war on those with whom they disagree.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>What he hated were bullies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_life">Public life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span id="Authorship,_research,_and_reporting"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Authorship.2C_research.2C_and_reporting">Authorship, research, and reporting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authorship, research, and reporting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Breitbart has been lauded for his role in the "evolution of pioneering websites" including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Drudge_Report" title="Drudge Report">The Drudge Report</a></i>, and more recently his "Big" sites. Journalists such as Nick Gillespie and Conor Friedersdorf have credited Breitbart with bringing new voices to debates about politics and culture. Breitbart told <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i> in 2004 that after feeling ignored by existing outlets, "We decided to go out and create our media." Described as "a series of do-it-yourself demonstration projects" and "conversation pits", the Breitbart.com websites have been both criticized and praised for their role in various political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic1-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-23">[23]</a></sup> Breitbart has been recognized for adopting an inclusive stance with regard to LGBT participation in the conservative movement. He has also been credited with helping to derail <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories about Barack Obama's citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic1-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1995, Breitbart saw <i>The Drudge Report</i> and was so impressed that he e-mailed <a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Matt Drudge</a>. Breitbart said, "I thought what he was doing was by far the coolest thing on the Internet. And I still do."<sup id="cite_ref-huff_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-7">[7]</a></sup> Breitbart described himself as "Matt Drudge's <a href="/wiki/Bitch_(insult)#In_reference_to_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitch (insult)">bitch</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-biyatch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biyatch-24">[24]</a></sup> and selected and posted links to other news wire sources. Later, Drudge introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Arianna Huffington</a> (when she was still a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-15">[15]</a></sup> and Breitbart subsequently assisted in the creation of <i>The Huffington Post</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Breitbart wrote a weekly column for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>, which also appeared at <a href="/wiki/Real_Clear_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Clear Politics">Real Clear Politics</a>. Breitbart also co-wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Interrupted" title="Hollywood, Interrupted">Hollywood, Interrupted: Insanity Chic in Babylon</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ebner" title="Mark Ebner">Mark Ebner</a>, a book that is highly critical of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_culture" title="Celebrity culture">celebrity culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> On January 19, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" title="LGBT conservatism">conservative gay rights</a> group <a href="/wiki/GOProud" title="GOProud">GOProud</a> announced Breitbart had joined its Advisory Council.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2011, Grand Central Publishing released Breitbart's book <i>Righteous Indignation: Excuse Me While I Save the World</i>, in which he discussed his own political evolution and the part he took in the rise of <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>, most notably at the Drudge Report and <i>The Huffington Post</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>In June 2011, Breitbart's websites broke the story that congressman <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">Anthony Weiner</a> was <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner_sexting_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Weiner sexting scandal">sending women revealing photographs of himself</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Breitbart.com">Breitbart.com</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Breitbart.com">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart News Network">Breitbart News Network</a></div>
+<p>Breitbart launched his first website as a news site; it is often linked to by the <i><a href="/wiki/Drudge_Report" title="Drudge Report">Drudge Report</a></i> and other websites. It has wire stories from the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Newswire" title="U.S. Newswire">U.S. Newswire</a>, as well as direct links to a number of major international newspapers. Its political viewpoint as well as its audience runs to the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right</a> within the U.S. political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> In 2007, Breitbart launched a video blog, Breitbart.tv.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During a stay in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Breitbart and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Solov" title="Larry Solov">Larry Solov</a> conceived of the idea of founding Breitbart News Network, with "the aim of starting a site that would be unapologetically pro-freedom and pro-Israel. We were sick of the anti-Israel bias of the mainstream media and <a href="/wiki/J-Street" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Street">J-Street</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Solov has written:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>One night in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, when we were getting ready for dinner, Andrew turned to me and asked if I would de-partner from the 800-person law firm where I was practicing and become business partners with him. He said he needed my help to create a media company. He needed my help to "change the world." ... We were blown away by the spirit, tenacity, and resourcefulness of the Israeli people on that trip. Andrew could be quite convincing, not to mention inspiring, and I decided right there and then to "throw away" (my Mom's phrase) a perfectly good, successful and safe career in order to start a "new media" company with Andrew Breitbart.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>In 2011, Breitbart and one of his editors <a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Connor_(radio_host)" title="Larry O'Connor (radio host)">Larry O'Connor</a> were sued for <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Sherrod" title="Shirley Sherrod">Shirley Sherrod</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">fired</a> after Breitbart posted a video of a speech given by Sherrod. The video had been selectively edited to suggest that she had purposely discriminated against a white farmer, while in reality the unedited video told the story of how she had helped that farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerstein_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerstein-34">[34]</a></sup> In July 2015, it was reported that Sherrod and Breitbart's estate had reached a tentative settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerstein_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerstein-34">[34]</a></sup> It was reported October 1, 2016, that the lawsuit was settled.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Commentaries">Commentaries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commentaries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2009, Breitbart appeared as a commentator on <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher" title="Real Time with Bill Maher">Real Time with Bill Maher</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Miller" title="Dennis Miller">Dennis Miller</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> In 2004, he was a guest commentator on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel's</a> morning show and frequently appeared as a guest panelist on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>'s late night program, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Eye_(TV_series)" title="Red Eye (TV series)">Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld</a></i>. Breitbart also appeared as a commentator in the 2004 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore_Hates_America" title="Michael Moore Hates America">Michael Moore Hates America</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On October 22, 2009, Breitbart appeared on the <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> program <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Journal" title="Washington Journal">Washington Journal</a></i>. He gave his opinions on the mainstream media, Hollywood, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama Administration</a> and his personal political views, having heated debates with several callers.<sup id="cite_ref-c-span_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-span-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the hours immediately following Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>'s death, Breitbart called Kennedy a "villain", a "duplicitous bastard", a "prick"<sup id="cite_ref-politico_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico-38">[38]</a></sup> and "a special pile of human excrement," adding, "Sorry, he destroyed lives. And he knew it," referring to Kennedy's actions during the <a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_incident" title="Chappaquiddick incident">Chappaquiddick incident</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In February 2010, Breitbart received the <a href="/wiki/Reed_Irvine" title="Reed Irvine">Reed Irvine</a> <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">Accuracy in Media</a> Award during the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a> in Washington, D.C. During his acceptance speech, he responded directly to accusations by <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reporter Kate Zernike that <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mattera" title="Jason Mattera">Jason Mattera</a>, a young conservative activist, had been using "racial tones" in his <a href="/wiki/Allusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allusions">allusions</a> to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and had spoken in a "<a href="/wiki/Chris_Rock" title="Chris Rock">Chris Rock</a> voice". From the podium, Breitbart called Zernike "a despicable human being" for having made such allegations about Mattera's New York accent.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> At the same conference, Breitbart was also filmed saying to journalist <a href="/wiki/Max_Blumenthal" title="Max Blumenthal">Max Blumenthal</a> that he found him to be "a jerk" and "a despicable human being" over a blog entry in which Blumenthal accused Breitbart of employing a racist.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Blumenthal was referring to <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">James O'Keefe</a> over his having attended a <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Law_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown Law Center">Georgetown Law Center</a> discussion on race featuring Kevin Martin, <a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Jared Taylor</a>, the last of whom founded <a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a>, an online magazine widely considered white supremacist. Neither O'Keefe nor Breitbart endorsed Taylor's views.</p>
+<p>In 2011, Breitbart said that "of course" <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> was not a conservative, adding:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>But this is a message to those candidates who are languishing at 2 percent and 3 percent within the Republican Party who are brand names in Washington, but the rest of the country don't know ... celebrity is everything in this country. And if these guys don't learn how to play the media the way that Barack Obama played the media last election cycle and the way that Donald Trump is playing the election cycle, we're going to probably get a celebrity candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-WP.Aug.7.16_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP.Aug.7.16-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>These comments resurfaced after the controversy of Donald Trump hiring <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a>' executive chairman <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> to be his <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_Strategist" title="White House Chief Strategist">White House Chief Strategist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP.Aug.7.16_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP.Aug.7.16-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Activism">Activism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tea_party_movement#Reports_of_slurs_at_health_care_reform_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea party movement">Tea Party movement</a></div>
+<p>Breitbart often appeared as a speaker at <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> events across the U.S. For example, Breitbart was a speaker at the first National Tea Party Convention at Gaylord Opryland Hotel in Nashville on February 6, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Breitbart later involved himself in a controversy over allegations of <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial</a> slurs being used at a March 20, 2010, rally at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in Washington, D.C., by asserting that slurs were never used, and that "it was a set-up" by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> and the Democratic Party. Breitbart offered to donate $100,000 to the <a href="/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund</a> "for any audio/video footage of the <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">N-word</a> being hurled," claiming that the several Congressmen made it up. Breitbart insisted Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(Georgia_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis (Georgia politician)">John Lewis</a> and several other witnesses were forced to lie, concluding that "Nancy Pelosi did a great disservice to a great civil rights icon by thrusting him out there to perform this mischievous task. His reputation is now on the line as a result of her desperation to take down the Tea Party movement."<sup id="cite_ref-AB-100402_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-100402-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WPost_Omb_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost_Omb-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In February 2012, a YouTube video showed Breitbart yelling at Occupy D.C. protesters outside a Washington, D.C. hotel hosting a Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC). The video showed security escorting Breitbart back to the hotel while he told the protesters to "behave yourself", and alluding to reported assaults of women at Occupy encampments, he repeatedly yelled, "Stop raping people", and called the protestors "filthy, filthy, raping, murdering freaks!" David Carr said with the incident Breitbart had caused his last "viral storm on the Web."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPAC_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPAC-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Breitbart appeared posthumously in <i><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Unmasked" title="Occupy Unmasked">Occupy Unmasked</a></i>, a documentary film that contends that the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy Wall Street movement</a> of "largely nave students and legitimately concerned citizens looking for answers" is actually orchestrated by sinister, violent, and organized leaders with the purpose of not just changing, but destroying the American government.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Breitbart was married to Susannah Bean, the daughter of actor <a href="/wiki/Orson_Bean" title="Orson Bean">Orson Bean</a> and fashion designer Carolyn Maxwell, and had four children.<sup id="cite_ref-huff_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kids_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kids-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5">
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: left;"><i>"He was the best kind of Jew and human being you could ever meet, one who created opportunities for people in whom he saw a spark which <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> called the highest form of charity."</i><br />
+- Joel Pollak, March, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>On the night of March 1, 2012, Breitbart collapsed suddenly while walking in <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Brentwood, Los Angeles">Brentwood</a>. He was rushed to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center">Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center</a>, where he was pronounced dead just after midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> He was 43 years old. An <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Coroner%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County Coroner's Office">Los Angeles County Coroner's Office</a> showed that he had <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a>, with focal coronary atherosclerosis,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> and died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coroner_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coroner-54">[54]</a></sup> He was buried in the Jewish plot at the <a href="/wiki/Hillside_Memorial_Park_Cemetery" title="Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery">Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery</a>. His grave is marked with the inscription "Herein lies a giant".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Unproven conspiracy theories have circulated about his death.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a> report showed, "No prescription or illicit drugs were detected. The blood alcohol was .04%. No significant trauma was present and foul play is not suspected."<sup id="cite_ref-Coroner_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coroner-54">[54]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Bill Whittle</a>, a friend of Breitbart, had said that Breitbart had a "serious heart attack" just months before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In remembrance, Republican presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> praised Breitbart.<sup id="cite_ref-media_star_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media_star-60">[60]</a></sup> Santorum called Breitbart's death "a huge loss" that strongly affected him.<sup id="cite_ref-media_star_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media_star-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> Romney praised Breitbart as a "fearless conservative," while Gingrich remembered him as "the most innovative pioneer in conservative activist social media in America".<sup id="cite_ref-media_star_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media_star-60">[60]</a></sup> A special episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Eye_(TV_series)" title="Red Eye (TV series)">Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld</a></i> aired the day after his death as the host and panelists paid their tributes and showed clips from his appearances on the show.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><i>Righteous Indignation: Excuse Me While I Save the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. April 15, 2011. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57282-8">978-0-446-57282-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Indignation%3A+Excuse+Me+While+I+Save+the+World&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-446-57282-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ebner" title="Mark Ebner">With Ebner, Mark C.</a> (March 10, 2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Interrupted" title="Hollywood, Interrupted">Hollywood, Interrupted</a>: Insanity Chic in Babylon The Case Against Celebrity</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-70624-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-70624-3">978-0-471-70624-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood%2C+Interrupted%3A+Insanity+Chic+in+Babylon+%E2%80%93+The+Case+Against+Celebrity&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft.isbn=978-0-471-70624-3&rft.aulast=With+Ebner&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-c-span-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c-span_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c-span_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c-span_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanarchives.org/program/289587-8">Andrew Breitbart, Breitbart.com Publisher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002155759/http://www.c-spanarchives.org/program/289587-8">Archived</a> October 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>, October 22, 2009. Breitbart referred to the "Democrat-media complex" several times...</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Farai_Chideya" title="Farai Chideya">Chideya, Farai</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/newsandviews/2007/09/semper_fi_media.html">"Semper Fi Media"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a></i>, September 14, 2007. Accessed June 10, 2011. "The other person on the panel was Andrew Breitbart, who runs Breitbart.com, a news aggregator.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/andrew-breitbart-interview-lisa-depaulo">"Breitbart in Full: The GQA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breitbart+in+Full%3A+The+GQA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Fandrew-breitbart-interview-lisa-depaulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/389133/june-09-2011/andrew-breitbart-reveals-weiner-photo">"Andrew Breitbart Reveals Weiner Photo"</a>. The Colbert Report<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Breitbart+Reveals+Weiner+Photo&rft.pub=The+Colbert+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colbertnation.com%2Fthe-colbert-report-videos%2F389133%2Fjune-09-2011%2Fandrew-breitbart-reveals-weiner-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dimewars.com/Video/Michael-Eric-Dyson-RIPS-Andrew-Breitbart-On-Bill-Maher-Show.aspx?bcmediaid=2228554b-faa8-41ad-ab92-6a77eb082ca8">"Michael Eric Dyson RIPS Andrew Breitbart On Bill Maher Show"</a>. Dime Wars<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Eric+Dyson+RIPS+Andrew+Breitbart+On+Bill+Maher+Show&rft.pub=Dime+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdimewars.com%2FVideo%2FMichael-Eric-Dyson-RIPS-Andrew-Breitbart-On-Bill-Maher-Show.aspx%3Fbcmediaid%3D2228554b-faa8-41ad-ab92-6a77eb082ca8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ng, Christina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/andrew-breitbart-publisher-author-dead/story?id=15824337#.UCsmqJZSTsY">"Publisher and Author Andrew Breitbart Dead"</a>. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Publisher+and+Author+Andrew+Breitbart+Dead&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fandrew-breitbart-publisher-author-dead%2Fstory%3Fid%3D15824337%23.UCsmqJZSTsY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-huff-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huff_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huff_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huff_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Breitbart.com-has-Drudge-to-thank-for-its-success---page-2/2100-1025_3-5976096-2.html">"Breitbart.com has Drudge to thank for its success"</a>. Cnet news. November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breitbart.com+has+Drudge+to+thank+for+its+success&rft.pub=Cnet+news&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FBreitbart.com-has-Drudge-to-thank-for-its-success---page-2%2F2100-1025_3-5976096-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Roshan, Maer; Slayton, Hunter R. (2012-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/154463/what_really_killed_andrew_breitbart_the_likely_cause_of_death_the_mainstream_media_ignored">"What Really Killed Andrew Breitbart? The Likely Cause of Death The Mainstream Media Ignored"</a>. <i>AlterNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AlterNet&rft.atitle=What+Really+Killed+Andrew+Breitbart%3F+The+Likely+Cause+of+Death+The+Mainstream+Media+Ignored&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.aulast=Roshan&rft.aufirst=Maer&rft.au=Slayton%2C+Hunter+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Fstory%2F154463%2Fwhat_really_killed_andrew_breitbart_the_likely_cause_of_death_the_mainstream_media_ignored&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gillespie, Nick (March 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/01/opinion/gillespie-breitbart/index.html">"How Andrew Breitbart changed the news"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Andrew+Breitbart+changed+the+news&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2Fopinion%2Fgillespie-breitbart%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Atlantic1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Friedersdorf, Connor (March 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/03/andrew-breitbarts-legacy-credit-and-blame-where-its-due/253953/">"Andrew Breitbart's Legacy: Credit and Blame Where It's Due"</a>. <i>Politics</i>. Atlantic Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politics&rft.atitle=Andrew+Breitbart%27s+Legacy%3A+Credit+and+Blame+Where+It%27s+Due&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.au=Friedersdorf%2C+Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2012%2F03%2Fandrew-breitbarts-legacy-credit-and-blame-where-its-due%2F253953%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Peters, Jeremy W. (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/us/andrew-breitbart-conservative-blogger-dies-at-43.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Andrew Breitbart, Conservative Blogger, Dies at 43"</a>. <i>nytimes.com</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Andrew+Breitbart%2C+Conservative+Blogger%2C+Dies+at+43&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F02%2Fus%2Fandrew-breitbart-conservative-blogger-dies-at-43.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/940/000203331/#FN1">"Andrew Breitbart"</a>. NNDB. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Breitbart&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=NNDB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F940%2F000203331%2F%23FN1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Farhi, Paul (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/andrew-breitbart-built-internet-empire-by-combining-new-media-old-fashioned-pranks/2012/03/01/gIQA7vc9kR_story.html">"Andrew Breitbart built Internet empire by combining new media, partisan slant"</a>. United States: The Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Breitbart+built+Internet+empire+by+combining+new+media%2C+partisan+slant&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fandrew-breitbart-built-internet-empire-by-combining-new-media-old-fashioned-pranks%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2FgIQA7vc9kR_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-family-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-family_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-family_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-family_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-family_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-family_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Christopher Beam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/03/what_is_andrew_breitbart_thinking.single.html">"Big Breitbart: Andrew Breitbart is messing with you"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322191051/http://www.slate.com/id/2247593">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Big+Breitbart%3A+Andrew+Breitbart+is+messing+with+you&rft.au=Christopher+Beam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2F03%2Fwhat_is_andrew_breitbart_thinking.single.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-wsj-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Taranto, James (October 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704471504574451703003340362?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_opinion">"The Weekend Interview With Andrew Breitbart: Taking On the 'Democrat-Media Complex<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091020224720/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704471504574451703003340362.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_opinion">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Weekend+Interview+With+Andrew+Breitbart%3A+Taking+On+the+%27Democrat-Media+Complex%27&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=Taranto&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704471504574451703003340362%3Fmod%3DWSJ_hpp_sections_opinion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lowenfeld, Jonah (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishjournal.com/thenon-prophet/item/andrew_breitbart_republican_jewish_media_mogul_is_dead_at_43_20120301">"Andrew Breitbart, Republican Jewish media mogul, is dead at 43"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles">Jewish Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=Andrew+Breitbart%2C+Republican+Jewish+media+mogul%2C+is+dead+at+43&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Lowenfeld&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishjournal.com%2Fthenon-prophet%2Fitem%2Fandrew_breitbart_republican_jewish_media_mogul_is_dead_at_43_20120301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-jpost.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpost.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost.com_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost.com_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Comment-Andrew-Breitbart-Israel-and-Judaism">"Comment: Andrew Breitbart, Israel and Judaism"</a> By Benjamin Weinthal, <i>Jerusalem Post</i>, April 3, 2012</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishjournal.com/politics/article/andrew_breitbart_the_unabashedly_biased_journalist_20110613/">"Andrew Breitbart, the unabashedly 'biased journalist'</a> by Jonah Lowenfeld, June 13, 2011, <i>Jewish Journal</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Righteous Indignation</i>, page 17</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McCain, Robert Stacy (May 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/may/29/20070529-111812-9136r/print/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>News addict' gets his fix"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=%27News+addict%27+gets+his+fix&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.aulast=McCain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fmay%2F29%2F20070529-111812-9136r%2Fprint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Righteous_Indignation.2C_p._36_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Righteous Indignation, p. 36</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2013/03/01/andrew-hated-bullies/">Andrew's Politics: He Hated Bullies</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gillespie-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gillespie, Nick (March 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/01/opinion/gillespie-breitbart/index.html">"How Andrew Breitbart changed the news"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+Andrew+Breitbart+changed+the+news&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2Fopinion%2Fgillespie-breitbart%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-biyatch-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biyatch_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/122048.html">"Lists: What's Your Source for That? Where Andrew Breitbart gets his information"</a>. ReasonOnline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919111403/http://www.reason.com/news/show/122048.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lists%3A+What%27s+Your+Source+for+That%3F+Where+Andrew+Breitbart+gets+his+information.&rft.pub=ReasonOnline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F122048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeedpolitics/how-andrew-breitbart-helped-launch-huffington-post">"How Andrew Breitbart Helped Launch Huffington Post"</a>. Buzzfeed<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Andrew+Breitbart+Helped+Launch+Huffington+Post&rft.pub=Buzzfeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fbuzzfeedpolitics%2Fhow-andrew-breitbart-helped-launch-huffington-post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705051111/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471450510.html">"Wiley: Hollywood, Interrupted: Insanity Chic in Babylon The Case Against Celebrity Andrew Breitbart, Mark Ebner"</a>. <i>wiley.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471450510.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiley.com&rft.atitle=Wiley%3A+Hollywood%2C+Interrupted%3A+Insanity+Chic+in+Babylon+%E2%80%93+The+Case+Against+Celebrity+%E2%80%93+Andrew+Breitbart%2C+Mark+Ebner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-0471450510.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803200215/http://www.goproud.org/conservative-media-mogul-andrew-breitbart-to-join-goproud%e2%80%99s-advisory-council/">"Conservative Media Mogul Andrew Breitbart to Join GOProud's Advisory Council"</a>. Goproud.org. January 21, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goproud.org/conservative-media-mogul-andrew-breitbart-to-join-goproud%E2%80%99s-advisory-council/">the original</a> on August 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservative+Media+Mogul+Andrew+Breitbart+to+Join+GOProud%27s+Advisory+Council&rft.pub=Goproud.org&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goproud.org%2Fconservative-media-mogul-andrew-breitbart-to-join-goproud%25E2%2580%2599s-advisory-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daly, Corbett D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20069298-503544.html">"Conservative website posts private pictures of Anthony Weiner."</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. June 6, 2011.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalism.org/interactives/media-polarization/outlet/breitbart/">"Where Breitbart's Audience Fits on the Political Spectrum"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Journalism Project</i>. October 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Journalism+Project&rft.atitle=Where+Breitbart%27s+Audience+Fits+on+the+Political+Spectrum&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalism.org%2Finteractives%2Fmedia-polarization%2Foutlet%2Fbreitbart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Owen_(journalist)" title="Rob Owen (journalist)">Owen, Rob</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07075/769897-96.stm">The next wave: Ex-WTAE anchor Scott Baker changes channel to run Web news site</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Gazette">Post-Gazette</a></i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2015/11/17/breitbart-news-network-born-in-the-usa-conceived-in-israel">Breitbart News Network: Born In The USA, Conceived In Israel</a> Breitbart, November 17, 2015</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2015/11/17/breitbart-news-network-born-in-the-usa-conceived-in-israel">"Born In The USA, Conceived In Israel"</a>. <i>Breitbart News Network</i>. November 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breitbart+News+Network&rft.atitle=Born+In+The+USA%2C+Conceived+In+Israel&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breitbart.com%2Fbig-journalism%2F2015%2F11%2F17%2Fbreitbart-news-network-born-in-the-usa-conceived-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Zeleny, Jeff; Wheaton, Sarah (February 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/us/politics/13cpac.html?_r=1&emc=eta1">"At Gathering, Ron Paul Is No. 1 for 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. pp. A21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Gathering%2C+Ron+Paul+Is+No.+1+for+2012&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Wheaton%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F13cpac.html%3F_r%3D1%26emc%3Deta1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gerstein-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerstein_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerstein_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gerstein, Josh (July 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2015/07/breitbart-sherrod-near-libel-settlement-209824.html">"Breitbart, Sherrod near libel settlement"</a>. Politico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Breitbart%2C+Sherrod+near+libel+settlement&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Funder-the-radar%2F2015%2F07%2Fbreitbart-sherrod-near-libel-settlement-209824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tierney Sneed (October 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/sherrod-breitbart-lawsuit-settle">"Ex-USDA Official Settles Her Lawsuit Over Breitbart Video That Got Her Fired"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talking+Points+Memo&rft.atitle=Ex-USDA+Official+Settles+Her+Lawsuit+Over+Breitbart+Video+That+Got+Her+Fired&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.au=Tierney+Sneed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkingpointsmemo.com%2Fmuckraker%2Fsherrod-breitbart-lawsuit-settle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/16/my-real-time-with-bill-maher/?page=all">"BREITBART: 'My Real Time With Bill Maher<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. Washington Times. March 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BREITBART%3A+%E2%80%98My+Real+Time+With+Bill+Maher%E2%80%99&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fmar%2F16%2Fmy-real-time-with-bill-maher%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/212271/michael-wilson-loves-america/andrew-leigh">"National Review Online"</a>. nationalreview.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Review+Online&rft.pub=nationalreview.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticles%2F212271%2Fmichael-wilson-loves-america%2Fandrew-leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-politico-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politico_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0809/26475.html">"Not all Kennedy critics hold fire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827091650/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0809/26475.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Not+all+Kennedy+critics+hold+fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0809%2F26475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennlive.com/editorials/index.ssf/2009/08/compromise_what_pennsylvania_l.html">Compromise: what Pennsylvania lawmakers could learn from Ted Kennedy</a>" (editorial), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot-News" title="The Patriot-News">The Patriot-News</a></i> (Pennsylvania), August 28, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2009.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/278320">"Opinion: Ted Kennedy, the liberal adversary to the conservative movement"</a>. digitaljournal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003110202/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/278320">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion%3A+Ted+Kennedy%2C+the+liberal+adversary+to+the+conservative+movement&rft.pub=digitaljournal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournal.com%2Farticle%2F278320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benson, Guy. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigjournalism.com/gbenson/2010/02/19/the-new-york-times-owes-jason-mattera-an-apology/">The New York Times Owes Jason Mattera an Apology</a></i>, Big Journalism, February 19, 2010.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIeByOeERpY">"Max Blumenthal confronted by Andrew Breitbart and Larry O'Connor/Stage right at CPAC 10"</a>. YouTube. February 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Blumenthal+confronted+by+Andrew+Breitbart+and+Larry+O%27Connor%2FStage+right+at+CPAC+10&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMIeByOeERpY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WP.Aug.7.16-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP.Aug.7.16_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP.Aug.7.16_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Weigel, David (August 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/08/17/five-things-to-know-about-breitbart-the-new-force-in-the-trump-campaign/">"Five things to know about Breitbart, the new force in the Trump campaign"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+things+to+know+about+Breitbart%2C+the+new+force+in+the+Trump+campaign&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2016%2F08%2F17%2Ffive-things-to-know-about-breitbart-the-new-force-in-the-trump-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_D2YLnaTr6w/">Breitbart Keynote Part 1 of 4, Nashville, February 2010</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3N3os3js4B0/">Part 2</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t6XSeR5GEw/">Part 3</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJZmKGE6tdE/">Part 4</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AB-100402-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AB-100402_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Breitbart, Andrew (April 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigjournalism.com/abreitbart/2010/04/02/barack-obamas-helter-skelter-insane-clown-posse-alinsky-planes-to-deconstruct-america/">"Barack Obama's Helter-Skelter, Insane Clown Posse, Alinsky Plans to 'Deconstruct' America"</a>. Big Journalism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%27s+Helter-Skelter%2C+Insane+Clown+Posse%2C+Alinsky+Plans+to+%27Deconstruct%27+America&rft.pub=Big+Journalism&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.aulast=Breitbart&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigjournalism.com%2Fabreitbart%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fbarack-obamas-helter-skelter-insane-clown-posse-alinsky-planes-to-deconstruct-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WPost_Omb-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPost_Omb_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Alexander, Andrew (April 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/09/AR2010040903716.html">"Allegations of spitting and slurs at Capitol protest merit more reporting"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Allegations+of+spitting+and+slurs+at+Capitol+protest+merit+more+reporting&rft.date=2010-04-11&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F09%2FAR2010040903716.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Carr, David (April 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/business/media/the-life-and-death-of-andrew-breitbart.html?pagewanted=all">"The Life and Death of Andrew Breitbart"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Andrew+Breitbart&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fthe-life-and-death-of-andrew-breitbart.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CPAC-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPAC_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources that describe the confrontation with Occupy protesters at CPAC 2012:</span>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/02/web-talking-about-andrew-breitbarts-occupy-DC-freakout/48598/">The Web is Talking About Andrew Breitbart's Occupy D.C. Freakout</a>, by Seth Abramovitch, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>, February 12, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2012/02/11/eighty_seven_seconds_of_andrew_breitbart_yelling.html">Eighty-Seven Seconds of Andrew Breitbart Yelling</a>, by David Weigel, <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>, February 11, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-06/politics/31125723_1_andrew-breitbart-cpac-bloggers">WATCH: Andrew Breitbart LOSES It On Occupy Wall Street Protesters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212021939/http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-06/politics/31125723_1_andrew-breitbart-cpac-bloggers">Archived</a> December 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., by Grace Wyler, <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>, March 6, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/01/andrew-breitbart-dies-most-controversial-moments-video.html">Andrew Breitbart Dies: Most Controversial Moments (Video)</a>, by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>, March 1, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observer.com/2012/03/andrew-breitbart-dead-03012012/">Andrew Breitbart Dead at 43</a>, by Kat Stoeffel and Hunter Walker, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i>, January 3, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campusprogress.org/articles/exclusive_video_andrew_breitbart_to_occupiers_stop_raping_people/">EXCLUSIVE VIDEO: Blogger Andrew Breitbart to Occupiers: Stop Raping People!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419075311/http://campusprogress.org/articles/exclusive_video_andrew_breitbart_to_occupiers_stop_raping_people/">Archived</a> April 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., by Emily Crockett, <i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus Progress">Campus Progress</a></i>, February 10, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/tv/andrew-breitbart-confronts-occupy-crowd-at-cpac-demands-they-stop-raping-people/">Andrew Breitbart Confronts Occupy Crowd At CPAC, Demands They Stop Raping People</a>, by Frances Martel, <i><a href="/wiki/Mediaite" title="Mediaite">Mediaite</a></i>, March 1, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcist.com/2012/02/andrew_breitbart_flips_out_at_occup.php">Right-Wing Blog Mogul Andrew Breitbart Flips Out at Occupy D.C. Outside CPAC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212061609/http://dcist.com/2012/02/andrew_breitbart_flips_out_at_occup.php">Archived</a> February 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., by Benjamin R. Freed, <i><a href="/wiki/DCist" class="mw-redirect" title="DCist">DCist</a></i>, February 10, 2012</span></li>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/02/occupiers_berat.php">Occupiers Berated By Breitbart; <i>Times</i> Looks At Movement's Next Moves</a>, by Esther Zuckerman, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>, February 11, 2012</span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.occupyunmasked.com/about.aspx">"Occupyunmasked.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupyunmasked.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.occupyunmasked.com%2Fabout.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-kids-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kids_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Orson Bean (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bighollywood.breitbart.com/obean/2009/01/31/sgt-curtis-massey-was-41">"Sgt. Curtis Massey Was 41"</a>. Cnet news<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sgt.+Curtis+Massey+Was+41&rft.pub=Cnet+news&rft.date=2005-11&rft.au=Orson+Bean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbighollywood.breitbart.com%2Fobean%2F2009%2F01%2F31%2Fsgt-curtis-massey-was-41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autopsyfiles.org/reports/Celebs/breitbart,%20andrew_report.pdf">"Andrew Breitbart autopsy report"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Autopsyfile.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Breitbart+autopsy+report&rft.pub=Autopsyfile.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autopsyfiles.org%2Freports%2FCelebs%2Fbreitbart%2C%2520andrew_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ng, Christina (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/andrew-breitbart-publisher-author-dead/story?id=15824337">"Publisher and Author Andrew Breitbart Dead"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Publisher+and+Author+Andrew+Breitbart+Dead&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fandrew-breitbart-publisher-author-dead%2Fstory%3Fid%3D15824337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Blankstein, Andrew (May 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/05/commentator-and-editor-andrew-breitbart-died-of-heart-failure-and-hard-up-to-a-60-narrowing-of-a-major-artery-and-was-unde.html">"Andrew Breitbart died of heart failure, narrowing of artery, coroner finds"</a>. <i>L.A. Times</i>. L.A. Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L.A.+Times&rft.atitle=Andrew+Breitbart+died+of+heart+failure%2C+narrowing+of+artery%2C+coroner+finds&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.aulast=Blankstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Flanow%2F2012%2F05%2Fcommentator-and-editor-andrew-breitbart-died-of-heart-failure-and-hard-up-to-a-60-narrowing-of-a-major-artery-and-was-unde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Coroner-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coroner_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coroner_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Breitbart.com (April 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2012/04/20/Coroner-Andrew-Breitbart-Died-of-Heart-Failure">"Coroner: Breitbart Died of Heart Failure"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coroner%3A+Breitbart+Died+of+Heart+Failure&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.au=Breitbart.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breitbart.com%2FBig-Government%2F2012%2F04%2F20%2FCoroner-Andrew-Breitbart-Died-of-Heart-Failure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=86040288">Andrew James Breitbart</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stableford, Dylan (March 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/cutline/andrew-breitbart-death-sparks-conspiracy-theories-galore-175523779.html">"Andrew Breitbart death sparks conspiracy theories"</a>. Yahoo! News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Breitbart+death+sparks+conspiracy+theories&rft.pub=Yahoo%21+News&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fcutline%2Fandrew-breitbart-death-sparks-conspiracy-theories-galore-175523779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Epstein, Emily Anne (May 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2138216/Andrew-Breitbart-death-Conspiracy-theorists-foul-coroner-dies-arsenic-poisoning.html">"Conspiracy theorists cry foul after right-wing journalist Andrew Breitbart's 'coroner' dies of arsenic poisoning"</a>. Daily Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+theorists+cry+foul+after+right-wing+journalist+Andrew+Breitbart%27s+%27coroner%27+dies+of+arsenic+poisoning&rft.pub=Daily+Mail&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Emily+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2138216%2FAndrew-Breitbart-death-Conspiracy-theorists-foul-coroner-dies-arsenic-poisoning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lenz, Lyz (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/01/andrew-breitbarts-death-inspires-conspiracy-theories_n_1314988.html">"Andrew Breitbart's Death Inspires Obama Conspiracy Theories"</a>. Huffington Post/TruTV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Breitbart%27s+Death+Inspires+Obama+Conspiracy+Theories&rft.pub=Huffington+Post%2FTruTV&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=Lyz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2Fandrew-breitbarts-death-inspires-conspiracy-theories_n_1314988.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RA2YIQr1XM4"><i>IN MEMORIAM, ANDREW BREITBART: PJTV Remembers a True Patriot and Friend</i></a>. PJ Media. Event occurs at 1:48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IN+MEMORIAM%2C+ANDREW+BREITBART%3A+PJTV+Remembers+a+True+Patriot+and+Friend&rft.pub=PJ+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRA2YIQr1XM4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-media_star-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-media_star_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_star_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_star_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Beth Fouhey; Philip Elliott (March 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwherald.com/2012/03/06/limbaugh-and-the-gop-the-media-stars-and-politics/agdmwrt/?page=3">"Limbaugh and the GOP: The media stars and politics"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Limbaugh+and+the+GOP%3A+The+media+stars+and+politics&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft.au=Beth+Fouhey&rft.au=Philip+Elliott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwherald.com%2F2012%2F03%2F06%2Flimbaugh-and-the-gop-the-media-stars-and-politics%2Fagdmwrt%2F%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/andrew-breitbart-death-shocks-santorum-100/2012/03/01/gIQAqm8qkR_video.html"><i>CBS News</i></a>. March 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+News&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fandrew-breitbart-death-shocks-santorum-100%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2FgIQAqm8qkR_video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLqEPe9emsU"><i>Red Eye Remembers Andrew Breitbart</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Eye+Remembers+Andrew+Breitbart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCLqEPe9emsU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Breitbart" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Breitbart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Andrew_Breitbart" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Andrew Breitbart">Andrew Breitbart</a></b></i></td>
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+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Andrew_Breitbart" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Andrew Breitbart">Andrew Breitbart</a></b></i>.</td>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><i>Baltimore Afro-American</i></h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+<caption class="fn org" style="font-style: italic">The Afro-American</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltimore_Afro-American_building_(Baltimore_2008).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Baltimore Afro-American building (Baltimore 2008).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Baltimore_Afro-American_building_%28Baltimore_2008%29.jpg/220px-Baltimore_Afro-American_building_%28Baltimore_2008%29.jpg" width="220" height="165" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Baltimore_Afro-American_building_%28Baltimore_2008%29.jpg/330px-Baltimore_Afro-American_building_%28Baltimore_2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Baltimore_Afro-American_building_%28Baltimore_2008%29.jpg/440px-Baltimore_Afro-American_building_%28Baltimore_2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a>
+<div>The Afro Building on North Charles Street</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Type</th>
+<td>Weekly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Format</th>
+<td>Broadsheet (full page)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Publisher</th>
+<td>John J. Oliver Jr.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Editor</th>
+<td class="agent">Kamau High, Managing Editor <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Founded</th>
+<td>1892</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Headquarters</th>
+<td class="label">2519 North Charles Street<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> 21218<br />
+USA</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afro.com">www<wbr />.afro<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The <i><b>Baltimore Afro-American</b></i>, commonly known as <i><b>The Afro</b></i>, is a weekly newspaper published in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, USA. It is the flagship newspaper of the <i>Afro-American</i> chain and the longest-running <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> family-owned newspaper in the United States, established in 1892 by <a href="/wiki/John_H._Murphy,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Murphy, Sr.">John H. Murphy, Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#University_Collaborative_archival_project"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">University Collaborative archival project</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Afro-American&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png/300px-1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png" width="300" height="101" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png/450px-1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png/600px-1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="375" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1913.09.06.afro.american.ledger.nameplate.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Nameplate_(publishing)" title="Nameplate (publishing)">Nameplate</a> of <i>The Afro-American Ledger,</i> September 6, 1913</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The newspaper was founded in 1892 by <a href="/wiki/John_H._Murphy,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Murphy, Sr.">John H. Murphy, Sr.</a>, who was born into slavery and served in the Civil War in the United States Colored Troops, reaching the rank of sergeant (NCO). He worked a variety of jobs after the war. Active with the Bethel <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Baltimore, a denomination founded in the early 19th century in Philadelphia as the first independent black religion in the United States, Murphy merged his church publication, <i>The Sunday School Helper,</i> with two other church publications, <i>The Ledger</i> and <i>The Afro-American.</i> With <i>The Afro-American</i>, Murphy promoted unity in the black community of Baltimore, as well as combating racial discrimination in the city and working for children's education. "He crusaded for racial justice while exposing racism in education, jobs, housing, and public accommodations. In 1913, he was elected president of the National Negro Press Association."<sup id="cite_ref-JHMhalloffame_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHMhalloffame-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The publication began to grow to reach more cities and to rise in national prominence after his son <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a> took control in 1922, serving as its editor for 45 years. He expanded the paper to have nine national editions, with papers published in 13 major cities. At its peak, the paper published two weekly editions in Baltimore and regional weekly editions in cities including Washington, DC; <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, the latter a destination northern city for many blacks from the rural South during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to the North in the first half of the 20th century. In the early 21st century, the <i>Afro-American</i> has two city editions: one in Baltimore, and the other for Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-jhu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhu-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Both <a href="/wiki/John_H._Murphy,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Murphy, Sr.">John H. Murphy, Sr.</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a> have been posthumously inducted into the MDDC Press Association's Hall of Fame in recognition of their contributions to journalism and publishing, in 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-JHMhalloffame_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHMhalloffame-4">[4]</a></sup> and 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-CJMhalloffame_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJMhalloffame-6">[6]</a></sup> respectively.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="University_Collaborative_archival_project">University Collaborative archival project</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Afro-American&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University Collaborative archival project">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>In November 2007 five students were selected from Baltimore institutions, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_University" title="Morgan State University">Morgan State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goucher_College" title="Goucher College">Goucher College</a>, to begin work under an <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a> grant "to uncover and describe the content" of the newspaper's archives, held at its headquarters. These included manuscripts, articles, photographs, and clippings that date to the founding of the paper. "The objectives of the project are to identify important unprocessed collections at the newspaper, inventory and organize the collection, and ultimately create an online database for searching the material."<sup id="cite_ref-jhu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhu-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>"In order to preserve the newspaper's archival holdings and make them accessible to the masses, the Center for Africana Studies and the Sheridan Libraries' Center for Educational Resources [at JHU] have embarked on the Diaspora Pathways Archival Access Project, a student internship program funded by a three-year grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The program is one facet of the Center for Africana Studies' larger Diaspora Pathways Initiative, which also includes oral history projects and academic courses."<sup id="cite_ref-jhu_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhu-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Afro-American&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Baltimore" title="Media in Baltimore">Media in Baltimore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Maryland" title="List of newspapers in Maryland">List of newspapers in Maryland</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Afro-American&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/afronewspaper/docs/washington-baltimore_afro-american__d75753b3976f08"><i>.</i></a> Nov. 28, 2015 Issue of</span> Afro-American Newspaper</li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215230654/http://www.library.jhu.edu/researchhelp/baltimore/newspapers.html">"Baltimore City Newspapers"</a>. Johns Hopkins University Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.jhu.edu/researchhelp/baltimore/newspapers.html">the original</a> on 2008-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baltimore+City+Newspapers&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.jhu.edu%2Fresearchhelp%2Fbaltimore%2Fnewspapers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltimore+Afro-American" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Farrar, Hayward (1998-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GM0517.aspx"><i>The Baltimore Afro-American: 1892-1950</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30517-X">0-313-30517-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltimore+Afro-American%3A+1892-1950&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998-05-30&rft.isbn=0-313-30517-X&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Hayward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwood.com%2Fcatalog%2FGM0517.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltimore+Afro-American" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-JHMhalloffame-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JHMhalloffame_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JHMhalloffame_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promisemedia.com/~mddcpres/index.php/honors/john-h.-murphy-sr">"John Henry Murphy, Sr., MDDC Hall of Fame Class of 2008: Afro-American's John H. Murphy, Sr."</a>, MDDC Press Association, accessed 23 March 2016</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-jhu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jhu_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhu_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhu_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greg Rienzi (17 March 2008). "Mining the 'Afro-American' Archives". <i>The Gazette</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Mining+the+%27Afro-American%27+Archives&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft.au=Greg+Rienzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltimore+Afro-American" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since May 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CJMhalloffame-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CJMhalloffame_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddcpress.com/honors/newspaper-hall-of-fame">Video Narrator, Ben Phillips, grandson: "Carl J. Murphy, Publisher, The AFRO-American Newspapers"</a>, 2015 inductee, MDDC Hall of Fame, accessed 23 March 2016</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Afro-American&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Farrar, Hayward (May 21, 1998). <i>The Baltimore Afro-American: 1892-1950 (Contributions in Afro-American and African Studies: Contemporary Black Poets)</i> (Hardcover). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031330517X" title="Special:BookSources/031330517X">031330517X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltimore+Afro-American%3A+1892-1950+%28Contributions+in+Afro-American+and+African+Studies%3A+Contemporary+Black+Poets%29&rft.date=1998-05-21&rft.isbn=031330517X&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Hayward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltimore+Afro-American" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313305177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313305177">978-0313305177</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Afro-American&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/32px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png" width="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/48px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/64px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="592" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:African_American" title="Portal:African American">African American portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afro.com/"><i>Afro.com</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadoimages.com/">digitized photos from <i>The Afro-American</i> archives</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ztWeZN2wRXQC">Digitized, searchable issues of <i>The Afro-American Ledger</i> (Jan 5, 1906 - Jun 30, 1917, 286 issues)</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_history_of_Baltimore" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity_in_Baltimore" title="Template:Ethnicity in Baltimore"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity_in_Baltimore" title="Template talk:Ethnicity in Baltimore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnicity_in_Baltimore&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Ethnic_history_of_Baltimore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Baltimore" title="Ethnic groups in Baltimore">Ethnic history of Baltimore</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_African_Americans_in_Baltimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the African Americans in Baltimore (page does not exist)">African Americans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czechs_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Czechs in Baltimore">Czechs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Baltimore" title="History of the French in Baltimore">French</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Germans in Baltimore">Germans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greeks_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Greeks in Baltimore">Greeks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Hispanics and Latinos in Baltimore">Hispanics and Latinos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Irish in Baltimore">Irish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italians_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Italians in Baltimore">Italians</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Jews in Baltimore">Jews</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Koreans_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Koreans in Baltimore">Koreans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lithuanians_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Lithuanians in Baltimore">Lithuanians</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Native_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Native Americans in Baltimore">Native Americans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Poles_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Poles in Baltimore">Poles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russians_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Russians in Baltimore">Russians</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ukrainians_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore">Ukrainians</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclaves</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Baltimore" title="Chinatown, Baltimore">Chinatown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street_(Baltimore)" title="Lombard Street (Baltimore)">Corned Beef Row</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/French_Town,_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="French Town, Baltimore">French Town</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greektown,_Baltimore" title="Greektown, Baltimore">Greektown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreatown, Baltimore">Koreatown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Monument_Historic_District" title="East Monument Historic District">Little Bohemia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Baltimore" title="Little Italy, Baltimore">Little Italy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hollins%E2%80%93Roundhouse_Historic_District" title="HollinsRoundhouse Historic District">Little Lithuania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Poland,_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Poland, Baltimore">Little Poland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ukrainians_in_Baltimore#Little_Ukrainian_Village" title="History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore">Little Ukrainian Village</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Otterbein,_Baltimore" title="Otterbein, Baltimore">Otterbein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Fell%27s_Point" title="Upper Fell's Point">Spanish Town</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_American_Indian_Center" title="Baltimore American Indian Center">Baltimore American Indian Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Hebrew_University" title="Baltimore Hebrew University">Baltimore Hebrew University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_National_Cemetery_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Bohemian National Cemetery (Baltimore, Maryland)">Bohemian National Cemetery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christ_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Christ United Church of Christ">Christ United Church of Christ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Hall_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Concordia Hall (Baltimore, Maryland)">Concordia Hall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_%C4%8C.S.P.S._of_Baltimore" title="Grand Lodge .S.P.S. of Baltimore">Grand Lodge .S.P.S. of Baltimore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral_of_the_Annunciation_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation (Baltimore, Maryland)">Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Orphan_Asylum_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Hebrew Orphan Asylum (Baltimore, Maryland)">Hebrew Orphan Asylum</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Holy Rosary Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">Holy Rosary Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Maryland" title="Jewish Museum of Maryland">Jewish Museum of Maryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Hall_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Lithuanian Hall (Baltimore, Maryland)">Lithuanian Hall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Great_Blacks_In_Wax_Museum" title="National Great Blacks In Wax Museum">National Great Blacks In Wax Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Slavic_Museum" title="National Slavic Museum">National Slavic Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Otterbein_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Otterbein Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">Otterbein Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pompeii_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Pompeii Church">Our Lady of Pompeii Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Hall" title="Polish Home Hall">Polish Home Hall</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_F._Lewis_Museum_of_Maryland_African_American_History_%26_Culture" title="Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture">Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Theatre_(Baltimore)" title="Royal Theatre (Baltimore)">Royal Theatre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Alphonsus_Church,_Rectory,_Convent_and_Halle_(Baltimore)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Alphonsus Church, Rectory, Convent and Halle (Baltimore)">St. Alphonsus Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Casimir_Church,_Baltimore" title="St. Casimir Church, Baltimore">St. Casimir Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth_of_Hungary_Catholic_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">St. Elizabeth of Hungary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="St. Francis Xavier Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">St. Francis Xavier Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Leo%27s_Church" title="St. Leo's Church">St. Leo's Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael_the_Archangel_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church" title="St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church">St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter_the_Apostle_Church" title="St. Peter the Apostle Church">St. Peter the Apostle Church</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sts._Peter_%26_Paul_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sts. Peter & Paul Ukrainian Catholic Church (page does not exist)">Sts. Peter & Paul Ukrainian Catholic Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_de_Paul_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="St. Vincent de Paul Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">St. Vincent de Paul Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Wenceslaus_Church,_Baltimore" title="St. Wenceslaus Church, Baltimore">St. Wenceslaus in Baltimore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_our_Lord_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Transfiguration of our Lord Russian Orthodox Church">Transfiguration of our Lord Russian Orthodox Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_and_Young_Women%27s_Hebrew_Association_Building" title="Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association Building">Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association Building</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Lutheran_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, Maryland)">Zion Lutheran Church</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1968" title="Baltimore riot of 1968">Baltimore riot of 1968</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests" title="2015 Baltimore protests">2015 Baltimore protests</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_press_in_Baltimore" title="Ethnic press in Baltimore">Ethnic press in Baltimore</a> (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Jewish_Times" title="Baltimore Jewish Times">Baltimore Jewish Times</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Wecker" title="Baltimore Wecker">Baltimore Wecker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_Opinion" title="Latin Opinion">Latin Opinion</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegraf_(Baltimore_newspaper)" title="Telegraf (Baltimore newspaper)">Telegraf</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_What_When" title="Where What When">Where What When</a></i>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African-American_press" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_press" title="Template:African American press"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_press" title="Template talk:African American press"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_press&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="African-American_press" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African-American press</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_State_Banner" title="Bay State Banner">Bay State Banner</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Time_Press" title="Our Time Press">Our Time Press</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Pittsburgh_Courier" title="New Pittsburgh Courier">New Pittsburgh Courier</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tribune" title="Philadelphia Tribune">Philadelphia Tribune</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/African-American_News_and_Issues" title="African-American News and Issues">African-American News and Issues</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Daily_World" title="Atlanta Daily World">Atlanta Daily World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_Inquirer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlanta Inquirer (page does not exist)">Atlanta Inquirer</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_Voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlanta Voice (page does not exist)">Atlanta Voice</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Chronicle" title="Black Chronicle">Black Chronicle</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Carolina_Times" title="The Carolina Times">The Carolina Times</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charlotte_Post" title="The Charlotte Post">The Charlotte Post</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga_News_Chronicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chattanooga News Chronicle (page does not exist)">Chattanooga News Chronicle</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Sentinel_Bulletin" title="Florida Sentinel Bulletin">Florida Sentinel Bulletin</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Star" title="The Florida Star">The Florida Star</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Defender" title="Houston Defender">Houston Defender</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Forward_Times" title="Houston Forward Times">Houston Forward Times</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Advocate" title="Jackson Advocate">Jackson Advocate</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Louisiana_Weekly" title="The Louisiana Weekly">The Louisiana Weekly</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Defender" title="Louisville Defender">Louisville Defender</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Times" title="The Miami Times">The Miami Times</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Journal_and_Guide" title="New Journal and Guide">New Journal and Guide</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Orleans_Tribune" title="The New Orleans Tribune">The New Orleans Tribune</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Kentucky_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Kentucky Herald (page does not exist)">Northern Kentucky Herald</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Free_Press" title="Richmond Free Press">Richmond Free Press</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Tribune" title="Roanoke Tribune">Roanoke Tribune</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Tribune" title="Savannah Tribune">Savannah Tribune</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Tribune" title="Tennessee Tribune">Tennessee Tribune</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Defender" title="Tri-State Defender">Tri-State Defender</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Beat" title="The Village Beat">The Village Beat</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Afro_American" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Afro American">The Washington Afro American</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Informer" title="The Washington Informer">The Washington Informer</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Sun" title="The Washington Sun">The Washington Sun</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem_Chronicle" title="Winston-Salem Chronicle">Winston-Salem Chronicle</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midwest</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Call_(Kansas_City)" title="The Call (Kansas City)"><i>The Call</i></a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_and_Post" title="Call and Post">Call and Post</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender" title="The Chicago Defender">The Chicago Defender</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Herald" title="The Cincinnati Herald">The Cincinnati Herald</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Defender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton Defender (page does not exist)">Dayton Defender</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Frost_Illustrated" title="Frost Illustrated">Frost Illustrated</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Crusader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Crusader (page does not exist)">Gary Crusader</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Recorder" title="Indianapolis Recorder">Indianapolis Recorder</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Bystander" title="Iowa Bystander">Iowa Bystander</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Chronicle" title="Michigan Chronicle">Michigan Chronicle</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Citizen" title="The Michigan Citizen">The Michigan Citizen</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_FrontPage" title="The Michigan FrontPage">The Michigan FrontPage</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Star" title="Omaha Star">Omaha Star</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_St._Louis_American" title="The St. Louis American">The St. Louis American</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Argus" title="St. Louis Argus">St. Louis Argus</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Sentinel" title="St. Louis Sentinel">St. Louis Sentinel</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Facts_(Seattle)" title="The Facts (Seattle)">The Facts</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sentinel" title="Los Angeles Sentinel">Los Angeles Sentinel</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oakland_Post_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oakland Post (California)">The Oakland Post</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Post" title="Richmond Post">Richmond Post</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Observer" title="The Sacramento Observer">The Sacramento Observer</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_View" title="San Francisco Bay View">San Francisco Bay View</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skanner" title="The Skanner">The Skanner</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Medium" title="Seattle Medium">Seattle Medium</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Call" title="The Final Call">The Final Call</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Guardian" title="Boston Guardian">Boston Guardian</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Eagle" title="California Eagle">California Eagle</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bee" title="Chicago Bee">Chicago Bee</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_Sun" title="The City Sun">The City Sun</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cleveland_Gazette" title="The Cleveland Gazette">The Cleveland Gazette</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_(New_York_City)" title="The Colored American (New York City)">The Colored American (New York City)</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)">The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Express" title="Dallas Express">Dallas Express</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equator_(newspaper)" title="The Equator (newspaper)">The Equator</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Journal" title="Freedom's Journal">Freedom's Journal</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Freeman" title="Indianapolis Freeman">Indianapolis Freeman</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ink_newspaper" title="Ink newspaper">Ink newspaper</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Leader" title="Louisville Leader">Louisville Leader</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Speaks" title="Muhammad Speaks">Muhammad Speaks</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Negro_World" title="Negro World">Negro World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Star" title="The Negro Star">The Negro Star</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Age" title="New York Age">New York Age</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">The North Star</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Independent_(1931%E2%80%9371)" title="The Philadelphia Independent (193171)"><i>The Philadelphia Independent</i></a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_All" title="The Rights of All">The Rights of All</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bee" title="Washington Bee">The Washington Bee</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Appeal" title="Western Appeal">Western Appeal</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_Park_Advocate" title="The Winter Park Advocate">The Winter Park Advocate</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Era" title="The Woman's Era">The Woman's Era</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Enterprise" title="Black Enterprise">Black Enterprise</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Issues_Book_Review" title="Black Issues Book Review">Black Issues Book Review</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/BLK_(magazine)" title="BLK (magazine)">BLK</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Clutch_(magazine)" title="Clutch (magazine)">Clutch</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_Magazine" title="The Colored American Magazine">The Colored American Magazine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerge_(magazine)" title="Emerge (magazine)">Emerge</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence_(magazine)" title="Essence (magazine)">Essence</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fader" title="The Fader">The Fader</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire!!" title="Fire!!">Fire!!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grio" title="The Grio">The Grio</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horizon:_A_Journal_of_the_Color_Line" title="The Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line">The Horizon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/King_(magazine)" title="King (magazine)">King</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Negro_Digest" title="Negro Digest">Negro Digest</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Women_and_Children" title="Our Women and Children">Our Women and Children</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rags_N_Riches_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rags N Riches Magazine (page does not exist)">Rags N Riches Magazine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_On!" title="Right On!">Right On!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_(magazine)" title="The Root (magazine)">The Root</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sister_2_Sister" title="Sister 2 Sister">Sister 2 Sister</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tint_(magazine)" title="Tint (magazine)">Tint</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Transition_Magazine" title="Transition Magazine">Transition Magazine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Visions_Metro_Weekly" title="Visions Metro Weekly">Visions Metro Weekly</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Newspaper_Publishers_Association" title="National Newspaper Publishers Association">National Newspaper Publishers Association</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Publishing_and_Broadcasting" title="Perry Publishing and Broadcasting">Perry Publishing and Broadcasting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Real_Times" title="Real Times">Real Times</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame">National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
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+<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Black_or_White rootpage-Black_or_White vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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+
+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Black or White</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Michael Jackson song. For the Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel song, see <a href="/wiki/Black_or_White_(Steve_Harley_%26_Cockney_Rebel_song)" title="Black or White (Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel song)">Black or White (Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel song)</a>. For the 2014 American film, see <a href="/wiki/Black_or_White_(film)" title="Black or White (film)">Black or White (film)</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: khaki;">"Black or White"</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_or_White.png" class="image"><img alt="Michael Jackson - Black or White.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Michael_Jackson_-_Black_or_White.png/220px-Michael_Jackson_-_Black_or_White.png" width="220" height="220" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Michael_Jackson_-_Black_or_White.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="description">
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="description">
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: khaki;">from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">B-side</a></span></th>
+<td class="plainlist">"<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Released</th>
+<td class="plainlist">November 11, 1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-11-11</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Format</th>
+<td class="hlist">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">7" single</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/12-inch_single" title="12-inch single">12" single</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a>, Cassette single</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VHS#Uses_in_marketing" title="VHS">video single</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Recorded</th>
+<td class="plainlist">June 25, 1990 October 29, 1991</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th>
+<td class="category hlist">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Length</th>
+<td class="plainlist"><span class="duration"><span class="min">4</span>:<span class="s">16</span></span> <small>(album version)</small><br />
+3:19 <small>(single version)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th>
+<td class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter(s)</a></span></th>
+<td class="hlist">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bottrell" title="Bill Bottrell">Bill Bottrell</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Producer(s)</a></span></th>
+<td class="hlist">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson</li>
+<li>Bill Bottrell</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> singles chronology</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;display: none;">
+<table style="background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
+<tr style="line-height: 1.4em;">
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;">"<a href="/wiki/Do_the_Bartman" title="Do the Bartman">Do the Bartman</a>"<br />
+(1990)</td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;">"<b>Black or White</b>"<br />
+(1991)</td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;">"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<table style="width:100%; line-height: 1.4em;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;">"<a href="/wiki/Do_the_Bartman" title="Do the Bartman">Do the Bartman</a>"<br />
+(1990)</td>
+<td style="width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;">"<b>Black or White</b>"<br />
+(1991)</td>
+<td style="width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;">"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:khaki">Music video</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTFE8cirkdQ"><span class="plainlinks">"Black or White"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: khaki">Audio sample</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="haudio">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-top:1em">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone">
+<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="17.99201814059" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg" data-mwprovider="local">
+<source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (67 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="66808" />
+<track src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated" style="font-size: smaller">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg" title="File:Michael Jackson - Black Or White.ogg">file</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>"<b>Black or White</b>" is a single by American singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>. The song was released by <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a> on November 11, 1991 as the first single from Jackson's eighth studio album, <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i>. It was written, composed and produced by Michael Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bottrell" title="Bill Bottrell">Bill Bottrell</a>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Composition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Composition</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Remixes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Remixes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Music_video"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Music video</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Controversy_and_censorship"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy and censorship</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Track_listings"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Track listings</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Covers_and_cultural_impact"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Covers and cultural impact</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Charts_and_certifications"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Charts and certifications</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Weekly_charts"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Weekly charts</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Year-end_charts"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Year-end charts</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Decade-end_charts"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Decade-end charts</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Certifications"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Certifications</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Personnel"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>"Black or White" was written, composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell,<sup id="cite_ref-Dangerous_Booklet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dangerous_Booklet-1">[1]</a></sup> and was picked as the first single from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i>. An alternate version was first heard by Sony executives on a plane trip to Neverland, as the third track of the <a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">promotional CD</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetate_disc" title="Acetate disc">acetate</a>. It began to be promoted on radio stations the first week of November 1991 in New York and Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dangerous_Booklet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dangerous_Booklet-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_301_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_301-2">[2]</a></sup> "Black or White" was officially released one week later, on November 5, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_301_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_301-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Composition">Composition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The song has elements of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> music such as Bill Bottrell's guitars and Jackson's vocal style. This song is played in the key of <a href="/wiki/E_major" title="E major">E major</a>, with Jackson's vocal spanning from E3 to B4, and its tempo is measured at 115 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">BPM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The song's main riff is often incorrectly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a>. His guitar playing is actually heard in the skit that precedes the album version of the song. Slash also played the main riff in live performances of this song.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The vocal melody of the verses has been compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> song '<a href="/wiki/Hungry_Like_The_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungry Like The Wolf">Hungry Like The Wolf</a>'.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>To prepare the audience for the special occasion of the televised premiere of the "Black or White" video, Epic records released the song (without the accompanying images) to radio stations just two days in advance. In a period of twenty-four hours, "Black or White", described by the record company as "a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony", had been added to the playlists of 96 percent of 237 of the United States of America's top forty radio stations the first day of release.<sup id="cite_ref-Last.FM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Last.FM-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>"Black or White" entered the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> at number 35.<sup id="cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99-13">[13]</a></sup> A week later it shot up to number three and in its third week, December 7, 1991, it ascended to number one, making it the fastest chart topper since <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Get_Back" title="Get Back">Get Back</a>", which also won the Hot 100 in just three weeks in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14">[14]</a></sup> It closed the year at number one, and remained at the top of the singles chart into 1992 for a total of seven weeks, making Michael Jackson the first artist to have number one popular hits in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14">[14]</a></sup> In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Now_or_Never_(song)" title="It's Now or Never (song)">It's Now or Never</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> did in the same manner.<sup id="cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99-13">[13]</a></sup> Around the world, "Black or White" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the <a href="/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurochart Hot 100">Eurochart Hot 100</a>, number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup> The single was <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" title="Music recording sales certification">certified</a> platinum in the US, selling over one million copies and became the second best selling single of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Last.FM_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Last.FM-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Reviews of the song were generally favorable. David Browne praised: "He still knows how to fashion a hook that will take up permanent residence in your brain (away from its video, <i>Black or White</i> is spare and effortless)"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Music_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music critic">Allan Light</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i> review, compares the song unfavourably to "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat It (song)">Beat It</a>": "Neither this slow-burn solo nor the Stones-derived riff on 'Black or White' offers the catharsis of Eddie Van Halen's blazing break on 'Beat It'".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic highlighted the song.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The prestigious <a href="/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop" title="Pazz & Jop">Pazz & Jop</a> critics' poll ranked "Black or White" at number 19.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Remixes">Remixes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Remixes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Clivill%C3%A9s_%26_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Clivills & Cole">Clivills & Cole</a> remixes for "Black or White", released as a promotional single in 1992, also charted on many European countries. In the UK, it reached number 14, and in Ireland, number 11. The promotional single also surprisingly peaked at number 18 in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-AUS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUS-20">[20]</a></sup> Despite the favourable European response to this remix, it was never included on a Michael Jackson album or compilation, except on the third disc of the French & UK versions of Jackson's greatest hits album <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Pop_(album)" title="King of Pop (album)">King of Pop</a></i>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Music_video">Music video</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music video">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The music video for "Black or White" was first broadcast on <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Entertainment Television">BET</a>, <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> (giving them their highest <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a> ever)<sup id="cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstheblitz-21">[21]</a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i> in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> on November 14, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup> Along with Jackson, it featured <a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tess_Harper" title="Tess Harper">Tess Harper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Wendt" title="George Wendt">George Wendt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The video was directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a>, who previously directed <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a></i>. It was choreographed by Vincent Paterson. It premiered simultaneously in 27 countries, with an audience of 500 million viewers, the most ever for a music video.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The first few minutes of the video feature an extended version of the song's intro. During this interlude (sometimes compared to Marty Callner's 1984 "<a href="/wiki/We%27re_Not_Gonna_Take_It_(Twisted_Sister_song)" title="We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song)">We're Not Gonna Take It</a>" video for Twisted Sister<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>) an 11-year-old kid (<a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a>) is dancing to rock music in his bedroom at night, causing four baseball team <a href="/wiki/Bobblehead" title="Bobblehead">bobbleheads</a> (from left to right, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants" title="San Francisco Giants">Giants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pirates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Dodgers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Rangers</a>) to bobble. This attracts the attention of his grouchy father (<a href="/wiki/George_Wendt" title="George Wendt">George Wendt</a>), who furiously orders him to stop playing the music and go to bed. After his father storms out and slams the door behind him (causing a Michael Jackson poster on the door to fall off and its glass frame to smash), the boy retaliates by setting up large speaker cabinets (with levels of "LOUD", "LOUDER", and "ARE YOU NUTS!?!", respectively; with the dial turned up all the way to "ARE YOU NUTS!?!") behind his father's reclining chair, donning leather gloves and sunglasses, strapping on a <a href="/wiki/Peavey_EVH_Wolfgang" title="Peavey EVH Wolfgang">Wolfgang</a> guitar and playing a <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chord</a>, and telling the father to "Eat this!".<sup id="cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstheblitz-21">[21]</a></sup> The sound then shatters and destroys the house windows and sends his father (seated in the chair) halfway around the world, where the actual song begins.<sup id="cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstheblitz-21">[21]</a></sup> The kid's mother (<a href="/wiki/Tess_Harper" title="Tess Harper">Tess Harper</a>), comments that his father will be very upset when he gets back. The album version of the song does not feature Culkin's nor Wendt's voice; they are replaced by voice actors performing a similar intro. The boy's father crashes in Africa, and Jackson sings "Black or White", surrounded by various cultures scene-by-scene.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The video shows scenes in which African hunters begin dancing by using moves from West African dance<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2017)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata"> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Black_or_White#Dubious" title="Talk:Black or White">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup>, with Jackson following their moves and them mirroring his; as do, in sequence, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">traditional Thai dancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Plains Native Americans</a> (located at the <a href="/wiki/Vasquez_Rocks" title="Vasquez Rocks">Vasquez Rocks</a> formation in California), an <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a> dancer from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a> and a group of <a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" title="Russian culture">Russians</a><sup id="cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstheblitz-21">[21]</a></sup> (wearing <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" title="Ukrainian culture">Ukrainian clothing</a> and dancing <a href="/wiki/Hopak" title="Hopak">Hopak</a>). Jackson walks through visual collages of fire (defiantly declaring "I ain't scared of no sheets; I ain't scared of nobody"), referring to <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">KKK</a> torch ceremonies before a mock rap scene shared with Culkin and other children.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup> The group collectively states, "I'm not gonna spend my life being a color." The final verse is performed by Jackson on a large sculpted torch, which the camera pans out to reveal as the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>. Jackson is seen singing on Lady Liberty's torch surrounded by other famous world edifices including <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">The Giza Sphinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamukkale" title="Pamukkale">Pamukkale</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Parthenon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Parthenon">The Parthenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Basil%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil's Cathedral">St. Basil's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids of Giza">Pyramids of Giza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>.</p>
+<p>At the end of the song, several different people, of differing races and nationalities, including actor <a href="/wiki/Glen_Chin" title="Glen Chin">Glen Chin</a>, model <a href="/wiki/Tyra_Banks" title="Tyra Banks">Tyra Banks</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Khrystyne_Haje" title="Khrystyne Haje">Khrystyne Haje</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Anderson-Gunter" title="Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter">Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter</a>, and voice actress and singer <a href="/wiki/Cree_Summer" title="Cree Summer">Cree Summer</a> dance as they morph into one another (shown as "talking heads"). This technique, previously executed without digital assistance in the <a href="/wiki/Godley_%26_Creme" title="Godley & Creme">Godley & Creme</a> video for "<a href="/wiki/Cry_(Godley_%26_Creme_song)" title="Cry (Godley & Creme song)">Cry</a>", known as <a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">morphing</a>, had been previously used only in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Willow_(film)" title="Willow (film)">Willow</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2</a></i>. The morphing visual effects were created by <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The music video of the song appears on the video albums: <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous:_The_Short_Films" title="Dangerous: The Short Films">Dangerous: The Short Films</a></i> (long version), <i><a href="/wiki/Video_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_HIStory" title="Video Greatest Hits HIStory">Video Greatest Hits HIStory</a></i> (long version, without graffiti on VHS version but with graffiti on DVD version), <i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(video)" title="Number Ones (video)">Number Ones</a></i> (short version), and <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i> (long version without graffiti).</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_and_censorship">Controversy and censorship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy and censorship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackorwhite_comparison.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Music video comparison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Blackorwhite_comparison.jpg/200px-Blackorwhite_comparison.jpg" width="200" height="452" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/Blackorwhite_comparison.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="475" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackorwhite_comparison.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A comparison between the two versions of Michael Jackson's "Black or White" music video: the original version and the computer-altered racist graffiti version (with the messages reading <i><b>"<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> Lives"</b></i> with <i><b>"<a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>"</b></i>, <i><b>"<a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> Go Home"</b></i>, <i><b>"No More <a href="/wiki/Wetbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetbacks">Wetbacks</a>"</b></i> and <i><b>"<a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">KKK</a> Rules"</b></i>). Coincidentally, the "Nigger Go Home" message has the G's made to look like the number 6 to make the content a little less offending to viewers, hence referencing the <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of the beast">666</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Controversy was generated concerning the last four minutes of the original music video. Jackson walks out of the studio as a <a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">black panther</a> and then morphs into himself.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup> Then he walks outside to perform some of his most physically complicated dance techniques, in a similar way to "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>". The scene is also very similar to that of a commercial Jackson appeared in for <a href="/wiki/L.A._Gear" class="mw-redirect" title="L.A. Gear">L.A. Gear</a> in 1989. This part contained sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch,<sup id="cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstheblitz-21">[21]</a></sup> and then zips his pants up. In the original version, Jackson is seen smashing windows,<sup id="cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstheblitz-21">[21]</a></sup> destroying a car and causing an inn (called the "Royal Arms") to explode. Jackson later apologized saying that the violent and suggestive behavior was an interpretation of the animal instinct of a black panther, and MTV and other music video networks removed the last four minutes from subsequent broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup> To make the vandalism and violence more understandable to viewers, an altered version was produced, with racial messages added via <a href="/wiki/Computer_Generated_Imagery" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Generated Imagery">CGI</a> graffiti to the windows Jackson breaks. The version included in the box set <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i> is the aired, televised version without the graffiti, and does not include the "prejudice is ignorance" title card.</p>
+<p>To date, the uncut version has generally been seen in the United States on <a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a> only between the hours of 01:00 and 04:00, as part of their special uncensored airing of the "Most Controversial Music Videos" of all time. The extended version is also available on Jackson's DVDs. The original version (without graffiti) is available on the DVD releases of <i><a href="/wiki/Video_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_HIStory" title="Video Greatest Hits HIStory">Video Greatest Hits HIStory</a></i> with the VHS and Laserdisc release containing the aired version, and online at MTVMusic.com. It was still shown in its entirety for some years in Europe. Indeed, UK channel <a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(UK_%26_Ireland)" title="MTV Classic (UK & Ireland)">MTV Classic</a> aired the full video at 14:00 on April 11, 2010, including the brief cameo by Bart Simpson and Homer Simpson before the "prejudice is ignorance" image. MTV Classic have continued to air the full video post-watershed and recently aired in September 2012.</p>
+<p>The uncut version was shown in Australia at 11:45 pm <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">AEST</a> on Saturday June 2, 2012 as the first song on the weekly late night, guest-programmed music video show <i><a href="/wiki/Rage_(TV_program)" title="Rage (TV program)">Rage</a></i>, on <a href="/wiki/ABC1" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC1">ABC1</a>.</p>
+<p>The first version made available in the <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> contains neither the panther scene nor <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> cameo, and is cut after the morphing sequence. Since then, a new version has been released with the graffiti and The Simpsons cameo called "Black or White (Michael Jackson's Vision)."</p>
+<p>Starting in 1992, Nocturne Video Productions began playing the "Panther Segment" of the video as an interlude during Michael's <i>Dangerous</i> world tour. The clip is 20 seconds shorter than the original, omitting all the violence and the sexually suggestive scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altersnewvideo-23">[23]</a></sup> The scene of the pants re-zipping was retained. In predominantly Islamic countries during the HIStory Tour, the scene was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a> "Brace Yourself" montage originally used as the intro in the previous Dangerous Tour. On March 28, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>'s music video program <i><a href="/wiki/Rage_(TV_program)" title="Rage (TV program)">Rage</a></i> aired the uncensored, original graffiti version in its entirety in a <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> digital broadcast. Even though the short, censored version continues to air periodically to this day, some television channels still broadcast the complete racist messages version.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Track_listings">Track listings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Track listings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div>
+<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Maxi CD</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (single version) 3:22</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (instrumental) 3:22</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>" 4:13</li>
+</ol>
+<ul>
+<li><b>7" single and 3" CD</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (single version) 3:22</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (instrumental) 3:22</li>
+</ol>
+<ul>
+<li><b>12" single</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (The Clivilles & Cole House/Club Mix) 7:36</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (The Clivilles & Cole House/Dub Mix) 6:34</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (House with Guitar Radio Mix) 3:53</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (single version) 3:22</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (Instrumental) 3:22</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (Tribal Beats) 3:38</li>
+</ol>
+</td>
+<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
+<ul>
+<li><b>The Clivills & Cole Remixes</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (The Clivills & Cole House / Club Mix) 7:36</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (The Clivills & Cole House / Dub Mix) 6:34</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (The Underground Club Mix) 7:29</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (House With Guitar Radio Mix) 3:53</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (Tribal Beats) 3:38</li>
+</ol>
+<ul>
+<li><b>UK PAL VHS promo</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (Extended Version) (Music Video) - 6:23</li>
+</ol>
+<ul>
+<li><b><i>Visionary</i> CD side</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (single version) 3:22</li>
+<li>"Black or White" (Clivills & Cole House Guitar Radio Mix) 3:53</li>
+</ol>
+<ul>
+<li><b><i>Visionary</i> DVD side</b></li>
+</ul>
+<ol>
+<li>"Black or White" (Music Video) 11:00</li>
+</ol>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Covers_and_cultural_impact">Covers and cultural impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Covers and cultural impact">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in a list format that may be better presented using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Prose">prose</a>.</b> <span class="hide-when-compact">You can help by converting this article to prose, if <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Embedded list">appropriate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <small><i>(October 2013)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>"Black or White" has been covered by some artists since its release.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a> recorded a parody of "Black or White" titled "Snack All Night", which was never released. Although Jackson was a long-time supporter of Yankovic's work and had approved past parodies, he told Yankovic that he was reluctant to approve a parody of "Black or White" because of the message of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-yankovic_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yankovic-26">[26]</a></sup> Yankovic believes that Jackson's rejection of the parody was ultimately for the best, because he was unsatisfied with the quality of the song and its scrapping left room on his next album for "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Nirvana" title="Smells Like Nirvana">Smells Like Nirvana</a>", one of his biggest hits.<sup id="cite_ref-yankovic_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yankovic-26">[26]</a></sup> As with other rejected parodies, Yankovic has performed "Snack All Night" during his concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li>
+<li>In 2009, singer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lambert" title="Adam Lambert">Adam Lambert</a> performed the song on the <a href="/wiki/American_Idol_(season_8)" title="American Idol (season 8)">8th season of <i>American Idol</i></a> during the Michael Jackson episode,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> which was re-aired on June 29, in a tribute to the death of Jackson on June 25.</li>
+<li>In the early 1990s, the children's show <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i> also spoofed the song with a song called "Wet or Dry". Little Chrissy responds to the question of what makes him happy: he likes having fun "no matter if he's wet or dry", and demonstrates by playing his piano on both a stage and underwater (surrounded by fish). "Wet" and "dry" are further demonstrated with several kids, Mr. Handford, and Maria getting buckets of water dumped on them. Both the song and video spoof "Black or White".</li>
+<li>In 2013, as the new rules in the COP for rhythmic gymnastics allowed music with words. The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> gymnast <a href="/wiki/Salome_Phajava" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome Phajava">Salome Phajava</a> used a shortened version for her ribbon routine.</li>
+<li>In 2013, the song was featured on a heavy metal tribute album as a tribute to Jackson's memory and legacy. The cover song featured <a href="/wiki/Lajon_Witherspoon" title="Lajon Witherspoon">Lajon Witherspoon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sevendust" title="Sevendust">Sevendust</a> on vocals and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Kulick" title="Bruce Kulick">Bruce Kulick</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">KISS</a>, on guitar.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The music video, particularly the "Panther Segment", have been referenced or parodied by television shows and artists.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The video, including the "Panther Segment" was parodied by the sketch comedy TV show <i><a href="/wiki/In_Living_Color" title="In Living Color">In Living Color</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Davidson" title="Tommy Davidson">Tommy Davidson</a> appeared as Jackson, but instead of a panther, Davidson morphs from a tiny black <a href="/wiki/Kitten" title="Kitten">kitten</a>. At the end of the video, Jackson is arrested, and as he is being led off by the police, he muses, "I guess I really am black."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li>
+<li>The "Panther Segment" was also parodied by the popular American sketch comedy television series <i><a href="/wiki/MADtv" class="mw-redirect" title="MADtv">MADtv</a></i>.</li>
+<li>In 1991, English rock band <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> parodied the "Black or White" video in the ending of their video for "<a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Dance" title="I Can't Dance">I Can't Dance</a>", in which member <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a> imitates Michael Jackson's "panther" fit in front of a stark white background.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></li>
+<li>The "face morphing" portion of the video was satirized in a music video spoof "Garfield Rap" on a 1993 episode of <a href="/wiki/Garfield_and_Friends" title="Garfield and Friends">Garfield and Friends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></li>
+<li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> hip hop group <a href="/wiki/Das_Racist" title="Das Racist">Das Racist</a> released a music video for their song, titled "Michael Jackson", parodying the "Black or White" video. The song is features on the group's album <i><a href="/wiki/Relax_(Das_Racist_album)" title="Relax (Das Racist album)">Relax</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></li>
+<li>In 2012, the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)" title="Glee (TV series)">Glee</a></i> covered the song in the episode "Michael", it features primary voices from <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McHale_(actor)" title="Kevin McHale (actor)">Kevin McHale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lea_Michele" title="Lea Michele">Lea Michele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Colfer" title="Chris Colfer">Chris Colfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naya_Rivera" title="Naya Rivera">Naya Rivera</a>, and backing vocals from the rest of the cast. <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ushkowitz" title="Jenna Ushkowitz">Jenna Ushkowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darren_Criss" title="Darren Criss">Darren Criss</a> are not featured in the song or the performance. This cover debuted and peaked at number 64 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>, number 42 at Billboard <a href="/wiki/Digital_Songs" title="Digital Songs">Digital Songs</a>, and number 69 at Billboard <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a> chart at the week of February 18, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-glee2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glee2012-33">[33]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Charts_and_certifications">Charts and certifications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charts and certifications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div>
+<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Weekly_charts">Weekly charts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weekly charts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (199192)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson-34">[34]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Austria (<a href="/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40" title="3 Austria Top 40">3 Austria Top 40</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson-35">[35]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Ultratop" title="Ultratop">Ultratop 50</a> Flanders)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson-36">[36]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Canadian <a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)"><i>RPM</i> Adult Contemporary</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dance_chart" title="Canadian dance chart">Canadian <i>RPM</i> 10 Dance</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Canadian <a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)"><i>RPM</i> Top Singles</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> Singles Chart<sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Denmark (<a href="/wiki/Tracklisten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracklisten">Tracklisten</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles" title="European Hot 100 Singles">Eurochart Hot 100 Singles</a><sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Finland (<a href="/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts" title="The Official Finnish Charts">Suomen virallinen lista</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>France (<a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">SNEP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_France_Michael_Jackson-41">[41]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Germany (<a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts" title="GfK Entertainment Charts">Official German Charts</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson-42">[42]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a><sup id="cite_ref-IRL_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRL-43">[43]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> Singles Chart<sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mexico (<a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Mexican Airplay</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Top_40" title="Dutch Top 40">Dutch Top 40</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson-45">[45]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-46">[46]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson-47">[47]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Norway (<a href="/wiki/VG-lista" title="VG-lista">VG-lista</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson-48">[48]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Msica de Espaa">AFYVE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson-50">[50]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade" title="Swiss Hitparade">Schweizer Hitparade</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson-51">[51]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Music_Charts" title="Turkish Music Charts">Turkish Singles Chart</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles</a> (Official Charts Company)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Michael_Jackson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Michael_Jackson-53">[53]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a><sup id="cite_ref-sc_Billboardhot100_Michael_Jackson_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Michael_Jackson-54">[54]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)" title="Adult Contemporary (chart)">Adult Contemporary</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Michael_Jackson_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Michael_Jackson-55">[55]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs">Dance Club Songs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Michael_Jackson_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Michael_Jackson-56">[56]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Singles_Sales" title="Dance/Electronic Singles Sales">Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)"><i>Billboard</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-awards_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-57">[57]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Michael_Jackson_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Michael_Jackson-58">[58]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean</a> Singles Chart<sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (1992) (Clivilles & Coles remixes)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-AUS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUS-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">18</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a><sup id="cite_ref-IRL_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRL-43">[43]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>UK (<a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-UK_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-59">[59]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">14</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (2006)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>France (<a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">SNEP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_France_Michael_Jackson-41">[41]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a><sup id="cite_ref-IRL_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRL-43">[43]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson-60">[60]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-46">[46]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Msica de Espaa">PROMUSICAE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson-61">[61]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>UK (<a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-UK_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-59">[59]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">18</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (2009)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson-34">[34]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Austria (<a href="/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40" title="3 Austria Top 40">3 Austria Top 40</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson-35">[35]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Denmark (<a href="/wiki/Tracklisten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracklisten">Tracklisten</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Denmark_Michael_Jackson_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Michael_Jackson-62">[62]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles" title="European Hot 100 Singles">European Hot 100 Singles</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>France (<a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">SNEP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Hot Canadian Digital Singles</a><sup id="cite_ref-awards_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-57">[57]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson-60">[60]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-46">[46]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson-47">[47]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Norway (<a href="/wiki/VG-lista" title="VG-lista">VG-lista</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson-48">[48]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">18</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Msica de Espaa">PROMUSICAE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson-61">[61]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson-50">[50]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade" title="Swiss Hitparade">Schweizer Hitparade</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson-51">[51]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>UK (<a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-UK_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-59">[59]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <i>Billboard</i> <a href="/wiki/Hot_Digital_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Digital Songs">Hot Digital Songs</a><sup id="cite_ref-awards_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-57">[57]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">13</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (2011)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies" title="Association of Hungarian Record Companies">MAHASZ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">6</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (2016)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Poland (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry">Polish Airplay Top 100</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Poland__66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Poland_-66">[66]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">64</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Year-end_charts">Year-end charts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Year-end charts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (1991)</th>
+<th>Position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-67">[67]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">34</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">19</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>End of year chart (1992)</th>
+<th>Position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-67">[67]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">83</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">14</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Decade-end_charts">Decade-end charts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decade-end charts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (19901999)</th>
+<th>Position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a><sup id="cite_ref-1990sbb_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1990sbb-70">[70]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">39</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Belgium <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Entertainment_Association" title="Belgian Entertainment Association">Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA)</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">77</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Certifications">Certifications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Certifications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Country</th>
+<th>Certification</th>
+<th>Sales</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia</td>
+<td>2 Platinum<sup id="cite_ref-ARIA_Charts_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIA_Charts-72">[72]</a></sup></td>
+<td>140,000<sup id="cite_ref-ARIA_Charts_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIA_Charts-72">[72]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Canada</td>
+<td>Gold<sup id="cite_ref-Music_Canada_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_Canada-73">[73]</a></sup></td>
+<td>50,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">France (<a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">SNEP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></th>
+<td>Silver</td>
+<td>125,000<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Germany</td>
+<td>Gold<sup id="cite_ref-GER_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GER-76">[76]</a></sup></td>
+<td>250,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Zealand</td>
+<td>Platinum<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ-77">[77]</a></sup></td>
+<td>15,000<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>United Kingdom</td>
+<td>Silver</td>
+<td>200,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>United States</td>
+<td>Platinum<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+<td>1,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel">Personnel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Written and composed by Michael Jackson</li>
+<li>Rap lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bottrell" title="Bill Bottrell">Bill Bottrell</a></li>
+<li>Produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell</li>
+<li>Recorded and mixed by Bill Bottrell</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Loren" title="Bryan Loren">Bryan Loren</a>: Drums</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Buxer" title="Brad Buxer">Brad Buxer</a> and Bill Bottrell: Percussion</li>
+<li>Bryan Loren (moog) and Terry Jackson (bass guitar): Bass</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Buxer" title="Brad Buxer">Brad Buxer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(musician)" title="John Barnes (musician)">John Barnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasun_Martz" title="Jasun Martz">Jasun Martz</a>: Keyboards</li>
+<li>Bill Bottrell: Guitar</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pierce" title="Tim Pierce">Tim Pierce</a>: Heavy metal guitar</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Boddicker" title="Michael Boddicker">Michael Boddicker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gilbert_(musician)" title="Kevin Gilbert (musician)">Kevin Gilbert</a>: Speed sequencer</li>
+<li>Morphing Sound Effect: Scott Frankfurt</li>
+<li>Rap performance by L.T.B. (pseudonym for Bill Bottrell)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></li>
+<li>"Intro":
+<ul>
+<li>Composed by Bill Bottrell</li>
+<li>Directed by Michael Jackson</li>
+<li>Engineering and sound design: Matt Forger</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-Dangerous_Booklet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dangerous_Booklet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dangerous_Booklet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jackson, Michael (1991). <i>Dangerous booklet</i>. Epic records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.btitle=Dangerous+booklet&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Epic+records&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_301-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_301_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_301_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Lisa (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&dq=%22black+or+white%22+michael+jackson"><i>Michael Jackson: The King of Pop</i></a>. Branden Books. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8283-1957-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8283-1957-X">0-8283-1957-X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+King+of+Pop&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8283-1957-X&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Branden+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVC9zltjf-EC%26dq%3D%2522black%2Bor%2Bwhite%2522%2Bmichael%2Bjackson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/black-or-white-mw0000272568">"Black or White > Overview"</a>. <i>Allmusic</i>. Rovi Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Black+or+White+%3E+Overview&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fblack-or-white-mw0000272568&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sheet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sheet_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0041784">"Black or White - Michael Jackson Digital Sheet Music (Digital Download)"</a>. <i>MusicNotes.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Publishing">Alfred Publishing Co. Inc</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Black+or+White+-+Michael+Jackson+Digital+Sheet+Music+%28Digital+Download%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicNotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicnotes.com%2Fsheetmusic%2FmtdFPE.asp%3Fppn%3DMN0041784&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sony Music (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204230345/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5044242000">"Michael Jackson Dangerous Review"</a>. Sony Music Entertainment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5044242000">the original</a> on December 4, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Sony+Music&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Dangerous+Review&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sony+Music+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonybmg.com.au%2Fcd%2FreleaseDetails.do%3FcatalogueNo%3D5044242000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jeans (1993). "Peligroso regreso". <i>Michael Jackson: Un mito indescifrable</i> (in Spanish). Revista Jeans. p. 7. <q>En "Black or white"... el resultado es una mezcla de hard rock, dance y rap</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Peligroso+regreso&rft.au=Jeans&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Un+mito+indescifrable&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Revista+Jeans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC&dq=%22black+or+white%22+michael+jackson&q=%22Beat+It%22+%22hard+rock%22"><i>Michael Jackson the Solo Years</i></a>. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7552-0091-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7552-0091-8">0-7552-0091-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Cadman%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+the+Solo+Years&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7552-0091-8&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Authors+On+Line+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyb_ghov9uEMC%26dq%3D%2522black%2Bor%2Bwhite%2522%2Bmichael%2Bjackson%26q%3D%2522Beat%2BIt%2522%2B%2522hard%2Brock%2522&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Andersen, Christopher P. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=%22Christopher+P.+Andersen%22+%221994%22+%22Michael+Jackson%22+%22Beat+It%22+%22hard+rock%22&btnG=Search+Books"><i>Michael Jackson: unauthorized</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-89239-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-89239-8">0-671-89239-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+unauthorized&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-671-89239-8&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fq%3D%2522Christopher%2BP.%2BAndersen%2522%2B%25221994%2522%2B%2522Michael%2BJackson%2522%2B%2522Beat%2BIt%2522%2B%2522hard%2Brock%2522%26btnG%3DSearch%2BBooks&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/thriller-mw0000056882">"Michael Jackson Thriller Review"</a>. <i>Allmusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Thriller+Review&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fthriller-mw0000056882&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dekel, Jonathan (March 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812215132/http://www.spinner.com/2010/03/11/slash-michael-jackson-guitar-riff-gay-cmw/">"Slash Calls Michael Jackson Guitar Riff 'Gay' at Canadian Music Week Keynote"</a>. Spinner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinner.com/2010/03/11/slash-michael-jackson-guitar-riff-gay-cmw/">the original</a> on August 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Dekel&rft.btitle=Slash+Calls+Michael+Jackson+Guitar+Riff+%27Gay%27+at+Canadian+Music+Week+Keynote&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Spinner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinner.com%2F2010%2F03%2F11%2Fslash-michael-jackson-guitar-riff-gay-cmw%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2b5_nDs15hk"><span class="plainlinks">SLASH TALKS RAY CHARLES & MICHAEL JACKSON CMW 2010 INTERVIEW</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Last.FM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Last.FM_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last.FM_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.last.fm/music/Michael+Jackson/_/Black+Or+White">"Michael Jackson Black or White Listen and discover music at"</a>. Last.fm<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Black+or+White+%E2%80%93+Listen+and+discover+music+at&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Last.fm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.last.fm%2Fmusic%2FMichael%2BJackson%2F_%2FBlack%2BOr%2BWhite&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halstead.2C_cadman_.282003.29_99_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC&dq=%22black+or+white%22+michael+jackson"><i>Michael Jackson the Solo Years</i></a>. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7552-0091-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7552-0091-8">0-7552-0091-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Cadman%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+the+Solo+Years&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7552-0091-8&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Authors+On+Line+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyb_ghov9uEMC%26dq%3D%2522black%2Bor%2Bwhite%2522%2Bmichael%2Bjackson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-campbell_.281993.29_302-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_.281993.29_302_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Lisa (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&dq=%22black+or+white%22+michael+jackson"><i>Michael Jackson: The King of Pop</i></a>. Branden Books. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8283-1957-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8283-1957-X">0-8283-1957-X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+King+of+Pop&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8283-1957-X&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Branden+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVC9zltjf-EC%26dq%3D%2522black%2Bor%2Bwhite%2522%2Bmichael%2Bjackson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-BOOK-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adrian Grant (2009). Music Sales Group, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDe_aPsA4lQC&pg=PT478&dq=%22michael+jackson%22+%22black+or+white%22+%22zimbabwe%22"><i>Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857122124" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857122124">978-0857122124</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Adrian+Grant&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+Visual+Documentary&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0857122124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDe_aPsA4lQC%26pg%3DPT478%26dq%3D%2522michael%2Bjackson%2522%2B%2522black%2Bor%2Bwhite%2522%2B%2522zimbabwe%2522&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,316329,00.html">"Dangerous Review | Music Reviews and News"</a>. EW.com. 1991-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Review+%26%23124%3B+Music+Reviews+and+News&rft.date=1991-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=EW.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C316329%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Light, Allan (January 9, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/158404/review/6068332/dangerous">"Michael Jackson Dangerous Review"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Dangerous+Review&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.aulast=Light&rft.date=1992-01-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Freviews%2Falbum%2F158404%2Freview%2F6068332%2Fdangerous&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/dangerous-mw0000674875">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523121657/http://www.allmusic.com/album/dangerous-mw0000674875">Archived</a> May 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres91.php">"Pazz & Jop, 1991"</a>. Robert Christgau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Pazz+%26+Jop%2C+1991&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Robert+Christgau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fpnj%2Fpjres91.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AUS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AUS_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AUS_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hung Medien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White+%28The+Clivill%E9s+%26+Cole+%28C%26C%29+Remixes%29&cat=s">"Black or white (The Clivills & Cole (C&C) remixes) in Australian Chart"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Hung+Medien&rft.btitle=Black+or+white+%28The+Clivill%C3%A9s+%26+Cole+%28C%26C%29+remixes%29+in+Australian+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australian-charts.com%2Fshowitem.asp%3Finterpret%3DMichael%2BJackson%26titel%3DBlack%2BOr%2BWhite%2B%2528The%2BClivill%25E9s%2B%2526%2BCole%2B%2528C%2526C%2529%2BRemixes%2529%26cat%3Ds&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-openstheblitz-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openstheblitz_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pareles, Jon (November 16, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DC1330F935A25752C1A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1">"Review/Rock, New Video Opens the Jackson Blitz"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Review%2FRock%2C+New+Video+Opens+the+Jackson+Blitz&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.date=1991-11-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE6DC1330F935A25752C1A967958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Simpson, Interviews by Dave (2014-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/feb/04/how-we-made-top-of-the-pops">"How we made Top of the Pops"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=How+we+made+Top+of+the+Pops&rft.aufirst=Interviews+by+Dave&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fhow-we-made-top-of-the-pops&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-altersnewvideo-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altersnewvideo_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Phalen, Tom (November 16, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19911116&slug=1317521">"Jackson alters his new video"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Jackson+alters+his+new+video&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Phalen&rft.date=1991-11-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19911116%26slug%3D1317521&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Garcia, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=14151">"Michael Jackson "Black or white<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. mvdbase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%22Black+or+white%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=mvdbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvdbase.com%2Fvideo.php%3Fid%3D14151&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20396305_316325,00.html">"It Ain't Stealing, It's Video Homage"</a>. <i>EW.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=It+Ain%27t+Stealing%2C+It%27s+Video+Homage&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EW.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20396305_316325%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-yankovic-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yankovic_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yankovic_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Weingarten, Christopher R. (11 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spin.com/2012/10/weird-al-yankovic-looks-back-at-20-years-of-smells-like-nirvana/">"Weird Al Yankovic Looks Back At 20 Years Of Smells Like Nirvana | SPIN"</a>. <i>SPIN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Weird+Al%E2%80%99+Yankovic+Looks+Back+At+20+Years+Of+%E2%80%98Smells+Like+Nirvana%E2%80%99+%7C+SPIN&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spin.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fweird-al-yankovic-looks-back-at-20-years-of-smells-like-nirvana%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011850/http://www.weirdal.com/setlists.htm">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Weird Al" Yankovic: Concert Set Lists"</a>. Weirdal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weirdal.com/setlists.htm">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=%22Weird+Al%22+Yankovic%3A+Concert+Set+Lists&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Weirdal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weirdal.com%2Fsetlists.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">03/10/2009 (June 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjsbigblog.com/american-idol-season-8-top-13-performance-video.htm">"American Idol Season 8 Top 13 Performance: Adam Lambert, Alexis Grace, Allison Iraheta, Anoop Desai, Danny Gokey, Jasmine Murray, Jorge Nunez, Kris Allen, Lil Rounds, Matt Giraud, Megan Corkrey, Michael Sarver, Scott MacIntyre"</a>. mjsbigblog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=03%2F10%2F2009&rft.btitle=American+Idol+Season+8+%E2%80%93+Top+13+Performance%3A+Adam+Lambert%2C+Alexis+Grace%2C+Allison+Iraheta%2C+Anoop+Desai%2C+Danny+Gokey%2C+Jasmine+Murray%2C+Jorge+Nunez%2C+Kris+Allen%2C+Lil+Rounds%2C+Matt+Giraud%2C+Megan+Corkrey%2C+Michael+Sarver%2C+Scott+MacIntyre&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=mjsbigblog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjsbigblog.com%2Famerican-idol-season-8-top-13-performance-video.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130105112601/http://www.yostuff.com/video/Michael-Jackson-Parody-In-Living-Color-Am-I-Black-Or-White-Complete/136808/">"Michael Jackson Parody In Living Color Am I Black Or White (Complete)"</a>. Yostuff.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yostuff.com/video/Michael-Jackson-Parody-In-Living-Color-Am-I-Black-Or-White-Complete/136808/">the original</a> on January 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Parody+%E2%80%93+In+Living+Color+%E2%80%93+Am+I+Black+Or+White+%28Complete%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Yostuff.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yostuff.com%2Fvideo%2FMichael-Jackson-Parody-In-Living-Color-Am-I-Black-Or-White-Complete%2F136808%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zb9UND65mto">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2011">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0083GOWM0/ref=dv_dp_ep13">"Garfield And Friends Show #89"</a>. Amazon.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Garfield+And+Friends+Show+%2389&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Amazon.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2FB0083GOWM0%2Fref%3Ddv_dp_ep13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flavorwire.com/207642/das-racists-michael-jackson-video-mjs-black-or-white-video">"Das Racist's "Michael Jackson" Video = MJ's "Black or White" Video Flavorwire"</a>. Flavorwire.com. 2011-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Das+Racist%27s+%22Michael+Jackson%22+Video+%3D+MJ%27s+%22Black+or+White%22+Video+%E2%80%93+Flavorwire&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Flavorwire.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflavorwire.com%2F207642%2Fdas-racists-michael-jackson-video-mjs-black-or-white-video&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-glee2012-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glee2012_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gary Trust (February 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/506226/weekly-chart-notes-madonna-michael-jackson-godspell">"Weekly Chart Notes: Madonna, Michael Jackson, 'Godspell<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Weekly+Chart+Notes%3A+Madonna%2C+Michael+Jackson%2C+%27Godspell%27&rft.au=Gary+Trust&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fchartbeat%2F506226%2Fweekly-chart-notes-madonna-michael-jackson-godspell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Australian-charts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Top 50 Singles</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Austriancharts.at Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40" title="3 Austria Top 40">3 Austria Top 40</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Ultratop.be Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Ultratop" title="Ultratop">Ultratop 50</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2037&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3">"Black or white in Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Black+or+white+in+Canadian+Adult+Contemporary+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Frpm%2F028020-119.01-e.php%3F%26file_num%3Dnlc008388.2037%26type%3D1%26interval%3D20%26PHPSESSID%3Du9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2026&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3">"Black or white in Canadian 10 Dance Chart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Black+or+white+in+Canadian+10+Dance+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Frpm%2F028020-119.01-e.php%3Fbrws_s%3D1%26file_num%3Dnlc008388.2026%26type%3D1%26interval%3D24%26PHPSESSID%3Du9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2030&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3">"Black or white in Canadian Top Singles Chart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Black+or+white+in+Canadian+Top+Singles+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Frpm%2F028020-119.01-e.php%3F%26file_num%3Dnlc008388.2030%26type%3D1%26interval%3D24%26PHPSESSID%3Du9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nyman, Jake (2005). <i><span lang="fin">Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja</span></i> (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3" title="Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3">951-31-2503-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft.aulast=Nyman&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fin%22++%3ESuomi+soi+4%3A+Suuri+suomalainen+listakirja%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Finnish-language+text&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=951-31-2503-3&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Tammi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_France_Michael_Jackson-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Lescharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">Les classement single</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-{{{id}}}">Offiziellecharts.de Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts" title="GfK Entertainment Charts">GfK Entertainment Charts</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-IRL-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRL_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRL_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRL_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105231849/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement">"Black or white in Irish Chart"</a>. IRMA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement">the original</a> on January 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Black+or+white+in+Irish+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IRMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcharts.ie%2Fsearch%2Fplacement&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Only results when searching "Black or white"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yends/hpe1991.htm">"The best-selling singles of 1991 in Italy"</a>. HitParadeItalia (it)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=The+best-selling+singles+of+1991+in+Italy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HitParadeItalia+%28it%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitparadeitalia.it%2Fhp_yends%2Fhpe1991.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br />
+3. Black or white - Michael Jackson [#1, 1991/92]</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top40.nl/zoeken?search=Michael+Jackson">Nederlandse Top 40 Michael Jackson search results"</a> (in Dutch) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Top_40" title="Dutch Top 40">Dutch Top 40</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Dutchcharts.nl Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Charts.org.nz Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">Top 40 Singles</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Norwegiancharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG-lista" title="VG-lista">VG-lista</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). <i>Slo xitos: ao a ao, 19592002</i> (1st ed.). Spain: Fundacin Autor-SGAE. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2">84-8048-639-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.aulast=Salaverri&rft.btitle=S%C3%B3lo+%C3%A9xitos%3A+a%C3%B1o+a+a%C3%B1o%2C+1959%E2%80%932002&rft.date=2005-09&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=84-8048-639-2&rft.place=Spain&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Autor-SGAE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Swedishcharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Singles Top 100</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Swiss_Michael_Jackson_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Swisscharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade" title="Swiss Hitparade">Swiss Singles Chart</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Craig Halstead, Chris Cadman (2003). Authors On Line Ltd, ed. <i>Michael Jackson the Solo Years</i>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755200917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755200917">978-0755200917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Craig+Halstead%2C+Chris+Cadman&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+the+Solo+Years&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0755200917&rft.pages=99&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Michael_Jackson-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Michael_Jackson_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Michael%20Jackson">"Michael Jackson: Artist Chart History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Michael_Jackson-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Billboardhot100_Michael_Jackson_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/1490059/Michael+Jackson/chart?f=379">"Michael Jackson Chart history"</a> <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> for Michael Jackson. Retrieved May 28, 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Michael_Jackson-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Michael_Jackson_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/1490059/Michael+Jackson/chart?f=341">"Michael Jackson Chart history"</a> <a href="/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)" title="Adult Contemporary (chart)"><i>Billboard</i> Adult Contemporary</a> for Michael Jackson. Retrieved May 28, 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Michael_Jackson-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Michael_Jackson_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/1490059/Michael+Jackson/chart?f=359">"Michael Jackson Chart history"</a> <a href="/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs"><i>Billboard</i> Hot Dance Club Songs</a> for Michael Jackson. Retrieved May 28, 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-awards-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awards_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awards_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awards_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/dangerous-mw0000674875/awards">"Dangerous awards on Allmusic"</a>. Allmusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Dangerous+awards+on+Allmusic&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Allmusic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fdangerous-mw0000674875%2Fawards&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Michael_Jackson-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Michael_Jackson_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/1490059/Michael+Jackson/chart?f=367">"Michael Jackson Chart history"</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs"><i>Billboard</i> Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a> for Michael Jackson. Retrieved May 28, 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-UK-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/michael%20jackson/">"Michael Jackson"</a>. Official Charts Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Official+Charts+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fartist%2F_%2Fmichael%2520jackson%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Italiancharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Top Digital Download</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Spanishcharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a> <a href="/wiki/Canciones_Top_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Canciones Top 50">Canciones Top 50</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Denmark_Michael_Jackson-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Denmark_Michael_Jackson_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Black+Or+White&cat=s">Danishcharts.com Michael Jackson Black Or White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tracklisten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracklisten">Tracklisten</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/1490059/michael+jackson/chart?f=349">"European Hot 100"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. July 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=European+Hot+100&rft.date=2009-07-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2F1490059%2Fmichael%2Bjackson%2Fchart%3Ff%3D349&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lescharts.com/weekchart.asp?cat=si&year=2009&date=20090704">"Download French Single Top 50"</a>. <i>France</i>. lescharts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Download+French+Single+Top+50&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flescharts.com%2Fweekchart.asp%3Fcat%3Dsi%26year%3D2009%26date%3D20090704&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=kislemez&ev=2011&het=4&submit_=Keres%E9s">"Hungarian Singles Chart Archives"</a>. Mahasz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Singles+Chart+Archives&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mahasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahasz.hu%2F%3Fmenu%3Dslagerlistak%26menu2%3Darchivum%26lista%3Dkislemez%26ev%3D2011%26het%3D4%26submit_%3DKeres%25E9s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Poland_-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Poland_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/top/archiwum.php?year=2016&idlisty=2155#title">Listy bestsellerw, wyrnienia :: Zwizek Producentw Audio-Video"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Music_Charts" title="Polish Music Charts">Polish Airplay Top 100</a>. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ryan-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryan_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryan_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ryan, Gavin (2011). <i>Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010</i>. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Music+Charts+1988-2010&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Mt.+Martha%2C+VIC%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Moonlight+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3880">"Top Selling Singles of 1991"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Top+Selling+Singles+of+1991&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnztop40.co.nz%2Fchart%2F%3Fchart%3D3880&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5mpzL5EW5?url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1992">"Billboard Top 100 1992"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1992">the original</a> on January 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Billboard+Top+100+%E2%80%93+1992&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flongboredsurfer.com%2Fcharts.php%3Fyear%3D1992&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-1990sbb-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1990sbb_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=RA1-PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.au=Geoff+Mayfield&rft.btitle=1999+The+Year+in+Music+Totally+%2790s%3A+Diary+of+a+Decade+%E2%80%93+The+listing+of+Top+Pop+Albums+of+the+%2790s+%26+Hot+100+Singles+of+the+%2790s&rft.date=1999-12-25&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9w0EAAAAMBAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DRA1-PA4%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=2">http://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=2</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ARIA_Charts-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARIA_Charts_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARIA_Charts_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518161219/http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50">"Aria 50 Top Singles Charts"</a>. <i>Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA)</i>. July 6, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50">the original</a> on May 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Aria+50+Top+Singles+Charts&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Australian+Recording+Industry+Association++%28ARIA%29%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fariacharts.com.au%2Fpages%2Fcharts_display_singles.asp%3Fchart%3D1U50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Music_Canada-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Music_Canada_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Bad%2520Michael%2BJackson&fwp_paged=3">"Music Canada"</a>. November 29, 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Music+Canada&rft.date=1991-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusiccanada.com%2Fgold-platinum%2F%3Ffwp_gp_search%3DBad%252520Michael%252BJackson%26fwp_paged%3D3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infodisc.fr/Chanson_Certification_Argent.php?debut=400">"Les Singles / Titres Certifis "Argent<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a> (in French). InfoDisc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Les+Singles+%2F+Titres+Certifi%C3%A9s+%22Argent%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=InfoDisc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infodisc.fr%2FChanson_Certification_Argent.php%3Fdebut%3D400&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Chansons_Tout_Temps.php">"Les Singles / Titres Certifis "Argent". / Singles / Tlchargement"</a> (in French). InfoDisc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=Les+Singles+%2F+Titres+Certifi%C3%A9s+%22Argent%22.+%2F+Singles+%2F+T%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargement&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=InfoDisc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infodisc.fr%2FVentes_Chansons_Tout_Temps.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-GER-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GER_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731214154/http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank0/">"The Official New Zealand Music Chart"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank0/">the original</a> on July 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=The+Official+New+Zealand+Music+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musikindustrie.de%2Fgold_platin_datenbank0%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NZ-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309095604/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp">"The Official New Zealand Music Chart"</a>. <i>Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ)</i>. July 6, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp">the original</a> on March 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=The+Official+New+Zealand+Music+Chart&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Recording+Industry+Association+of+New+Zealand+%28RIANZ%29%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rianz.org.nz%2Frianz%2Fchart.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709193210/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp">"The Official New Zealand Music Chart: Charts Facts"</a>. <i>Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ)</i>. July 6, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp">the original</a> on July 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.btitle=The+Official+New+Zealand+Music+Chart%3A+Charts+Facts&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Recording+Industry+Association+of+New+Zealand+%28RIANZ%29%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rianz.org.nz%2Frianz%2Fchart_facts.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Taete, Jamie Lee Curtis (2015-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/meet-the-guy-who-did-the-rap-on-michael-jacksons-black-or-white-213">"Meet the Mystery Man Who Rapped on Michael Jackson's 'Black or White<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+or+White&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Mystery+Man+Who+Rapped+on+Michael+Jackson%27s+%27Black+or+White%27&rft.aufirst=Jamie+Lee+Curtis&rft.aulast=Taete&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_uk%2Fread%2Fmeet-the-guy-who-did-the-rap-on-michael-jacksons-black-or-white-213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrolyrics.com/black-or-white-lyrics-michael-jackson.html">Lyrics of this song</a> at <a href="/wiki/MetroLyrics" title="MetroLyrics">MetroLyrics</a></li>
+</ul>
+<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Too_Sexy" title="I'm Too Sexy">I'm Too Sexy</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Right_Said_Fred" title="Right Said Fred">Right Said Fred</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">Australian ARIA Singles Chart</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_in_Australia_during_the_1990s" title="List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s">number-one single</a></b><br />
+November 30, 1991 January 18, 1992</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Talk_About_Sex" title="Let's Talk About Sex">Let's Talk About Sex</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Salt-n-Pepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-n-Pepa">Salt-n-Pepa</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/Dizzy_(Tommy_Roe_song)" title="Dizzy (Tommy Roe song)">Dizzy</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Vic_Reeves" title="Vic Reeves">Vic Reeves</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_Stuff" title="The Wonder Stuff">The Wonder Stuff</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one singles (UK)">UK number-one single</a></b><br />
+November 2330, 1991 (2 weeks)</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Let_the_Sun_Go_Down_on_Me" title="Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me">Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/Set_Adrift_on_Memory_Bliss" title="Set Adrift on Memory Bliss">Set Adrift on Memory Bliss</a>" by <a href="/wiki/P.M._Dawn" title="P.M. Dawn">P.M. Dawn</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one hits (United States)">number-one single</a></b><br />
+December 7, 1991 January 18, 1992</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/All_4_Love" title="All 4 Love">All 4 Love</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Color_Me_Badd" title="Color Me Badd">Color Me Badd</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Ocarina" title="Song of Ocarina">Song of Ocarina</a>"<br />
+by Jean-Philippe Audin and Diego Modena</span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/SNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNEP">French (SNEP)</a> <a href="/wiki/SNEP_number-one_hits_of_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="SNEP number-one hits of 1992">number one single</a></b><br />
+January 25, 1992 February 2, 1992</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold">"<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Ocarina" title="Song of Ocarina">Song of Ocarina</a>"<br />
+by Jean-Philippe Audin and Diego Modena</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_Jackson_songs" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f0e68c;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Jackson_songs" title="Template:Michael Jackson songs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Jackson_songs" title="Template talk:Michael Jackson songs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michael_Jackson_songs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Michael_Jackson_songs" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">songs</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Discography</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Sunshine" title="Ain't No Sunshine">Ain't No Sunshine</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Where_You_Are" title="I Wanna Be Where You Are">I Wanna Be Where You Are</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There_(song)" title="Got to Be There (song)">Got to Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_Robin_(song)" title="Rockin' Robin (song)">Rockin' Robin</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Is_Here_and_Now_You%27re_Gone" title="Love Is Here and Now You're Gone">Love Is Here and Now You're Gone</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Got_a_Friend" title="You've Got a Friend">You've Got a Friend</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Ben (Michael Jackson album)">Ben</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Ben_(song)" title="Ben (song)">Ben</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Somebody%27s_Fool" title="Everybody's Somebody's Fool">Everybody's Somebody's Fool</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)" title="My Girl (The Temptations song)">My Girl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" title="Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day">Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/With_a_Child%27s_Heart" title="With a Child's Heart">With a Child's Heart</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_the_Things_You_Are" title="All the Things You Are">All the Things You Are</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Happy (Michael Jackson song)">Happy</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Too_Young_(Sidney_Lippman_and_Sylvia_Dee_song)" title="Too Young (Sidney Lippman and Sylvia Dee song)">Too Young</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Doggin%27_Around" title="Doggin' Around">Doggin' Around</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Music_and_Me_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Music and Me (Michael Jackson song)">Music & Me</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We%27re_Almost_There" title="We're Almost There">We're Almost There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_Your_Life_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="One Day in Your Life (Michael Jackson song)">One Day in Your Life</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_a_Little_Bit_of_You" title="Just a Little Bit of You">Just a Little Bit of You</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_%27Til_You_Get_Enough" title="Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough">Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_with_You" title="Rock with You">Rock with You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Working_Day_and_Night" title="Working Day and Night">Workin' Day and Night</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Off the Wall (Michael Jackson song)">Off the Wall</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Girlfriend_(Paul_McCartney_song)" title="Girlfriend (Paul McCartney song)">Girlfriend</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/She%27s_Out_of_My_Life" title="She's Out of My Life">She's Out of My Life</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_the_Falling_in_Love" title="It's the Falling in Love">It's the Falling in Love</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27" title="Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'">Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine" title="The Girl Is Mine">The Girl Is Mine</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Human_Nature_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)">Human Nature</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/P.Y.T._(Pretty_Young_Thing)" title="P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)">P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Bad (Michael Jackson song)">Bad</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel" title="The Way You Make Me Feel">The Way You Make Me Feel</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Speed_Demon_(song)" title="Speed Demon (song)">Speed Demon</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Liberian_Girl" title="Liberian Girl">Liberian Girl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_Good_Friends_(song)" title="Just Good Friends (song)">Just Good Friends</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Another_Part_of_Me" title="Another Part of Me">Another Part of Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You" title="I Just Can't Stop Loving You">I Just Can't Stop Loving You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Diana" title="Dirty Diana">Dirty Diana</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Leave_Me_Alone" title="Leave Me Alone">Leave Me Alone</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Jam_(song)" title="Jam (song)">Jam</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Closet" title="In the Closet">In the Closet</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Let_Her_Get_Away" title="Can't Let Her Get Away">Can't Let Her Get Away</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World" title="Heal the World">Heal the World</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black or White</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Who Is It (Michael Jackson song)">Who Is It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_In_to_Me" title="Give In to Me">Give In to Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Will_You_Be_There" title="Will You Be There">Will You Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Gone_Too_Soon" title="Gone Too Soon">Gone Too Soon</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson song)">Dangerous</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_Moscow" title="Stranger in Moscow">Stranger in Moscow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Time_Around_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Time Around (Michael Jackson song)">This Time Around</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/D.S._(song)" title="D.S. (song)">D.S.</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Come_Together" title="Come Together">Come Together</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone" title="You Are Not Alone">You Are Not Alone</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Childhood</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Tabloid_Junkie" title="Tabloid Junkie">Tabloid Junkie</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/HIStory/Ghosts" title="HIStory/Ghosts">HIStory</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Smile_(Charlie_Chaplin_song)#Michael_Jackson_version" title="Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)">Smile</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor_(song)" title="Blood on the Dance Floor (song)">Blood on the Dance Floor</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/HIStory/Ghosts" title="HIStory/Ghosts">Ghosts</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Is_It_Scary" title="Is It Scary">Is It Scary</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Heaven_Can_Wait_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song)">Heaven Can Wait</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Rock_My_World" title="You Rock My World">You Rock My World</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Butterflies (Michael Jackson song)">Butterflies</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Speechless (Michael Jackson song)">Speechless</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Cry (Michael Jackson song)">Cry</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_My_Hand_(Michael_Jackson_and_Akon_song)" title="Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)">Hold My Hand</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Tonight" title="Hollywood Tonight">Hollywood Tonight</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/(I_Like)_The_Way_You_Love_Me" title="(I Like) The Way You Love Me">(I Like) The Way You Love Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Monster_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Monster (Michael Jackson song)">Monster</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Breaking_News_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Breaking News (Michael Jackson song)">Breaking News</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Make_It)_Another_Day" title="(I Can't Make It) Another Day">(I Can't Make It) Another Day</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Behind the Mask (Michael Jackson song)">Behind the Mask</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Never_Felt_So_Good" title="Love Never Felt So Good">Love Never Felt So Good</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Chicago_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Chicago (Michael Jackson song)">Chicago</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Loving_You_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Loving You (Michael Jackson song)">Loving You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Place_with_No_Name" title="A Place with No Name">A Place with No Name</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Slave_to_the_Rhythm_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Slave to the Rhythm (Michael Jackson song)">Slave to the Rhythm</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blue_Gangsta" title="Blue Gangsta">Blue Gangsta</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World" title="We Are the World">We Are the World</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Twenty-Five_Miles" title="Twenty-Five Miles">Twenty-Five Miles</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts#.22On_the_Line.22" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">On the Line</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/What_More_Can_I_Give" title="What More Can I Give">What More Can I Give</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/One_More_Chance_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)">One More Chance</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Cheater_(song)" title="Cheater (song)">Cheater</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Fall_Again" title="Fall Again">Fall Again</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mind_Is_the_Magic:_Anthem_for_the_Las_Vegas_Show" title="Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show">Mind Is the Magic</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Messin%27_%27Round" title="Don't Be Messin' 'Round">Don't Be Messin' 'Round</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Price_of_Fame" title="Price of Fame">Price of Fame</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Featured</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Night_Time_Lover" title="Night Time Lover">Night Time Lover</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Say_Say_Say" title="Say Say Say">Say Say Say</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Somebody%27s_Watching_Me" title="Somebody's Watching Me">Somebody's Watching Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_I%27m_Not_Dreamin%27_(Too_Good_to_Be_True)" title="Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)">Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_It_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Get It (Stevie Wonder song)">Get It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street_(song)" title="2300 Jackson Street (song)">2300 Jackson Street</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Do_the_Bartman" title="Do the Bartman">Do the Bartman</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Whatzupwitu" title="Whatzupwitu">Whatzupwitu</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_(3T_song)" title="Why (3T song)">Why</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Need_You_(3T_song)" title="I Need You (3T song)">I Need You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Be_Clubbin%27" title="We Be Clubbin'">We Be Ballin'</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World_25_for_Haiti" title="We Are the World 25 for Haiti">We Are the World 25 for Haiti</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_in_Your_Name" title="All in Your Name">All in Your Name</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/There_Must_Be_More_To_Life_Than_This" title="There Must Be More To Life Than This">There Must Be More To Life Than This</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Category</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Portal</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Michael_Jackson" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Michael Jackson">WikiProject</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+<noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter">
+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&oldid=806830006">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&oldid=806830006</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_singles" title="Category:1991 singles">1991 singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Songs written by Michael Jackson">Songs written by Michael Jackson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson_songs" title="Category:Michael Jackson songs">Michael Jackson songs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_rock_songs" title="Category:American rock songs">American rock songs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles" title="Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles">Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Hot_100_Singles_number-one_singles" title="Category:European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles">European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_Singles_Chart_number-one_singles" title="Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles">Irish Singles Chart number-one singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Number-one_singles_in_Australia" title="Category:Number-one singles in Australia">Number-one singles in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Number-one_dance_singles_in_Canada" title="Category:Number-one dance singles in Canada">Number-one dance singles in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Number-one_singles_in_France" title="Category:Number-one singles in France">Number-one singles in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_videos_directed_by_John_Landis" title="Category:Music videos directed by John Landis">Music videos directed by John Landis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Number-one_singles_in_Italy" title="Category:Number-one singles in Italy">Number-one singles in Italy</a></li><li><a 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White Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" 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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Bloomberg L.P.</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="fn org">Bloomberg L.P.</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="logo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="New Bloomberg Logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg/220px-New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg.png" width="220" height="41" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg/330px-New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg/440px-New_Bloomberg_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="95" /></a>
+<div>Logo used since 2015</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_entities" title="List of business entities">Type</a></div>
+</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">Limited partnership</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Industry</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Founded</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">October 1, 1981<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1981-10-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Founder</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secunda" title="Thomas Secunda">Thomas Secunda</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacMillan_(businessman)" title="Duncan MacMillan (businessman)">Duncan MacMillan</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Charles_Zegar" title="Charles Zegar">Charles Zegar</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Headquarters</th>
+<td class="label" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/731_Lexington_Avenue" title="731 Lexington Avenue">Bloomberg Tower</a><br />
+731 Lexington Avenue, <span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></span>, <span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Number of locations</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">192 offices (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-AboutBloombergCompany_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutBloombergCompany-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Key people</div>
+</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grauer" title="Peter Grauer">Peter Grauer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a><br />
+(<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Revenue</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>9 billion (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Owner</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> (88%)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Number of employees</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">19,000 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-AboutBloombergCompany_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutBloombergCompany-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Website</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com">www<wbr />.bloomberg<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloomberg_tower.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Bloomberg_tower.jpg" width="212" height="400" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="400" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloomberg_tower.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Tower">Bloomberg Tower</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue" title="Lexington Avenue">Lexington Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b>Bloomberg L.P.</b> is a privately held financial software, data, and media company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Bloomberg L.P. was founded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> in 1981 with the help of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secunda" title="Thomas Secunda">Thomas Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacMillan_(Bloomberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan MacMillan (Bloomberg)">Duncan MacMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Zegar" title="Charles Zegar">Charles Zegar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and a 30% ownership investment by <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P. provides financial software tools such as an analytics and equity trading platform, data services, and news to financial companies and organizations through the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Terminal" title="Bloomberg Terminal">Bloomberg Terminal</a> (via its Bloomberg Professional Service), its core <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>-generating product.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Bloomberg L.P. also includes a <a href="/wiki/Wire_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire service">wire service</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>), a global television network (<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>), <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">digital websites</a>, a radio station (<a href="/wiki/WBBR" title="WBBR">WBBR</a>), subscription-only newsletters, and three magazines: <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets" title="Bloomberg Markets">Bloomberg Markets</a></i>, and <i>Bloomberg Pursuits</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> In 2014, Bloomberg L.P. launched Bloomberg Politics, a multiplatform media property that merged the company's political news teams, and has recruited two veteran political journalists, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Halperin" title="Mark Halperin">Mark Halperin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Heilemann" title="John Heilemann">John Heilemann</a>, to run it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Acquisitions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Acquisitions</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#WNEW"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">WNEW</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#BusinessWeek"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">BusinessWeek</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Eagle_Eye_Publishing"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Eagle Eye Publishing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#New_Energy_Finance"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">New Energy Finance</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bureau_of_National_Affairs_.28BNA.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Bureau of National Affairs (BNA)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bloomberg_PolarLake"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg PolarLake</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Barclays_indices_business"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Barclays indices business</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Products_and_services"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Products and services</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Bloomberg_Professional_Service"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Professional Service</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bloomberg_News"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg News</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bloomberg_Radio"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Radio</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bloomberg_Television"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Television</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Bloomberg_Markets"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Markets</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bloomberg_Entity_Exchange"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Entity Exchange</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bloomberg_Government"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Government</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bloomberg_Law"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Law</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bloomberg_View"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg View</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bloomberg_Tradebook"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Tradebook</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Bloomberg_Beta"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Beta</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Bloomberg_Innovation_Index"><span class="tocnumber">3.12</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg Innovation Index</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Open_Bloomberg"><span class="tocnumber">3.13</span> <span class="toctext">Open Bloomberg</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Offices"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Offices</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Locations"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Locations</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Corporate_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate culture</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Leadership"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Litigation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Litigation</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#EEOC_v._Bloomberg_L.P."><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">EEOC v. Bloomberg L.P.</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Bloomberg_L.P._v._Bloomberg_Ltd"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bloomberg L.P. v. Bloomberg Ltd</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg/220px-Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg/330px-Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg/440px-Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloomberg_Terminal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Terminal" title="Bloomberg Terminal">Bloomberg Terminal</a> at <a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City Airport</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Brothers" title="Salomon Brothers">Salomon Brothers</a> was acquired, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, a general partner, was given a $10 million partnership settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a></sup> Bloomberg, having designed in-house computerized financial systems for Salomon, used his $10 million severance check to start Innovative Market Systems (IMS).<sup id="cite_ref-Make_It_New_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Make_It_New-13">[13]</a></sup> Bloomberg developed and built his own computerized system to provide real-time market data, financial calculations and other financial analytics to <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> firms. In 1983, Merrill Lynch invested $30 million in IMS to help finance the development of "the Bloomberg" terminal computer system and by 1984, IMS was selling machines to all of Merrill Lynch's clients.<sup id="cite_ref-Make_It_New_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Make_It_New-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1986, the company was renamed Bloomberg L.P., and 5,000 terminals had been installed in subscribers' offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_L.P._.E2.80.93_Swot_Analysis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_L.P._.E2.80.93_Swot_Analysis-14">[14]</a></sup> Within a few years, ancillary products including <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Tradebook" title="Bloomberg Tradebook">Bloomberg Tradebook</a> (a trading platform), the Bloomberg Messaging Service, and the Bloomberg newswire were launched. Bloomberg launched its news services division in 1990. Bloomberg.com was first established on September 29, 1993 as a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, and Bloomberg Terminal subscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Arbitration_Forum_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Arbitration_Forum-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In late 1996, Bloomberg bought back one-third of Merrill Lynch's 30 percent stake in the company for $200 million, valuing the company at $2 billion. In 2008, facing losses during the financial crisis, Merrill Lynch agreed to sell its remaining 20 percent stake in the company back to Bloomberg Inc.,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> majority-owned by Michael Bloomberg,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> for a reported $4.43 billion, valuing Bloomberg L.P. at approximately $22.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P. has remained a private company since its founding; the majority of which is owned by Michael Bloomberg.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-18">[18]</a></sup> To run for the position of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of New York">Mayor of New York</a> against <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_J._Green" title="Mark J. Green">Mark Green</a> in 2001, Bloomberg gave up his position of CEO and appointed Lex Fenwick as CEO in his stead.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_.E2.80.93_Lex_Fenwick_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership_.E2.80.93_Lex_Fenwick-20">[20]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Grauer" title="Peter Grauer">Peter Grauer</a> is the chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-21">[21]</a></sup> In 2008, Fenwick became the CEO of Bloomberg Ventures, a new venture capital division. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Doctoroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Doctoroff">Daniel Doctoroff</a>, former deputy mayor in the Bloomberg administration, now serves as president and CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com-22">[22]</a></sup> In September 2014 it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would be taking the reins of his eponymous market data company from Doctoroff, who was chief executive of Bloomberg for the past six years after his term as deputy mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In September 2014, Bloomberg sold its Bloomberg Sports analysis division to the data analysis firm <a href="/wiki/STATS_LLC" title="STATS LLC">STATS LLC</a> for a fee rumored to be between $15 million and $20 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Acquisitions">Acquisitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acquisitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Since its founding, Bloomberg L.P. has made several acquisitions including the radio station <a href="/wiki/WBBR" title="WBBR">WNEW</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a></i> magazine, research company New Energy Finance, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of National Affairs">Bureau of National Affairs</a> and the financial software company Bloomberg PolarLake. On July 9, 2014, Bloomberg L.P. acquired RTS Realtime Systems, a global provider of low-latency connectivity and trading support services.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="WNEW">WNEW</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: WNEW">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 1992, Bloomberg L.P. purchased New York Radio station <a href="/wiki/WNEW-FM" title="WNEW-FM">WNEW</a> for $13.5 million. The station was converted into an all-news format, known as <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Radio" title="Bloomberg Radio">Bloomberg Radio</a>, and the call letters were changed to <a href="/wiki/WBBR" title="WBBR">WBBR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: BusinessWeek">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P. bought a weekly business magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">BusinessWeek</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> in 2009. The company acquired the magazinewhich was suffering from declining advertising revenue and limited circulation numbersto attract general business to its media audience composed primarily of terminal subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Following the acquisition, <i>BusinessWeek</i> was renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>. Megan Murphy edits the magazine.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eagle_Eye_Publishing">Eagle Eye Publishing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eagle Eye Publishing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2010, Bloomberg L.P acquired Eagle Eye Publishing, a Fairfax, VA-based company that publishes data about procurement by the Federal Government. This acquisition became part of <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Government" title="Bloomberg Government">Bloomberg Government</a> which was launched in early 2011.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Energy_Finance">New Energy Finance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Energy Finance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2009, Bloomberg L.P. purchased New Energy Finance, a data company focused on energy investment and carbon markets research based in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> New Energy Finance was created by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Liebreich" title="Michael Liebreich">Michael Liebreich</a> in 2004 to provide news, data and analysis on carbon and clean energy markets. Bloomberg L.P. acquired the company to become an industry resource for information to support low-carbon energy solutions. Liebreich continued to lead the company, serving as the chief executive officer<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> until 2014, when he stepped down as CEO but remained involved as Chairman of the Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Bureau_of_National_Affairs_(BNA)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Bureau_of_National_Affairs_.28BNA.29">Bureau of National Affairs (BNA)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bureau of National Affairs (BNA)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P. purchased Arlington, Virginia-based <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BNA" title="Bloomberg BNA">Bureau of National Affairs</a> in August 2011 for $990 million to bolster its existing <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Government" title="Bloomberg Government">Bloomberg Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Law" title="Bloomberg Law">Bloomberg Law</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> BNA publishes specialized online and print news and information for professionals in business and government. The company produces more than 350 news publications in topic areas that include corporate law and business, employee benefits, employment and labor law, environment, health and safety, health care, human resources, intellectual property, litigation, and tax and accounting.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_PolarLake">Bloomberg PolarLake</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bloomberg PolarLake">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In May 2012, Bloomberg LP acquired Dublin-based software provider PolarLake and launched a new enterprise data management (EDM) service to help companies acquire, manage and distribute data across their organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Barclays_indices_business">Barclays indices business</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Barclays indices business">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On 16 December 2015 it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a> had agreed to sell its <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">index</a> business, Barclays Risk Analytics and Index Solutions Ltd (BRAIS), to Bloomberg L.P. for 520 million, or about $787 million.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> The company will be renamed Bloomberg Index Services Limited.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Products_and_services">Products and services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Products and services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Professional_Service">Bloomberg Professional Service</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Professional Service">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2011, sales from the Bloomberg Professional Service, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg terminal">Bloomberg terminal</a>, accounted for more than 85 percent of Bloomberg L.P.'s annual revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-Inside_the_Bloomberg_Machine_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inside_the_Bloomberg_Machine-35">[35]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_data_vendor" title="Financial data vendor">financial data vendor</a>'s proprietary computer system, starting at $24,000 per user per year,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> allows subscribers to access the Bloomberg Professional service to monitor and analyze real-time financial data, search financial news, obtain price quotes and send electronic messages through the Bloomberg Messaging Service. The Terminal covers both public and private markets globally.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_News">Bloomberg News</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bloomberg News">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> was co-founded by Michael Bloomberg and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Winkler_(journalist)" title="Matthew Winkler (journalist)">Matthew Winkler</a> in 1990 to deliver financial news reporting to Bloomberg terminal subscribers. In 2000, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 editors and reporters in 100 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_Editor_Casts_a_Wider_Net_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Editor_Casts_a_Wider_Net-38">[38]</a></sup> Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through the Bloomberg terminal, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, <i>Bloomberg Businessweek</i>, Bloomberg Markets and Bloomberg.com. Co-founder Matthew Winkler still serves as editor-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_Editor_Casts_a_Wider_Net_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Editor_Casts_a_Wider_Net-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Radio">Bloomberg Radio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Radio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Radio" title="Bloomberg Radio">Bloomberg Radio</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Television">Bloomberg Television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Television">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>, a service of Bloomberg News, is a 24-hour financial news television network. It was introduced in 1994 as a subscription service transmitted on satellite television provider <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>, 13 hours a day, 7 days a week.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Soon after, the network entered the cable television market and by 2000, Bloomberg's 24-hour news programming was being aired to 200 million households.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justin_B._Smith" title="Justin B. Smith">Justin B. Smith</a> serves as CEO of Bloomberg Multimedia Group which includes Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Television and online components of Bloomberg's multimedia offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Markets">Bloomberg Markets</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Markets">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets" title="Bloomberg Markets">Bloomberg Markets</a></i> is a monthly magazine launched in 1992 that provides in-depth coverage of global financial markets for finance professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> In 2010, the magazine was redesigned in an effort to update its readership beyond Bloomberg terminal users.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Michael Dukmejian has served as the magazine's publisher since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Entity_Exchange">Bloomberg Entity Exchange</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Entity Exchange">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg Entity Exchange is a <a href="/wiki/Web-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Web-based">web-based</a>, centralised and secure platform for <a href="/wiki/Buy_side" title="Buy side">buy side</a> firms, <a href="/wiki/Sell_side" title="Sell side">sell side</a> firms, <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> and insurance firms, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a> or brokers to fulfill <a href="/wiki/Know_your_customer" title="Know your customer">Know Your Customer (KYC)</a> compliance requirements. It was launched on 25th May 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Government">Bloomberg Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Launched in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Government" title="Bloomberg Government">Bloomberg Government</a> is an online service that provides news and information about politics, along legislative and regulatory coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> The service is sold via subscription for $5,700 a year and provides access to a database offering information such as campaign contributions breakdowns, analysis of federal contracting, directories of agency and congressional staff members and detailed analysis of legislation and regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Law">Bloomberg Law</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Law">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2009, Bloomberg L.P. introduced <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Law" title="Bloomberg Law">Bloomberg Law</a>, a subscription service for real-time legal research.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> A subscription to the service provides access to law dockets, legal filings, and reports from Bloomberg legal analysts as well as business news and information.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_View">Bloomberg View</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bloomberg View">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg View">Bloomberg View</a></i> is an editorial division of Bloomberg News which launched in May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i>Bloomberg View</i> provides editorial content from columnists, authors and editors about news issues and is available for free on the company's website.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Shipley" title="David Shipley">David Shipley</a>, former Op-Ed page editor at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, serves as Bloomberg View's executive editor.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Tradebook">Bloomberg Tradebook</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Tradebook">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Tradebook" title="Bloomberg Tradebook">Bloomberg Tradebook</a> is an electronic agency brokerage for equity, futures, options and foreign exchange trades.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_Tradebook_Overview_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Tradebook_Overview-54">[54]</a></sup> Its "buyside" services include access to trading algorithms, analytics and marketing insights, while its "sellside" services include connection to electronic trading networks and global trading capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Bloomberg Tradebook was founded in 1996 as an affiliate of Bloomberg L.P.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_Tradebook_Overview_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Tradebook_Overview-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Beta">Bloomberg Beta</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Beta">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Beta" title="Bloomberg Beta">Bloomberg Beta</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital firm">venture capital firm</a> capitalized by Bloomberg L.P.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Founded in 2013, the $75 million fund is focused on investments in areas broadly of interest to Bloomberg L.P., and invests purely for financial return. It is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_Innovation_Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bloomberg Innovation Index">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The Bloomberg Innovation Index is an annual <a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">ranking</a> of how <a href="/wiki/Innovative" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovative">innovative</a> countries are. It is based on six criteria: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> companies, <a href="/wiki/Post-secondary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-secondary education">post-secondary education</a>, research personnel, and <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> Bloomberg uses data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to compile the ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Open_Bloomberg">Open Bloomberg</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Open Bloomberg">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg has openly licensed its symbology system (Bloomberg Open Symbology, BSYM), and financial data API (Bloomberg Programming API, BLPAPI).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Offices">Offices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Offices">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Locations">Locations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P.'s headquarters is located in <a href="/wiki/731_Lexington_Avenue" title="731 Lexington Avenue">731 Lexington Avenue</a> (informally known as Bloomberg Tower) in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> As of 2011, Bloomberg L.P. occupied 900,000 square feet (84,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of office space at the base of the tower. The company's New York offices also include 400,000 square feet (37,000 m<sup>2</sup>) located at 120 Park Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> It maintains offices in more than 192 locations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutBloombergCompany_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutBloombergCompany-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Corporate_culture">Corporate culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Corporate culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The Bloomberg L.P. offices are non-hierarchical even executives do not have private offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-32">[32]</a></sup> All employees sit at identical white desks each topped with a custom-built Bloomberg computer terminal. The office space also includes rows of flat-panel monitors overhead that display news, market data, the weather and Bloomberg customer service statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership">Leadership</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P.'s Management Committee includes <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Grauer" title="Peter Grauer">Peter Grauer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secunda" title="Thomas Secunda">Thomas Secunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Litigation">Litigation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Litigation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="EEOC_v._Bloomberg_L.P.">EEOC v. Bloomberg L.P.</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: EEOC v. Bloomberg L.P.">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In September 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> filed a <a href="/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-action lawsuit">class-action lawsuit</a> against Bloomberg L.P. on behalf of more than 80 female employees who argued that Bloomberg L.P. engaged in discrimination against women who took <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">maternity leave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> In August 2011, Judge <a href="/wiki/Loretta_A._Preska" title="Loretta A. Preska">Loretta A. Preska</a> of the Federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">District Court</a> in Manhattan dismissed the charges, writing that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission did not present sufficient evidence to support their claim.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In September 2013, Preska dismissed an EEOC lawsuit on behalf of 29 pregnant employees of Bloomberg L.P.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> In addition, she dismissed pregnancy bias claims from five individual plaintiffs, and allowed part of the case from a sixth plaintiff to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve">Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Bloomberg L.P. brought a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> against the Board of Directors of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</a>) to force the Fed to share details about its lending programs during the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">U.S. Government bailout</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> The records documented Federal Reserve loans issued to financial firms and revealed the identities of the firms, the amounts borrowed and the collateral posted in return.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> Bloomberg L.P. won at the trial court level.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> The Second Circuit Court ruled in favor of Bloomberg L.P. in March 2010, but the case was appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> by a group of large U.S. commercial banks in October. In March 2011, the Supreme Court let stand the Second Circuit Court ruling mandating the release of Fed bailout details.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bloomberg_L.P._v._Bloomberg_Ltd">Bloomberg L.P. v. Bloomberg Ltd</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bloomberg L.P. v. Bloomberg Ltd">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On October 22, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. applied for a change of name of Bloomberg Ltd, under s.69(1)(b) of the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2006" title="Companies Act 2006">Companies Act 2006</a>. Bloomberg L.P. then amended its name to Bloomberg Finance Three L.P. Bloomberg Ltd was ordered at the <a href="/wiki/Company_Names_Tribunal" title="Company Names Tribunal">Company Names Tribunal</a> on May 11, 2009 to change its name so as to not have a name that would likely interfere, by similarity, with the goodwill of Bloomberg Finance Three L.P. as well as to pay costs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Best" title="A. M. Best">A. M. Best</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets" title="Bloomberg Markets">Bloomberg Markets</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Terminal" title="Bloomberg Terminal">Bloomberg Terminal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Bond_Rating_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Bond Rating Service">Dominion Bond Rating Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_data_vendor" title="Financial data vendor">Financial data vendor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Markit_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Markit Group">Markit Group</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/71466-1">"Washington Friday Journal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. April 26, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Started the company the day after I left Salomon Brothers, October 1, 1981, so we're coming on our fifteenth year anniversary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+Friday+Journal&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=1996-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2F71466-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">MCCRACKEN, HARRY (2015-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3051883/the-bloomberg-terminal">"How the Bloomberg Terminal Made HistoryAnd Stays Ever Relevant"</a>. Fast Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Bloomberg+Terminal+Made+History%E2%80%93And+Stays+Ever+Relevant&rft.pub=Fast+Company&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=MCCRACKEN&rft.aufirst=HARRY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3051883%2Fthe-bloomberg-terminal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/fortune/1106/quotes.A_gallery_of_givers.fortune/6.html">"The Bloomberg Bunch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNNMoney" title="CNNMoney">CNNMoney</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bloomberg+Bunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2011%2Ffortune%2F1106%2Fquotes.A_gallery_of_givers.fortune%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AboutBloombergCompany-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AboutBloombergCompany_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AboutBloombergCompany_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AboutBloombergCompany_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/company/bloomberg-facts/">"Facts & Spaces"</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bloomberg L.P.</a> <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+%26+Spaces&rft.pub=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fcompany%2Fbloomberg-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/doctoroff-says-2014-revenue-9-billion-2014-9">"Doctoroff says 2014 revenue 9 billion"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>, September 6, 2014]</span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313133328/http://www.openbloomberg.com/files/2012/03/bloomberg_open_market_data_whitepaper.pdf">"Open Market Data Initiative"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. February 1, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbloomberg.com/files/2012/03/bloomberg_open_market_data_whitepaper.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on March 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Open+Market+Data+Initiative&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbloomberg.com%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F03%2Fbloomberg_open_market_data_whitepaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gregor, Alison (April 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E2DC153FF930A15757C0A9609C8B63&pagewanted=all">"SQUARE FEET: INTERVIEW -- WITH BARRY M. GOSIN; Trained in Manhattan, Graduating to the World"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SQUARE+FEET%3A+INTERVIEW+--+WITH+BARRY+M.+GOSIN%3B+Trained+in+Manhattan%2C+Graduating+to+the+World&rft.date=2006-04-23&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9503E2DC153FF930A15757C0A9609C8B63%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bagli, Charles V. (February 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/nyregion/10bloomberg.html?_r=1">"Growing Bloomberg L.P. To Rent Half of a Tower"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Growing+Bloomberg+L.P.+To+Rent+Half+of+a+Tower&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Bagli&rft.aufirst=Charles+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2Fnyregion%2F10bloomberg.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/skyline/2007/08/06/070806crsk_skyline_goldberger?currentPage=all">"Towers of Babble"</a>. The New Yorker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towers+of+Babble&rft.pub=The+New+Yorker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fskyline%2F2007%2F08%2F06%2F070806crsk_skyline_goldberger%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId-160210">"Company Overview of Bloomberg L.P"</a>. Businessweek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+Overview+of+Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.pub=Businessweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvesting.businessweek.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fpeople.asp%3FprivcapId-160210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chen, David W. (May 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/nyregion/15bloomberg.html">"Bloomberg Is Deposed in Bias Suit Against Firm"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Is+Deposed+in+Bias+Suit+Against+Firm&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F15%2Fnyregion%2F15bloomberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chen, David W. (August 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/nyregion/discrimination-suit-against-bloomberg-lp-is-dismissed.html?_r=1">"Discrimination Suit Against Bloomberg L.P. Is Rejected"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Discrimination+Suit+Against+Bloomberg+L.P.+Is+Rejected&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Fdiscrimination-suit-against-bloomberg-lp-is-dismissed.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Stempel, Jonathan; Jennifer Saba (September 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/09/us-bloomberg-bias-lawsuit-idUSBRE9880ZD20130909">"U.S. judge tosses pregnancy bias lawsuit against Bloomberg LP"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+judge+tosses+pregnancy+bias+lawsuit+against+Bloomberg+LP&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.aulast=Stempel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Jennifer+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F09%2F09%2Fus-bloomberg-bias-lawsuit-idUSBRE9880ZD20130909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Beekman, Daniel (September 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/judge-tosses-plaintiffs-discrimination-suit-bloomberg-p-article-1.1450211">"Judge tosses most plaintiffs in discrimination suit against Bloomberg L.P"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Judge+tosses+most+plaintiffs+in+discrimination+suit+against+Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.aulast=Beekman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fjudge-tosses-plaintiffs-discrimination-suit-bloomberg-p-article-1.1450211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/data-visualization/federal-reserve-emergency-lending/#/overview/?sort=nomPeakValue&group=none&view=peak&position=0&comparelist=&search=">"The Fed's Secret Liquidity Lifelines"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Fed%27s+Secret+Liquidity+Lifelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fdata-visualization%2Ffederal-reserve-emergency-lending%2F%23%2Foverview%2F%3Fsort%3DnomPeakValue%26group%3Dnone%26view%3Dpeak%26position%3D0%26comparelist%3D%26search%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjr.org/the_audit/bloomberg_wins_its_lawsuit_aga.php">"Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve"</a>. Columbia Journalism Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bloomberg+Wins+Its+Lawsuit+Against+the+Federal+Reserve&rft.pub=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fthe_audit%2Fbloomberg_wins_its_lawsuit_aga.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Docket entry 31, <i>Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</i>, case no. 1:08-cv-09595-LAP, U.S. District Court for the District of New York.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-22/fed-s-court-ordered-transparency-shows-americans-have-a-right-to-know-.html">"Fed's Court-Ordered Disclosure Shows Americans' 'Right to Know<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. Bloomberg Businessweek. March 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fed%27s+Court-Ordered+Disclosure+Shows+Americans%27+%27Right+to+Know%27&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-03-22%2Ffed-s-court-ordered-transparency-shows-americans-have-a-right-to-know-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloomberg+L.P." class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipo.gov.uk/o12309.pdf">Bloomberg LP v Bloomberg Ltd</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103025028/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/o12309.pdf">Archived</a> November 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 18, 2014</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bloomberg_L.P." class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124023831/http://ketupa.net/bloomberg.htm">Bloomberg: Overview</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fdncenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=36500027">PND News New York City Mayor Gave $130 Million to Charity in 2002</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121228103336/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/GENDND/2002/1665.html">Bloomberg LP v. Triple E Holdings Limited (2002) GENDND 1665 (December 13, 2002)</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030526165356/http://thevault.com/companies/company_main.jsp?product_id=657&ch_id=306&co_page=1">The Vault, containing a company overview</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/04/16/8404302/index.htm?postversion=2007040506">Fortune Magazine: Bloomberg LP is a prodigious success</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/12/bloomberg200812?printable=true&currentPage=all">Vanity Fair: Bloomberg Without Bloomberg</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets" title="Bloomberg Markets">Bloomberg Markets</a></i></li>
+<li>Bloomberg Pursuits</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WBBR" title="WBBR">WBBR</a></li>
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+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="7" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#003C80; color:white;">Podium</td>
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+<p><b>1<br />
+2<br />
+3<br />
+4<br />
+5<br />
+6<br />
+7</b></p>
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+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;width:10em;">
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+<p><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal"><i>Wall Street Journal</i></a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a><br />
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+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;;">The seating chart as of July 10, 2017.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Bob Corker</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 130%;"><span class="fn">Bob Corker</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bob Corker official Senate photo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg/220px-Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg" width="220" height="275" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg/330px-Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg/440px-Bob_Corker_official_Senate_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="3379" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />
+from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none">
+<div style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 2007<br />
+Serving with <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none">
+<div style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 2015</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">71st <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="List of mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee">Mayor of Chattanooga</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+April 16, 2001  April 18, 2005</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kinsey" title="Jon Kinsey">Jon Kinsey</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Littlefield" title="Ron Littlefield">Ron Littlefield</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Personal details</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span class="nickname">Robert Phillips Corker Jr.</span><br />
+<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1952-08-24</span>)</span> August 24, 1952 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 65)</span><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina" title="Orangeburg, South Carolina">Orangeburg, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Political party</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Spouse(s)</th>
+<td>Elizabeth Corker <small>(1987present)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Children</th>
+<td>2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Education</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee, Knoxville</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corker.senate.gov">Senate website</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Robert Phillips Corker Jr.</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> (born August 24, 1952), is an American businessman and politician serving as the <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">junior</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> since 2007. He is the current chairman of the Senate's <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Foreign Relations">Committee on Foreign Relations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th Congress</a>. He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.</p>
+<p>In 1978, Corker founded a construction company, which he sold in 1990. He ran in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_1994" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 1994">1994 U.S. Senate election in Tennessee</a>, but was defeated in the Republican primary by future Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>. Appointed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Don_Sundquist" title="Don Sundquist">Don Sundquist</a>, Corker served as Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee from 199596. He later acquired two of the largest real estate companies in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, before being elected the 71st <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="List of mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee">Mayor of Chattanooga</a> in 2000; he served one term as mayor from 200105.</p>
+<p>Corker announced his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_2006" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2006">2006 U.S. Senate election in Tennessee</a> after Frist announced his retirement. Corker defeated <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Ford, Jr.">Harold Ford, Jr.</a> in the general election, with 51% of the vote. In <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2012">2012</a> Corker was re-elected, defeating Democrat <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Clayton" title="Mark E. Clayton">Mark E. Clayton</a>, 65% to 30%. On September 26, 2017, Corker announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_family"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and family</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Business_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Business career</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#1994_Senate_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">1994 Senate campaign</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mayor_of_Chattanooga"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Mayor of Chattanooga</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#U.S._Senate"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. Senate</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Tenure"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tenure</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Committee_assignments"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Committee assignments</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Retirement"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Retirement</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Political_positions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Political positions</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Social_policy"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Social policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Fiscal_policy"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fiscal policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Foreign_policy"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Health_care_policy"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Health care policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Controversies"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Controversies</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sale_of_protected_wetlands"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sale of protected wetlands</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Blind_trust"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Blind trust</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Volkswagen"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Volkswagen</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Electoral_history"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral history</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Corker was born in <a href="/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina" title="Orangeburg, South Carolina">Orangeburg, South Carolina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3">[3]</a></sup> the son of Jean J. (ne Hutto) and Robert Phillips "Phil" Corker. His family moved to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> when he was 11.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker graduated from <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_High_School" title="Chattanooga High School">Chattanooga High School</a> in 1970 and earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in Industrial Management from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee,_Knoxville" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tennessee, Knoxville">University of Tennessee, Knoxville</a> in 1974. Corker is a member of <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> fraternity. Corker's roommate in the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> fraternity was <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Haslam" title="Jimmy Haslam">Jimmy Haslam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> whose brother is the current Tennessee governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Bill Haslam</a>.</p>
+<p>During his twenties Corker participated in a mission trip to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, which he credits with inspiring him to become more active in his home community. Following his return, Corker helped found the Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise, a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> that has provided low-interest home loans and home maintenance education to thousands of Tennesseans since its creation in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Carney_Times-Gazette_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carney_Times-Gazette-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corker_personal_bio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corker_personal_bio-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zelk_Oglethorpe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelk_Oglethorpe-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker and his wife Elizabeth, whom he married on January 10, 1987, have two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The family's permanent residence is at the Anne Haven Mansion, built by <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Bottling_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca-Cola Bottling Company">Coca-Cola Bottling Company</a> heirs Anne Lupton and Frank Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Business_career">Business career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>In an interview with <i>Esquire</i>, Corker said that he started working when he was 13, collecting trash and bagging ice. Later he worked at Western Auto and as a construction laborer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fussman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussman-11">[11]</a></sup> After graduating from college, he worked for four years as a construction superintendent.<sup id="cite_ref-UTC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTC-12">[12]</a></sup> During this time he saved up $8,000, which he used to start a construction company, Bencor, in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Archways_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archways-13">[13]</a></sup> The company's first large contract was with <a href="/wiki/Krystal_(restaurant)" title="Krystal (restaurant)">Krystal</a> restaurants, building drive-through windows.<sup id="cite_ref-UTC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTC-12">[12]</a></sup> The construction company became successful, growing at 80 percent per year, according to Corker, and by the mid-1980s carried out projects in 18 states.<sup id="cite_ref-Fussman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussman-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archways_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archways-13">[13]</a></sup> He sold the company in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1999, Corker acquired two of the largest real estate companies in Chattanooga: Osborne Building Corporation and Stone Fort Land Company.<sup id="cite_ref-UTC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTC-12">[12]</a></sup> In 2006 he sold the properties and assets that had formed these companies to Chattanooga businessman Henry Luken.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In recognition of his business success, in 2005 the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga named him to their Entrepreneurial Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-UTC_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTC-12">[12]</a></sup> Corker has said that he believes his business background has been valuable in his political career and that experience "gives [him] unique insights and allows [him] to weigh in, in valuable ways".<sup id="cite_ref-Archways_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archways-13">[13]</a></sup> As of 2008, Corker's assets were estimated at more than $19 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="1994_Senate_campaign">1994 Senate campaign</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1994 Senate campaign">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_1994" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 1994">United States Senate election in Tennessee, 1994</a></div>
+<p>Corker first ran for the United States Senate in 1994, finishing second in the Republican primary to eventual winner <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>. During the primary campaign, Frist's campaign manager attacked Corker, calling him "pond scum".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Despite the rhetoric, Corker arrived in Nashville the morning after the primary to offer the Frist campaign his assistance. He went on to campaign for Frist in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-NJ_almanac_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJ_almanac-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_National_Review_Online_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_National_Review_Online-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>From 1995 to 1996, Corker was the Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee, an appointed position, working for Governor <a href="/wiki/Don_Sundquist" title="Don Sundquist">Don Sundquist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mayor_of_Chattanooga">Mayor of Chattanooga</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mayor of Chattanooga">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/220px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/330px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/440px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Modern extension of the Hunter Museum of American Art</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Corker served as mayor of Chattanooga from 200105. While in office he implemented a merit-based bonus system for teachers. The system, established in 2002, awards teachers and principals bonuses for improving student performance at Chattanooga's lowest performing schools.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Two years after its implementation, a study published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a></i> showed that the percentage of third graders reading at or above grade level had increased from 53% to 74%.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> However, a report by the think tank Education Sector suggested that specific teacher training had at least as much to do with the student improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-EducationSector_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EducationSector-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2003 Corker started a program called ChattanoogaRESULTS, facilitating monthly meetings with public service department administrators to evaluate their performance and set goals for improvement. The program has been continued by Corker's successor, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Littlefield" title="Ron Littlefield">Ron Littlefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Corker has credited the increased collaboration between departments for decreasing crime in Chattanooga. City data showed a nearly 26% decrease in crime and a 50% reduction in violent crimes between 2001 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker was also heavily involved in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_South_Industrial_Park" title="Enterprise South Industrial Park">Enterprise South Industrial Park</a> in Chattanooga. Later, as a U.S. Senator, he worked with state and local officials to recruit <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen</a> to open a production facility at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During his tenure as mayor, Corker also oversaw a $120 million riverfront renovation project, including an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Museum">Hunter Museum</a>, a renovation of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Discovery_Museum" title="Creative Discovery Museum">Creative Discovery Museum</a>, an expansion of Chattanooga's River Walk, and the addition of a new <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater aquarium">salt water</a> building to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Aquarium" title="Tennessee Aquarium">Tennessee Aquarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poovey_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poovey-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Senate">U.S. Senate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. Senate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Elections">Elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobcorker.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bobcorker.jpg/220px-Bobcorker.jpg" width="220" height="279" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bobcorker.jpg/330px-Bobcorker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bobcorker.jpg/440px-Bobcorker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1400" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobcorker.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Corker's first official portrait</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<dl>
+<dt>2006</dt>
+</dl>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_United_States_Senate_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee United States Senate election, 2006">Tennessee United States Senate election, 2006</a></div>
+<p>In 2004, Corker announced that he would seek the U.S. Senate seat to be vacated by incumbent Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>, who had announced that he would not run for reelection. In the Republican primary, Corker faced two former congressmen, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Bryant" title="Ed Bryant">Ed Bryant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Hilleary" title="Van Hilleary">Van Hilleary</a>. Both of his opponents ran as strong conservatives, denouncing Corker as a moderate and eventually labelling him a leftist.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> In the course of his campaign, Corker spent $4.2 million on television advertising, especially in the western portion of the state, where he was relatively unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox-16">[16]</a></sup> In the August primary, he won with 48% of the vote; Bryant got 34% and Hilleary got 17%.<sup id="cite_ref-almanac_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the general election campaign, Corker's Democratic opponent, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Ford, Jr.">Harold Ford, Jr.</a>, challenged Corker to seven televised debates across the state. In response, Corker said he would debate Ford, though he did not agree to seven debates.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> The two candidates eventually participated in three televised debates: in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> on October 7,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> in Chattanooga on October 10,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> on October 28.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The race between Ford and Corker was described as "among the most competitive and nasty" in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs-ad_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-ad-34">[34]</a></sup> In October 2006, as polls indicated that Ford maintained a slight lead over Corker,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> ran <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_United_States_Senate_election,_2006#Television_advertisement_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee United States Senate election, 2006">a controversial television advertisement</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> attacking Ford. In the 30-second ad, <a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">sound bites</a> of "people in the street" pronouncing Ford wrong for Tennessee were interspersed with two shots of a white woman animatedly recalling meeting Fordwho is African-American and was unmarried at the timeat "the Playboy party". The ad concludes with this woman leeringly inviting Ford to phone her.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs-ad_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-ad-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The ad was denounced by many people as racist, including former Republican Senator and Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a>, who called it "a very serious appeal to a racist sentiment". Corker subsequently pulled ahead in the polls,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> and went on to win the election by less than three percentage points. He was the only non-incumbent Republican to be elected to the U.S. Senate in the 110th Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Corker was sworn in as Senator on January 4, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<dl>
+<dt>2012</dt>
+</dl>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2012">United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2012</a></div>
+<p>In November 2012, Corker won his re-election bid with 65% of the vote. Corker faced the conservative Democrat <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Clayton" title="Mark E. Clayton">Mark E. Clayton</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson County</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, who received 30% of the general election vote.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Clayton was disavowed by his own party, the leadership of which urged Democrats to write in a candidate of their choice in the race against Corker; the reason given by the party was Clayton's association with a hate group, an apparent reference to the fact that Clayton was vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest group</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Advocate_of_the_United_States" title="Public Advocate of the United States">Public Advocate of the United States</a>, based in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tenure">Tenure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstCorkerBakerAlexander.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/FirstCorkerBakerAlexander.jpg/275px-FirstCorkerBakerAlexander.jpg" width="275" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/FirstCorkerBakerAlexander.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="208" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstCorkerBakerAlexander.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Corker was joined at his inauguration by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker,_Richard_Burr,_Lamar_Alexander,_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker%2C_Richard_Burr%2C_Lamar_Alexander%2C_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg/275px-U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker%2C_Richard_Burr%2C_Lamar_Alexander%2C_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg" width="275" height="202" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker%2C_Richard_Burr%2C_Lamar_Alexander%2C_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg/413px-U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker%2C_Richard_Burr%2C_Lamar_Alexander%2C_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker%2C_Richard_Burr%2C_Lamar_Alexander%2C_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg/550px-U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker%2C_Richard_Burr%2C_Lamar_Alexander%2C_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="930" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Senators_Bob_Corker,_Richard_Burr,_Lamar_Alexander,_Congressman_John_Duncan_among_others_at_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park_in_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+U.S. Senators Bob Corker, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a>, and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">John Duncan</a> among others at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a> in 2009</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Corker was one of the original members of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang of 10">Gang of 10</a>, now consisting of twenty members, which is a bipartisan coalition seeking comprehensive energy reform. The group is pushing for a bill that would encourage state-by-state decisions on <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a> and authorize billions of dollars for conservation and alternative energy.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In June 2008 Corker was among the 36 senators who voted against a <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> motion needed to allow the further progress of the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Climate_Security_Act_of_2007" title="America's Climate Security Act of 2007">Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act</a>, a measure to set up a "<a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap-and-trade</a>" framework to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Shortly before, Corker had offered three amendments to the act which focused on returning as much money as possible to American consumers, in part by eliminating free allowances and international offsets.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Two years later he supported a proposed Senate resolution to express disapproval of the rule submitted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">endangerment finding</a> identifying greenhouse gases as a matter for regulation under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> In spring 2011 he was a co-sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Tax_Prevention_Act" title="Energy Tax Prevention Act">Energy Tax Prevention Act</a>, which would have amended the Clean Air Act to prohibit the EPA from regulating greenhouse gases, and aimed thus to protect households and businesses from paying increased costs passed on to them by businesses compelled to comply with new regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Corker2011_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corker2011-48">[48]</a></sup> Corker said at the time that he hoped that as an alternative to administrative regulations by the EPA, Congress would "determine a rational energy policy for the country, broadly advancing our energy security and maintaining existing policies to ensure clean air and water. <sup id="cite_ref-Corker2011_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corker2011-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2008, Corker was one of the only sixteen Senators who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">tax rebate stimulus plan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> criticizing it as political stimulus for electoral campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> He later described the stimulus package that passed Congress as "silly".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In December 2008, Corker opposed the federal bailout of <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_2008-2010_automotive_industry_crisis_on_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the 2008-2010 automotive industry crisis on the United States">failing U.S. automakers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> and expressed doubt that the companies could be salvaged.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Corker proposed that federal funds be provided for automakers only if accompanied by cuts in labor costs and other concessions from unions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Negotiations regarding Corker's proposal broke down on the evening of December 11, 2008. The <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW), which had previously accepted a series of cuts in its current contract, sought to put off any further cuts until 2011, while Corker requested that cuts go into effect in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Republicans blamed the UAW for failure to reach an agreement, while the UAW claimed that Corker's proposal singled out "workers and retirees for different treatment and make[s] them shoulder the entire burden of restructuring."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On December 13, 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/Businessweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessweek">Businessweek</a></i> reported that Corker was "one of those responsible for winning the new <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant</a> at a cost of $577 million in tax incentives" during his tenure as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>, raising questions about Corker's motivations during the bailout negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Detroit_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detroit-57">[57]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In September 2009, Corker became a ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Senate Special Committee on Aging</a>, replacing former Sen. <a href="/wiki/Mel_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mel Martinez">Mel Martinez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On May 20, 2010, despite his initial role as the key Republican negotiator on financial regulatory reform, Corker voted against the Senate financial regulations bill ("Restoring American Financial Stability Act", S. 3217, the Senate version of what eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="DoddFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">DoddFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>), which included provisions for increased scrutiny of financial derivatives traded by major U.S. banks and financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Following the Senate vote, Corker expressed his disappointment with the bill, stating, among other things, that it did not adequately address concerns about the integrity of loan underwriting, or the need to strengthen bankruptcy laws, and provide for orderly liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043-59">[59]</a></sup> The main critique of financial reform offered by Corker on June 10, 2010, at the joint House and Senate conference on Financial Regulation, was that it would hurt industry and jobs if passed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker does not believe that the government should regulate markets more carefully, but rather that they should be regulated by current laws already on the books.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He supports the view of many conservatives that the Glass Steagall Act should not be reimplemented.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> He also opposes limits to credit card fees imposed by banks on merchant transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker was one of three Republicans to support the <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> (New START) in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2013, Corker was one of forty-six senators to vote against a bill which would have expanded background checks for all gun buyers. Corker voted with 40 Republicans and 5 Democrats to stop the passage of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker has called for tempering the role of outside spending in elections by giving political candidates the right to approve advertising on their behalf made by an outside party committee.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Committee assignments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Banking_Subcommittee_on_Housing,_Transportation,_and_Community_Development" title="United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development">Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Banking_Subcommittee_on_Securities,_Insurance,_and_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment">Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance and Investment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Banking_Subcommittee_on_Financial_Institutions_and_Consumer_Protection" title="United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection">Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Committee on Foreign Relations</a></b> (Chairman)
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_African_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs">Subcommittee on African Affairs</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_European_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs">Subcommittee on European Affairs</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Near_Eastern_and_South_and_Central_Asian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs">Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Western_Hemisphere_and_Global_Narcotics_Affairs" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Global Narcotics Affairs">Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Global Narcotics Affairs</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_International_Development_and_Foreign_Assistance,_Economic_Affairs,_and_International_Environmental_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection">Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs,<br />
+and International Environmental Protection</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_International_Operations_and_Organizations,_Human_Rights,_Democracy_and_Global_Women%27s_Issues" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy and Global Women's Issues">Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy<br />
+and Global Women's Issues</a> (Ex Officio)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Special Committee on Aging</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Retirement">Retirement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On September 26, 2017, Corker announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> After announcing his retirement, Corker intensified his opposition to President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, accusing him of lying, debasing the United States, and weakening its global standing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_positions">Political positions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>In the 2006 Senate race, Corker positioned himself as a <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">conservative</a> on most social and economic issues through television advertisements, his campaign web site, and in debates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>Corker scored 83% on <a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">American Conservative Union</a>s 2008 Ratings of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a>s 2009 Vote Ratings, he was ranked as the 34th conservative member of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></p>
+<p>111th Congress</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a>: 66% Conservative<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
+<ul>
+<li>Economic: 29% Liberal / 69% Conservative</li>
+<li>Social issue: 29% Liberal / 70% Conservative</li>
+<li>Foreign-policy: 41% Liberal / 56% Conservative</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a>: 10% (Liberal Score)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">National Taxpayers Union</a>: 83% (Grade: B; Rank: 24)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_policy">Social policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_Photo_ACLI_Capital_Challenge.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Race_Photo_ACLI_Capital_Challenge.jpg/275px-Race_Photo_ACLI_Capital_Challenge.jpg" width="275" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Race_Photo_ACLI_Capital_Challenge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="269" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_Photo_ACLI_Capital_Challenge.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Corker with U.S. Representatives <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">Jim Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Gordon" title="Bart Gordon">Bart Gordon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zach_Wamp" title="Zach Wamp">Zach Wamp</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In the 2006 primary campaign, Corker's opponents claimed he had changed his view on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> since his first Senate campaign in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_debate_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_debate-74">[74]</a></sup> Corker responded that he "was wrong in 1994" when he said that the government should not interfere with an individual's right to an abortion, stating that he now believes that life begins at conception. Corker has since changed his position and opposes <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion on demand</a> except when the life of the mother is endangered or in cases of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_debate_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_debate-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the 2006 general election, Corker received the endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a>, but the state branch of the group, Tennessee Right to Life, refused to endorse him, calling him a "pro-abortion" politician.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fiscal_policy">Fiscal policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fiscal policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2006, Corker supported making the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">2001 tax cut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">2003 tax cut</a> permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> He has shown interest in replacing the federal <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a> income tax with a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
+<p>He endorsed the initial $350 billion of <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Wall Street bailout money</a> in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> and opposed releasing additional $350 billion of it in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2011, Corker voted in favor of the Republican alternative budget proposed by Representative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> (R-<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>), a proposal that would eliminate the health care provided through the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> program and instead give seniors subsidies for part of the cost of obtaining private medical insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Corker referred to such programs as Medicare and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> as "generational theft".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2013, Corker endorsed the Marketplace Fairness Act and voted for its passage in the Senate. The Marketplace Fairness Act would enable states to begin collecting sales taxes on online purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatt5613_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatt5613-82">[82]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Corker has become a defender of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> since taking his seat in Congress in January 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Corker said that any further reduction in U.S. forces in Iraq should be based on improved conditions in the country. He urged ultimate success will be determined by the Iraqi government, over which the U.S. has limited control, and the withdrawal of some of the troops that were added in 2007 has created some pressure on the Iraqi government, but warned in April 2008 that further cuts could destabilize the country.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2009, Corker criticized President Obama's <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001present)">Afghan war</a> strategy, which boosted civilian efforts to rebuild the impoverished country and placed nuclear-armed Pakistan at the center of the fight: "I have no idea what it is, other than sending additional troops. I hope we dig a lot deeper," said Corker.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> He expected that the United States is having to build the economic and governmental structure of Afghanistan after decades of war.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2015, Corker's position on <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was that turmoil in the Middle East predated <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s presidency, and that by invading Iraq in 2003 the U.S. took a big stick and beat a hornets nest, unleashing rivalries that might take decades to resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2015 Corker, as Senate Foreign Relations Chair, had opportunity to assert the "Treaty Clause" of the Constitution regarding the then proposed "Iran Deal" of President Obama, requiring two-thirds of senators present to consent to the international arms control agreement, but waived the requirement instead drafting a senate bill lowering the threshold to a simple majority a move which upset constitutionalists and conservatives as indicated in news releases from National Review.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker supports supplying <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (fighting the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbass" title="War in Donbass">War in Donbass</a>) with lethal weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Corker backed the Obama administration's plan to sell more than $1.15 billion worth of weapons to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2017, Corker criticized President Trump's provocative <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a> against <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> as impulsive. He said, "A lot of people think that there is some kind of good cop, bad cop act underway, but thats just not true."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> He further expressed concern that Trump's reckless behavior could lead to war. Criticisms of a president from in a senator's own party are rare. Corker's comments were not met with public dissent; Republicans appeared to agree with Corker.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_care_policy">Health care policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health care policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In September 2009, Corker opposed a health-care reform amendment that would legally allow Americans to buy cheaper Canadian drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> He opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation. He voted against the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> in December 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> and he voted against the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In late February 2010, Corker became the sole senator to back retiring Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bunning" title="Jim Bunning">Jim Bunning</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in filibustering a 30-day extension of expiring unemployment and <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a> benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Amid Republican efforts to repeal the ACA following the election of Trump, Corker said in July 2017 he would support a repeal bill in the Senate even if it did not include a replacement effort.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Corker has expressed skepticism regarding the claims of human-caused <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. He favors imposing a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">tax on carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Corker opposed <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s 2008 campaign proposal to suspend the 18-cents-per-gallon federal <a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Fuel taxes in the United States">gasoline tax</a>, calling it "pandering extraordinaire".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sale_of_protected_wetlands">Sale of protected wetlands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sale of protected wetlands">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Corker_2010.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bob_Corker_2010.jpg/220px-Bob_Corker_2010.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bob_Corker_2010.jpg/330px-Bob_Corker_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bob_Corker_2010.jpg/440px-Bob_Corker_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Corker_2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Corker speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Tennessee" title="Brentwood, Tennessee">Brentwood</a> Cool Springs Chamber of Commerce breakfast in 2010</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 2003, Osborne Enterprises, an affiliate of the real estate company Corker Group, sold protected <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> near South <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Creek" title="Chickamauga Creek">Chickamauga Creek</a> in Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> for $4.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-PareTimes_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PareTimes-101">[101]</a></sup> In July 2003 environmental educator Sandy Kurtz filed a restraining order to stop the construction of the Wal-Mart. After briefly being upheld, the lawsuit was dismissed on July 15, 2003. The Wal-Mart opened in May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_land_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_land-102">[102]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Attorney Joe Prochaska, who represented Kurtz, served from 1992 to 1997 as a member of the Davidson County Democratic Partys executive committee. Prochaska accused Corker of selling the land shortly after the construction easement was approved. However, public records show that the land was approved for development by the city prior to Corker becoming mayor in April 2001. As part of the development plans, the Corps of Engineers approved the filling in of 2.5 acres of the wetlands, to widen an access road, in exchange for the creation of an additional 11 acres of new wetlands in a nearby area.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_land_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_land-102">[102]</a></sup> Public records show no involvement of Corker in the approval process.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_road_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_road-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2006, during Corker's United States Senate campaign against Democrat <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford_Jr." title="Harold Ford Jr.">Harold Ford Jr.</a>, a second lawsuit was filed by Kurtz, again represented by Prochaska, and the Tennessee Environmental Council.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_land_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_land-102">[102]</a></sup> The lawsuit accused Wal-Mart of encroaching onto an adjacent protected nature area that was also held by a company owned by Corker. The suit alleged that Corker did not fully disclose his interest in the property where the Wal-Mart was built or in the adjacent nature area at the time the deal was made. The Corker campaign countered that an article published on March 5, 2003 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a></i> publicly identified Corker's ownership interest in the land, through Osborne Enterprises, and that as mayor, a blind trust barred Corker from being involved in issues like these that affected his business.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_land_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_land-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA_road_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_road-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On October 13, 2006, lawyers involved in the case announced a settlement agreement. Details of the settlement were not announced, but court records indicate that a portion of the settlement involved a 45-day option for the Tennessee Environmental Council to purchase over 13 acres (53,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of the land in dispute that the Council hopes to dedicate for public use.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_settlement_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_settlement-104">[104]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Blind_trust">Blind trust</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Blind trust">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Shortly after taking office as mayor, Corker voluntarily placed his <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton County</a> real estate holdings and businesses into a <a href="/wiki/Blind_trust" title="Blind trust">blind trust</a> to avoid "even the perception of any conflict". Corker stated that the visibility of his properties and public knowledge of his ownership in them served as another check on his actions as mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-Flessner_Chatt_Times_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flessner_Chatt_Times-105">[105]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On October 11, 2006, <i>The Commercial Appeal</i> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Blind_trust" title="Blind trust">blind trust</a> that Corker set up to run his businesses to avoid <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflicts of interest</a> while he was mayor "may not have been all that blind".<sup id="cite_ref-CA_trust_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_trust-106">[106]</a></sup> According to e-mails discovered by the <i>Appeal</i> (some of which had previously presumed to be lost):</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Corker met often with employees from his private companies while mayor from 2001 to 2005, and he shared business tips with others. Corker also got help organizing his 2001 mayoral campaign from City Hall, where a government secretary passed on voting lists and set up meetings for the millionaire commercial real estate developer.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_trust_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_trust-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The e-mails show that Corker often met with officials from his private company, the Corker Group, which was part of the blind trust, while he was mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_trust_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_trust-106">[106]</a></sup> When asked about these e-mails by the <i>Appeal</i>, Corker said that he thought the blind trust had "worked very well" and that he had sold most of his business holdings so that he could avoid the appearance of conflicts of interest in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_trust_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_trust-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Volkswagen">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2014, Corker, a long-time opponent of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">unions</a> in Tennessee,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> tried to influence <a href="/wiki/NLRB_election_procedures" title="NLRB election procedures">a secret-ballot election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a> at the Chattanooga Volkswagen plant whether to allow the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> to represent them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersShell-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On the first day of the three-day election, Corker said that he "had conversations" and "based on those am assured that should the workers vote against the UAW, Volkswagen will announce in the coming weeks that it will manufacture its new mid-size SUV here in Chattanooga."<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersShell-108">[108]</a></sup> Corker's public statement went counter to statements by Volkswagen officials in the lead-up to the vote that the outcome of the vote would not affect the determination of whether the SUV would be made in Chattanooga or at the <a href="/wiki/Puebla_City" title="Puebla City">Puebla, Mexico</a> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersShell-108">[108]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> expert Kenneth G. Dau-Schmidt of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> said that Corker's remarks were "shocking" and an attempt to intimidate workers into voting against UAW representation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersShell-108">[108]</a></sup> The UAW was dealt a "stinging defeat" after a majority of employees at the Volkswagen plant voted against joining the union.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="4">2006 United States Senate Republican primary election, Tennessee</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Party</b></td>
+<td><b>Candidate</b></td>
+<td><b>Votes</b></td>
+<td><b>%</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td><b>Bob Corker</b></td>
+<td>231,541</td>
+<td>48.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Ed Bryant</td>
+<td>161,189</td>
+<td>33.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Van Hilleary</td>
+<td>83,078</td>
+<td>17.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Tate Harrison</td>
+<td>5,309</td>
+<td>1.1</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_United_States_Senate_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee United States Senate election, 2006">2006 United States Senate election, Tennessee</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><b>Bob Corker</b></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">929,911</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">50.7</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">-14.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Ford, Jr.">Harold Ford, Jr.</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">879,976</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">48.0</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+15.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Choate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Choate">Ed Choate</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">10,831</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.6</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><i>n/a</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_%22None_of_the_Above%22_Gatchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David "None of the Above" Gatchell (page does not exist)">David "None of the Above" Gatchell</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,746</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><i>n/a</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emory_%22Bo%22_Heyward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emory "Bo" Heyward (page does not exist)">Emory "Bo" Heyward</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,580</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><i>n/a</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Gary_Keplinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Gary Keplinger (page does not exist)">H. Gary Keplinger</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,033</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><i>n/a</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #00A95C; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (US)">Green</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Lugo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Lugo (page does not exist)">Chris Lugo</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,589</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.1</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><i>n/a</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#F6F6F6">
+<td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>Majority</b></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">49,935</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.7</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#F6F6F6">
+<td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,833,693</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="4">2012 United States Senate Republican primary election, Tennessee</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Party</b></td>
+<td><b>Candidate</b></td>
+<td><b>Votes</b></td>
+<td><b>%</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td><b>Bob Corker (incumbent)</b></td>
+<td>389,613</td>
+<td>85.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Zach Poskevich</td>
+<td>28,311</td>
+<td>6.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Fred Anderson</td>
+<td>15,951</td>
+<td>3.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Mark Twain Clemens</td>
+<td>11,795</td>
+<td>2.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Brenda Lenard</td>
+<td>11,384</td>
+<td>2.5</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2012">United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2012</a></caption>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Bob Corker (incumbent)</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,496,668</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">64.9%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Clayton" title="Mark E. Clayton">Mark E. Clayton</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">700,753</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">30.4%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #00A95C; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Martin Pleasant</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">37,964</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.6%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Shaun Crowell</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">20,813</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.9%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Kermit Steck</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">18,490</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.8%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn">James Higdon</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8,036</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Michael Joseph Long</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8,043</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Troy Stephen Scoggin</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">7,105</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #DDDDDD; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td>
+<td class="fn">David Gatchell</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">6,469</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3%</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#F6F6F6">
+<td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>Majority</b></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">795,915</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">34.5%</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#F6F6F6">
+<td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,304,341</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011213743/http://www.bobcorkerforsenate.com/News/Default.aspx?Article=79">"Bob Corker: U.S. Senate"</a>. Bobcorkerforsenate.com. July 2, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobcorkerforsenate.com/News/Default.aspx?Article=79">the original</a> on October 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.btitle=Bob+Corker%3A+U.S.+Senate&rft.date=2006-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bobcorkerforsenate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobcorkerforsenate.com%2FNews%2FDefault.aspx%3FArticle%3D79&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sheryl Gay Stolberg (26 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/us/politics/tennessees-bob-corker-announces-retirement-from-senate.html">"Tennessees Bob Corker Announces Retirement from Senate"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Tennessee%E2%80%99s+Bob+Corker+Announces+Retirement+from+Senate&rft.au=Sheryl+Gay+Stolberg&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftennessees-bob-corker-announces-retirement-from-senate.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-bio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001071">"Corker profile"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+profile&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DC001071&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Feldmann, Linda (October 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/64bXFHzyM?url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1025/p01s02-uspo.html">"All eyes on South's big race"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1025/p01s02-uspo.html">the original</a> on January 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=All+eyes+on+South%27s+big+race&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F1025%2Fp01s02-uspo.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/browns/index.ssf/2012/07/background_on_jimmy_haslam_iii.html">"Potential Cleveland Browns owner Jimmy Haslam uses hands-on business approach"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.btitle=Potential+Cleveland+Browns+owner+Jimmy+Haslam+uses+hands-on+business+approach&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fbrowns%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F07%2Fbackground_on_jimmy_haslam_iii.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Carney_Times-Gazette-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carney_Times-Gazette_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Carney, John I. (October 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-g.com/story/1287597.html">"Corker returns to Haiti"</a>. <i>The Shelbyville Times-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+returns+to+Haiti&rft.aufirst=John+I.&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Shelbyville+Times-Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-g.com%2Fstory%2F1287597.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Corker_personal_bio-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corker_personal_bio_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corker.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=Biography">"About Bob Corker"</a>. <i>Senate.gov</i>. Bob Corker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=About+Bob+Corker&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corker.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3Fp%3DBiography&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Zelk_Oglethorpe-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelk_Oglethorpe_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Zelk, Chris (September 18, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BmtOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ez8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2391,6171623&dq=chattanooga-neighborhood-enterprise+founded+corker&hl=en">"Chattanooga mayor addresses Catoosa Chamber"</a>. <i>Fort Oglethorpe Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Chattanooga+mayor+addresses+Catoosa+Chamber&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Zelk&rft.date=2002-09-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort+Oglethorpe+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DBmtOAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dez8DAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2391%2C6171623%26dq%3Dchattanooga-neighborhood-enterprise%2Bfounded%2Bcorker%26hl%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bobcorker.com/bio/?page=bio">"Biography"</a>. Bob Corker for U.S. Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bob+Corker+for+U.S.+Senate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbobcorker.com%2Fbio%2F%3Fpage%3Dbio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dean Arnold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldmoneynewsouth.com">"The Spirit of the Luptons"</a>. <i>Old Money, New South</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=The+Spirit+of+the+Luptons&rft.au=Dean+Arnold&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Money%2C+New+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldmoneynewsouth.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Fussman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fussman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fussman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fussman, Cal (October 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/bob-corker-interview-1110#ixzz22IyuuJe9">"What I've Learned: Senator Bob Corker (R, Tenn.)"</a>. <i>Esquire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=What+I%27ve+Learned%3A+Senator+Bob+Corker+%28R%2C+Tenn.%29&rft.aufirst=Cal&rft.aulast=Fussman&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2Fbob-corker-interview-1110%23ixzz22IyuuJe9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-UTC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UTC_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTC_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTC_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTC_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utc.edu/Academic/HarrisChair/2005.php">"Entrepreneurship Hall of Fame 2005"</a>. <i>Utc.edu</i>. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship+Hall+of+Fame+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utc.edu%2FAcademic%2FHarrisChair%2F2005.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Archways-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archways_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archways_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archways_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"Congressional Men of Honor". <i>Tennessee Archways</i>. The University of Tennessee College of Business Administration. Winter 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Congressional+Men+of+Honor&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Archways&rft.ssn=winter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/pre-election/bios/51865.html?SITE=TXHOUELN&SECTION=PREELECTION&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">"Candidates: Bob Corker"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Candidates%3A+Bob+Corker&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosted.ap.org%2Fdynamic%2Fexternal%2Fpre-election%2Fbios%2F51865.html%3FSITE%3DTXHOUELN%26SECTION%3DPREELECTION%26TEMPLATE%3DDEFAULT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chattanoogan.com/2006/1/5/78144/Corker-Selling-Many-Business-Holdings.aspx">"Corker Selling Many Business Holdings To Henry Luken"</a>. <i>The Chattanoogan</i>. January 5, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+Selling+Many+Business+Holdings+To+Henry+Luken&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chattanoogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chattanoogan.com%2F2006%2F1%2F5%2F78144%2FCorker-Selling-Many-Business-Holdings.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Knox-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knox_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knox_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/election/article/0,1406,KNS_630_4816805,00.html">Corker appreciates 1994 loss</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel" title="Knoxville News Sentinel">Knoxville News Sentinel</a></i>, Tom Humphrey, July 2, 2006.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Singer, Paul; Jennifer Yachnin; Casey Hynes (September 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/features/Guide-to-Congress_2008/guide/28506-1.html?type=printer_friendly">"The 50 Richest Members of Congress"</a>. <i>Rollcall.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=The+50+Richest+Members+of+Congress&rft.au=Casey+Hynes&rft.au=Jennifer+Yachnin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rollcall.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Ffeatures%2FGuide-to-Congress_2008%2Fguide%2F28506-1.html%3Ftype%3Dprinter_friendly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sher, Andy (August 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2010/aug/08/former-foes-praise-haslam-gop-rally/">"Former foes praise Haslam at GOP rally"</a>. <i>Chattanooga Times Free Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Former+foes+praise+Haslam+at+GOP+rally&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.aulast=Sher&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Faug%2F08%2Fformer-foes-praise-haslam-gop-rally%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NJ_almanac-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NJ_almanac_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/bob-corker-tn">"Sen. Bob Corker (R)"</a>. <i>Nationaljournal.com</i>. The National Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bob+Corker+%28R%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationaljournal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Falmanac%2F2010%2Fperson%2Fbob-corker-tn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Rubin_National_Review_Online-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_National_Review_Online_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rubin, Jennifer (March 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/220282/man-nitty-gritty/jennifer-rubin">"The Man of the Nitty Gritty"</a>. <i>National Review Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=The+Man+of+the+Nitty+Gritty&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticles%2F220282%2Fman-nitty-gritty%2Fjennifer-rubin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130119095055/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-09-09/us/b2s.02.scoring.teachers_1_tie-teachers-three-teachers-rewards-teachers?_s=PM:US">"More teachers graded for their pay"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. September 9, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-09-09/us/b2s.02.scoring.teachers_1_tie-teachers-three-teachers-rewards-teachers?_s=PM:US">the original</a> on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=More+teachers+graded+for+their+pay&rft.date=2002-09-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2002-09-09%2Fus%2Fb2s.02.scoring.teachers_1_tie-teachers-three-teachers-rewards-teachers%3F_s%3DPM%3AUS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Torres, Ailene (October 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4M51-XMT0-TWWX-K2MC&csi=255267&oc=00240&perma=true">"Wisdom of teachers' rejecting bonus is questioned"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Wisdom+of+teachers%27+rejecting+bonus+is+questioned&rft.aufirst=Ailene&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.date=2006-10-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4M51-XMT0-TWWX-K2MC%26csi%3D255267%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-EducationSector-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EducationSector_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elena Silva (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617040619/http://www.cli.org/sites/default/files/Benwood%20report.pdf">"The Benwood Plan: A Lesson in Comprehensive Teacher Reform"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Education Sector. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cli.org/sites/default/files/Benwood%20report.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on June 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.au=Elena+Silva&rft.btitle=The+Benwood+Plan%3A+A+Lesson+in+Comprehensive+Teacher+Reform&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Education+Sector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cli.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FBenwood%2520report.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wang, Herman (September 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchcouncil.net/upload/091905.htm">"City tallies its success on goals"</a>. <i>Chattanooga Times Free Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=City+tallies+its+success+on+goals&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.date=2005-09-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchcouncil.net%2Fupload%2F091905.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chattanoogan.com/2005/1/5/60621/Corker-Says-City-Has-Enormous-Drop.aspx">"Corker Says City Has "Enormous Drop" In Crime Rate"</a>. <i>The Chattanoogan</i>. January 5, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+Says+City+Has+%22Enormous+Drop%22+In+Crime+Rate&rft.date=2005-01-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chattanoogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chattanoogan.com%2F2005%2F1%2F5%2F60621%2FCorker-Says-City-Has-Enormous-Drop.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Williams, G. Chambers (July 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4T18-WDK0-TWWX-K006&csi=255267&oc=00240&perma=true">"Fahrvergngen, y'all. VW picks Chattanooga"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Fahrvergn%C3%BCgen%2C+y%27all.+VW+picks+Chattanooga&rft.aufirst=G.+Chambers&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4T18-WDK0-TWWX-K006%26csi%3D255267%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Poovey-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poovey_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Poovey, Bill (May 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-05-16-chattanooga_x.htm">"Chattanooga: A riverfront transformed"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Chattanooga%3A+A+riverfront+transformed&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Poovey&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2F2005-05-16-chattanooga_x.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127182021/http://southernpoliticalreport.com/downloads/uploaded/75_spr732.pdf">"Unemployment Hitting Dixie"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southern Political Report</i>. December 22, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernpoliticalreport.com/downloads/uploaded/75_spr732.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on November 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Unemployment+Hitting+Dixie&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Political+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernpoliticalreport.com%2Fdownloads%2Fuploaded%2F75_spr732.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-almanac-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almanac_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130129223722/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/bob-corker-tn/">"Sen. Bob Corker (R-TN)"</a>. <i>National Journal</i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/bob-corker-tn/">the original</a> on January 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bob+Corker+%28R-TN%29&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Falmanac%2F2010%2Fperson%2Fbob-corker-tn%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_4892535,00.html">Corker wins; Ford challenges him to debates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818040809/http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_4892535,00.html">Archived</a> August 18, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal" title="The Commercial Appeal">The Commercial Appeal</a></i>, Richard Locker and Ruma Banerji Kumar, August 3, 2006.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_5051668,00.html">Senate candidates spar over Corker's comments about Ford's Memphis 'political machine'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155602/http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_5051668,00.html">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., by Richard Locker, <i>The Commercial Appeal</i>, October 8, 2006</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_5057333,00.html">Ford treads Corker's turf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154524/http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_5057333,00.html">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., by Beth Rucker, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, October 11, 2006</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-debate-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debate_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_4973610,00.html">Corker silent on invitation to debate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709064228/http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_4973610,00.html">Archived</a> July 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>The Commercial Appeal</i>, Bartholomew Sullivan, September 7, 2006.</span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Andres, Edmund; David M. Herszenhorn (December 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/business/13auto.html">"White House Considers Use of Funds to Aid Automakers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=White+House+Considers+Use+of+Funds+to+Aid+Automakers&rft.au=David+M.+Herszenhorn&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Andres&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F13%2Fbusiness%2F13auto.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Detroit-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Detroit_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wallace, Ed (December 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113121027/http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/dec2008/bw20081212_127244.htm">"Detroit: The Real Battle Is Politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/dec2008/bw20081212_127244.htm">the original</a> on November 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Detroit%3A+The+Real+Battle+Is+Politics&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Flifestyle%2Fcontent%2Fdec2008%2Fbw20081212_127244.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcknights.com/corker-replaces-martinez-as-ranking-member-on-senate-aging-committee/article/149528/">"Corker replaces Martinez as ranking member on Senate Aging Committee"</a>. <i>Mcknights.com</i>. September 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+replaces+Martinez+as+ranking+member+on+Senate+Aging+Committee&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mcknights.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcknights.com%2Fcorker-replaces-martinez-as-ranking-member-on-senate-aging-committee%2Farticle%2F149528%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongressionalRecord2010-S4043_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corker, Bob. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2010/05/20/senate-section/article/S4034-2">Restoring American Financial Stability Act</a>". <i>Congressional Record</i>. Vol. 156, No. 77. 111th Congress, 2nd Session. Senate. p. S4043S4044.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Farmer, Blake (June 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wpln.org/?p=18534">"Corker Says Financial Regulation Bill Hurts Banks and Business"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WPLN-FM" title="WPLN-FM">WPLN</a> News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+Says+Financial+Regulation+Bill+Hurts+Banks+and+Business&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwpln.org%2F%3Fp%3D18534&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Durden, Tyler (March 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zerohedge.com/article/bob-corker-humiliated-chris-dodd-joins-fed-bashing-brigade-meantime-ted-kaufman-shows-everyo">"Bob Corker, Humiliated By Chris Dodd, Joins The Fed Bashing Brigade"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Bob+Corker%2C+Humiliated+By+Chris+Dodd%2C+Joins+The+Fed+Bashing+Brigade&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.aulast=Durden&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zerohedge.com%2Farticle%2Fbob-corker-humiliated-chris-dodd-joins-fed-bashing-brigade-meantime-ted-kaufman-shows-everyo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source is a blog post that provides no direct evidence about Corker's position on Glass-Steagall (December 2016)">not in citation given</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Snyder, Naomi (June 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennessean.com/article/20100607/BUSINESS01/100607017/2221/BUSINESS">"Sen. Bob Corker opposes limits to debit card fees"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bob+Corker+opposes+limits+to+debit+card+fees&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Farticle%2F20100607%2FBUSINESS01%2F100607017%2F2221%2FBUSINESS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/09/16/senate.start.treaty/">Key Senate committee passes nuclear arms treaty</a>, <i>CNN</i>, September 16, 2010.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Silver, Nate (April 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/modeling-the-senates-vote-on-gun-control">"Modeling the Senate's Vote on Gun Control"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Senate%27s+Vote+on+Gun+Control&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F18%2Fmodeling-the-senates-vote-on-gun-control&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/116">"Sen. Bob Corker (R)"</a>. <i>National Journal Almanac</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bob+Corker+%28R%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Journal+Almanac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Falmanac%2Fmember%2F116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corker.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/committeeassignments">"Committee Assignments - United States Senator Bob Corker"</a>. <i>corker.senate.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Committee+Assignments+-+United+States+Senator+Bob+Corker&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corker.senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corker.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%2Fcommitteeassignments&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Collins, Michael (September 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2017/09/26/sen-bob-corker-not-seek-re-election-next-year/678088001/">"Sen. Bob Corker will not seek re-election next year"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bob+Corker+will+not+seek+re-election+next+year&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F09%2F26%2Fsen-bob-corker-not-seek-re-election-next-year%2F678088001%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41729586">http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41729586</a> Bob Corker says Trump 'utterly untruthful president'</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservative.org/ratings/ratingsarchive/2009/2009%20Combined%20Ratings.html#TN">"2008 Votes by State Delegation"</a>. <i>Acuratings.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=2008+Votes+by+State+Delegation&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acuratings.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservative.org%2Fratings%2Fratingsarchive%2F2009%2F2009%2520Combined%2520Ratings.html%23TN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228204805/http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/nw_20100225_4841.php">"2009 Vote Ratings"</a>. <i>National Journal</i>. February 27, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/nw_20100225_4841.php">the original</a> on February 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=2009+Vote+Ratings&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fnjmagazine%2Fnw_20100225_4841.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522215403/http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/nw_20100225_4841.php">"Senate Ratings"</a>. <i>National Journal Magazine</i>. February 27, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/nw_20100225_4841.php">the original</a> on May 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Senate+Ratings&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Journal+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fnjmagazine%2Fnw_20100225_4841.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaction.org">"2009 Voting Record"</a>. <i>Americans for Democratic Action</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=2009+Voting+Record&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americans+for+Democratic+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaction.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntu.org/on-capitol-hill/ntu-rates-congress/members/senate/bob-corker.html">"NTU Rates Congress: Senator Bob Corker"</a>. <i>National Taxpayers Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=NTU+Rates+Congress%3A+Senator+Bob+Corker&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Taxpayers+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntu.org%2Fon-capitol-hill%2Fntu-rates-congress%2Fmembers%2Fsenate%2Fbob-corker.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CA_debate-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_debate_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_debate_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Locker, Richard (July 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_4849272,00.html">"GOP Senate candidates conclude debates ahead of August 3 primary"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=GOP+Senate+candidates+conclude+debates+ahead+of+August+3+primary&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Locker&rft.date=2006-07-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fmca%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C1426%2CMCA_1496_4849272%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_4900879,00.html">"National Right To Life supports Corker, but state affiliate does not"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. August 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=National+Right+To+Life+supports+Corker%2C+but+state+affiliate+does+not&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fmca%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C1426%2CMCA_1496_4900879%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobcorkerforsenate.com/Issues.aspx">Corker campaign website, issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821195935/http://www.bobcorkerforsenate.com/Issues.aspx">Archived</a> August 21, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Knoxville News Sentinel</i>, Scott Barker, June 30, 2006.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corker.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=News&ContentRecord_id=bb18386e-be21-1918-7c32-8fe05aab35fc&ContentType_id=b94acc28-404a-4fc6-b143-a9e15bf92da4&Group_id=650e2033-9317-4405-a8df-47cdd1c9d515&YearDisplay=2008">"Sen. Corker: This Vote is Not about Wall Street"</a>. <i>Official U.S. Senate website</i>. October 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Corker%3A+This+Vote+is+Not+about+Wall+Street&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+U.S.+Senate+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorker.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3Fp%3DNews%26ContentRecord_id%3Dbb18386e-be21-1918-7c32-8fe05aab35fc%26ContentType_id%3Db94acc28-404a-4fc6-b143-a9e15bf92da4%26Group_id%3D650e2033-9317-4405-a8df-47cdd1c9d515%26YearDisplay%3D2008&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corker.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=News&ContentRecord_id=dca0a6cb-ec86-b5cd-39a4-3b5276c632d1&ContentType_id=b94acc28-404a-4fc6-b143-a9e15bf92da4&Group_id=650e2033-9317-4405-a8df-47cdd1c9d515&MonthDisplay=1&YearDisplay=2009">"Corker Says Plans to Release Additional TARP Funds Aren't Prescriptive Enough"</a>. <i>Official U.S. Senate website</i>. January 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+Says+Plans+to+Release+Additional+TARP+Funds+Aren%27t+Prescriptive+Enough&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+U.S.+Senate+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorker.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3Fp%3DNews%26ContentRecord_id%3Ddca0a6cb-ec86-b5cd-39a4-3b5276c632d1%26ContentType_id%3Db94acc28-404a-4fc6-b143-a9e15bf92da4%26Group_id%3D650e2033-9317-4405-a8df-47cdd1c9d515%26MonthDisplay%3D1%26YearDisplay%3D2009&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Barrett, Ted; Tom Cohen (May 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/05/25/senate.medicare/?hpt=T1">"Senate rejects budget measure containing Medicare overhaul"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Senate+rejects+budget+measure+containing+Medicare+overhaul&rft.au=Tom+Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FPOLITICS%2F05%2F25%2Fsenate.medicare%2F%3Fhpt%3DT1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncpssm.org/EntitledtoKnow/entryid/1814/Senator-Corker-Says-Medicare-and-Social-Security-are-Generational-Theft">"Senator Corker Says Medicare and Social Security are "Generational Theft<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_to_Preserve_Social_Security_and_Medicare" title="National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare">National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare</a>. May 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.btitle=Senator+Corker+Says+Medicare+and+Social+Security+are+%22Generational+Theft%22&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Committee+to+Preserve+Social+Security+and+Medicare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpssm.org%2FEntitledtoKnow%2Fentryid%2F1814%2FSenator-Corker-Says-Medicare-and-Social-Security-are-Generational-Theft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Chatt5613-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatt5613_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chattanoogan.com/2013/5/6/250611/Corker-Alexander-Praise-Passage-Of.aspx">"Corker, Alexander Praise Passage Of Online Sales Tax Bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chattanoogan" title="The Chattanoogan">The Chattanoogan</a></i>. May 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker%2C+Alexander+Praise+Passage+Of+Online+Sales+Tax+Bill&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chattanoogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chattanoogan.com%2F2013%2F5%2F6%2F250611%2FCorker-Alexander-Praise-Passage-Of.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Theobald, Bill (April 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theleafchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080408/NEWS01/80408022">"Corker says further withdrawal will need to be 'measured<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leaf-Chronicle" title="The Leaf-Chronicle">The Leaf-Chronicle</a></i>. Gannett News Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+says+further+withdrawal+will+need+to+be+%27measured%27&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Theobald%E3%80%80&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leaf-Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theleafchronicle.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20080408%2FNEWS01%2F80408022&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since May 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h7evCEtqUsRqbSNO6llrn48By-eA">"Military solution won't end Afghan war: Veterans"</a>. AFP. April 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Military+solution+won%27t+end+Afghan+war%3A+Veterans&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h7evCEtqUsRqbSNO6llrn48By-eA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Flessner, Dave (August 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/aug/26/us-to-be-in-afghanistan-for-at-least-a-10-years/">"U.S. to be in Afghanistan for 'at least a 10 years<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Chattanooga Times Free Press</i>. The Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=U.S.+to+be+in+Afghanistan+for+%27at+least+a+10+years%27&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Flessner&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Faug%2F26%2Fus-to-be-in-afghanistan-for-at-least-a-10-years%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lexington (April 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21648568-if-barack-obama-wants-nuclear-deal-stick-he-must-deal-senator-bob-corker-man-plan">"The man with a plan for Iran; If Barack Obamas nuclear deal sticks, thank Senator Bob Corker"</a>. Economist.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=The+man+with+a+plan+for+Iran%3B+If+Barack+Obama%E2%80%99s+nuclear+deal+sticks%2C+thank+Senator+Bob+Corker&rft.au=Lexington&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Funited-states%2F21648568-if-barack-obama-wants-nuclear-deal-stick-he-must-deal-senator-bob-corker-man-plan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/442336">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since May 2017">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1361IS">Ukraine hopes Trump is 'no Tsar', will not abandon Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, November 11, 2016.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/vote_menu_114_2.htm">Roll Call Votes 114th Congress - 2nd Session (2016) 145 (71-27)</a>". United States Senate.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/21/indifferent-yemens-misery-senate-approves-massive-saudi-arms-deal">"Indifferent to Yemen's Misery," Senate Approves Massive Saudi Arms Deal</a>". <a href="/wiki/Common_Dreams" title="Common Dreams">Common Dreams</a>. September 21, 2016.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaz, Daniella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/09/politics/corker-world-war-iii-donald-trump-white-house/index.html">"Bob Corker: Trump ...."</a> <i>CNN</i>. 9 October 2017. 10 October 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg, Michelle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/opinion/corker-trump-truth-.html">"Corker Told the Truth About Trump. Now He Should Act on It."</a> <i>New York Times</i>. 10 October 2017. 10 October 2017</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/podcasts/gabfest/2017/10/trump_s_spats_allegations_against_harvey_weinstein_and_repeal_of_the_clean.html">"The Adult Day Care Edition."</a> <i>Slate's Political Gabfest</i>, 12 October 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/10/01/parasitic-canada-drugs.html">"U.S. senator slams 'parasitic' Canada over drug prices"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. October 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=U.S.+senator+slams+%27parasitic%27+Canada+over+drug+prices&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fworld%2Fstory%2F2009%2F10%2F01%2Fparasitic-canada-drugs.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00396">"U.S. Senate Roll Call Vote: On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3590 as Amended)"</a>. senate.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Vote%3A+On+Passage+of+the+Bill+%28H.R.+3590+as+Amended%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D111%26session%3D1%26vote%3D00396&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00105">"U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote"</a>. <i>Senate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Legislation+%26+Records+Home+%3E+Votes+%3E+Roll+Call+Vote&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D111%26session%3D2%26vote%3D00105&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/02/27/unemployment-benefits-expire-sunday-senate-stalemates-extension/?test=latestnews">"Unemployment Benefits to Expire Sunday After Senate Stalemates On Extension"</a>. Fox News. February 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Unemployment+Benefits+to+Expire+Sunday+After+Senate+Stalemates+On+Extension&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2F02%2F27%2Funemployment-benefits-expire-sunday-senate-stalemates-extension%2F%3Ftest%3Dlatestnews&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2017/07/20/sen-bob-corker-support-repeal-and-delay-obamacare/495176001">"Sen. Bob Corker changes mind and says he will support 'repeal and delay' of Obamacare"</a>. <i>Tennessean.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bob+Corker+changes+mind+and+says+he+will+support+%27repeal+and+delay%27+of+Obamacare&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessean.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F07%2F20%2Fsen-bob-corker-support-repeal-and-delay-obamacare%2F495176001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grist.org/article/2009-bob-corker-on-climate-legislation">"Bob Corker (R-Tenn): Tracking where senators stand on climate legislation"</a>. Grist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.btitle=Bob+Corker+%28R-Tenn%29%3A+Tracking+where+senators+stand+on+climate+legislation&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Grist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grist.org%2Farticle%2F2009-bob-corker-on-climate-legislation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Humphrey, Tom (June 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/jun/03/mccain-enlists-states-gop-stalwarts-help">"McCain enlists state's GOP stalwarts for help"</a>. <i>Knoxville News Sentinel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=McCain+enlists+state%27s+GOP+stalwarts+for+help&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News+Sentinel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxnews.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fjun%2F03%2Fmccain-enlists-states-gop-stalwarts-help&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-PareTimes-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PareTimes_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pare, Mike (March 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=483C-9480-00C0-G2B6&csi=155832&oc=00240&perma=true">"Wal-Mart planned for Brainerd"</a>. <i>Chattanooga Times Free Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Wal-Mart+planned+for+Brainerd&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Pare&rft.date=2003-03-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D483C-9480-00C0-G2B6%26csi%3D155832%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CA_land-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_land_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_land_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_land_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_land_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perrusquia, Marc; Locker, Richard (August 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4KPN-FF30-TX2J-F2VX&csi=143932&oc=00240&perma=true">"Old lawsuit back to haunt Corker in race"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Old+lawsuit+back+to+haunt+Corker+in+race&rft.au=Locker%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Perrusquia&rft.date=2006-08-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4KPN-FF30-TX2J-F2VX%26csi%3D143932%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CA_road-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_road_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_road_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perrusquia, Marc (September 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4KXM-MN90-TX2J-F2XX&csi=143932&oc=00240&perma=true">"Land sale predates Corker as mayor"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Land+sale+predates+Corker+as+mayor&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Perrusquia&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4KXM-MN90-TX2J-F2XX%26csi%3D143932%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CA_settlement-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CA_settlement_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perrusquia, Marc (October 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/709441/suit_settlement_aids_corker_and_nonprofit__exchattanooga_mayors_firm/">"Suit settlement aids Corker and nonprofit"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Suit+settlement+aids+Corker+and+nonprofit&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Perrusquia&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F709441%2Fsuit_settlement_aids_corker_and_nonprofit__exchattanooga_mayors_firm%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Flessner_Chatt_Times-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flessner_Chatt_Times_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Flessner, Dave (March 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=42JR-P000-00C0-G23T&csi=155832&oc=00240&perma=true">"Corker prepares blind trust for his real estate holdings"</a>. <i>Chattanooga Times Free Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+prepares+blind+trust+for+his+real+estate+holdings&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Flessner&rft.date=2001-03-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D42JR-P000-00C0-G23T%26csi%3D155832%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CA_trust-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_trust_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_trust_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_trust_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_trust_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perrusquia, Marc (October 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/politics/article/0,1426,MCA_1496_5057186,00.html">"Corker saw to interests in 'blind' trust, records show"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Corker+saw+to+interests+in+%27blind%27+trust%2C+records+show&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Perrusquia&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fmca%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C1426%2CMCA_1496_5057186%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Farmer, Blake (October 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/2013/10/21/236983306/volkswagen-union-opposed-by-tennessee-republican-officials">"Volkswagen Union Opposed By Tennessee Republican Officials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Volkswagen+Union+Opposed+By+Tennessee+Republican+Officials&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F10%2F21%2F236983306%2Fvolkswagen-union-opposed-by-tennessee-republican-officials&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ReutersShell-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersShell_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Woodall, Bernie (February 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/13/us-volkswagen-corker-idUSBREA1C04H20140213">"U.S. senator drops bombshell during VW plant union vote"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=U.S.+senator+drops+bombshell+during+VW+plant+union+vote&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fus-volkswagen-corker-idUSBREA1C04H20140213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lydia DePillis (February 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/02/14/united-auto-workers-lose-historic-election-at-chattanooga-volkswagen-plant">"Auto union loses historic election at Volkswagen plant in Tennessee"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Auto+union+loses+historic+election+at+Volkswagen+plant+in+Tennessee&rft.au=Lydia+DePillis&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2014%2F02%2F14%2Funited-auto-workers-lose-historic-election-at-chattanooga-volkswagen-plant&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.tn.us/sos/election/results/2006-11/en4uss.pdf">"Welcome to the Tennessee Secretary of State's Website - Tennessee Secretary of State"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>state.tn.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Tennessee+Secretary+of+State%27s+Website+-+Tennessee+Secretary+of+State&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.tn.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.tn.us%2Fsos%2Felection%2Fresults%2F2006-11%2Fen4uss.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Calabresi, Massimo (April 20, 2015). With reporting by Alex Altman, Alex Rogers and Zeke J. Miller. "The tireless Tennessee dealmaker". Politics. <i>Time</i> (South Pacific ed.). <b>185</b> (14): 1014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABob+Corker&rft.atitle=The+tireless+Tennessee+dealmaker&rft.au=Calabresi%2C+Massimo&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.pages=10-14&rft.volume=185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Corker&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corker.senate.gov/">Senator Bob Corker</a> official U.S. Senate site</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobcorkerforsenate.com/">Bob Corker for Senate</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmoztools.net/Regional/North_America/United_States/Tennessee/Government/Federal/US_Senate/Bob_Corker_%5BR%5D">Bob Corker</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?bobcorker">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
+</ul>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bob_Corker" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Bob Corker">Bob Corker</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kinsey" title="Jon Kinsey">Jon Kinsey</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="List of mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee">Mayor of Chattanooga</a></b><br />
+20012005</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Littlefield" title="Ron Littlefield">Ron Littlefield</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Senators from Tennessee">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></span><br />
+(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>)</b><br />
+<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_2006" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2006">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2012">2012</a></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Most recent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Senators from Tennessee">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee</a></b><br />
+2007present<br />
+<small>Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></b></small></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martnez">Mel Martnez</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Senate Aging Committee</a></b><br />
+20092013</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a></b><br />
+20132015</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a></b><br />
+2015present</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Current U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial)</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Casey, Jr.">Bob Casey</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">United States Senators by seniority</a></b><br />
+36th</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="Template:United States Senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="Template talk:United States Senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Senators from Tennessee">United States Senators from Tennessee</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">A. Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson" title="Joseph Anderson">J. Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_L._Turney" title="Hopkins L. Turney">Turney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">Patterson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow" title="William Gannaway Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">Key</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Bailey" title="James E. Bailey">Bailey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Edmunds_Jackson" title="Howell Edmunds Jackson">H. Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">Bate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">Frazier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Lea_(1879%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke Lea (18791945)">Lea</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Gore Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock III</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">Blount</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson" title="Joseph Anderson">J. Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jenkin_Whiteside" title="Jenkin Whiteside">Whiteside</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wharton" title="Jesse Wharton">Wharton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee)" title="John Williams (Tennessee)">Williams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">A. Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_O._Anderson" title="Alexander O. Anderson">A. Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Jarnagin" title="Spencer Jarnagin">Jarnagin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Fowler" title="Joseph S. Fowler">Fowler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(U.S._Senator)" title="Henry Cooper (U.S. Senator)">Cooper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Turley" title="Thomas B. Turley">Turley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack" title="Edward W. Carmack">Carmack</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">Taylor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Sanders" title="Newell Sanders">Sanders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Webb" title="William R. Webb">Webb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Shields" title="John K. Shields">Shields</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tyson" title="Lawrence Tyson">Tyson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Brock" title="William Emerson Brock">Brock I</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Bachman" title="Nathan L. Bachman">Bachman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Berry" title="George L. Berry">Berry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stewart" title="Tom Stewart">Stewart</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Walters" title="Herbert S. Walters">Walters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Bass" title="Ross Bass">Bass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Mathews" title="Harlan Mathews">Mathews</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Thompson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tennessee.27s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TN-FedRep" title="Template:TN-FedRep"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TN-FedRep" title="Template talk:TN-FedRep"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TN-FedRep&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Tennessee.27s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee" title="United States congressional delegations from Tennessee">Tennessee's current delegation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Senators from Tennessee">Senators</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bob Corker</a> (R)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Representatives from Tennessee">Representatives<br />
+<small>(ordered by district)</small></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)" title="Phil Roe (politician)">Phil Roe</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">Jimmy Duncan</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">Chuck Fleischmann</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_DesJarlais" title="Scott DesJarlais">Scott DesJarlais</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">Jim Cooper</a> (D)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Black" title="Diane Black">Diane Black</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Kustoff" title="David Kustoff">David Kustoff</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">Steve Cohen</a> (D)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Other states'<br />
+delegations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alabama" title="United States congressional delegations from Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alaska" title="United States congressional delegations from Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arkansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Colorado" title="United States congressional delegations from Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Connecticut" title="United States congressional delegations from Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Delaware" title="United States congressional delegations from Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Florida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Georgia" title="United States congressional delegations from Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Idaho" title="United States congressional delegations from Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Illinois" title="United States congressional delegations from Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Indiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Iowa" title="United States congressional delegations from Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kentucky" title="United States congressional delegations from Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Louisiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Maine" title="United States congressional delegations from Maine">Maine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Maryland" title="United States congressional delegations from Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Massachusetts" title="United States congressional delegations from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Mississippi" title="United States congressional delegations from Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">Montana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nebraska" title="United States congressional delegations from Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nevada" title="United States congressional delegations from Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Hampshire" title="United States congressional delegations from New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Jersey" title="United States congressional delegations from New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Mexico" title="United States congressional delegations from New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio" title="United States congressional delegations from Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oklahoma" title="United States congressional delegations from Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oregon" title="United States congressional delegations from Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Rhode_Island" title="United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee" title="United States congressional delegations from Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas" title="United States congressional delegations from Texas">Texas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Utah" title="United States congressional delegations from Utah">Utah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Washington" title="United States congressional delegations from Washington">Washington</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wisconsin" title="United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wyoming" title="United States congressional delegations from Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i>Nonvoting:</i></small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_American_Samoa" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guam%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Guam's at-large congressional district">Guam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_United_States_Senators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_U.S._Senators" title="Template:Current U.S. Senators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_U.S._Senators" title="Template talk:Current U.S. Senators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Current_U.S._Senators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Current_United_States_Senators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Current members of the United States Senate">Current United States Senators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:transparent;">
+<div><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> (R) <b><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> (R)</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
+<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
+<td style="width:5em;">   </td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;;;;width:33%;">
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States Senators from Alabama">AL</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Shelby</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Luther_Strange" title="Luther Strange">Strange</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States Senators from Alaska">AK</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Murkowski</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)">Sullivan</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States Senators from Arizona">AZ</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Flake</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States Senators from Arkansas">AR</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">Boozman</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California" title="List of United States Senators from California">CA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States Senators from Colorado">CO</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Bennet</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Gardner</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States Senators from Connecticut">CT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Chris Murphy (Connecticut politician)">Murphy</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States Senators from Delaware">DE</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Coons</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States Senators from Florida">FL</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Nelson</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States Senators from Georgia">GA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Isakson</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">Perdue</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States Senators from Hawaii">HI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Schatz</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Hirono</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States Senators from Idaho">ID</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States Senators from Illinois">IL</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States Senators from Indiana">IN</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Donnelly" title="Joe Donnelly">Donnelly</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States Senators from Iowa">IA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Ernst</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States Senators from Kansas">KS</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Roberts</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Moran</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States Senators from Kentucky">KY</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;;;;width:33%;">
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States Senators from Louisiana">LA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Cassidy</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Neely_Kennedy" title="John Neely Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States Senators from Maine">ME</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Collins</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FDFD7F">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">King</a> (I)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States Senators from Maryland">MD</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States Senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States Senators from Michigan">MI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters_(politician)" title="Gary Peters (politician)">Peters</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States Senators from Minnesota">MN</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Franken</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States Senators from Mississippi">MS</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States Senators from Missouri">MO</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">McCaskill</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States Senators from Montana">MT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Daines</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States Senators from Nebraska">NE</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Fischer</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Sasse</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States Senators from Nevada">NV</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Heller" title="Dean Heller">Heller</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Cortez Masto</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States Senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Shaheen</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Hassan</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States Senators from New Jersey">NJ</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States Senators from New Mexico">NM</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Udall" title="Tom Udall">Udall</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Heinrich</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States Senators from New York">NY</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States Senators from North Carolina">NC</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Burr</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Tillis</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;;;;width:33%;">
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States Senators from North Dakota">ND</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Heitkamp" title="Heidi Heitkamp">Heitkamp</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States Senators from Ohio">OH</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Brown</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Portman</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States Senators from Oklahoma">OK</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">Lankford</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States Senators from Oregon">OR</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania">PA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Toomey</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States Senators from Rhode Island">RI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States Senators from South Carolina">SC</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States Senators from South Dakota">SD</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Rounds</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Senators from Tennessee">TN</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corker</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States Senators from Texas">TX</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States Senators from Utah">UT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Lee</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States Senators from Vermont">VT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FDFD7F">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a> (I)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States Senators from Virginia">VA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States Senators from Washington">WA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States Senators from West Virginia">WV</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Moore Capito</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States Senators from Wisconsin">WI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(American_politician)" title="Ron Johnson (American politician)">Johnson</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States Senators from Wyoming">WY</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Enzi</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican (52)</a></li>
+<li><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic (46)</a></li>
+<li><span style="background:#FDFD7F">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent (2)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_chairs_and_Ranking_Members_of_United_States_Senate_committees" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSenChairs" title="Template:USSenChairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSenChairs" title="Template talk:USSenChairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:USSenChairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Current_chairs_and_Ranking_Members_of_United_States_Senate_committees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current chairs and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">Ranking Members</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of current United States Senate committees">committees</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Chairs (Republican)</td>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Ranking Members (Democratic)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
+<td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:50%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Aging (Special)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Pat Roberts</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Thad Cochran</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Budget</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Mike Enzi</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Ethics (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bob Corker</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Johnson (U.S. politician)">Ron Johnson</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Intelligence (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Caucus" title="International Narcotics Control Caucus">International Narcotics Control (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Jim Risch</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:50%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Aging (Special)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Budget</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Ethics (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Ben Cardin</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Udall" title="Tom Udall">Tom Udall</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Intelligence (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Caucus" title="International Narcotics Control Caucus">International Narcotics Control (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Jeanne Shaheen</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Jon Tester</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SenForeignRelationsCommitteeChairmen" title="Template:SenForeignRelationsCommitteeChairmen"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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+</ul>
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+<div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (Louisiana)">Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(Georgia)" title="John Forsyth (Georgia)">Forsyth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._politician)" title="William Wilkins (U.S. politician)">Wilkins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. King</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" title="James Murray Mason">Mason</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Morgan" title="John Tyler Morgan">Morgan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_Kellogg_Davis" title="Cushman Kellogg Davis">Davis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Moore_Cullom" title="Shelby Moore Cullom">Cullom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Octavius_Bacon" title="Augustus Octavius Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<table class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; clear:both; text-align:center;">
+<tr>
+<th class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:USCongRep-start&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>'s delegation(s) to the 110th115th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <small><span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></small></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top; font-size:90%">
+<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">L. Alexander</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Corker</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Gordon" title="Bart Gordon">B. Gordon</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">J. Duncan Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_S._Tanner" title="John S. Tanner">J. Tanner</a> <a href="/wiki/Zach_Wamp" title="Zach Wamp">Z. Wamp</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">J. Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">M. Blackburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Davis" title="Lincoln Davis">L. Davis</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">S. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(U.S._politician)" title="David Davis (U.S. politician)">D. Davis</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top; font-size:90%">
+<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">L. Alexander</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Corker</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Gordon" title="Bart Gordon">B. Gordon</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">J. Duncan Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_S._Tanner" title="John S. Tanner">J. Tanner</a> <a href="/wiki/Zach_Wamp" title="Zach Wamp">Z. Wamp</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">J. Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">M. Blackburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Davis" title="Lincoln Davis">L. Davis</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">S. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)" title="Phil Roe (politician)">P. Roe</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top; font-size:90%">
+<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">L. Alexander</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Corker</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">J. Duncan Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">J. Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">M. Blackburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">S. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)" title="Phil Roe (politician)">P. Roe</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Black" title="Diane Black">D. Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_DesJarlais" title="Scott DesJarlais">S. DesJarlais</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fincher" title="Stephen Fincher">S. Fincher</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">C. Fleischmann</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top; font-size:90%">
+<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">L. Alexander</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Corker</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">J. Duncan Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">J. Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">M. Blackburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">S. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)" title="Phil Roe (politician)">P. Roe</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Black" title="Diane Black">D. Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_DesJarlais" title="Scott DesJarlais">S. DesJarlais</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fincher" title="Stephen Fincher">S. Fincher</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">C. Fleischmann</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top; font-size:90%">
+<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">L. Alexander</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Corker</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">J. Duncan Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">J. Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">M. Blackburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">S. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)" title="Phil Roe (politician)">P. Roe</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Black" title="Diane Black">D. Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_DesJarlais" title="Scott DesJarlais">S. DesJarlais</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fincher" title="Stephen Fincher">S. Fincher</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">C. Fleischmann</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top; font-size:90%">
+<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a></b></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">L. Alexander</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Corker</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)">J. Duncan Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cooper" title="Jim Cooper">J. Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">M. Blackburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen" title="Steve Cohen">S. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)" title="Phil Roe (politician)">P. Roe</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Black" title="Diane Black">D. Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_DesJarlais" title="Scott DesJarlais">S. DesJarlais</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">C. Fleischmann</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kustoff" title="David Kustoff">D. Kustoff</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em">
+<ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0">
+<li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" class="image"><img alt="DodgerBlue flag waving.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/19px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" width="19" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">conservatism portal</a></span></li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Category:American Presbyterians</h1>
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+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+</ul>
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+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presbyterianism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></b></i>.</td>
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+<p>A category listing pages on American <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>. The pages should, if possible, be placed in an appropriate subcategory instead of this category directly.</p>
+<div class="toc plainlinks hlist" id="toc" style="clear: left;">
+<div id="toctitle">
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contents">Contents</span></h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Presbyterians">Top</a></li>
+<li><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=0">09</a></li>
+<li><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=A">A</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=B">B</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=C">C</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=D">D</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=E">E</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=F">F</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=G">G</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=H">H</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=I">I</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=J">J</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=K">K</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=L">L</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=M">M</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=N">N</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=O">O</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=P">P</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=Q">Q</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=R">R</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=S">S</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=T">T</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=U">U</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=V">V</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=W">W</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=X">X</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=Y">Y</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&from=Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
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+<div class="mw-category-generated" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-subcategories">
+<h2>Subcategories</h2>
+<p>This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total.
+</p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>C</h3>
+<ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="American_Presbyterian_ministers" data-ct-state="collapsed"></span> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:American_Presbyterian_ministers">American Presbyterian ministers</a> <span title="Contains 7 subcategories, 260 pages, and 1 file" dir="ltr">(7 C, 260 P, 1 F)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>M</h3>
+<ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:American_Presbyterian_missionaries">American Presbyterian missionaries</a> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 120 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(120 P)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>O</h3>
+<ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Presbyterian_Church_members">Orthodox Presbyterian Church members</a> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 7 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(7 P)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>P</h3>
+<ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_members">Presbyterian Church in the United States members</a> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 15 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(15 P)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li>
+<li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterians_from_Georgia_(U.S._state)">Presbyterians from Georgia (U.S. state)</a> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 4 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(4 P)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li>
+<li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterians_from_New_York_(state)">Presbyterians from New York (state)</a> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 1 page, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(1 P)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>W</h3>
+<ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"> </span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/wiki/Category:Mark_Warner">Mark Warner</a> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 9 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(9 P)</span></div>
+ <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div>
+ </li></ul></div></div></div>
+</div><div id="mw-pages">
+<h2><span id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "American Presbyterians"</h2>
+<p>The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 1,058 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date.3F" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">learn more</a>).
+</p>(previous page) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&pagefrom=Catron%2C+John%0AJohn+Catron#mw-pages" title="Category:American Presbyterians">next page</a>)<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Abbett" title="Leon Abbett">Leon Abbett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham" title="F. Murray Abraham">F. Murray Abraham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malouf_Abraham_Sr." title="Malouf Abraham Sr.">Malouf Abraham Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nahim_Abraham" title="Nahim Abraham">Nahim Abraham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nels_Ackerson" title="Nels Ackerson">Nels Ackerson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thelma_C._Davidson_Adair" title="Thelma C. Davidson Adair">Thelma C. Davidson Adair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edie_Adams" title="Edie Adams">Edie Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_E._Adams" title="Jay E. Adams">Jay E. Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adelmann" title="Robert Adelmann">Robert Adelmann</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Agnich" title="Fred Agnich">Fred Agnich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_David_Blakeslee_Ainey" title="William David Blakeslee Ainey">William David Blakeslee Ainey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Akerson" title="George E. Akerson">George E. Akerson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Akin" title="Todd Akin">Todd Akin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Alexander" title="Archibald Alexander">Archibald Alexander</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Alexander_(politician)" title="Archibald Alexander (politician)">Archibald Alexander (politician)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison_Alexander" title="Joseph Addison Alexander">Joseph Addison Alexander</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">George Allen (American politician)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watkins_Allen" title="Henry Watkins Allen">Henry Watkins Allen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hugh_Allen" title="Joseph Hugh Allen">Joseph Hugh Allen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Allen_Jr." title="James E. Allen Jr.">James E. Allen Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Allen" title="Richard L. Allen">Richard L. Allen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presba_Anderson" title="Clinton Presba Anderson">Clinton Presba Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson" title="Sherwood Anderson">Sherwood Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anderson" title="Sydney Anderson">Sydney Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Charles O. Andrews</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Andujar" title="Betty Andujar">Betty Andujar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Anschutz" title="Philip Anschutz">Philip Anschutz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Archibald" title="George D. Archibald">George D. Archibald</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Armistead" title="Rex Armistead">Rex Armistead</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Armour" title="George Armour">George Armour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Armstrong" title="James Francis Armstrong">James Francis Armstrong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Astin" title="Sean Astin">Sean Astin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_M._P._Atkinson" title="John M. P. Atkinson">John M. P. Atkinson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Atwood" title="Bob Atwood">Bob Atwood</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>B</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Babcock" title="Tim Babcock">Tim Babcock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_G._Bachmann" title="Carl G. Bachmann">Carl G. Bachmann</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Robert Bacon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Bacon" title="Walter W. Bacon">Walter W. Bacon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Willis_Baer" title="John Willis Baer">John Willis Baer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Baggs" title="Bill Baggs">Bill Baggs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Bailey" title="David M. Bailey">David M. Bailey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker_Sr." title="Howard Baker Sr.">Howard Baker Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_McNair_Baker" title="James McNair Baker">James McNair Baker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orin_Clarkson_Baker" title="Orin Clarkson Baker">Orin Clarkson Baker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Baker_Sr." title="James A. Baker Sr.">James A. Baker Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Baldridge" title="H. C. Baldridge">H. C. Baldridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_W._Baldwin" title="Matthias W. Baldwin">Matthias W. Baldwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Bandow" title="Doug Bandow">Doug Bandow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Madison_Barbour" title="Alfred Madison Barbour">Alfred Madison Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Haley Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour_(lawyer)" title="James Barbour (lawyer)">James Barbour (lawyer)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barbour_Jr." title="John S. Barbour Jr.">John S. Barbour Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barbour" title="John S. Barbour">John S. Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Strode_Barbour_(1866%E2%80%931952)" title="John Strode Barbour (18661952)">John Strode Barbour (18661952)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Barbour" title="Mordecai Barbour">Mordecai Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Barbour" title="Sextus Barbour">Sextus Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barbour_(Virginia)" title="Thomas Barbour (Virginia)">Thomas Barbour (Virginia)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Warren_Barbour" title="William Warren Barbour">William Warren Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Bard" title="David Bard">David Bard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Barker_(Virginia_politician)" title="George Barker (Virginia politician)">George Barker (Virginia politician)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Barnes_(congressman)" title="James M. Barnes (congressman)">James M. Barnes (congressman)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Barney" title="John Barney">John Barney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_Barr" title="John Watson Barr">John Watson Barr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Barrett" title="Bill Barrett">Bill Barrett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Barron" title="Wally Barron">Wally Barron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Roe_Bartle" title="Harold Roe Bartle">Harold Roe Bartle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_M._Baskin" title="Pat M. Baskin">Pat M. Baskin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bason" title="Samuel Bason">Samuel Bason</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Bates" title="Charles J. Bates">Charles J. Bates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_W._Bates" title="Martin W. Bates">Martin W. Bates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._C._W._Beckham" title="J. C. W. Beckham">J. C. W. Beckham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_H._Beeman_V" title="Josiah H. Beeman V">Josiah H. Beeman V</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Josiah Begole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Belk" title="John M. Belk">John M. Belk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morris_B._Belknap" title="Morris B. Belknap">Morris B. Belknap</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Burke_Belknap" title="William Burke Belknap">William Burke Belknap</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="John Bell (New Hampshire politician)">John Bell (New Hampshire politician)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Bell" title="Kenneth B. Bell">Kenneth B. Bell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_F._Bell" title="Thornton F. Bell">Thornton F. Bell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bellmon" title="Henry Bellmon">Henry Bellmon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Belz" title="Joel Belz">Joel Belz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Bennett" title="Robert Frederick Bennett">Robert Frederick Bennett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman" title="Clifford K. Berryman">Clifford K. Berryman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reid_K._Beveridge" title="Reid K. Beveridge">Reid K. Beveridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_J._Beverley" title="Marshall J. Beverley">Marshall J. Beverley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bigger" title="Samuel Bigger">Samuel Bigger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gustav_Binderup" title="Charles Gustav Binderup">Charles Gustav Binderup</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Bingman" title="Brian Bingman">Brian Bingman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bish" title="Diane Bish">Diane Bish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Bishop" title="Robert Hamilton Bishop">Robert Hamilton Bishop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Bissell" title="Arthur D. Bissell">Arthur D. Bissell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Black_Sr." title="Edward Black Sr.">Edward Black Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emily_C._Blackman" title="Emily C. Blackman">Emily C. Blackman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">William W. Blackney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slade_Blackwell" title="Slade Blackwell">Slade Blackwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Steel_Blair" title="Samuel Steel Blair">Samuel Steel Blair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Blair" title="William M. Blair">William M. Blair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford_(university_president)" title="Samuel Blatchford (university president)">Samuel Blatchford (university president)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bloomfield" title="Joseph Bloomfield">Joseph Bloomfield</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Blount" title="Brian Blount">Brian Blount</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rinehart_Blue" title="John Rinehart Blue">John Rinehart Blue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bobbitt" title="Robert L. Bobbitt">Robert L. Bobbitt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_J._H._Boetcker" title="William J. H. Boetcker">William J. H. Boetcker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Bolbach" title="Cynthia Bolbach">Cynthia Bolbach</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bond" title="George W. Bond">George W. Bond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Book" title="Todd Book">Todd Book</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowman_(pioneer)" title="John Bowman (pioneer)">John Bowman (pioneer)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Boyce" title="James F. Boyce">James F. Boyce</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Boyce" title="William D. Boyce">William D. Boyce</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Ross_Boyd" title="David Ross Boyd">David Ross Boyd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_(Texas_Senator)" title="John Boyd (Texas Senator)">John Boyd (Texas Senator)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Bradham" title="Caleb Bradham">Caleb Bradham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Green_Brady" title="John Green Brady">John Green Brady</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Braley" title="Bruce Braley">Bruce Braley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Bramlett" title="Leon Bramlett">Leon Bramlett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_Brantley" title="William Gordon Brantley">William Gordon Brantley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Breathitt" title="John Breathitt">John Breathitt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Breaux" title="Jack Breaux">Jack Breaux</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cabell_Breckinridge" title="Cabell Breckinridge">Cabell Breckinridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge" title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bredesen" title="Phil Bredesen">Phil Bredesen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Riddle_Breed" title="David Riddle Breed">David Riddle Breed</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Brewbaker" title="Dick Brewbaker">Dick Brewbaker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Earl_L._Brewer" title="Earl L. Brewer">Earl L. Brewer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright_(biblical_scholar)" title="John Bright (biblical scholar)">John Bright (biblical scholar)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brister" title="Pat Brister">Pat Brister</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Britt" title="Henry M. Britt">Henry M. Britt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Broadwater" title="Chris Broadwater">Chris Broadwater</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Brookes" title="James H. Brookes">James H. Brookes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Graves_Brown" title="Edmund Graves Brown">Edmund Graves Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brown_(governor)" title="Frank Brown (governor)">Frank Brown (governor)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Van_Arsdale_Brown" title="Isaac Van Arsdale Brown">Isaac Van Arsdale Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Brown_(politician,_born_1835)" title="John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835)">John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Samuel Brown (Wisconsin politician)">Samuel Brown (Wisconsin politician)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Brown_(author)" title="Steve Brown (author)">Steve Brown (author)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Mae_Brown" title="Virginia Mae Brown">Virginia Mae Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Brownson" title="Charles B. Brownson">Charles B. Brownson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Wilber M. Brucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Bryan" title="Brother Bryan">Brother Bryan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Bryan" title="George Bryan">George Bryan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Bryan" title="Julien Bryan">Julien Bryan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Buck" title="Frank H. Buck">Frank H. Buck</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Buenger" title="Walter L. Buenger">Walter L. Buenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Buffett" title="Howard Buffett">Howard Buffett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bob Bullock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bullock" title="Jeffrey Bullock">Jeffrey Bullock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_G._Burnet" title="Isaac G. Burnet">Isaac G. Burnet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr_Sr." title="Aaron Burr Sr.">Aaron Burr Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Blackleach_Burritt" title="Blackleach Burritt">Blackleach Burritt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silas_M._Burroughs_(pharmacist)" title="Silas M. Burroughs (pharmacist)">Silas M. Burroughs (pharmacist)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Clark_Burt" title="Nathaniel Clark Burt">Nathaniel Clark Burt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bush" title="William Henry Bush">William Henry Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rosaria_Butterfield" title="Rosaria Butterfield">Rosaria Butterfield</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Byrd" title="C. E. Byrd">C. E. Byrd</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>C</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Caddell" title="John A. Caddell">John A. Caddell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kell_Cahoon" title="Frank Kell Cahoon">Frank Kell Cahoon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cain" title="James P. Cain">James P. Cain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Caldwell" title="Erskine Caldwell">Erskine Caldwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Caldwell" title="Sam Caldwell">Sam Caldwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_G._Callahan" title="Jonathan G. Callahan">Jonathan G. Callahan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Calvin" title="Samuel Calvin">Samuel Calvin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donaldina_Cameron" title="Donaldina Cameron">Donaldina Cameron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_B._T._Campbell_III" title="John B. T. Campbell III">John B. T. Campbell III</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Campbell" title="John Allen Campbell">John Allen Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Cansler" title="Charles W. Cansler">Charles W. Cansler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Carmouche" title="Edward M. Carmouche">Edward M. Carmouche</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carney" title="Thomas Carney">Thomas Carney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skip_Carnine" title="Skip Carnine">Skip Carnine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marj_Carpenter" title="Marj Carpenter">Marj Carpenter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Carroll" title="Julian Carroll">Julian Carroll</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Carter_(Louisiana_politician)" title="Steve Carter (Louisiana politician)">Steve Carter (Louisiana politician)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Hodding_Carter,_I" title="William Hodding Carter, I">William Hodding Carter, I</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Castle" title="Darrell Castle">Darrell Castle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Castor" title="Kathy Castor">Kathy Castor</a></li></ul></div></div></div>(previous page) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:American_Presbyterians&pagefrom=Catron%2C+John%0AJohn+Catron#mw-pages" title="Category:American Presbyterians">next page</a>)
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle">For more information, see <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Authority_control" title="Wikipedia:Authority control">Wikipedia:Authority control</a></b>.</div>
+<table class="plainlinks cmbox cmbox-notice" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text">This is a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">maintenance</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">category</a></b>. It is used for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-article_and_maintenance_categories" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">maintenance of the Wikipedia project</a> and is not part of the encyclopedia. It contains pages that are not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">articles</a>, or it groups articles by status rather than subject. Do not include this category in content categories.<br />
+This is a <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hidden_categories" title="Category:Hidden categories">hidden category</a></b>. It is not shown on its member pages, unless the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering" title="Special:Preferences">user preference 'Show hidden categories'</a> is set.<br />
+This is a <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracking_categories" title="Category:Tracking categories">tracking category</a></b>. It builds and maintains a list of pages primarily for the sake of the list itself. Pages are added to tracking categories through templates.</td>
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+<h2><span id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers"</h2>
+<p>The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 212,219 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date.3F" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">learn more</a>).
+</p>(previous page) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ISNI_identifiers&pagefrom=Abad%2C+Mercedes%0AMercedes+Abad#mw-pages" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers">next page</a>)<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>!</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/!!!" title="!!!">!!!</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>09</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Giant_Leap" title="1 Giant Leap">1 Giant Leap</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_Brothers_on_the_4th_Floor" title="2 Brothers on the 4th Floor">2 Brothers on the 4th Floor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_Fabiola" title="2 Fabiola">2 Fabiola</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_in_a_Room" title="2 in a Room">2 in a Room</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_Live_Crew" title="2 Live Crew">2 Live Crew</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_Unlimited" title="2 Unlimited">2 Unlimited</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2-4_Family" title="2-4 Family">2-4 Family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Chapter_of_Acts" title="2nd Chapter of Acts">2nd Chapter of Acts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2raumwohnung" title="2raumwohnung">2raumwohnung</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3_Colours_Red" title="3 Colours Red">3 Colours Red</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3_Doors_Down" title="3 Doors Down">3 Doors Down</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3_Inches_of_Blood" title="3 Inches of Blood">3 Inches of Blood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3_Mustaphas_3" title="3 Mustaphas 3">3 Mustaphas 3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3_of_a_Kind_(band)" title="3 of a Kind (band)">3 of a Kind (band)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Wish" title="3rd Wish">3rd Wish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4_Clubbers" title="4 Clubbers">4 Clubbers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4_Non_Blondes" title="4 Non Blondes">4 Non Blondes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_4_of_Us" title="The 4 of Us">The 4 of Us</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4_P.M._(group)" title="4 P.M. (group)">4 P.M. (group)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4_the_Cause" title="4 the Cause">4 the Cause</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4-H" title="4-H">4-H</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4hero" title="4hero">4hero</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_5_Browns" title="The 5 Browns">The 5 Browns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/7_Seconds_(band)" title="7 Seconds (band)">7 Seconds (band)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/7_Year_Bitch" title="7 Year Bitch">7 Year Bitch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/8Ball_%26_MJG" title="8Ball & MJG">8Ball & MJG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/10_Years_(band)" title="10 Years (band)">10 Years (band)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/10cc" title="10cc">10cc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/12_Stones" title="12 Stones">12 Stones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators" title="The 13th Floor Elevators">The 13th Floor Elevators</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="15th arrondissement of Paris">15th arrondissement of Paris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/16_Horsepower" title="16 Horsepower">16 Horsepower</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/17_Hippies" title="17 Hippies">17 Hippies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/22-Pistepirkko" title="22-Pistepirkko">22-Pistepirkko</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/23_Skidoo_(band)" title="23 Skidoo (band)">23 Skidoo (band)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/24-7_Spyz" title="24-7 Spyz">24-7 Spyz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/25_ta_Life" title="25 ta Life">25 ta Life</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/29th_Street_Saxophone_Quartet" title="29th Street Saxophone Quartet">29th Street Saxophone Quartet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/38_Special_(band)" title="38 Special (band)">38 Special (band)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_69_Eyes" title="The 69 Eyes">The 69 Eyes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_101ers" title="The 101ers">The 101ers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1.8.7" title="1.8.7">1.8.7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/666_(band)" title="666 (band)">666 (band)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1000_Homo_DJs" title="1000 Homo DJs">1000 Homo DJs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1910_Fruitgum_Company" title="1910 Fruitgum Company">1910 Fruitgum Company</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/10,000_Maniacs" title="10,000 Maniacs">10,000 Maniacs</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_a_B%C3%BArc" title="amon a Brc">amon a Brc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A.C.T" title="A.C.T">A.C.T</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A_Caveat_or_Warning_for_Common_Cursitors" title="A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursitors">A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursitors</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A-Teens" title="A-Teens">A-Teens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A-mei" title="A-mei">A-mei</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A-Trak" title="A-Trak">A-Trak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_A" title="Dominique A">Dominique A</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A.T._Still_University" title="A.T. Still University">A.T. Still University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brynjar_Aa" title="Brynjar Aa">Brynjar Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christianus_Robid%C3%A9_van_der_Aa" title="Christianus Robid van der Aa">Christianus Robid van der Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_der_Aa" title="Cornelis van der Aa">Cornelis van der Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_van_der_Aa" title="Dirk van der Aa">Dirk van der Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_der_Aa" title="Michel van der Aa">Michel van der Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_der_Aa" title="Pieter van der Aa">Pieter van der Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AABB" title="AABB">AABB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Per_Aabel" title="Per Aabel">Per Aabel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Aaberg" title="Philip Aaberg">Philip Aaberg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Asger_Aaboe" title="Asger Aaboe">Asger Aaboe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Aabye" title="Karen Aabye">Karen Aabye</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_G%C3%BCnther_Aach" title="Hans Gnther Aach">Hans Gnther Aach</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Aach" title="Herb Aach">Herb Aach</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_(district)" title="Aachen (district)">Aachen (district)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral_Treasury" title="Aachen Cathedral Treasury">Aachen Cathedral Treasury</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FH_Aachen" title="FH Aachen">FH Aachen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_Rathaus" title="Aachen Rathaus">Aachen Rathaus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen" title="Hans von Aachen">Hans von Aachen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aachener_Domchor" title="Aachener Domchor">Aachener Domchor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Aadland" title="Eivind Aadland">Eivind Aadland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peder_Aadnes" title="Peder Aadnes">Peder Aadnes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bertus_Aafjes" title="Bertus Aafjes">Bertus Aafjes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Aagaard_Andersen" title="Gunnar Aagaard Andersen">Gunnar Aagaard Andersen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aagaard" title="Jacob Aagaard">Jacob Aagaard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aagaard" title="Johannes Aagaard">Johannes Aagaard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Aagaard" title="Rolf M. Aagaard">Rolf M. Aagaard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Aagaard" title="Thorvald Aagaard">Thorvald Aagaard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Torstein_Aagaard-Nilsen" title="Torstein Aagaard-Nilsen">Torstein Aagaard-Nilsen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Count_Aage_of_Rosenborg" title="Count Aage of Rosenborg">Count Aage of Rosenborg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Aggesen" title="Sven Aggesen">Sven Aggesen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B8y_Aagre" title="Fry Aagre">Fry Aagre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_van_Aaken" title="Ernst van Aaken">Ernst van Aaken</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Aaker" title="Lee Aaker">Lee Aaker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Aaker" title="David Aaker">David Aaker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Fupz_Aakeson" title="Kim Fupz Aakeson">Kim Fupz Aakeson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aal" title="Johannes Aal">Johannes Aal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mikkel_Aaland" title="Mikkel Aaland">Mikkel Aaland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Per_Knut_Aaland" title="Per Knut Aaland">Per Knut Aaland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Aalberg" title="Ida Aalberg">Ida Aalberg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/G._Ch._Aalders" title="G. Ch. Aalders">G. Ch. Aalders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund" title="lesund">lesund</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jamiluddin_Aali" title="Jamiluddin Aali">Jamiluddin Aali</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sengai_Aaliyan" title="Sengai Aaliyan">Sengai Aaliyan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anathon_Aall" title="Anathon Aall">Anathon Aall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aall" title="Jacob Aall">Jacob Aall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium" title="Aalst, Belgium">Aalst, Belgium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wil_van_der_Aalst" title="Wil van der Aalst">Wil van der Aalst</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_Aalten" title="Thomas van Aalten">Thomas van Aalten</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aino_Aalto" title="Aino Aalto">Aino Aalto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Aalto" title="Elissa Aalto">Elissa Aalto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Aalto" title="Pentti Aalto">Pentti Aalto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Aaltonen" title="Juhani Aaltonen">Juhani Aaltonen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rauno_Aaltonen" title="Rauno Aaltonen">Rauno Aaltonen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Veikko_Aaltonen" title="Veikko Aaltonen">Veikko Aaltonen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonen" title="Win Aaltonen">Win Aaltonen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Aames" title="Willie Aames">Willie Aames</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Skogstad_Aamo" title="Bjrn Skogstad Aamo">Bjrn Skogstad Aamo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Aamodt" title="Bjrn Aamodt">Bjrn Aamodt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kjetil_Andr%C3%A9_Aamodt" title="Kjetil Andr Aamodt">Kjetil Andr Aamodt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Aamodt" title="Mike Aamodt">Mike Aamodt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Aamund" title="Jane Aamund">Jane Aamund</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aanrud" title="Hans Aanrud">Hans Aanrud</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Aantjes" title="Willem Aantjes">Willem Aantjes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aaraas" title="Hans Aaraas">Hans Aaraas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Aaraas" title="Olav Aaraas">Olav Aaraas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Parham_Aarabi" title="Parham Aarabi">Parham Aarabi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ingvil_Aarbakke" title="Ingvil Aarbakke">Ingvil Aarbakke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jarle_Aarbakke" title="Jarle Aarbakke">Jarle Aarbakke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Aarbakke" title="Magnus Aarbakke">Magnus Aarbakke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Verna_Aardema" title="Verna Aardema">Verna Aardema</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_J._M._van_den_Aardweg" title="Gerard J. M. van den Aardweg">Gerard J. M. van den Aardweg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Aarebrot" title="Frank Aarebrot">Frank Aarebrot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Aarek" title="Wilhelm Aarek">Wilhelm Aarek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Aarestrup" title="Emil Aarestrup">Emil Aarestrup</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Aarflot" title="Andreas Aarflot">Andreas Aarflot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Aarne" title="Antti Aarne">Antti Aarne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn_Aarnes" title="Asbjrn Aarnes">Asbjrn Aarnes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aarnes" title="Hans Aarnes">Hans Aarnes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Aarnio" title="Eero Aarnio">Eero Aarnio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Jacob_ha-Kohen" title="Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen">Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Aaron ben Moses ben Asher</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_Jerusalem" title="Aaron of Jerusalem">Aaron of Jerusalem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Aaron" title="Benjamin Aaron">Benjamin Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Aaron" title="Caroline Aaron">Caroline Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Aaron" title="Chester Aaron">Chester Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Aaron" title="Daniel Aaron">Daniel Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Aaron" title="David L. Aaron">David L. Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Aaron_(educator)" title="Jane Aaron (educator)">Jane Aaron (educator)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Aaron" title="Jason Aaron">Jason Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quinton_Aaron" title="Quinton Aaron">Quinton Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Aaron" title="Rachel Aaron">Rachel Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aaron" title="Richard Aaron">Richard Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Soazig_Aaron" title="Soazig Aaron">Soazig Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch" title="Ben Aaronovitch">Ben Aaronovitch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">David Aaronovitch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aaronovitch" title="Sam Aaronovitch">Sam Aaronovitch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Al_Aarons" title="Al Aarons">Al Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Aarons" title="Edward S. Aarons">Edward S. Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Aarons" title="Eric Aarons">Eric Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Aarons" title="Jules Aarons">Jules Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_F._Aarons" title="Leroy F. Aarons">Leroy F. Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Aarons" title="Mark Aarons">Mark Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slim_Aarons" title="Slim Aarons">Slim Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Aaronsohn" title="Aaron Aaronsohn">Aaron Aaronsohn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Aaronsohn" title="Alexander Aaronsohn">Alexander Aaronsohn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Aaronsohn" title="Sarah Aaronsohn">Sarah Aaronsohn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Aaronson" title="Irving Aaronson">Irving Aaronson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Aaronson" title="Kenny Aaronson">Kenny Aaronson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Aaronson" title="Stuart A. Aaronson">Stuart A. Aaronson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Birch-Reichenwald_Aars" title="Kristian Birch-Reichenwald Aars">Kristian Birch-Reichenwald Aars</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aarschot" title="Aarschot">Aarschot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Aarset" title="Eivind Aarset">Eivind Aarset</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Espen_Aarseth" title="Espen Aarseth">Espen Aarseth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dagfinn_Aarskog" title="Dagfinn Aarskog">Dagfinn Aarskog</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aarsman" title="Hans Aarsman">Hans Aarsman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_van_Aarssens" title="Francis van Aarssens">Francis van Aarssens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Josephus_Aarts" title="Johannes Josephus Aarts">Johannes Josephus Aarts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Aarts" title="Kees Aarts">Kees Aarts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Aartun" title="Kjell Aartun">Kjell Aartun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Aas" title="Nils Aas">Nils Aas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Aasen" title="John Aasen">John Aasen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Aasland" title="Gunnar Aasland">Gunnar Aasland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Aasma" title="Karin Aasma">Karin Aasma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Haidar_Ali_Aatish" title="Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish">Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evald_Aav" title="Evald Aav">Evald Aav</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn_Aavik" title="Asbjrn Aavik">Asbjrn Aavik</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Juhan_Aavik" title="Juhan Aavik">Juhan Aavik</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Hugh" title="Dafydd ab Hugh">Dafydd ab Hugh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_Aba-Nov%C3%A1k" title="Vilmos Aba-Novk">Vilmos Aba-Novk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Noureddine_Aba" title="Noureddine Aba">Noureddine Aba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Abaco" title="Joseph Abaco">Joseph Abaco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santilln">Diego Abad de Santilln</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos" title="Jos Abad Santos">Jos Abad Santos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Abad" title="Alejandro Abad">Alejandro Abad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Jos%C3%A9_Abad" title="Diego Jos Abad">Diego Jos Abad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henedina_Abad" title="Henedina Abad">Henedina Abad</a></li></ul></div></div></div>(previous page) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ISNI_identifiers&pagefrom=Abad%2C+Mercedes%0AMercedes+Abad#mw-pages" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers">next page</a>)
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Wikipedia-artikels_met_ISNI-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Wikipedia-artikels met ISNI-identifiseerders Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_ISNI" title=": ISNI Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80:%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title=": Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABi-pia%CC%8Dt:H%C3%A2m_ISNI_sek-pia%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BA_%C3%AA_Wikipedia_b%C3%BBn-chiu%E2%81%BF" title="Li-piat:Hm ISNI sek-piat-ch Wikipedia bn-chiu Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title=": Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_(ISNI)" title=":: (ISNI) Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_ISNI_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med ISNI autoritetsdata-ID Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1:%CE%9B%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_ISNI" title=": ISNI Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_ISNI" title="Categora:Wikipedia:Artculos con identificadores ISNI Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:ISNI_identifikatzaile_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:ISNI identifikatzaile duten artikuluak Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Artigos_con_identificadores_ISNI" title="Categora:Wikipedia:Artigos con identificadores ISNI Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:ISNI_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%BC_%ED%8F%AC%ED%95%A8%ED%95%9C_%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title=":ISNI Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title=": Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Dagiti_artikulo_ti_Wikipedia_nga_agraman_kadagiti_panagilasin_ti_ISNI" title="Kategoria:Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti ISNI Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_ISNI" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda ISNI Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_ISNI" title="Categoria:Voci con codice ISNI Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Wikip%C3%A9dia-sz%C3%B3cikkek_ISNI_azonos%C3%ADt%C3%B3val" title="Kategria:Wikipdia-szcikkek ISNI azonostval Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(ISNI)" title=":: (ISNI) Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97:%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title=": Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_wikipedia_dengan_pengenalan_ISNI" title="Kategori:Rencana wikipedia dengan pengenalan ISNI Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:ISNI%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:ISNI Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:Wikipedia_articles_with_ISNI_identifiers" title=":Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_enciclop%C3%A9dicos_com_identificadores_ISNI" title="Categoria:!Artigos enciclopdicos com identificadores ISNI Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipaedia_airticles_wi_ISNI_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipaedia airticles wi ISNI identifiers Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_ISNI" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini lanki z identifikatorji ISNI Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0_ISNI_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title=": ISNI Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanci_sa_ISNI_identifikatorima" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini lanci sa ISNI identifikatorima Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luokka:Wikipedia-artikkelit_ISNI-tunnisteilla" title="Luokka:Wikipedia-artikkelit ISNI-tunnisteilla Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:ISNI_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:ISNI tanmlaycs olan Vikipedi maddeleri Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81:%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9_ISNI_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title=": ISNI Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:B%C3%A0i_vi%E1%BA%BFt_ch%E1%BB%A9a_nh%E1%BA%ADn_d%E1%BA%A1ng_ISNI" title="Th loi:Bi vit cha nhn dng ISNI Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li> </ul>
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers</h1>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle">For more information, see <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Authority_control" title="Wikipedia:Authority control">Wikipedia:Authority control</a></b>.</div>
+<table class="plainlinks cmbox cmbox-notice" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text">This is a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">maintenance</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">category</a></b>. It is used for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-article_and_maintenance_categories" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">maintenance of the Wikipedia project</a> and is not part of the encyclopedia. It contains pages that are not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">articles</a>, or it groups articles by status rather than subject. Do not include this category in content categories.<br />
+This is a <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hidden_categories" title="Category:Hidden categories">hidden category</a></b>. It is not shown on its member pages, unless the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering" title="Special:Preferences">user preference 'Show hidden categories'</a> is set.<br />
+This is a <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracking_categories" title="Category:Tracking categories">tracking category</a></b>. It builds and maintains a list of pages primarily for the sake of the list itself. Pages are added to tracking categories through templates.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="toc plainlinks hlist" id="toc" style="clear: left;">
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+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contents">Contents</span></h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers">Top</a></li>
+<li><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=0">09</a></li>
+<li><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=A">A</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=B">B</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=C">C</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=D">D</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=E">E</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=F">F</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=G">G</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=H">H</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=I">I</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=J">J</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=K">K</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=L">L</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=M">M</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=N">N</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=O">O</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=P">P</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=Q">Q</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=R">R</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=S">S</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=T">T</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=U">U</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=V">V</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=W">W</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=X">X</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=Y">Y</a> <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&from=Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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+<h2><span id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers"</h2>
+<p>The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 22,160 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date.3F" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">learn more</a>).
+</p>(previous page) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&pagefrom=Adelsward-Fersen%2C+Jacques+D%0AJacques+d%27Adelsw%C3%A4rd-Fersen#mw-pages" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers">next page</a>)<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>09</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_400_Blows" title="The 400 Blows">The 400 Blows</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-mei" title="A-mei">A-mei</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_der_Aa" title="Pieter van der Aa">Pieter van der Aa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AABB" title="AABB">AABB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bertus_Aafjes" title="Bertus Aafjes">Bertus Aafjes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Aamodt" title="Mike Aamodt">Mike Aamodt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Aarne" title="Antti Aarne">Antti Aarne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Aaron" title="Jason Aaron">Jason Aaron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch" title="Ben Aaronovitch">Ben Aaronovitch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aaronovitch" title="Sam Aaronovitch">Sam Aaronovitch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Aarons" title="Jules Aarons">Jules Aarons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Aaronson" title="Irving Aaronson">Irving Aaronson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Magdalena Abakanowicz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Firmin Abauzit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cesare_Abba" title="Giuseppe Cesare Abba">Giuseppe Cesare Abba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Abbadi" title="Mostafa El-Abbadi">Mostafa El-Abbadi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud-Michel_d%27Abbadie" title="Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie">Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Abbadie" title="Jakob Abbadie">Jakob Abbadie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I of Egypt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Abbe" title="Cleveland Abbe">Cleveland Abbe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">Ernst Abbe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_library_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey library of Saint Gall">Abbey library of Saint Gall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Edward Abbey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Greeley_Abbot" title="Charles Greeley Abbot">Charles Greeley Abbot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(author)" title="George Abbot (author)">George Abbot (author)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot (bishop)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larcom_Abbot" title="Henry Larcom Abbot">Henry Larcom Abbot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Abbot" title="William Abbot">William Abbot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Vaughan_Abbott" title="Benjamin Vaughan Abbott">Benjamin Vaughan Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Abbott" title="Berenice Abbott">Berenice Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Abbott_Abbott" title="Edwin Abbott Abbott">Edwin Abbott Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Hallowell_Abbott" title="Eleanor Hallowell Abbott">Eleanor Hallowell Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Abbott" title="Elizabeth Abbott">Elizabeth Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Abbott" title="Eric Abbott">Eric Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Abbott" title="Evelyn Abbott">Evelyn Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Frost_Abbott" title="Frank Frost Abbott">Frank Frost Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abbott" title="Jacob Abbott">Jacob Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="James Abbott (Indian Army officer)">James Abbott (Indian Army officer)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Cabot_Abbott" title="John Stevens Cabot Abbott">John Stevens Cabot Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Fraser_Abbott" title="Lawrence Fraser Abbott">Lawrence Fraser Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Francis_Abbott" title="Lemuel Francis Abbott">Lemuel Francis Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Abbott" title="Lyman Abbott">Lyman Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Abbott" title="Pamela Abbott">Pamela Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Abbott" title="Sidney Abbott">Sidney Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kingsmill_Abbott" title="Thomas Kingsmill Abbott">Thomas Kingsmill Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abbt" title="Thomas Abbt">Thomas Abbt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">Ibn al-Muqaffa'</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anouar_Abdel-Malek" title="Anouar Abdel-Malek">Anouar Abdel-Malek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Abderhalden" title="Emil Abderhalden">Emil Abderhalden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="`Abdu'l-Bah">`Abdu'l-Bah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Abdulov" title="Aleksandr Abdulov">Aleksandr Abdulov</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Strutt_Abdy" title="Edward Strutt Abdy">Edward Strutt Abdy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Abdy" title="Maria Abdy">Maria Abdy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Abe" title="Kb Abe">Kb Abe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dmei_Abe" title="Kmei Abe">Kmei Abe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_%C3%A0_Beckett" title="Arthur William Beckett">Arthur William Beckett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Abbott_%C3%A0_Beckett" title="Gilbert Abbott Beckett">Gilbert Abbott Beckett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Turner_%C3%A0_Beckett" title="Thomas Turner Beckett">Thomas Turner Beckett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rmusat">Jean-Pierre Abel-Rmusat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Heloise_Abel" title="Annie Heloise Abel">Annie Heloise Abel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Abel" title="Carl Friedrich Abel">Carl Friedrich Abel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel">Frederick Abel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Abel" title="Wilhelm Abel">Wilhelm Abel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_M._Abella" title="Rosa M. Abella">Rosa M. Abella</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Abelove" title="Joan Abelove">Joan Abelove</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Abensour" title="Miguel Abensour">Miguel Abensour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Abercrombie_(horticulturalist)" title="John Abercrombie (horticulturalist)">John Abercrombie (horticulturalist)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lascelles_Abercrombie" title="Lascelles Abercrombie">Lascelles Abercrombie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Abercrombie" title="Michael Abercrombie">Michael Abercrombie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Abernethy_(surgeon)" title="John Abernethy (surgeon)">John Abernethy (surgeon)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Abhedananda" title="Swami Abhedananda">Swami Abhedananda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Bertie,_4th_Earl_of_Abingdon" title="Willoughby Bertie, 4th Earl of Abingdon">Willoughby Bertie, 4th Earl of Abingdon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Ablett" title="Noah Ablett">Noah Ablett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Abnett" title="Dan Abnett">Dan Abnett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney" title="William de Wiveleslie Abney">William de Wiveleslie Abney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentin_About" title="Edmond Franois Valentin About">Edmond Franois Valentin About</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Abraham_(actor)" title="John Abraham (actor)">John Abraham (actor)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Abraham" title="Max Abraham">Max Abraham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Abraham" title="Pearl Abraham">Pearl Abraham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Abraham" title="Walter Abraham">Walter Abraham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Israel Abrahams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Abrahams" title="Jim Abrahams">Jim Abrahams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abrahams" title="Peter Abrahams">Peter Abrahams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramovi">Marina Abramovi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Abramsky" title="Samson Abramsky">Samson Abramsky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laure_Junot,_Duchess_of_Abrant%C3%A8s" title="Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrants">Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrants</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Casimiro de Abreu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capistrano_de_Abreu" title="Capistrano de Abreu">Capistrano de Abreu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Absolon" title="John Absolon">John Absolon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Abt" title="Franz Abt">Franz Abt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Janet Abu-Lughod</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Acadmie franaise">Acadmie franaise</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_langue_et_de_litt%C3%A9rature_fran%C3%A7aises_de_Belgique" title="Acadmie royale de langue et de littrature franaises de Belgique">Acadmie royale de langue et de littrature franaises de Belgique</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin" title="Academy of Arts, Berlin">Academy of Arts, Berlin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens (modern)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Political_Science" title="Academy of Political Science">Academy of Political Science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania" title="Academy of Sciences of Albania">Academy of Sciences of Albania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences,_Humanities_and_Arts_of_Lyon" title="Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts of Lyon">Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts of Lyon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Palace" title="Academy Palace">Academy Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Firenze" title="Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze">Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Torquato_Accetto" title="Torquato Accetto">Torquato Accetto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Acerbi" title="Giuseppe Acerbi">Giuseppe Acerbi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Tito_Achen" title="Sven Tito Achen">Sven Tito Achen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Acherley" title="Roger Acherley">Roger Acherley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Acheson" title="Donald Acheson">Donald Acheson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oswald_Victor_Acheson" title="Frank Oswald Victor Acheson">Frank Oswald Victor Acheson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Tatius" title="Achilles Tatius">Achilles Tatius</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Achternbusch" title="Herbert Achternbusch">Herbert Achternbusch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Ackerley" title="J. R. Ackerley">J. R. Ackerley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_W._Ackerman" title="Carl W. Ackerman">Carl W. Ackerman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_J_Ackerman" title="Forrest J Ackerman">Forrest J Ackerman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Ackerman" title="Lauren Ackerman">Lauren Ackerman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Ackrill" title="J. L. Ackrill">J. L. Ackrill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ackroyd" title="Anthony Ackroyd">Anthony Ackroyd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Acland" title="Henry Acland">Henry Acland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGACT" title="ACM SIGACT">ACM SIGACT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGGRAPH" title="ACM SIGGRAPH">ACM SIGGRAPH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="Jos de Acosta">Jos de Acosta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Actuarius" title="Joannes Actuarius">Joannes Actuarius</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Diatrist%C3%A1n_de_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Cristbal Diatristn de Acua">Cristbal Diatristn de Acua</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Mitchell_Acworth" title="William Mitchell Acworth">William Mitchell Acworth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Adam-Smith" title="Patsy Adam-Smith">Patsy Adam-Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adolphe Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Mercer_Adam" title="Graeme Mercer Adam">Graeme Mercer Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Adam" title="Juliette Adam">Juliette Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Adam" title="Margie Adam">Margie Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Adam_(French_novelist)" title="Paul Adam (French novelist)">Paul Adam (French novelist)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Adam" title="Ruth Adam">Ruth Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salimbene_di_Adam" title="Salimbene di Adam">Salimbene di Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Adam" title="Theo Adam">Theo Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Adam" title="Victor Adam">Victor Adam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Adam_(architect)" title="William Adam (architect)">William Adam (architect)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Adams-Acton" title="Marion Adams-Acton">Marion Adams-Acton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Leith_Adams" title="Andrew Leith Adams">Andrew Leith Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Adams_(zoologist)" title="Arthur Adams (zoologist)">Arthur Adams (zoologist)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Adams" title="Arthur Henry Adams">Arthur Henry Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Charles Kendall Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Adams_(translator)" title="Francis Adams (translator)">Francis Adams (translator)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Adams_(writer)" title="Francis Adams (writer)">Francis Adams (writer)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Adams" title="Franklin Pierce Adams">Franklin Pierce Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Truslow_Adams" title="James Truslow Adams">James Truslow Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leason_Adams" title="Leason Adams">Leason Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Adams" title="Lonie Adams">Lonie Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patch_Adams" title="Patch Adams">Patch Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adams" title="Richard Adams">Richard Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McCormick_Adams_Jr." title="Robert McCormick Adams Jr.">Robert McCormick Adams Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams" title="Samuel Hopkins Adams">Samuel Hopkins Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Fuller_Flower_Adams" title="Sarah Fuller Flower Adams">Sarah Fuller Flower Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Davenport_Adams" title="William Henry Davenport Adams">William Henry Davenport Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_Adams" title="William Taylor Adams">William Taylor Adams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Worsley_Adamson" title="George Worsley Adamson">George Worsley Adamson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Adamson" title="Joy Adamson">Joy Adamson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Robert Adamson (philosopher)">Robert Adamson (philosopher)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(photographer)" title="Robert Adamson (photographer)">Robert Adamson (photographer)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Adanson" title="Michel Adanson">Michel Adanson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St_John_Adcock" title="Arthur St John Adcock">Arthur St John Adcock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adderley,_1st_Baron_Norton" title="Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton">Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Addison" title="Charles G. Addison">Charles G. Addison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Addy" title="Mark Addy">Mark Addy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Ade" title="George Ade">George Ade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath" title="Adelard of Bath">Adelard of Bath</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Adelman" title="Bob Adelman">Bob Adelman</a></li></ul></div></div></div>(previous page) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers&pagefrom=Adelsward-Fersen%2C+Jacques+D%0AJacques+d%27Adelsw%C3%A4rd-Fersen#mw-pages" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers">next page</a>)
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Wikipedia-artikels_met_NLA-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Wikipedia-artikels met NLA-identifiseerders Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_NLA" title=": NLA Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABi-pia%CC%8Dt:H%C3%A2m_NLA_sek-pia%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BA_%C3%AA_Wikipedia_b%C3%BBn-chiu%E2%81%BF" title="Li-piat:Hm NLA sek-piat-ch Wikipedia bn-chiu Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title=": Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_(NLA)" title=":: (NLA) Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_NLA_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med NLA autoritetsdata-ID Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1:%CE%9B%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_NLA" title=": NLA Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_NLA" title="Categora:Wikipedia:Artculos con identificadores NLA Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:NLA_identifikatzaile_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:NLA identifikatzaile duten artikuluak Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Artigos_con_identificadores_NLA" title="Categora:Wikipedia:Artigos con identificadores NLA Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:NLA_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%BC_%ED%8F%AC%ED%95%A8%ED%95%9C_%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title=":NLA Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title=": Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Dagiti_artikulo_ti_Wikipedia_nga_agraman_kadagiti_panagilasin_ti_NLA" title="Kategoria:Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti NLA Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NLA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLA Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_NLA" title="Categoria:Voci con codice NLA Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(NLA)" title=":: (NLA) Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97:%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title=": Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_wikipedia_dengan_pengenalan_NLA" title="Kategori:Rencana wikipedia dengan pengenalan NLA Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:NLA%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:NLA Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers" title=":Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_enciclop%C3%A9dicos_com_identificadores_NLA" title="Categoria:!Artigos enciclopdicos com identificadores NLA Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipaedia_airticles_wi_NLA_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipaedia airticles wi NLA identifiers Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a 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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Chief financial officer</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CFO" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CFO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CFO (disambiguation)">CFO (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<p>The <b>chief financial officer</b> (<b>CFO</b>) or <b>chief financial and operating officer</b> (<b>CFOO</b>) is a corporate <a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">officer</a> primarily responsible for managing the <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial risks</a> of the corporation. This officer is also responsible for <a href="/wiki/Financial_plan" title="Financial plan">financial planning</a> and record-keeping, as well as financial reporting to higher management. In some sectors the <b>CFO</b> is also responsible for <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">analysis of data</a>. The title is equivalent to <b>finance director</b> (<b>FD</b>), a common title in the United Kingdom. The CFO typically reports to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, and may additionally sit on the board. The CFO supervises the finance unit and is the chief financial spokesperson for the organization. The CFO reports directly to the president/chief executive officer (CEO) and directly assists the <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> (COO) on all strategic and tactical matters as they relate to budget management, costbenefit analysis, forecasting needs and the securing of new funding.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Qualification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Qualification</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Federal_government_of_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Federal government of the United States</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Changing_role"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Changing role</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Qualification">Qualification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_financial_officer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Qualification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Most CFOs of large companies have finance qualifications such as a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a>, or come from an <a href="/wiki/Accountancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountancy">accounting</a> background such as a <a href="/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant" title="Certified Public Accountant">Certified Public Accountant</a>. A finance department would usually contain some accountants with Certified Public Accountant, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Accountant">Chartered Accountant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certified_Management_Accountant" title="Certified Management Accountant">Certified Management Accountant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Certified_Accountant" title="Chartered Certified Accountant">Chartered Certified Accountant</a>, or equivalent status such as master of finance.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_government_of_the_United_States">Federal government of the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_financial_officer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Federal government of the United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> has incorporated more elements of business-sector practices in its management approaches, including the use of the CFO position (alongside, for example, an increased use of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">chief information officer</a> post, within public agencies).</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Financial_Officers_Act" title="Chief Financial Officers Act">Chief Financial Officers Act</a>, enacted in 1990, created a chief financial officer in each of 23 federal agencies. This was intended to improve the government's financial management and develop standards of financial performance and disclosure. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB) holds primary responsibility for financial management standardization and improvement. Within OMB, the Deputy Director for Management, a position established by the CFO Act, is the chief official responsible for financial management.</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Federal_Financial_Management" title="Office of Federal Financial Management">Office of Federal Financial Management</a> (OFFM) is specifically charged with overseeing financial management matters, establishing financial management policies and requirements, and monitoring the establishment and operation of federal financial management systems. OFFM is led by a <a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">controller</a>.</p>
+<p>The CFO Act also established the CFO Council, chair by the OMB Deputy Director for Management and including the CFOs and Deputy CFOs of 23 federal agencies, the OFFM controller, and the Fiscal Assistant Secretary, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fiscal_Service" title="Office of Fiscal Service">Office of Fiscal Service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a>. Its mandate is to work collaboratively to improve financial management in the U.S. government and "advise and coordinate the activities of the agencies of its members" in the areas of financial management and accountability.</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/OMB_Circular_A-123" title="OMB Circular A-123">OMB Circular A-123</a> (issued 21 December 2004) defines the management responsibilities for internal financial <a href="/wiki/Controls_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Controls (computing)">controls</a> in federal agencies and addressed to all federal CFOs, CIOs and Program Managers. The circular is a re-examination of the existing internal control requirements for federal agencies and was initiated in light of the new internal control requirements for publicly traded companies contained in the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002.</p>
+<p>While significant progress in improving federal financial management has been made since the federal government began preparing consolidated financial statements, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) reported that "major impediments continue to prevent [GAO] from rendering an opinion."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> In December 2006, the GAO announced that for the 10th consecutive year, the GAO was prevented from expressing an opinion on the consolidated financial statements of the government due to a number of material weaknesses related to financial systems, fundamental recordkeeping, and financial reporting.</p>
+<p>At the same time, in calendar year 2007, the CFOC announced that for the second consecutive year, every major federal agency completed its Performance and Accountability Report just 45 days after the end of the fiscal year (2006).</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Changing_role">Changing role</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_financial_officer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changing role">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>In recent years, the role of the CFO has evolved significantly. Traditionally being viewed as a financial gatekeeper, the role of the CFO has expanded and evolved to a strategic partner and advisor to the CEO. In fact, in a report released by McKinsey, 88 percent of 164 CFOs surveyed reported that CEOs expect them to be more active participants in shaping the strategy of their organizations. Half of them also indicated that CEOs counted on them to challenge the companys strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> However a 2016 survey of CFOs suggests that their new role has been overhyped with 52% of CFOs still finding themselves bogged down in the basics of traditional accounting practices such as transaction reporting and unable to make time for business partnering.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The rise of digital technologies and a focus on data analytics to support decision making impacting almost every industry and organisation will only add more pressure for CFOs to address this tension on finding the time to make the time to meet the expectations of their C-Suite colleagues. Many organisations have embarked on the journey to help achieve this by creating a finance function based on 4 distinct pillars - An Accounting organisation structured as a shared service, an FP&A organisation responsible to drive financial planning processes as well as driving increased insight into financial and non financial KPIs that drive business performance, a Finance Business Partnering organisation that supports the leadership of divisions, regions, functions to drive performance improvement and, last but not least, expertise centres around the areas of Tax, Treasury, Internal Audit, M&A etc.</p>
+<p>According to one source, "The CFO of tomorrow should be a big-picture thinker, rather than detail-oriented, outspoken rather than reserved, prefer to delegate rather than be hands-on, emphasize what gets done rather than how things are done, and make collaborative rather than unilateral decisions. The CFO must serve as the financial authority in the organization, ensuring the integrity of fiscal data and modeling transparency and accountability. The CFO is as much a part of governance and oversight as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), playing a fundamental role in the development and critique of strategic choices. The CFO is now expected to be a key player in stockholder education<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> and communication and is clearly seen as a leader and team builder who sets the financial agenda for the organization, supports the CEO directly and provides timely advice to the board of directors."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The uneven pace of recovery worldwide has made it more challenging for many companies. CFOs are increasingly playing a more critical role in shaping their companys strategies today, especially in light of the highly uncertain macroeconomic environments, where managing financial volatilities is becoming a centerpiece for many companies' strategies, based on a survey held by Clariden Global.<sup id="cite_ref-Clariden_Global_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clariden_Global-6">[6]</a></sup> CFOs are increasingly being relied upon as the owners of business information, reporting and financial data within organizations and assisting in decision support operations to enable the company to operate more effectively and efficiently.</p>
+<p>The duties of a modern CFO now straddle the traditional areas of financial stewardship and the more progressive areas of strategic and business leadership with direct responsibility and oversight of operations (which often includes procurement) expanding exponentially.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> This significant role-based transformation, which is well underway, is best-evidenced by the "CEO-in-Waiting" status that many CFOs now hold. Additionally, many CFOs have made the realization that an operating environment that values cash, profit margins, and risk mitigation is one that plays to the primary skills and capabilities of a procurement organization, and become increasingly involved (directly via oversight or indirectly through improved collaboration) with the procurement function according to a recent research report that looks at the CFO's relationship with procurement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ardent_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardent-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_financial_officer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_CFO" title="Virtual CFO">Virtual CFO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_general" title="Auditor general">Auditor general</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">Comptroller</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_financial_officer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gao.gov/press/mediaadv12152006.pdf">http://www.gao.gov/press/mediaadv12152006.pdf</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/corporate%20finance/mof/pdf%20issues/mof_issue_27_spring%2008.ashx">"McKinsey on Finance. No. 27, Spring 2008"</a>. <i>McKinsey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+financial+officer&rft.atitle=McKinsey+on+Finance.+No.+27%2C+Spring+2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fmckinsey%2Fdotcom%2Fclient_service%2Fcorporate%2520finance%2Fmof%2Fpdf%2520issues%2Fmof_issue_27_spring%252008.ashx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsn.co.uk/channel_enterprise_financials/fsn_future_of_the_finance_function_survey_2016_reveals_cfos_role_is_overhyped">"Future of the Finance Function Survey 2016"</a>. <i>FSN Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+financial+officer&rft.atitle=Future+of+the+Finance+Function+Survey+2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FSN+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsn.co.uk%2Fchannel_enterprise_financials%2Ffsn_future_of_the_finance_function_survey_2016_reveals_cfos_role_is_overhyped&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Maureen O'Connell, Scholastic Inc. (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slideshare.net/MaureenOConnell/how-cfos-can-turn-stakeholders-into-allies-by-maureen-oconnell-40809275?related=1">"How CFO's Can Turn Stakeholders Into Allies - By Maureen O'Connell"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+financial+officer&rft.au=Maureen+O%27Connell%2C+Scholastic+Inc.&rft.btitle=How+CFO%27s+Can+Turn+Stakeholders+Into+Allies+-+By+Maureen+O%27Connell&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FMaureenOConnell%2Fhow-cfos-can-turn-stakeholders-into-allies-by-maureen-oconnell-40809275%3Frelated%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topfinanceprofessionals.com/white-papers/what-board-expects-from-cfo">"What Board expects from CFO"</a>. <i>TopFinanceProfessionals</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+financial+officer&rft.atitle=What+Board+expects+from+CFO&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TopFinanceProfessionals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topfinanceprofessionals.com%2Fwhite-papers%2Fwhat-board-expects-from-cfo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Clariden_Global-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clariden_Global_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.claridenglobal.com/clariden_leadership_programs.php">[1]</a> Clariden Leadership Institute CFO Leadership Program: Changing Roles of CFO</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffthomson/2016/01/14/why-cfos-need-to-be-chief-future-officers/">"Why CFOs Need To Be Chief Future Officers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+financial+officer&rft.btitle=Why+CFOs+Need+To+Be+Chief+Future+Officers&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjeffthomson%2F2016%2F01%2F14%2Fwhy-cfos-need-to-be-chief-future-officers%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ardent-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ardent_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ardentpartners.com/research/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=4_12&products_id=1">[2]</a> The CFO and the CPO: One World, Two Worldviews</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_financial_officer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opsdog.com/resources/5-kpis-every-cfo-controller-finance-manager-should-know/">5 KPIs that Every CFO, Controller and Finance Manager Should Know</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maureeneoconnell.com/top-5-challenges-that-cfos-are-facing-today/">Top 5 Challenges that CFOs are Facing Today</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.rediff.com/maureenoconnellscholastic/2014/11/07/9-essential-words-for-a-cfos-dictionary-by-maureen-oconnell-cfo-at-scholastic-corporation/">Essential Words for a CFOs Dictionary</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corporate_titles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief officers</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">Administrative</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_analytics_officer" title="Chief analytics officer">Analytics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_audit_executive" title="Chief audit executive">Audit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" title="Chief brand officer">Brand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Business</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_channel_officer" title="Chief channel officer">Channel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_commercial_officer" title="Chief commercial officer">Commercial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_communications_officer" title="Chief communications officer">Communications</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_compliance_officer" title="Chief compliance officer">Compliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_content_officer" title="Chief content officer">Content</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_creative_officer" title="Chief creative officer">Creative</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_data_officer" title="Chief data officer">Data</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_design_officer" title="Chief design officer">Design</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_digital_officer" title="Chief digital officer">Digital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_diversity_officer" title="Chief diversity officer">Diversity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Executive (CEO)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_experience_officer" title="Chief experience officer">Experience</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Financial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Human resources</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Information</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_security_officer" title="Chief information security officer">Information security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer" title="Chief innovation officer">Innovation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_investment_officer" title="Chief investment officer">Investment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_knowledge_officer" title="Chief knowledge officer">Knowledge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_learning_officer" title="Chief learning officer">Learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_legal_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief legal officer">Legal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Marketing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_medical_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief medical officer">Medical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_networking_officer" title="Chief networking officer">Networking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Operating</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_privacy_officer" title="Chief privacy officer">Privacy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_procurement_officer" title="Chief procurement officer">Procurement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Product</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_quality_officer" title="Chief quality officer">Quality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_research_officer" title="Chief research officer">Research</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_restructuring_officer" title="Chief restructuring officer">Restructuring</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_revenue_officer" title="Chief revenue officer">Revenue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_risk_officer" title="Chief risk officer">Risk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_science_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief science officer">Science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_security_officer" title="Chief security officer">Security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer" title="Chief strategy officer">Strategy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_sustainability_officer" title="Chief sustainability officer">Sustainability</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_visionary_officer" title="Chief visionary officer">Visionary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_web_officer" title="Chief web officer">Web</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Development_director" title="Development director">Development director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">General counsel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_director" title="Executive director">Executive director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-executive_director" title="Non-executive director">Non-executive director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Divisional manager</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Regional manager</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent management</a></li>
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+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Talk:Cultural impact of Michael Jackson">discuss</a> this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia's Manual of Style</a>.</span> <small><i>(August 2017)</i></small></div>
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+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_jackson_1992.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_jackson_1992.jpg/220px-Michael_jackson_1992.jpg" width="220" height="336" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_jackson_1992.jpg/330px-Michael_jackson_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_jackson_1992.jpg/440px-Michael_jackson_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2560" /></a>
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+Michael Jackson in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>American entertainer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, who is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">King of Pop</a>", is considered one of the most successful and influential entertainers of all time. He had an unparalleled influence all over the world through his musical, dance, fashion and humanitarian contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As <a href="/wiki/List_of_child_music_prodigies" title="List of child music prodigies">child music prodigy</a>, Jackson joined his older siblings at age 5 in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a>. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> entertainer to have a strong <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">crossover</a> fan base on Music Television (<a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nothing_More_Than_..._Feelings_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nothing_More_Than_..._Feelings-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Off_the_wall_but_still_invincible_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Off_the_wall_but_still_invincible-4">[4]</a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, including those for "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>" from his 1982 album <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i>, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> to fame.</p>
+<p>On June 28, 2009, in a <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Sun">Baltimore Sun</a> article titled "7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World", Jill Rosen wrote that Jackson's legacy was <i>"as enduring as it is multi-faceted"</i>, influencing fields including sound, dance, fashion, music videos and celebrity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> On December 19, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council of Cultural Relations</a> named Jackson's life one of the 80 most important cultural moments that shaped the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended to <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, with references to Jackson in reports concerning music, <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and an array of other topics.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Cultural_and_social_impact"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural and social impact</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">In United States</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">In Brazil</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Fashion"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Fashion</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_and_social_impact">Cultural and social impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cultural and social impact">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Silver-colored statue of Jackson standing up with his arms bent inward and both legs spaced apart." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg" width="170" height="272" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg/255px-Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg/340px-Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2242" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+One of many identical statues, based on <a href="/wiki/Diana_Walczak" title="Diana Walczak">Diana Walczak</a>'s original HIStory statue, positioned throughout Europe to promote <i>HIStory</i>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Ben Beaumont-Thomas, music editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, stated that Jackson ushered in a global culture, writing: <i>"We'll get to the music and dance, but perhaps his most astonishing achievement is his fame: he was the subject of global adulation, even in areas previously untouched by Western pop culture."</i><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-11">[11]</a></sup> Tony Sclafani from <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> stated that <i>"there was a time when Jackson was thought of primarily as a groundbreaking artist, not a celebrity oddball. That time was 1983, when Jacksons omnipresence on the pop charts was revolutionary because no African-American artist had ever achieved that high a level of success. Jackson earned his <a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">pop icon</a> status by creating music that transcended genres; he also redefined the roles of music videos and dancing in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-today_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-today-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_United_States">In United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In a 2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> article titled "<b>Michael Jackson: Black Superhero</b>", <a href="/wiki/Tour%C3%A9_(journalist)" title="Tour (journalist)">Tour</a> wrote:</p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>Many blacks now compare Michael with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> perhaps the highest possible compliment in black America. Not only are they both integrationists and racial harmonists, but they both were determined to reach the top while refusing to let race hold them back. "There are so many components of why Barack Obama is president" says <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Diddy</a> ,"and Michael Jackson is one of them. He started a change in the perception of the African-American male on a worldwide level: his strength, always putting himself in a powerposition, being seen as a hero." <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> echoes the point. "Way before <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> or Barack Obama, Michael made black people go pop-culture global" he says. "You had people in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, South America and Iowa comfortable with their kids imitating a black kid from <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>. And when some of those people in Iowa grew, they were comfortable with voting for Barack Obama because they got comfortable imitating a black kid named Michael Jackson when they were young. Obama is a phenomenon, but he's the result of a process that Michael helped America graduate to.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Brazil">In Brazil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Brazil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 1996 Jackson visited <a href="/wiki/Dona_Marta" title="Dona Marta">Dona Marta</a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> ,<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> to film one of the video for <a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>.When Jackson came to Brazil to shoot the video, directed by <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>, Rio's local government became concerned that the singer would show the world an unflattering picture of poverty. Officials in the state of Rio feared images of poverty might affect tourism and accused Jackson of exploiting the poor.Others supported Jackson's wish to highlight the problems of the region, arguing that the government were embarrassed by their own failings. A judge banned all filming but this ruling was overturned by an injunction.</p>
+<p>Jackson also collaborated with 200 members of the cultural group <a href="/wiki/Olodum" title="Olodum">Olodum</a>, who "swayed to the heavy beat of Salvador"<sup id="cite_ref-ITN_on_first_TDCAU_Video_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITN_on_first_TDCAU_Video-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg/180px-Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg" width="180" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg/270px-Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg/360px-Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Precarious houses in the favela of <a href="/wiki/Complexo_do_Alem%C3%A3o" title="Complexo do Alemo">Complexo do Alemo</a> in Rio de Janeiro. Identical scenes are viewable in the first music video of they don't care about us.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Speaking of the music video, in <i>The New Brazilian Cinema</i>, Lcia Nagib observed:</p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>When Michael Jackson decided to shoot his new music video in a <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favela</a> of Rio de Janeiro ... he used the favela people as extras in a visual super-spectacle ... All the while there is a vaguely political appeal in there ... The interesting aspect of Michael Jackson's strategy is the efficiency with which it gives visibility to poverty and social problems in countries like Brazil without resorting to traditional political discourse. The problematic aspect is that it does not entail a real intervention in that poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> described the area as "now a model for social development" and claimed that Jackson's influence was partially responsible for this improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-Billboard_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billboard-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fashion">Fashion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HIStorydress.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/HIStorydress.jpg/220px-HIStorydress.jpg" width="220" height="487" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/HIStorydress.jpg/330px-HIStorydress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/HIStorydress.jpg/440px-HIStorydress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="3240" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HIStorydress.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson's History Jacket.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>As a fashion pioneer, Jackson was the man who gave new meaning to moonwalking, immortalised solitary, sparkly gloves, initiated the trophy jacket trend in the Eighties and was brave enough to coupledress with <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a> on the red carpet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>.Just as his music and dancing have influenced today's young artists, from <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brown" title="Chris Brown">Chris Brown</a>, Jackson's style has also had an impact on many artists as well.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>The power of his determinedly idiosyncratic style was amplified by <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, which beamed "Billie Jean" and "Beat It" around the world and made him its first Fashion Icon. Teenagers wanted what he had, taking break-dance lessons and wearing bow ties and single rhinestone gloves to school.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_glove_(8229092427).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson_glove_%288229092427%29.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson_glove_%288229092427%29.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson_glove_%288229092427%29.jpg/330px-Michael_Jackson_glove_%288229092427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson_glove_%288229092427%29.jpg/440px-Michael_Jackson_glove_%288229092427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_glove_(8229092427).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson's rhinestone gloves.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Book icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">
+<ul style="font-weight: bold">
+<li><a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book: Michael Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Michael Jackson-related games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_influenced_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson">List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_impersonator" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson impersonator">Michael Jackson impersonator</a></li>
+</ul>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_to_Michael_Jackson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monuments and memorials to Michael Jackson">Monuments and memorials to Michael Jackson</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-reuters-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Reuters Editorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/us-jackson-global-sb-idUSTRE5624OT20090704">"Michael Jackson's music had impact around the globe | Reuters"</a>. in.reuters.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.au=Reuters+Editorial&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+music+had+impact+around+the+globe+%26%23124%3B+Reuters&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=in.reuters.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-jackson-global-sb-idUSTRE5624OT20090704&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-latimes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/08/entertainment/et-cause8">"Michael Jackson's generous legacy - latimes"</a>. articles.latimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+generous+legacy+-+latimes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=articles.latimes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2009%2Fjul%2F08%2Fentertainment%2Fet-cause8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Nothing_More_Than_..._Feelings-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nothing_More_Than_..._Feelings_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yardley, Jonathan (August 30, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-962615.html">"Nothing More Than ... Feelings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.btitle=Nothing+More+Than+...+Feelings&rft.date=1993-08-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Washington+Post%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-962615.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Off_the_wall_but_still_invincible-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Off_the_wall_but_still_invincible_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Day, Elizabeth (March 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/mar/08/michael-jackson-profile-pop-culture">"Off the wall but still invincible"</a>. London: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Off+the+wall+but+still+invincible&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Day&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2009%2Fmar%2F08%2Fmichael-jackson-profile-pop-culture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.833673">https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.833673</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rosen, Jill (June 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-06-28/news/0906260178_1_michael-jackson-jackson-changed-jackson-five">"7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=7+Ways+Michael+Jackson+Changed+The+World&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.baltimoresun.com%2F2009-06-28%2Fnews%2F0906260178_1_michael-jackson-jackson-changed-jackson-five&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishcouncil.org/80moments/?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C5655166218">"80 moments that shaped the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.btitle=80+moments+that+shaped+the+world&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=British+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2F80moments%2F%3F_e_pi_%3D7%252CPAGE_ID10%252C5655166218&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Chandler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chandler, Cory (May 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature">"Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.btitle=Librarians+Prove+Michael+Jackson+Was+a+Rock+Star+in+Academic+Literature&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.ttu.edu%2F2010%2F05%2Flibrarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidalgo & Weiner 2010, pp. 1428.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidalgo & Weiner 2010, p. 25.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-theguardian-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/25/five-ways-michael-jackson-influence-lives-on?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C3576005891">"Michael Jackson: Five years after his death, how his influence lives on | Music | The Guardian"</a>. theguardian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Five+years+after+his+death%2C+how+his+influence+lives+on+%26%23124%3B+Music+%26%23124%3B+The+Guardian&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=theguardian.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Fjun%2F25%2Ffive-ways-michael-jackson-influence-lives-on%3F_e_pi_%3D7%252CPAGE_ID10%252C3576005891&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-today-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-today_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">By Tony Sclafani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/popculture/jackson-changed-course-music-society-2D80556022">"Jackson changed course of music, society - TODAY.com"</a>. today.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.au=By+Tony+Sclafani&rft.btitle=Jackson+changed+course+of+music%2C+society+-+TODAY.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=today.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fpopculture%2Fjackson-changed-course-music-society-2D80556022&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Tour%C3%A9_(journalist)" title="Tour (journalist)">Tour</a> (June 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-black-superhero-20140626">"Michael Jackson: Black Superhero"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Black+Superhero&rft.au=Tour%C3%A9&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fmichael-jackson-black-superhero-20140626&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ITN_on_first_TDCAU_Video-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITN_on_first_TDCAU_Video_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1995/02/09/605160349/">"Brazil:Michael Jackson films video for 'They Don't Care About Us<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a>. February 9, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.btitle=Brazil%3AMichael+Jackson+films+video+for+%27They+Don%27t+Care+About+Us%27&rft.date=1995-02-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ITN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Fshotlist%2F%2FRTV%2F1995%2F02%2F09%2F605160349%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dunn, Christoper (2001). <i>Brutality Garden</i>. UNC Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4976-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4976-6">0-8078-4976-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.btitle=Brutality+Garden&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8078-4976-6&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nagib, Lcia (2003). <i>The New Brazilian Cinema</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-928-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-928-9">1-86064-928-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.aufirst=L%C3%BAcia&rft.aulast=Nagib&rft.btitle=The+New+Brazilian+Cinema&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-86064-928-9&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Billboard-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billboard_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268216/michael-jackson-remains-a-global-phenomenon">"Michael Jackson Remains A Global Phenomenon"</a>. Billboard. July 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+impact+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Remains+A+Global+Phenomenon&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F268216%2Fmichael-jackson-remains-a-global-phenomenon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/michael-jacksons-style-26062009">http://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/michael-jacksons-style-26062009</a></</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/1614819/michael-jacksons-style-legacy-from-military-jackets-to-one-glove/">http://www.mtv.com/news/1614819/michael-jacksons-style-legacy-from-military-jackets-to-one-glove/</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-jackson-style-pictures-photogallery.html">http://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-jackson-style-pictures-photogallery.html</a></span></li>
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+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
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+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear</b> because it has <b>insufficient <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <small><i>(October 2010)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">David Swinson "Doc" Maynard</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Maynard,_David_Swinson_(1808-1873).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Maynard, David Swinson (1808-1873).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maynard%2C_David_Swinson_%281808-1873%29.jpg/220px-Maynard%2C_David_Swinson_%281808-1873%29.jpg" width="220" height="271" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maynard%2C_David_Swinson_%281808-1873%29.jpg/330px-Maynard%2C_David_Swinson_%281808-1873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maynard%2C_David_Swinson_%281808-1873%29.jpg/440px-Maynard%2C_David_Swinson_%281808-1873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="630" /></a>
+<div>Doc Maynard, circa 1868</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1808-03-22</span>)</span>March 22, 1808<br />
+<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Castleton,_Vermont" title="Castleton, Vermont">Castleton</a>, Vermont, United States</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Died</th>
+<td>March 13, 1873<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1873-03-13</span>)</span> (aged 64)<br />
+<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, United States</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Occupation</th>
+<td class="role">Pioneer, doctor, businessman</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span></th>
+<td>Lydia A. Rickey<br />
+Catherine Troutman Broshears</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Children</th>
+<td>2</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>David Swinson</b> "<b>Doc</b>" <b>Maynard</b> (March 22, 1808  March 13, 1873) was an American pioneer, doctor, and businessman. He was one of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>'s primary founders. He was an effective civic booster and, compared to other white settlers, a relative advocate of Native American rights. His friendship with <a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Chief Seattle</a> was important in the formation of the city of Seattle, and it was he who proposed the city be named for this important chief. Maynard was Seattle's first doctor, merchant prince, second lawyer, Sub-Indian Agent, Justice of the Peace, and architect of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Point_Elliott" title="Treaty of Point Elliott">Point Elliott Treaty</a> of 1855.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_ventures_in_Seattle"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early ventures in Seattle</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Later_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Later life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Swinson_Maynard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Maynard was born to a family of means near <a href="/wiki/Castleton,_Vermont" title="Castleton, Vermont">Castleton, Vermont</a>. At the age of 17 he was accepted into Castleton Medical School (which at the time was associated with <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury College</a>). He was top in his class and apprenticed to Dr. Theodore Woodward (not to be confused with Dr. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Woodward" title="Theodore Woodward">Theodore E. Woodward</a>).</p>
+<p>In 1828 he married Lydia A. Rickey; they had a daughter, Frances, in 1830 and a son, Henry, in 1834. According to court papers, he discovered in 1841 that she was unfaithful to him but remained with her until 1850.</p>
+<p>In 1832, the Maynards moved to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, at the time a town of 500. He made and lost small fortunes in business and political ventures including railroading and a medical school that collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>. Maynard left Cleveland in 1850, either promising to send for his family when he was settled elsewhere, or giving Lydia the chance to file for divorce on the grounds of desertion; either way, she never actually completed the divorce.</p>
+<p>Maynard took the railroad to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, and from there set out for California. He circulated among several wagon trains fighting <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, which he had learned about during the 1849 epidemic in Cleveland. When the leader of one small wagon train heading for <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> died, he assumed leadership and thus ended up on <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. He and widow Catherine Troutman Broshears (June 19, 1816 - Oct 20, 1906) fell in love during their journey; however her brother, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Simmons_(American_pioneer)" title="Michael Simmons (American pioneer)">Mike Simmons</a>, refused them permission to marry, perhaps on the grounds that Maynard was still married.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_ventures_in_Seattle">Early ventures in Seattle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Swinson_Maynard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early ventures in Seattle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Maynard joined in the logging activity at New York-Alki (later Seattle), near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River">Duwamish River</a> on Puget Sound. Instead of selling his wood to shippers at $4 a cord, he leased a vessel from Captain Felker, using the wood itself as security, and sold the load in San Francisco at ten times the price. With that money, he bought the fixings for a general store and briefly set up in competition to the only other such store on Puget Sound, which was in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> and owned by Catherine's brother. Mike soon agreed to his sister marrying Maynard, apparently on condition that they move the store to Duwamps and do something about that prior marriage.</p>
+<p>In April 1852, Maynard claimed, as a married man, a tract of land of 640 acres in what is now Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Square,_Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Square, Seattle, Washington">Pioneer Square</a> neighborhood, and hired Indians to help him build a combination cabin and store. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Bill_Speidel" title="Bill Speidel">Bill Speidel</a>, the land he preferred was the undeveloped southern part of <a href="/wiki/Carson_Boren" title="Carson Boren">Carson Boren</a>'s claim, but while Boren was out of town, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Denny" title="Arthur A. Denny">Arthur Denny</a> shifted Carson's claim north to make room for Maynard. Maynard's building became a hub of activity when Maynard became King County's first Justice of the Peace.<sup id="cite_ref-historyLink_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyLink-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Maynard laid out streets in his claim according to the cardinal directions (north/south) but Boren and Denny insisted on orienting the streets according to their stretch of shoreline. Seattle's downtown still shows awkward bends and jogs where the plats meet, but the rest of King County follows Maynard's original design. In reference to the disagreement Arthur Denny would go on to comment that "Maynard was king of all he surveyed, and some of what Boren and I surveyed as well." In a study conducted by the City of Seattle in the 1930s it was determined that Denny has platted his streets in violation of donation land claim law under which the original land claims were filed.</p>
+<p>Doc Maynard's character and approach to city-building differed from that of his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/William_Nathaniel_Bell" title="William Nathaniel Bell">William Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Denny" title="Arthur A. Denny">Arthur Denny</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Denny" title="David Denny">David Denny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yesler" title="Henry Yesler">Henry Yesler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carson_Boren" title="Carson Boren">Carson Boren</a>. In part, this may have been because he was much older and had already participated in the development of one city. He drank liquor (while the Denny Party were mostly <a href="/wiki/Teetotaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaler">teetotalers</a>) and, with his friend Captain Felker, found someone to start a good brothel in Seattle the infamous <a href="/wiki/Mother_Damnable" title="Mother Damnable">Mother Damnable</a> believing that vice was essential to the economic success of a frontier town of that time.</p>
+<p>Maynard's political skills helped defuse difficult situations with the Indian tribes, in particular between the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duwamish (tribe)">Duwamish</a> and the more powerful <a href="/wiki/Snohomish_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snohomish (tribe)">Snohomish</a>, led by Chief <a href="/wiki/Patkanim" title="Patkanim">Patkanim</a>. As part of his diplomacy, Maynard worked to rename the settlement after the Duwamish's leader, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Sealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Sealth">Chief Sealth</a> (or "Seattle") in exchange for an annual payment to Sealth (local legend has it that the tribes believed having one's name spoken after their death would disturb the named one in the afterlife; hence the payoff to Sealth to make up for that in advance). This friendly relationship paid off during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seattle_(1856)" title="Battle of Seattle (1856)">Battle of Seattle (1856)</a> when both Sealth and Patkanim kept their fighters out of the battle.</p>
+<p>Maynard's political skills were helpful in persuading the legislature of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> to support the formation of a separate <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>; in return, the legislature passed an unusual bill granting Maynard a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-maynardVhill_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maynardVhill-2">[2]</a></sup> He married Catherine on January 15, 1853.</p>
+<p>Maynard developed many clever ways to improve his property and his city. For example, he obtained the right to host the post office at his store; as a result, everyone had to come to his establishment to get their mail. He sold a lot cheaply to blacksmith Lewis Wyckoff; people needing smithing therefore came to Seattle instead of its rival <a href="/wiki/Port_Madison,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Madison, Washington">Port Madison</a>. Perhaps his greatest coup was persuading <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yesler" title="Henry Yesler">Henry Yesler</a> to set up a steam sawmill on land sliced from the north part of Maynard's claim and the south part of Boren's. This sawmill helped establish Seattle's economic ascendancy.</p>
+<p>When the only lawyer in Seattle died in a canoeing accident, Maynard studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In 1857, Doc Maynard traded his "downtown" acreage for Charles C. Terry's farm in West Seattle, but this new enterprise did not prosper; he and Catherine then opened a two-room hospital in what is now Pioneer Square. This enterprise failed because a number of settlers refused to use the hospital after the Maynards insisted of serving both whites and Indians.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life">Later life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Swinson_Maynard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Doc Maynard was known as a friend to the Indians; when Washington became a territory in 1853 Doc Maynard was appointed as the man in charge of Indian relations. During the Seattle Indian war Doc Maynard protected the natives and ensured that they did not starve.</p>
+<p>Although Maynard was originally one of the city's largest landholders and strongest boosters, he is considered not to have prospered as well as his contemporaries. Among the reasons given for this are that his friendly relations with Chief Seattle and other natives made him suspect to his fellow settlers. The surviving city fathers minimized his role in their reminiscences in response to Maynard's autocratic rule of early Seattle. At any rate, he died in a mansion furnished with every comfort. It is important to note that Maynard's stated purpose was not to get rich but rather to build the greatest city in the world.</p>
+<p>Near the end of his life, Maynard's first wife Lydia sold any rights she may have had in Maynard's property to a person who promptly sued Maynard for Lydia's share of Maynard's property in Seattle (claiming that they had never been divorced; while he was still married when he built his fortune, the common law is not entirely clear as to her claim). Lydia arrived penniless in Seattle to testify on Maynard's behalf; he and Catherine let her stay in their mansion on friendly terms. As Bill Speidel has written, Maynard was seen strolling around town, the only man in Seattle with a wife on either arm.</p>
+<p>The ultimate result of this land dispute is that the east half of Maynard's claim reverted to public land, as neither of his wives had satisfied their requirements for their share; the legal battle passed through several hands until it was ultimately decided against all the Maynards in the United States Supreme Court case of <i>Maynard v. Hill</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maynardVhill_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maynardVhill-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Swinson_Maynard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seattle_before_1900" title="History of Seattle before 1900">History of Seattle before 1900</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Swinson_Maynard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-historyLink-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyLink_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Junius Rochester (November 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=315">"Maynard, Dr. David Swinson (1808-1873)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HistoryLink" title="HistoryLink">HistoryLink</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maynard%2C+Dr.+David+Swinson+%281808-1873%29&rft.pub=HistoryLink&rft.date=1998-11-10&rft.au=Junius+Rochester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Findex.cfm%3FDisplayPage%3Doutput.cfm%26File_Id%3D315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Swinson+Maynard" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-maynardVhill-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maynardVhill_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maynardVhill_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=125&invol=190">"MAYNARD v. HILL, 125 U.S. 190 (1888)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. 1888<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MAYNARD+v.+HILL%2C+125+U.S.+190+%281888%29&rft.pub=United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1888&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3Dus%26vol%3D125%26invol%3D190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Swinson+Maynard" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Swinson_Maynard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/output.cfm?file_id=315">A brief biography of Doc Maynard</a> at historylink.org.</li>
+<li>Bill Speidel, <i>Doc Maynard, The Man Who Invented Seattle</i> (Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Co., 1978) (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914890-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-914890-02-6">0-914890-02-6</a>).</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Morgan" title="Murray Morgan">Murray Morgan</a>, <i>Skid Road</i> (New York, Ballantine Books, 1951, 1960, and other edition) (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95846-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95846-4">0-295-95846-4</a> )</li>
+<li><cite id="CITEREFJones1972" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Nard_Jones" title="Nard Jones">Jones, Nard</a> (1972), <i>Seattle</i>, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-01875-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-01875-4">0-385-01875-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seattle&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-385-01875-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Nard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Swinson+Maynard" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Digital object identifier</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="plainlinks selfreference noprint">For the use of digital object identifiers on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Wikipedia:Digital Object Identifier">Wikipedia:Digital Object Identifier</a>.</span></div>
+<table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
+<caption>Digital object identifier</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:DOI_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="DOI logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DOI_logo.svg/130px-DOI_logo.svg.png" width="130" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DOI_logo.svg/195px-DOI_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DOI_logo.svg/260px-DOI_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Acronym</th>
+<td><abbr title="Digital object identifier">DOI</abbr></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Introduced</th>
+<td>2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2000</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Managing organisation</th>
+<td>International DOI Foundation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Example</th>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1000/182">10.1000/182</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:6.5em;">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.org">doi<wbr />.org</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>In computing, a <b>Digital Object Identifier</b> or <b>DOI</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_identifier" title="Persistent identifier">persistent identifier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Handle_(computing)" title="Handle (computing)">handle</a> used to uniquely identify objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (<a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1">[1]</a></sup> An implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports and data sets, and official publications though they also have been used to identify other types of information resources, such as commercial videos.</p>
+<p>A DOI aims to be "resolvable", usually to some form of access to the information object to which the DOI refers. This is achieved by binding the DOI to <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> about the object, such as a <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>, indicating where the object can be found. Thus, by being actionable and interoperable, a DOI differs from identifiers such as <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBNs</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISRC" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRC">ISRCs</a> which aim only to uniquely identify their referents. The DOI system uses the <a href="/wiki/Indecs_Content_Model" title="Indecs Content Model">indecs Content Model</a> for representing metadata.</p>
+<p>The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI shall provide a more stable linking than simply using its URL. Every time a URL changes, the publisher has to update the metadata for the DOI to link to the new URL.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> It is the publisher's responsibility to update the DOI database. If he fails to do so, the DOI resolves to a <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">dead link</a> leaving the DOI useless.</p>
+<p>The developer and administrator of the DOI system is the International DOI Foundation (IDF), which introduced it in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Organizations that meet the contractual obligations of the DOI system and are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs.<sup id="cite_ref-dd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dd-8">[8]</a></sup> The DOI system is implemented through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the IDF.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> By late April 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and by April 2013 this number had grown to 85 million DOI names assigned through 9,500 organizations.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Nomenclature"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Nomenclature</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Display"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Display</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Features_and_benefits"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Features and benefits</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Comparison_with_other_identifier_schemes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison with other identifier schemes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Resolution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Resolution</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#IDF_organizational_structure"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">IDF organizational structure</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Standardization"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Standardization</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>A DOI is a type of Handle System handle, which takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Character_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Character string">character string</a> divided into two parts, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a slash. The prefix identifies the registrant of the identifier, and the suffix is chosen by the registrant and identifies the specific object associated with that DOI. Most legal <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters are allowed in these strings, which are interpreted in a <a href="/wiki/Case-insensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-insensitive">case-insensitive</a> manner. The prefix usually takes the form <code>10.NNNN</code>, where <code>NNNN</code> is a series of at least 4 numbers greater than or equal to <code>1000</code>, whose limit depends only on the total number of registrants.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossRefDOI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossRefDOI-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOIKeyFacts_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOIKeyFacts-12">[12]</a></sup> The prefix may be further subdivided with periods, like <code>10.NNNN.N</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-2.2.2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.2.2-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p>For example, in the DOI name <code>10.1000/182</code>, the prefix is <code>10.1000</code> and the suffix is <code>182</code>. The "10." part of the prefix distinguishes the handle as part of the DOI namespace, as opposed to some other Handle System namespace,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[A]</a></sup> and the characters <code>1000</code> in the prefix identify the registrant; in this case the registrant is the International DOI Foundation itself. <code>182</code> is the suffix, or item ID, identifying a single object (in this case, the latest version of the <i>DOI Handbook</i>).</p>
+<p>DOI names can identify creative works (such as texts, images, audio or video items, and software) in both electronic and physical forms, <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performances</a>, and abstract works<sup id="cite_ref-doifaq2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doifaq2-15">[14]</a></sup> such as licenses, parties to a transaction, etc.</p>
+<p>The names can refer to objects at varying levels of detail: thus DOI names can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal, or a single table in that article. The choice of level of detail is left to the assigner, but in the DOI system it must be declared as part of the metadata that is associated with a DOI name, using a data dictionary based on the <a href="/wiki/Indecs_Content_Model" title="Indecs Content Model">indecs Content Model</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Display">Display</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Display">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The official <i>DOI Handbook</i> explicitly states that DOIs should display on screens and in print in the format "doi:10.1000/182".<sup id="cite_ref-C4WDefault-2811140_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C4WDefault-2811140-16">[15]</a></sup> Contrary to the <i>DOI Handbook</i>, <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a>, a major DOI registration agency, recommends displaying a URL (for example, <code>https://doi.org/10.1000/182</code>) instead of the officially specified format (for example, <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1000/182">doi:10.1000/182</a></code>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> This URL provides the location of an <a href="/wiki/HTTP_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP proxy">HTTP proxy</a> server which will redirect web accesses to the correct online location of the linked item.<sup id="cite_ref-dd_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dd-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> This recommendation is primarily based on the assumption that the DOI is being displayed without being hyper-linked to its appropriate URL the argument being that without the hyperlink it is not as easy to copy-and-paste the full URL to actually bring up the page for the DOI, thus the entire URL should be displayed, allowing people viewing the page containing the DOI to copy-and-paste the URL, by hand, into a new window/tab in their <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> in order to go to the appropriate page for the document the DOI represents.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Major applications of the DOI system currently include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">scholarly materials</a> (journal articles, books, ebooks,etc.) through <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a>, a consortium of around 3,000 publishers; <a href="/wiki/Airiti" title="Airiti">Airiti</a>, a leading provider of electronic academic journals in Chinese and Taiwanese; and the Japan Link Center (JaLC) an organization providing link management and DOI assignment for electronic academic journals in Japanese.</li>
+<li>research datasets through <a href="/wiki/DataCite" title="DataCite">DataCite</a>, a consortium of leading research libraries, technical information providers, and scientific data centers;</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> official publications through the <a href="/wiki/Publications_Office_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications Office (European Union)">EU publications office</a>;</li>
+<li>the <a href="/wiki/CNKI" title="CNKI">Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure</a> project at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> and the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC), two initiatives sponsored by the Chinese government.</li>
+<li>Permanent global identifiers for commercial video content through the Entertainment ID Registry, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/EIDR" title="EIDR">EIDR</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>'s publication service <a href="/wiki/OECD_iLibrary" title="OECD iLibrary">OECD iLibrary</a>, each table or graph in an OECD publication is shown with a DOI name that leads to an Excel file of data underlying the tables and graphs. Further development of such services is planned.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A multilingual European DOI registration agency activity, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mEDRA.org"><i>m</i>EDRA</a>, and a Chinese registration agency, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wanfangdata.com/">Wanfang Data</a>, are active in non-English language markets.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Features_and_benefits">Features and benefits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Features and benefits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The IDF designed the DOI system to provide a form of <a href="/wiki/Persistent_identifier" title="Persistent identifier">persistent identification</a>, in which each DOI name permanently and unambiguously identifies the object to which it is associated. It also associates <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> with objects, allowing it to provide users with relevant pieces of information about the objects and their relationships. Included as part of this metadata are network actions that allow DOI names to be resolved to web locations where the objects they describe can be found. To achieve its goals, the DOI system combines the <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indecs_Content_Model" title="Indecs Content Model">indecs Content Model</a> with a social infrastructure.</p>
+<p>The Handle System ensures that the DOI name for an object is not based on any changeable attributes of the object such as its physical location or ownership, that the attributes of the object are encoded in its metadata rather than in its DOI name, and that no two objects are assigned the same DOI name. Because DOI names are short character strings, they are human-readable, may be copied and pasted as text, and fit into the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a> specification. The DOI name-resolution mechanism acts behind the scenes, so that users communicate with it in the same way as with any other web service; it is built on <a href="/wiki/Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architectures</a>, incorporates <a href="/wiki/Computational_trust" title="Computational trust">trust mechanisms</a>, and is engineered to operate reliably and flexibly so that it can be adapted to changing demands and new applications of the DOI system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> DOI name-resolution may be used with <a href="/wiki/OpenURL" title="OpenURL">OpenURL</a> to select the most appropriate among multiple locations for a given object, according to the location of the user making the request.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> However, despite this ability, the DOI system has drawn criticism from librarians for directing users to non-free copies of documents that would have been available for no additional fee from alternative locations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Indecs_Content_Model" title="Indecs Content Model">indecs Content Model</a> as used within the DOI system associates metadata with objects. A small kernel of common metadata is shared by all DOI names and can be optionally extended with other relevant data, which may be public or restricted. Registrants may update the metadata for their DOI names at any time, such as when publication information changes or when an object moves to a different URL.</p>
+<p>The International DOI Foundation (IDF) oversees the integration of these technologies and operation of the system through a technical and social infrastructure. The social infrastructure of a federation of independent registration agencies offering DOI services was modelled on existing successful federated deployments of identifiers such as <a href="/wiki/GS1" title="GS1">GS1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_with_other_identifier_schemes">Comparison with other identifier schemes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with other identifier schemes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>A DOI name differs from commonly used Internet pointers to material, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL), in that it identifies an object itself as a <a href="/wiki/First_class_(computing)" title="First class (computing)">first-class entity</a>, rather than the specific place where the object is located at a certain time. It implements the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Name</a>) concept and adds to it a data model and social infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A DOI name also differs from standard identifier registries such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">ISRC</a>, etc. The purpose of an identifier registry is to manage a given collection of identifiers, whereas the primary purpose of the DOI system is to make a collection of identifiers actionable and interoperable, where that collection can include identifiers from many other controlled collections.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The DOI system offers persistent, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_interoperability" title="Semantic interoperability">semantically-interoperable</a> resolution to related current data and is best suited to material that will be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner (e.g., public citation or managing content of value). It uses a managed registry (providing social and technical infrastructure). It does not assume any specific business model for the provision of identifiers or services and enables other existing services to link to it in defined ways. Several approaches for making identifiers persistent have been proposed. The comparison of persistent identifier approaches is difficult because they are not all doing the same thing. Imprecisely referring to a set of schemes as "identifiers" doesn't mean that they can be compared easily. Other "identifier systems" may be enabling technologies with low barriers to entry, providing an easy to use labeling mechanism that allows anyone to set up a new instance (examples include <a href="/wiki/Persistent_Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent Uniform Resource Locator">Persistent Uniform Resource Locator</a> (PURL), URLs, <a href="/wiki/Globally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Globally Unique Identifier">Globally Unique Identifiers</a> (GUIDs), etc.), but may lack some of the functionality of a registry-controlled scheme and will usually lack accompanying metadata in a controlled scheme. The DOI system does not have this approach and should not be compared directly to such identifier schemes. Various applications using such enabling technologies with added features have been devised that meet some of the features offered by the DOI system for specific sectors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Archival_Resource_Key" title="Archival Resource Key">ARK</a>).</p>
+<p>A DOI name does not depend on the object's location and, in this way, is similar to a Uniform Resource Name (URN) or PURL but differs from an ordinary URL. URLs are often used as substitute identifiers for documents on the Internet (better characterised as Uniform Resource Identifiers) although the same document at two different locations has two URLs. By contrast, persistent identifiers such as DOI names identify objects as first class entities: two instances of the same object would have the same DOI name.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolution">Resolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>DOI name resolution is provided through the <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_National_Research_Initiatives" title="Corporation for National Research Initiatives">Corporation for National Research Initiatives</a>, and is freely available to any user encountering a DOI name. Resolution redirects the user from a DOI name to one or more pieces of typed data: URLs representing instances of the object, services such as e-mail, or one or more items of metadata. To the Handle System, a DOI name is a handle, and so has a set of values assigned to it and may be thought of as a record that consists of a group of fields. Each handle value must have a data type specified in its <code><type></code> field, which defines the syntax and semantics of its data. While a DOI persistently and uniquely identifies the object to which it is assigned, DOI resolution may not be persistent, due to technical and administrative issues.</p>
+<p>To resolve a DOI name, it may be input to a DOI resolver, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/">doi.org</a>.</p>
+<p>Another approach, which avoids typing or <a href="/wiki/Cut-and-paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-and-paste">cutting-and-pasting</a> into a resolver is to include the DOI in a document as a URL which uses the resolver as an HTTP proxy, such as <code>http://doi.org/</code> (preferred)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> or <code>http://dx.doi.org/</code>, both of which support HTTPS. For example, the DOI <code>10.1000/182</code> can be included in a reference or <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> as <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1000/182">https://doi.org/10.1000/182</a></code>. This approach allows users to click on the DOI as a normal <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a>. Indeed, as previously mentioned, this is how CrossRef recommends that DOIs always be represented (preferring HTTPS over HTTP), so that if they are cut-and-pasted into other documents, emails, etc., they will be actionable.</p>
+<p>Other DOI resolvers and HTTP Proxies include <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net">http://hdl.handle.net</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doi.medra.org">http://doi.medra.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.pangaea.de/">https://doi.pangaea.de/</a>. At the beginning of the year 2016, a new class of alternative DOI resolvers was started by <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doai.io">http://doai.io</a>. This service is unusual in that it tries to find a <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">non-paywalled</a> version of a title and redirects you to that instead of the publisher's version.<sup id="cite_ref-capsh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capsh-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Since then, other open-access favoring DOI resolvers have been created, notably <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oadoi.org/">https://oadoi.org/</a> in October 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-impactstory_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impactstory-29">[28]</a></sup> While traditional DOI resolvers solely rely on the Handle System, alternative DOI resolvers first consult open access resources such as <a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a> (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).<sup id="cite_ref-capsh_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capsh-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-impactstory_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impactstory-29">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<p>An alternative to HTTP proxies is to use one of a number of add-ons and plug-ins for <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browsers</a>, thereby avoiding the conversion of the DOIs to URLs,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> which depend on domain names and may be subject to change, while still allowing the DOI to be treated as a normal hyperlink. For example. the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handle.net/tools/extensions/firefox_hdlclient.html">CNRI Handle Extension for Firefox</a>, enables the browser to access Handle System handles or DOIs like <code>hdl:4263537/4000</code> or <code>doi:10.1000/1</code> directly in the <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> browser, using the native Handle System protocol. This plug-in can also replace references to web-to-handle proxy servers with native resolution. A disadvantage of this approach for publishers is that, at least at present, most users will be encountering the DOIs in a browser, <a href="/wiki/Mail_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail reader">mail reader</a>, or other software which does not have one of these plug-ins installed.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="IDF_organizational_structure">IDF organizational structure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IDF organizational structure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The International DOI Foundation (IDF), a non-profit organisation created in 1998, is the governance body of the DOI system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> It safeguards all <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property rights</a> relating to the DOI system, manages common operational features, and supports the development and promotion of the DOI system. The IDF ensures that any improvements made to the DOI system (including creation, maintenance, registration, resolution and policymaking of DOI names) are available to any DOI registrant. It also prevents third parties from imposing additional licensing requirements beyond those of the IDF on users of the DOI system.</p>
+<p>The IDF is controlled by a Board elected by the members of the Foundation, with an appointed Managing Agent who is responsible for co-ordinating and planning its activities. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in electronic publishing and related enabling technologies. The IDF holds annual open meetings on the topics of DOI and related issues.</p>
+<p>Registration agencies, appointed by the IDF, provide services to DOI registrants: they allocate DOI prefixes, register DOI names, and provide the necessary infrastructure to allow registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. Registration agencies are also expected to actively promote the widespread adoption of the DOI system, to cooperate with the IDF in the development of the DOI system as a whole, and to provide services on behalf of their specific user community. A list of current RAs is maintained by the International DOI Foundation. The IDF is recognized as one of the federated registrars for the Handle System by the DONA Foundation (of which the IDF is a board member), and is responsible for assigning Handle System prefixes under the top-level <code>10</code> prefix.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Registration agencies generally charge a fee to assign a new DOI name; parts of these fees are used to support the IDF. The DOI system overall, through the IDF, operates on a <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> cost recovery basis.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standardization">Standardization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standardization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The DOI system is an international standard developed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> in its technical committee on identification and description, TC46/SC9.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> The Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26324, Information and documentation Digital Object Identifier System met the ISO requirements for approval. The relevant ISO Working Group later submitted an edited version to ISO for distribution as an FDIS (Final Draft International Standard) ballot,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> which was approved by 100% of those voting in a ballot closing on 15 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> The final standard was published on 23 April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>DOI is a registered URI under the <a href="/wiki/Info_URI_scheme" title="Info URI scheme">info URI scheme</a> specified by IETF <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4452">RFC 4452</a>. info:doi/ is the infoURI Namespace of Digital Object Identifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The DOI syntax is a <a href="/wiki/NISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NISO">NISO</a> standard, first standardised in 2000, ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 Syntax for the Digital Object Identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The maintainers of the DOI system have deliberately not registered a DOI namespace for URNs, stating that:</p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>URN architecture assumes a DNS-based Resolution Discovery Service (RDS) to find the service appropriate to the given URN scheme. However no such widely deployed RDS schemes currently exist.... DOI is not registered as a URN namespace, despite fulfilling all the functional requirements, since URN registration appears to offer no advantage to the DOI System. It requires an additional layer of administration for defining DOI as a URN namespace (the string <code class="mw-highlight" id="" style="" dir="ltr">urn:doi:10.1000/1</code> rather than the simpler <code class="mw-highlight" id="" style="" dir="ltr">doi:10.1000/1</code>) and an additional step of unnecessary redirection to access the resolution service, already achieved through either http proxy or native resolution. If RDS mechanisms supporting URN specifications become widely available, DOI will be registered as a URN.</p>
+<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>International DOI Foundation, Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_DOI_Foundation2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_DOI_Foundation2012-38">[37]</a></sup></cite></div>
+</blockquote>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DataCite" title="DataCite">DataCite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_identity" title="Digital identity">Digital identity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata standards">Metadata standards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Object_identifier" title="Object identifier">Object identifier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Publisher_Item_Identifier" title="Publisher Item Identifier">Publisher Item Identifier</a> (PII)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Universally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Universally Unique Identifier">Universally Unique Identifier</a> (UUID)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Name</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other registries are identified by other strings at the start of the prefix. Handle names that begin with "100." are also in use, as for example in the following citation: <cite class="citation journal">Hammond, Joseph L., Jr.; Brown, James E.; Liu, Shyan-Shiang S. (May 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA013939">"Development of a Transmission Error Model and an Error Control Model l"</a>. Technical Report RADC-TR-75-138. Rome Air Development Center. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975STIN...7615344H">1975STIN...7615344H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/100.2%2FADA013939">100.2/ADA013939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+Transmission+Error+Model+and+an+Error+Control+Model+l&rft.au=Brown%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shyan-Shiang+S.&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.date=1975-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.dtic.mil%2F100.2%2FADA013939&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975STIN...7615344H&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F100.2%2FADA013939&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-iso-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:26324:ed-1:v1:en">"ISO 26324:2012(en), Information and documentation Digital object identifier system"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=ISO+26324%3A2012%28en%29%2C+Information+and+documentation+%E2%80%94+Digital+object+identifier+system&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Astd%3Aiso%3A26324%3Aed-1%3Av1%3Aen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.net/">"The Handle System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=The+Handle+System&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.net%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doi.org/factsheets.html">"Factsheets"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=Factsheets&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.org%2Ffactsheets.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Witten, Ian H.; David Bainbridge & David M. Nichols (2010). <i>How to Build a Digital Library</i> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 352253. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374857-7">978-0-12-374857-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.au=David+Bainbridge&rft.au=David+M.+Nichols&rft.au=Witten%2C+Ian+H.&rft.btitle=How+to+Build+a+Digital+Library&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374857-7&rft.pages=352-253&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Timmer, John (6 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2010/03/dois-and-their-discontents-1/">"DOIs and their discontents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=DOIs+and+their+discontents&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Timmer&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2010%2F03%2Fdois-and-their-discontents-1%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">DeRisi, Susanne; Kennison, Rebecca; Twyman, Nick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261894">"Editorial: The what and whys of DOIs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLoS_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS Biology">PLoS Biology</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): e57. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261894">261894</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14624257">14624257</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000057">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+The+what+and+whys+of+DOIs&rft.au=Kennison%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Twyman%2C+Nick&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.aulast=DeRisi&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.pages=e57&rft.volume=1&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC261894&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC261894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000057&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14624257&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication free to read"><img alt="open access publication free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franklin, Jack (2003). "Open access to scientific and technical information: the state of the art". In Grttemeier, Herbert; Mahon, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=2X3gW1lUvN4C&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q"><i>Open access to scientific and technical information: state of the art and future trends</i></a>. IOS Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-377-4">978-1-58603-377-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=Open+access+to+scientific+and+technical+information%3A+the+state+of+the+art&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.btitle=Open+access+to+scientific+and+technical+information%3A+state+of+the+art+and+future+trends&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-58603-377-4&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2X3gW1lUvN4C%26pg%3DPA74%23v%3Donepage%26q&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/factsheets/DOIIdentifierSpecs.html">"DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications"</a>. Doi.org. 18 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=DOI+System+and+Internet+Identifier+Specifications&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Doi.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Ffactsheets%2FDOIIdentifierSpecs.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/factsheets/DOIIdentifiers.html">"DOI System and standard identifier registries"</a>. Doi.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=DOI+System+and+standard+identifier+registries&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Doi.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Ffactsheets%2FDOIIdentifiers.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">International DOI Foundation (2014-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/doi_handbook/3_Resolution.html#3.7.3">"Resolution"</a>. <i>DOI Handbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=Resolution&rft.au=International+DOI+Foundation&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOI+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Fdoi_handbook%2F3_Resolution.html%233.7.3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-capsh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-capsh_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capsh_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doai.io/">"DOAI"</a>. CAPSH (Committee for the Accessibility of Publications in Sciences and Humanities)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=DOAI&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CAPSH+%28Committee+for+the+Accessibility+of+Publications+in+Sciences+and+Humanities%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoai.io%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Schonfeld, Roger C. (2016-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2016/03/03/coopting-official-channels/">"Co-opting 'Official' Channels through Infrastructures for Openness"</a>. <i>The Scholarly Kitchen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=Co-opting+%27Official%27+Channels+through+Infrastructures+for+Openness&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rft.aulast=Schonfeld&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scholarly+Kitchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlykitchen.sspnet.org%2F2016%2F03%2F03%2Fcoopting-official-channels%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-impactstory-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-impactstory_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impactstory_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Piwowar, Heather (2016-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.impactstory.org/introducting-oadoi/">"Introducing oaDOI: resolve a DOI straight to OA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.aulast=Piwowar&rft.btitle=Introducing+oaDOI%3A+resolve+a+DOI+straight+to+OA&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.impactstory.org%2Fintroducting-oadoi%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/tools.html">"DOI System Tools"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=DOI+System+Tools&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.org%2Ftools.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Chapter 7: The International DOI Foundation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/doi_handbook/7_IDF.html#7.5"><i>DOI Handbook</i></a>. Doi.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+International+DOI+Foundation&rft.btitle=DOI+Handbook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Doi.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Fdoi_handbook%2F7_IDF.html%237.5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dona.net/mpa/">"DONA Foundation Multi-Primary Administrators"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=DONA+Foundation+Multi-Primary+Administrators&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdona.net%2Fmpa%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1561">"Digital object identifier (DOI) becomes an ISO standard"</a>. iso.org. 10 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=Digital+object+identifier+%28DOI%29+becomes+an+ISO+standard&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=iso.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fpressrelease.htm%3Frefid%3DRef1561&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/about_the_doi.html#TC46">"about_the_doi.html DOI Standards and Specifications"</a>. Doi.org. 28 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=about_the_doi.html+DOI+Standards+and+Specifications&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Doi.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Fabout_the_doi.html%23TC46&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/about_the_doi.html#TC46">"Overviews & Standards Standards and Specifications: 1. ISO TC46/SC9 Standards"</a>. Doi.org. 18 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=Overviews+%26+Standards+%E2%80%93+Standards+and+Specifications%3A+1.+ISO+TC46%2FSC9+Standards&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Doi.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Fabout_the_doi.html%23TC46&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-uri.info/registry/docs/misc/faq.html#which_namespaces">"About "info" URIs Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Info-uri.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=About+%22info%22+URIs+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Info-uri.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo-uri.info%2Fregistry%2Fdocs%2Fmisc%2Ffaq.html%23which_namespaces&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techstreet.com/standards/niso-z39-84-2005-r2010?product_id=1262088">"ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000 Syntax for the Digital Object Identifier"</a>. Techstreet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+object+identifier&rft.btitle=ANSI%2FNISO+Z39.84%26%2345%3B2000+Syntax+for+the+Digital+Object+Identifier&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Techstreet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techstreet.com%2Fstandards%2Fniso-z39-84-2005-r2010%3Fproduct_id%3D1262088&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_DOI_Foundation2012-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_DOI_Foundation2012_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_DOI_Foundation2012">International DOI Foundation (2012)</a>.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="22" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <i><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P356" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P356">DOI <small>(P356)</small></a></b></i> (see <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Property:P356" class="extiw" title="d:Special:WhatLinksHere/Property:P356">uses</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shortdoi.org">Short DOI</a> DOI Foundation service for converting long DOIs to shorter equivalents</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/factsheets/DOIIdentifierSpecs.html">Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.crossref.org/">CrossRef DOI lookup</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_numbering_standards" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_numbering_standards" title="Template:International numbering standards"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_numbering_standards" title="Template talk:International numbering standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:International_numbering_standards&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="International_numbering_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International numbering standards</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>Standards</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em;">
+<ul>
+<li>ISO 2108: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a> (ISBN)</li>
+<li>ISO 3297: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a> (ISSN)</li>
+<li>ISO 3901: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">International Standard Recording Code</a> (ISRC)</li>
+<li>ISO 6166: <a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">International Securities Identification Number</a> (ISIN)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">ISO/IEC 7812</a>: Issuer identification number (IIN)</li>
+<li>ISO 10957: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">International Standard Music Number</a> (ISMN)</li>
+<li>ISO 13616: <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">International Bank Account Number</a> (IBAN)</li>
+<li>ISO 15511: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">International Standard Identifier for Libraries...</a> (ISIL)</li>
+<li>ISO 15706: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">International Standard Audiovisual Number</a> (ISAN)</li>
+<li>ISO 15707: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">International Standard Musical Work Code</a> (ISWC)</li>
+<li>ISO 17316: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Link_Identifier" title="International Standard Link Identifier">International Standard Link Identifier</a> (ISLI)</li>
+<li>ISO 17442: <a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">Legal Entity Identifier</a> (LEI)</li>
+<li>ISO 21047: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">International Standard Text Code</a> (ISTC)</li>
+<li>ISO 26324: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital Object Identifier</a> System (DOI)</li>
+<li>ISO 27729: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a> (ISNI)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CAE_number" title="CAE number">CAE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interested_Parties_Information" title="Interested Parties Information">IPI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a> (VIAF)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:ISO_standards&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">by standard number</span></span></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">ISO standards</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19999</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_number" title="Preferred number">3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5" title="ISO 5">5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6">6</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 7">7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-2" title="ISO 31-2">-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_226" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 226">226</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/British_standard_pipe_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="British standard pipe thread">228</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">269</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_428" title="ISO 428">428</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_518" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 518">518</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_519" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 519">519</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A_font" class="mw-redirect" title="OCR-A font">1073-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1413" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 1413">1413</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 1989">1989</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">2108</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2240" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2240">2240</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5800" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 5800">5800</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6166" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6166">6166</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6523" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6523">6523</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8820-5" title="ISO/IEC 8820-5">8820-5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9529" title="ISO 9529">9529</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">9899</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9984" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9984">9984</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9985" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9985">9985</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000019999</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10005" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10005">10005</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(cryptography)" title="Whirlpool (cryptography)">10118-3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10206" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10206">10206</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10383" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10383">10383</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10487" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10487">10487</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_%26_11785" title="ISO 11784 & 11785">11784</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_%26_11785" title="ISO 11784 & 11785">11785</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11898" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 11898">11898</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">12234-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Topic_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic Maps">13250</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">-10</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_12" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 12">-12</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-14</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-17</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-20</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14651" title="ISO 14651">14651</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14750" title="ISO 14750">14750</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15292" title="ISO 15292">15292</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15706-2" title="ISO 15706-2">-2</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15897" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 15897">15897</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TS_16949" title="ISO/TS 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100:2015" title="ISO 17100:2015">17100</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18000" title="ISO/IEC 18000">18000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" title="ISO 19092-1">19092 (-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" title="ISO 19092-2">-2)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19115" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19115">19115</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_feature_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple feature access">19125</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19136" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19136">19136</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600:2014" title="ISO 19600:2014">19600:2014</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827:2002</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">26324</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001:2005" title="ISO/IEC 27001:2005">27001:2005</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001:2013" title="ISO/IEC 27001:2013">27001:2013</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_29110" title="ISO 29110">29110</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">32000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-1" title="ISO 80000-1">-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-2" title="ISO 80000-2">-2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-3" title="ISO 80000-3">-3</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh99010374">sh99010374</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7694956-4">7694956-4</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135461391">cb135461391</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135461391">(data)</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificador_d%27oxetu_dixital" title="Identificador d'oxetu dixital Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99mli_obyektin_identifikatoru" title="Rqmli obyektin identifikatoru Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title=" Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2%CD%98-%C5%ABi_Mi%CC%8Dh-ki%C4%81%E2%81%BF_Sek-pia%CC%8Dt-h%C5%8D" title="S-i Mih-ki Sek-piat-h Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title=" Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI" title="DOI Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI" title="DOI Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificador_de_objeto_digital" title="Identificador de objeto digital Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifereca_objekta_identigilo" title="Cifereca objekta identigilo Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A1" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangidh%C3%A8ntifikasi_Oby%C3%A8k_Digital" title="Pangidhntifikasi Obyk Digital Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitlais objektu identifikators Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecam_objek_digital" title="Pengecam objek digital Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B0" title=" Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqamli_obyekt_identifikatori" title="Raqamli obyekt identifikatori Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy) Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifikues_digjital_objektesh" title="Identifikues digjital objektesh Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifikator_digitalnega_objekta" title="Identifikator digitalnega objekta Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI" title="DOI Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title=" Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title=" Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">/tatara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Saysal nesne tanmlaycs Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title=" ' Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%81" title=" Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI" title="DOI Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li 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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Euro</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the currency. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Euro_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Euro (disambiguation)">Euro (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"EUR" and "Euros" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EUR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EUR (disambiguation)">EUR (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euros_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Euros (disambiguation)">Euros (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: lightskyblue; padding: 0.5em 0em;">
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Euro</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 100%; font-weight:bold;"> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>)</small>, <small>(<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</small>, eiro <small>(<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</small>, euras <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>)</small>, ewro <small>(<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>)</small>, evro <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_Series_Banknotes.png" class="image"><img alt="Euro Series Banknotes.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euro_Series_Banknotes.png/252px-Euro_Series_Banknotes.png" width="252" height="249" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euro_Series_Banknotes.png/378px-Euro_Series_Banknotes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euro_Series_Banknotes.png/504px-Euro_Series_Banknotes.png 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1866" /></a>
+<div>Euro banknotes as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightskyblue;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Code</th>
+<td>EUR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Number</th>
+<td>978</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Exponent</th>
+<td>2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightskyblue;">Denominations</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Subunit</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">1/100</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cent</a><br />
+<small>Actual usage <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">varies depending on language</a></small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></th>
+<td><i>See <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">Euro linguistic issues</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cent</a></span></th>
+<td><i>See article</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign"></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Nickname</th>
+<td>
+<p>The single currency<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><br /></p>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">local names</a></div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">E (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Eur (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Eiro (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Euras (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ewro (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Banknotes</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">20</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">50</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">200</a>, <a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">500</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Coins</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/1_cent_euro_coin" title="1 cent euro coin">1c</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_cent_euro_coin" title="2 cent euro coin">2c</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_cent_euro_coin" title="5 cent euro coin">5c</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_cent_euro_coin" title="10 cent euro coin">10c</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_cent_euro_coin" title="20 cent euro coin">20c</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_cent_euro_coin" title="50 cent euro coin">50c</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">2</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightskyblue;">Demographics</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Official user(s)</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (19)</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/17px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" width="17" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/27px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="390" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 3]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 4]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Monetary agreement (9)</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 5]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" width="19" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 6]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 7]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" />  </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[note 8]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> <small>(United Kingdom)</small><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 9]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a> <small>(France)</small></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthlemy">Saint Barthlemy</a> <small>(France)</small></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <small>(France)</small></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon"><img alt="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> <small>(France)</small><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 10]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Unofficial user(s)</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Unilateral_adopters" title="International status and usage of the euro">Unilateral adoption</a> (2)</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 11]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 12]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Usage_in_states_with_another_official_currency" title="International status and usage of the euro">Other partial users</a> (2)</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[note 13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[note 14]</a></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[note 15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 16]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightskyblue;">Issuance</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Website</span></th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.europa.eu">www<wbr />.ecb<wbr />.europa<wbr />.eu</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer (publisher)">Printer</a></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Several</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Poligrafico_e_Zecca_dello_Stato" title="Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bundesdruckerei" title="Bundesdruckerei">Bundesdruckerei</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_Nacional_de_Moneda_y_Timbre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fbrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre">Fbrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_Oberthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Franois-Charles Oberthur">Franois-Charles Oberthur</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Giesecke_%26_Devrient" title="Giesecke & Devrient">Giesecke & Devrient</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Joh._Ensched%C3%A9" title="Joh. Ensched">Royal Joh. Ensched</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sterreichische_Banknoten-_und_Sicherheitsdruck_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="sterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH (page does not exist)">sterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Setec_(Company_of_Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Setec (Company of Finland)">Setec Oy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Website</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Several</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipzs.it/">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bportugal.pt/">Banco de Portugal  Imprensa Nacional / Casa da Moeda</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofgreece.gr/">Bank of Greece</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banque-france.fr/">Banque de France</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesdruckerei.de/">Bundesdruckerei</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralbank.ie/">Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delarue.com/">De La Rue</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnmt.es/">Fbrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oberthur.com/">Franois-Charles Oberthur</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi-de.com/">Giesecke & Devrient</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joh-enschede.nl/">Royal Joh. Ensched</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbb.be/">National Bank of Belgium</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oebs.at/">Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setec.com/">Setec Oy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">Mint</a></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Several</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayerisches_Hauptm%C3%BCnzamt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayerisches Hauptmnzamt (page does not exist)">Bayerisches Hauptmnzamt</a>, Munich (<a href="/wiki/Mint_mark" title="Mint mark">Mint mark</a>: D)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_Nacional_de_Moneda_y_Timbre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fbrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre">Fbrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hamburgische_M%C3%BCnze" title="Hamburgische Mnze">Hamburgische Mnze</a> (J)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Imprensa_Nacional_Casa_da_Moeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda">Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda</a> SA</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Poligrafico_e_Zecca_dello_Stato" title="Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Nederlandse_Munt" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt">Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koninklijke_Munt_van_Belgi%C3%AB/Monnaie_Royale_de_Belgique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koninklijke Munt van Belgi/Monnaie Royale de Belgique (page does not exist)">Koninklijke Munt van Belgi/Monnaie Royale de Belgique</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kremnica_mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremnica mint">Mincova Kremnica</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Monnaie_de_Paris" title="Monnaie de Paris">Monnaie de Paris</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnze_%C3%96sterreich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnze sterreich">Mnze sterreich</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rahapaja_Oy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahapaja Oy">Rahapaja Oy/Myntverket i Finland Ab</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Staatliche_M%C3%BCnze_Berlin" title="Staatliche Mnze Berlin">Staatliche Mnze Berlin</a> (A)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staatliche_M%C3%BCnze_Karlsruhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staatliche Mnze Karlsruhe (page does not exist)">Staatliche Mnze Karlsruhe</a> (G)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staatliche_M%C3%BCnze_Stuttgart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staatliche Mnze Stuttgart (page does not exist)">Staatliche Mnze Stuttgart</a> (F)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Mint" title="Lithuanian Mint">Lithuanian Mint</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Website</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Several</div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hma.bayern.de/">Munich mint</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riai.ie/">Currency Centre</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnmt.es/en/home">Fbrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenzehamburg.de/">Hamburg mint</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incm.pt/">Imprensa Nacional  Casa da Moeda SA</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipzs.it/">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.knm.nl/">Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monnaieroyaledebelgique.be/">Koninklijke Munt van Belgi/Monnaie Royale de Belgique</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monnaiedeparis.com/">Monnaie de Paris</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austrian-mint.at/">Mnze sterreich</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suomenrahapaja.fi/eng/">Rahapaja Oy/Myntverket i Finland Ab</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenze-berlin.de/">Berlin mint</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staatlichemuenzenbw.de/">Karlsruhe-Stuttgart mints</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kalykla.lt/">Lithuanian mint</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightskyblue;">Valuation</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_inflation" title="Monetary inflation">Inflation</a></th>
+<td>2.0% (February 2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Source</span></th>
+<td>February 2017<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Method</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Harmonised_Index_of_Consumer_Prices" title="Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices">HICP</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">Pegged by</a></th>
+<td>
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Pegged_currencies" title="International status and usage of the euro">11 currencies</a></div>
+<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia & Herz. convertible mark</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros"><img alt="Comoros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a> (2.25%)</li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="So Tom and Prncipe"><img alt="So Tom and Prncipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="So Tom and Prncipe dobra">So Tom and Prncipe dobra</a></li>
+<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The <b>euro</b> (<a href="/wiki/Currency_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency sign">sign</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign"></a></b>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">code</a>: <b>EUR</b>) is the official currency of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>, which consists of 19 of the 28 <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a>: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-About_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-19">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The currency is also officially used by the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">four other European countries</a>, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[5]</a></sup> Outside Europe, a number of <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">overseas territories of EU members</a> also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, 210 million people worldwide as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> use currencies <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">pegged</a> to the euro.</p>
+<p>The euro is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[8]</a></sup> As of January 2017<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, with more than 1,109,000,000,000 in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[note 17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The name <i>euro</i> was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-madrid1995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrid1995-27">[10]</a></sup> The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">accounting currency</a> on 1 January 1999, replacing the former <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a> (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by May 2002 had completely replaced the former currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[11]</a></sup> While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[12]</a></sup> Since late 2009, the euro has been immersed in the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a> which has led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro#Reform" title="History of the euro">other reforms</a> aimed at stabilising the currency. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spain's troubled banking sector.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[13]</a></sup> As of October 2017, the eurodollar exchange rate stands at ~US$1.18.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Issuing_modalities_for_banknotes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Issuing modalities for banknotes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Coins_and_banknotes"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Coins and banknotes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Payments_clearing.2C_electronic_funds_transfer"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Currency_sign"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Currency sign</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Introduction"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Eurozone_crisis"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Eurozone crisis</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Direct_and_indirect_usage"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Direct and indirect usage</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Direct_usage"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Direct usage</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Use_as_reserve_currency"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Use as reserve currency</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Currencies pegged to the euro</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Economics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Economics</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Optimal_currency_area"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Optimal currency area</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Transaction_costs_and_risks"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transaction costs and risks</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Price_parity"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Price parity</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Macroeconomic_stability"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Macroeconomic stability</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Trade"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trade</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Investment"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Investment</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Inflation"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Inflation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Exchange_rate_risk"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Exchange rate risk</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Financial_integration"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Financial integration</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Effect_on_interest_rates"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Effect on interest rates</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Price_convergence"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Price convergence</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Exchange_rates"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Exchange rates</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Flexible_exchange_rates"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flexible exchange rates</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Against_other_major_currencies"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Against other major currencies</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Linguistic_issues"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Linguistic issues</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administration">Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg/150px-European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg" width="150" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg/225px-European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg/300px-European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="6000" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> has <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="Seat of the European Central Bank">its seat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> (Germany) and is in charge of the monetary policy of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">euro area</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></div>
+<p>The euro is managed and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>-based <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB) and the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> (composed of the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> of the eurozone countries). As an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">coins</a> in all member states, and the operation of the eurozone payment systems.</p>
+<p>The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a>, although not all states have done so. The United Kingdom and Denmark negotiated exemptions,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[15]</a></sup> while Sweden (which joined the EU in 1995, after the Maastricht Treaty was signed) turned down the euro in a 2003 referendum, and has circumvented the obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements. All nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Issuing_modalities_for_banknotes">Issuing modalities for banknotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Issuing modalities for banknotes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Since 1 January 2002, the national central banks (NCBs) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a> have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-33">[16]</a></sup> Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them. Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the total value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-33">[16]</a></sup> In practice, the ECB's banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs, thereby incurring matching liabilities vis--vis the ECB. These liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The other 92% of euro banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their respective shares of the ECB capital key,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-33">[16]</a></sup> calculated using national share of European Union (EU) population and national share of EU GDP, equally weighted.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coins_and_banknotes">Coins and banknotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coins and banknotes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/220px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/330px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/440px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Euro coins and banknotes of various denominations.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The euro is divided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cents</a> (sometimes referred to as <i>euro cents</i>, especially when distinguishing them from other currencies, and referred to as such on the common side of all cent coins). In Community legislative acts the plural forms of <i>euro</i> and <i>cent</i> are spelled without the <i>s</i>, notwithstanding normal English usage.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-35">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[19]</a></sup> Otherwise, normal English plurals are sometimes used,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[20]</a></sup> with many <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">local variations</a> such as <i>centime</i> in France.</p>
+<p>All circulating coins have a <i>common side</i> showing the denomination or value, and a map in the background. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">linguistic plurality in the European Union</a>, the Latin alphabet version of <i>euro</i> is used (as opposed to the less common Greek or Cyrillic) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> (other text is used on national sides in national languages, but other text on the common side is avoided). For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, the map only showed the 15 member states which were members when the euro was introduced. Beginning in 2007 or 2008 (depending on the country) the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway. The 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, however, keep their old design, showing a geographical map of Europe with the 15 member states of 2002 raised somewhat above the rest of the map. All common sides were designed by <a href="/wiki/Luc_Luycx" title="Luc Luycx">Luc Luycx</a>. The coins also have a <i>national side</i> showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. Euro coins from any member state may be freely used in any nation that has adopted the euro.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png/220px-New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png/330px-New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png/440px-New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1040" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The new banknotes were introduced in the beginning of 2013. The top half of the image shows the front side of the banknote and the bottom half shows the back side.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR_10_obverse_(2014_issue).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EUR_10_obverse_%282014_issue%29.png/220px-EUR_10_obverse_%282014_issue%29.png" width="220" height="114" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EUR_10_obverse_%282014_issue%29.png/330px-EUR_10_obverse_%282014_issue%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EUR_10_obverse_%282014_issue%29.png/440px-EUR_10_obverse_%282014_issue%29.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="310" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR_10_obverse_(2014_issue).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10 euro note</a> from the new Europa series written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (EURO) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> () alphabets, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Cyrillic</a> () alphabet, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> joining the European Union in 2007.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The coins are issued in <a href="/wiki/2_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2 euro coins">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="1 euro coins">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_cent_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="50 cent euro coins">50c</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_cent_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="20 cent euro coins">20c</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_cent_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="10 cent euro coins">10c</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_cent_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="5 cent euro coins">5c</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_cent_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2 cent euro coins">2c</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1_cent_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="1 cent euro coins">1c</a> denominations. To avoid the use of the two smallest coins, some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands and Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[22]</a></sup> (by voluntary agreement) and in Finland (by law).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[23]</a></sup> This practice is discouraged by the Commission, as is the practice of certain shops to refuse to accept high value euro notes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2 commemorative coins">Commemorative coins</a> with 2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin. These include both commonly issued coins, such as the 2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and nationally issued coins, such as the coin to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> issued by Greece. These coins are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Collector coins with various other denominations have been issued as well, but these are not intended for general circulation, and they are legal tender only in the member state that issued them.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The design for the <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a> has common designs on both sides. The design was created by the Austrian designer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kalina" title="Robert Kalina">Robert Kalina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-euro96_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro96-43">[26]</a></sup> Notes are issued in <a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">500</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">200</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">50</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">20</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5</a>. Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture. The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges, symbolising links between countries and with the future. While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics, the initial designs by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kalina" title="Robert Kalina">Robert Kalina</a> were of specific bridges, including the <a href="/wiki/Rialto" title="Rialto">Rialto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Neuilly" title="Pont de Neuilly">Pont de Neuilly</a>, and were subsequently rendered more generic; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes; thus they are not truly generic. The monuments looked similar enough to different national monuments to please everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Payments_clearing,_electronic_funds_transfer"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Payments_clearing.2C_electronic_funds_transfer">Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single Euro Payments Area</a></div>
+<p>Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one country to another. All intra-EU transfers in euro are treated as domestic transactions and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[28]</a></sup> This includes all member states of the EU, even those outside the eurozone providing the transactions are carried out in euro.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[29]</a></sup> Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also treated as domestic transactions; however paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The ECB has also set up a <a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">clearing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/TARGET" class="mw-redirect" title="TARGET">TARGET</a>, for large euro transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Currency_sign">Currency sign</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Currency sign">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_logo_plus_character.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euro_logo_plus_character.png/220px-Euro_logo_plus_character.png" width="220" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euro_logo_plus_character.png/330px-Euro_logo_plus_character.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euro_logo_plus_character.png/440px-Euro_logo_plus_character.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="301" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_logo_plus_character.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The euro sign; logotype and handwritten</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a></div>
+<p>A special <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">euro currency sign</a> () was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the design created by the Belgian Alain Billiet.</p>
+<table class="cquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;"></td>
+<td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Inspiration for the symbol itself came from the <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Greek epsilon</a> ()<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[note 18]</a></sup>  a reference to the cradle of European civilisation  and the first letter of the word Europe, crossed by two parallel lines to 'certify' the stability of the euro.</td>
+<td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground and background colour tones.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[31]</a></sup> While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape, font designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[32]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriters</a> lacking the euro sign can create it by typing a capital 'C', backspacing and <a href="/wiki/Overstrike" title="Overstrike">overstriking</a> it with the equal ('=') sign. Placement of the currency sign relative to the numeric amount varies from nation to nation, but for texts in English the symbol (or the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>-standard "EUR") should precede the amount.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<p>There is no official symbol for the cent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Introduction">Introduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:right">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euro_adoption_past" title="Template:Euro adoption past"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euro_adoption_past" title="Template talk:Euro adoption past"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Euro_adoption_past&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">
+<caption>Preceding national currencies of the Eurozone</caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Currency</th>
+<th>Code<br />
+(<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a>)</th>
+<th>Rate<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[34]</a></sup></th>
+<th>Fixed on</th>
+<th>Yielded</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>ATS</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7001137603000000000</span>13.7603</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>BEF</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7001403399000000000</span>40.3399</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>CYP</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999585274000000000</span>0.585274</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2007-07-10</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2008-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>NLG</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000220371000000000</span>2.20371</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>EEK</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7001156466000000000</span>15.6466</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2010-07-13</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2011-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>FIM</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000594573000000000</span>5.94573</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>FRF</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000655957000000000</span>6.55957</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">German mark</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>DEM</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000195583000000000</span>1.95583</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_drachma" title="Greek drachma">Greek drachma</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>GRD</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7002340750000000000</span>340.75</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2000-06-19</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2001-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>IEP</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999787564000000000</span>0.787564</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>ITL</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7003193627000000000</span>1,936.27</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>LVL</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999702804000000000</span>0.702804</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2013-07-09</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2014-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>LTL</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000345280000000000</span>3.4528</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2014-07-23</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2015-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_franc" title="Luxembourgish franc">Luxembourgish franc</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>LUF</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7001403399000000000</span>40.3399</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">Maltese lira</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>MTL</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999429300000000000</span>0.4293</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2007-07-10</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2008-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" width="19" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_franc" title="Mongasque franc">Mongasque franc</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>MCF</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000655957000000000</span>6.55957</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>PTE</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7002200482000000000</span>200.482</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_lira" title="Sammarinese lira">Sammarinese lira</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>SML</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7003193627000000000</span>1,936.27</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>SKK</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7001301260000000000</span>30.126</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2008-07-08</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2009-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">Slovenian tolar</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>SIT</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7002239640000000000</span>239.64</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2006-07-11</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">2007-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>ESP</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7002166386000000000</span>166.386</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><tt>VAL</tt></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7003193627000000000</span>1,936.27</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1998-12-31</td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">1999-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>. To participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">strict criteria</a>, such as a budget <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a> of less than three percent of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty percent of GDP (both of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction), low inflation, and <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro.</p>
+<p>Economists who helped create or contributed to the euro include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Arditti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Arditti (page does not exist)">Fred Arditti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Dowling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Dowling (page does not exist)">Neil Dowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Padoa-Schioppa" title="Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa">Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tollison" title="Robert Tollison">Robert Tollison</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What are the criteria for inclusion in this list (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (For <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> theory, see <a href="#Optimal_currency_area">below</a>.)</p>
+<p>The name "euro" was officially adopted in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> on 16 December 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-madrid1995_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrid1995-27">[10]</a></sup> Belgian <a href="/wiki/Esperantist" title="Esperantist">Esperantist</a> <a href="/wiki/Germain_Pirlot" title="Germain Pirlot">Germain Pirlot</a>, a former teacher of French and history is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a>, suggesting the name "euro" on 4 August 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Due to differences in national conventions for <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangulation (finance)">triangulation</a> via the euro. The <i>definitive</i> values of one euro in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a> at which the currency entered the euro are shown on the right.</p>
+<p>The rates were determined by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[note 19]</a></sup> based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998. They were set so that one <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a> (ECU) would equal one euro. The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>) that day.</p>
+<p>The procedure used to fix the conversion rate between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_drachma" title="Greek drachma">Greek drachma</a> and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[note 20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The currency was introduced in non-physical form (<a href="/wiki/Traveller%27s_cheque" class="mw-redirect" title="Traveller's cheque">traveller's cheques</a>, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a> (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.</p>
+<p>The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">mark</a> officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to indefinitely (the latter for Austria, Germany, Ireland, Estonia and Latvia in banknotes and coins, and for Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Slovakia in banknotes only). The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">escudos</a>, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.</p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eurozone_crisis">Eurozone crisis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eurozone crisis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eurozone_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone crisis">Eurozone crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9311_Icelandic_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="200811 Icelandic financial crisis">200811 Icelandic financial crisis</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_surplus_or_deficit_(EU-USA-UK).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/220px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png" width="220" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/330px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="367" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_surplus_or_deficit_(EU-USA-UK).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Budget deficit of the euro area compared to the United States and the UK.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Following the U.S. financial crisis in 2008, fears of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign debt crisis</a> developed in 2009 among investors concerning some European states, with the situation becoming particularly tense in <a href="/wiki/2000s_European_sovereign_debt_crisis_timeline" title="2000s European sovereign debt crisis timeline">early 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[37]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a> was most acutely affected, but fellow Eurozone members <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a> were also significantly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[39]</a></sup> To be included in the eurozone, countries had to fulfil certain <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a>, but the meaningfulness of such criteria was diminished by the fact it was not enforced with the same level of strictness among countries.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> in 2011, "[I]f the [euro area] is treated as a single entity, its [economic and fiscal] position looks no worse and in some respects, rather better than that of the US or the UK" and the budget deficit for the euro area as a whole is much lower and the euro area's government debt/GDP ratio of 86% in 2010 was about the same level as that of the United States. "Moreover", they write, "private-sector indebtedness across the euro area as a whole is markedly lower than in the highly leveraged <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglo-Saxon</a> economies". The authors conclude that the crisis "is as much political as economic" and the result of the fact that the euro area lacks the support of "institutional <a href="/wiki/Paraphernalia" title="Paraphernalia">paraphernalia</a> (and mutual bonds of solidarity) of a state".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The crisis continued with S&P downgrading the credit rating of nine euro-area countries, including France, then downgrading the entire <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a> (EFSF) fund.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[42]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A historical parallel  to 1931 when Germany was burdened with debt, unemployment and austerity while France and the United States were relatively strong creditors  <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ahamed#Lords_of_Finance" title="Liaquat Ahamed">gained attention</a> in summer 2012<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[43]</a></sup> even as Germany received a <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating#Credit_rating_agencies" title="Bond credit rating">debt-rating</a> warning of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[45]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Direct_and_indirect_usage">Direct and indirect usage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Direct and indirect usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage of the euro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></div>
+<div class="infobox" style="float:right; position:relative; padding:10px 10px 80px; overflow:hidden;">
+<div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Eurozone_map.svg/400px-Eurozone_map.svg.png" width="400" height="396" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Eurozone_map.svg/600px-Eurozone_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Eurozone_map.svg/800px-Eurozone_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="450" /></a>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:308px"><span style="background:#F3D858"><a href="/wiki/Andorra_and_the_euro" title="Andorra and the euro"><span style="color:black">Andorra</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:296px"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro"><span style="color:black">Bulgaria</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:280px"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro"><span style="color:black">Croatia</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:236px"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro"><span style="color:black">Czech Rep.</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:176px"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro"><span style="color:black">Denmark</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; font-size:128%; left:106px; top:248px"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone"><span style="color:black;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-variant:small-caps">Eurozone</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:222px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro"><span style="color:black">Hungary</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:266px; top:310px"><span style="background:#DCB2DF"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro"><span style="color:black">Kosovo</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:296px"><span style="background:#F3D858"><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Mongasque euro coins"><span style="color:black">Monaco</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:312px"><span style="background:#DCB2DF"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro"><span style="color:black">Monte</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:324px"><span style="background:#DCB2DF"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro"><span style="color:black">negro</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro"><span style="color:black">Poland</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:266px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro"><span style="color:black">Romania</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:300px"><span style="background:#F3D858"><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" title="Sammarinese euro coins"><span style="color:black">San Marino</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro"><span style="color:black">Sweden</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:78px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro"><span style="color:black">United<br />
+Kingdom</span></a></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:332px"><span style="background:#F3D858"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins"><span style="color:black">Vatican</span></a></span></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:400px">
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #A4C2D9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></div>
+</div>
+<div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:424px">
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #A2D78D; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism#Replacement_with_the_euro_and_ERM_II" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM II</a></div>
+</div>
+<div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:94px; top:400px">
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #D37F7F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Other EU members</a></div>
+</div>
+<div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:94px; top:424px">
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #F3D858; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Monetary agreement</a></div>
+</div>
+<div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:254px; top:400px">
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #DCB2DF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Unilateral_adopters" title="International status and usage of the euro">Unilaterally adopted</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div style="position:absolute;bottom:2px;right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurozone_labelled_map" title="Template:Eurozone labelled map"><img alt="Desc-i.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/10px-Desc-i.svg.png" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/15px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/20px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Direct_usage">Direct usage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Direct usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The euro is the sole currency of 19 <a href="/wiki/European_Union_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union member states">EU member states</a>: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. These countries constitute the "<a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>", some 332 million people in total as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_data_sheet_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_data_sheet-66">[46]</a></sup></p>
+<p>With all but two of the remaining EU members obliged to join, together with future members of the EU, the <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">enlargement of the eurozone</a> is set to continue. Outside the EU, the euro is also the sole currency of Montenegro and Kosovo and several <a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">European microstates</a> (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City) as well as in four <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">overseas territories of EU members</a> that are not themselves part of the EU (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthlemy">Saint Barthlemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>). Together this direct usage of the euro outside the EU affects nearly 3 million people.</p>
+<p>The euro has been used as a trading currency in Cuba since 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[47]</a></sup> and Syria since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[48]</a></sup> There are also various currencies pegged to the euro (see below). In 2009, Zimbabwe abandoned its <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">local currency</a> and used major currencies instead, including the euro and the United States dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_as_reserve_currency">Use as reserve currency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use as reserve currency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Since its introduction, the euro has been the second most widely held international <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> after the U.S. dollar. The share of the euro as a reserve currency increased from 18% in 1999 to 27% in 2008. Over this period, the share held in U.S. dollar fell from 71% to 64% and that held in Yen fell from 6.4% to 3.3%. The euro inherited and built on the status of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> as the second most important reserve currency. The euro remains underweight as a reserve currency in advanced economies while overweight in emerging and developing economies: according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><sup id="cite_ref-external1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-external1-70">[50]</a></sup> the total of euro held as a reserve in the world at the end of 2008 was equal to $1.1 trillion or 850 billion, with a share of 22% of all currency reserves in advanced economies, but a total of 31% of all currency reserves in emerging and developing economies.</p>
+<p>The possibility of the euro becoming the first international reserve currency is now widely debated among economists.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[51]</a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/US_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="US Federal Reserve">US Federal Reserve</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> gave his opinion in September 2007 that it was "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the US dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[52]</a></sup> In contrast to Greenspan's 2007 assessment, the euro's increase in the share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has slowed considerably since 2007 and since the beginning of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">credit crunch</a> related recession and <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-external1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-external1-70">[50]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro">Currencies pegged to the euro</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Currencies pegged to the euro">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage of the euro</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg/300px-DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg.png" width="300" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg/450px-DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg/600px-DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Worldwide use of the euro and the US dollar:
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #092D98; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #98b3ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> External adopters of the euro</div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #510999; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the euro</div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #CC99FF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the euro within narrow band</div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #099811; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> United States</div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #99FF9E; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> External adopters of the US dollar</div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #999909; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the US dollar</div>
+<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFF99; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the US dollar within narrow band</div>
+<hr />
+<small>Note: The <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a> is pegged to the euro, <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> and US$ in a currency basket.</small></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Outside the eurozone, a total of 22 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 13 countries in mainland Africa (<a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a>), two African island countries (<a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a>), three French Pacific territories (<a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a>) and three Balkan countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (<a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a>), Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a>) and Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[53]</a></sup> On 28 July 2009, So Tom and Prncipe signed an agreement with Portugal which will eventually tie its currency to the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[54]</a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a> is tied to a basket of currencies, including the euro and the US dollar, with the euro given the highest weighting.</p>
+<p>With the exception of Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia (which had pegged their currencies against the Deutsche Mark) and Cape Verde (formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo), all of these non-EU countries had a currency peg to the French Franc before pegging their currencies to the euro. Pegging a country's currency to a major currency is regarded as a safety measure, especially for currencies of areas with weak economies, as the euro is seen as a stable currency, prevents runaway inflation and encourages foreign investment due to its stability.</p>
+<p>Within the EU several currencies are pegged to the euro, mostly as a precondition to joining the eurozone. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a> was formerly pegged to the Deutsche Mark; one other EU currency with a direct peg due to <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM II</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a>.</p>
+<p>In total, as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 182 million people in Africa use a currency pegged to the euro, 27 million people outside the eurozone in Europe, and another 545,000 people on Pacific islands.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_data_sheet_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_data_sheet-66">[46]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Since 2005, stamps issued by the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> have been denominated in euros, although the Order's official currency remains the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Maltese scudo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smom_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smom-75">[55]</a></sup> The Maltese scudo itself is pegged to the euro and is only recognised as legal tender within the Order.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[56]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economics">Economics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Optimal_currency_area">Optimal currency area</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Optimal currency area">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></div>
+<p>In economics, an optimum currency area, or region (OCA or OCR), is a geographical region in which it would maximise economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency. There are two models, both proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area#OCA_with_stationary_expectations" title="Optimum currency area">stationary expectations model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area#OCA_with_international_risk_sharing" title="Optimum currency area">international risk sharing model</a>. Mundell himself advocates the international risk sharing model and thus concludes in favour of the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[57]</a></sup> However, even before the creation of the single currency, there were concerns over diverging economies. Before the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a> the chances of a state leaving the euro, or the chances that the whole zone would collapse, were considered extremely slim.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[58]</a></sup> However the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a> led to former <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Secretary">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> claiming the eurozone could not last in its current form.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[59]</a></sup> Part of the problem seems to be the rules that were created when the euro was set up. John Lanchester, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, explains it:</p>
+<table class="cquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;"></td>
+<td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The guiding principle of the currency, which opened for business in 1999, were supposed to be a set of rules to limit a country's annual deficit to three per cent of gross domestic product, and the total accumulated debt to sixty per cent of G.D.P. It was a nice idea, but by 2004 the two biggest economies in the euro zone, Germany and France, had broken the rules for three years in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[60]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transaction_costs_and_risks">Transaction costs and risks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transaction costs and risks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
+<caption>Most traded currencies by value<br />
+<small>Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover</small><sup id="cite_ref-BIS_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIS-81">[61]</a></sup></caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Rank</th>
+<th>Currency</th>
+<th><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> code<br />
+(symbol)</th>
+<th> % daily share<br />
+(April 2016)</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">USD ($)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">80.6%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">EUR ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">37.4%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">3</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">JPY ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">21.6%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">GBP ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">12.8%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">AUD (A$)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">6.9%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">6</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">CAD (C$)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">5.1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">7</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">CHF (Fr)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">4.8%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">8</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">CNY ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">4.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">9</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">SEK (kr)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">2.2%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">10</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">NZD (NZ$)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">2.1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">11</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="480" /></span><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">MXN ($)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.9%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">12</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></span><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">SGD (S$)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.8%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">13</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">HKD (HK$)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">14</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">NOK (kr)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">15</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">KRW ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">16</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">TRY ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.4%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">17</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">RUB ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">18</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">INR ()</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">19</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">BRL (R$)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a></td>
+<td>
+<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">ZAR (R)</div>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">1.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Other</td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">7.1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[note 21]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:right;">200.0%</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The most obvious benefit of adopting a single currency is to remove the cost of exchanging currency, theoretically allowing businesses and individuals to consummate previously unprofitable trades. For consumers, banks in the eurozone must charge the same for intra-member cross-border transactions as purely domestic transactions for electronic payments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">debit cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cash_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash machine">cash machine</a> withdrawals).</p>
+<p>The absence of distinct currencies also theoretically removes <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> risks, although the imposition of transfer restrictions in <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="201213 Cypriot financial crisis">201213 Cypriot financial crisis</a> means that the situation is not quite so simple. The risk of unanticipated exchange rate movement has always added an additional risk or uncertainty for companies or individuals that invest or trade outside their own currency zones. Companies that <a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">hedge</a> against this risk will no longer need to shoulder this additional cost. This is particularly important for countries whose currencies had traditionally fluctuated a great deal, particularly the Mediterranean nations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p>
+<p>Financial markets on the continent are expected to be far more <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">liquid</a> and flexible than they were in the past. The reduction in cross-border transaction costs will allow larger banking firms to provide a wider array of banking services that can compete across and beyond the eurozone. However, although transaction costs were reduced, some studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">risk aversion</a> has increased during the last 40 years in the Eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[62]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Price_parity">Price parity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Price parity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Another effect of the common European currency is that differences in pricesin particular in price levelsshould decrease because of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_one_price" title="Law of one price">law of one price</a>. Differences in prices can trigger <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculative</a> trade in a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> across borders purely to exploit the price differential. Therefore, prices on commonly traded goods are likely to converge, causing inflation in some regions and deflation in others during the transition. Some evidence of this has been observed in specific eurozone markets.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[63]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Macroeconomic_stability">Macroeconomic stability</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Macroeconomic stability">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;">Low levels of inflation are the hallmark of stable and modern economies. Because a high level of inflation acts as a tax (<a href="/wiki/Seigniorage" title="Seigniorage">seigniorage</a>) and theoretically discourages investment, it is generally viewed as undesirable. In spite of the downside, many countries have been unable or unwilling to deal with serious inflationary pressures.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before the introduction of the euro, some countries had successfully contained inflation, which was then seen as a major economic problem, by establishing largely independent central banks. One such bank was the <a href="/wiki/Bundesbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesbank">Bundesbank</a> in Germany; the European Central Bank was modelled on the Bundesbank.<sup id="cite_ref-bundesbank_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundesbank-85">[64]</a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;">It is independent of the pressures of national governments and has a mandate to keep inflation low. Member countries that join the euro hope to enjoy the macroeconomic stability associated with low levels of inflation. The ECB (unlike the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> in the United States) does not have a second objective to sustain growth and employment.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>The euro has come under criticism due to its imperialistic style regulation, lack of flexibility and <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[65]</a></sup> rigidity towards sharing member States on issues such as nominal interest rates Many national and corporate <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> denominated in euro are significantly more liquid and have lower interest rates than was historically the case when denominated in national currencies. While increased liquidity may lower the <a href="/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate" title="Nominal interest rate">nominal interest rate</a> on the bond, denominating the bond in a currency with low levels of inflation arguably plays a much larger role. A credible commitment to low levels of inflation and a stable debt reduces the risk that the value of the debt will be eroded by higher levels of inflation or default in the future, allowing debt to be issued at a lower nominal interest rate.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, there is also a cost in structurally keeping inflation lower than in the United States, UK, and China. The result is that seen from those countries, the euro has become expensive, making European products increasingly expensive for its largest importers. Hence export from the euro zone becomes more difficult. This is one of the main reasons why economic growth inside the euro zone now lags behind growth in other large economies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This effect is strongest in European countries with a weak economy.</p>
+<p>In general, those in Europe who own large amounts of euros are served by high stability and low inflation. Those who now need to earn euros including countries, which need to pay interest on large debts, are likely better served with a slightly weaker euro leading to more export because a lower euro would better see investors chances for (companies in) southern European countries to grow themselves out of the crisis. As a result, investing there would become less risky and push interest rates for southern countries more in line with the European average.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>The contradiction here is that high macroeconomic stability in the form of ongoing historically low inflation over time leads to economic problems, creating higher interest rates and political and economic instability for the weaker partners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Trade">Trade</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>A 2009 consensus from the studies of the introduction of the euro concluded that it has increased trade within the eurozone by 5% to 10%,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[66]</a></sup> although one study suggested an increase of only 3%<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[67]</a></sup> while another estimated 9 to 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[68]</a></sup> However, a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of all available studies suggests that the prevalence of positive estimates is caused by <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a> and that the underlying effect may be negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[69]</a></sup> Furthermore, studies accounting for <a href="/wiki/Time_trend_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time trend analysis">time trend</a> reflecting general cohesion policies in Europe that started before, and continue after implementing the common currency find no effect on trade.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[71]</a></sup> These results suggest that other policies aimed at European integration might be the source of observed increase in trade.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Investment">Investment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Investment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Physical investment seems to have increased by 5% in the eurozone due to the introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[72]</a></sup> Regarding foreign direct investment, a study found that the intra-eurozone FDI stocks have increased by about 20% during the first four years of the EMU.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[73]</a></sup> Concerning the effect on corporate investment, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has resulted in an increase in investment rates and that it has made it easier for firms to access financing in Europe. The euro has most specifically stimulated investment in companies that come from countries that previously had weak currencies. A study found that the introduction of the euro accounts for 22% of the investment rate after 1998 in countries that previously had a weak currency.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Inflation">Inflation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inflation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation. In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices, but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of inflation and other studies.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[76]</a></sup> A study of this paradox found that this was due to an asymmetric effect of the introduction of the euro on prices: while it had no effect on most goods, it had an effect on cheap goods which have seen their price round up after the introduction of the euro. The study found that consumers based their beliefs on inflation of those cheap goods which are frequently purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[77]</a></sup> It has also been suggested that the jump in small prices may be because prior to the introduction, retailers made fewer upward adjustments and waited for the introduction of the euro to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[78]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Exchange_rate_risk">Exchange rate risk</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exchange rate risk">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>One of the advantages of the adoption of a common currency is the reduction of the risk associated with changes in currency exchange rates. It has been found that the introduction of the euro created "significant reductions in market risk exposures for nonfinancial firms both in and outside Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[79]</a></sup> These reductions in market risk "were concentrated in firms domiciled in the eurozone and in non-euro firms with a high fraction of foreign sales or assets in Europe".</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Financial_integration">Financial integration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Financial integration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>The introduction of the euro seems to have had a strong effect on European financial integration. According to a study on this question, it has "significantly reshaped the European financial system, especially with respect to the securities markets [...] However, the real and policy barriers to integration in the retail and corporate banking sectors remain significant, even if the wholesale end of banking has been largely integrated."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[80]</a></sup> Specifically, the euro has significantly decreased the cost of trade in bonds, equity, and banking assets within the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[81]</a></sup> On a global level, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has led to an integration in terms of investment in bond portfolios, with eurozone countries lending and borrowing more between each other than with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[82]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect_on_interest_rates">Effect on interest rates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effect on interest rates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png/300px-Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png" width="300" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png/450px-Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png/600px-Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="641" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Long-term interest rates of Euro countries, 19932017</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>As of January 2014, and since the introduction of the euro, interest rates of most members countries (particularly those with a weak currency), have decreased. The countries whose interest rates fell most as a result of the adoption of the euro are Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. These very countries have had the most serious sovereign financing problems.</p>
+<p>The effect of declining interest rates, combined with excess liquidity continually provided by the ECB, made it easier for banks within the countries in which interest rates fell the most, and their linked sovereigns, to borrow significant amounts (above the 3% of GDP budget deficit imposed on the eurozone initially) and significantly inflate their public and private debt levels.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[83]</a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Financial crisis of 20072008">financial crisis of 20072008</a>, governments in these countries found it necessary to bail out or nationalise their privately held banks to prevent systemic failure of the banking system when underlying hard or financial asset values were found to be grossly inflated and sometimes so near worthless there was no liquid market for them.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[84]</a></sup> This further increased the already high levels of public debt to a level the markets began to consider unsustainable, via increasing government bond interest rates, producing the ongoing European sovereign-debt crisis.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Price_convergence">Price convergence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Price convergence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>The evidence on the convergence of prices in the eurozone with the introduction of the euro is mixed. Several studies failed to find any evidence of convergence following the introduction of the euro after a phase of convergence in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[86]</a></sup> Other studies have found evidence of price convergence,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[88]</a></sup> in particular for cars.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[89]</a></sup> A possible reason for the divergence between the different studies is that the processes of convergence may not have been linear, slowing down substantially between 2000 and 2003, and resurfacing after 2003 as suggested by a recent study (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>A study suggests that the introduction of the euro has had a positive effect on the amount of tourist travel within the EMU, with an increase of 6.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[91]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Exchange_rates">Exchange rates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Exchange rates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR-USD.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EUR-USD.PNG/300px-EUR-USD.PNG" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EUR-USD.PNG/450px-EUR-USD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/EUR-USD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="399" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR-USD.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Euro-US Dollar exchange rate, starting from 2002. More recent information is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html">here</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flexible_exchange_rates">Flexible exchange rates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Flexible exchange rates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The ECB targets <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a> and in general does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets. This is because of the implications of the <a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="MundellFleming model">MundellFleming model</a>, which implies a central bank cannot (without <a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">capital controls</a>) maintain interest rate and exchange rate targets simultaneously, because increasing the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> results in a <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a> of the currency. In the years following the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>, the EU has liberalised its capital markets, and as the ECB has chosen monetary autonomy, the exchange-rate regime of the euro is flexible, or <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating</a>. The result of the ECB maintaining historically low interest rates and restricting money supply has been that over the last decade the euro has become expensive relative to the currency of Europe's main trading partners. However, in 2010, the euro started on a sharp decline. Starting at U.S$1.60 in 2008, and dropping to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.04 in 2015.In the following months recovered till the value of 1.19 U.S.$. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a> in the long term had a decline against .</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Against_other_major_currencies">Against other major currencies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Against other major currencies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The euro is the second-most widely held <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> after the U.S. dollar. After its introduction on 4 January 1999 its exchange rate against the other major currencies fell reaching its lowest exchange rates in 2000 (25 October vs the U.S. dollar, 26 October vs Japanese Yen, 3 May vs Pound Sterling). Afterwards it regained and its exchange rate reached its historical highest point in 2008 (15 July vs U.S. dollar, 23 July vs Japanese Yen, 29 December vs Pound Sterling). With the advent of the global financial crisis the euro initially fell, only to regain later. Despite pressure due to the <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign-debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a> the euro remained stable.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[92]</a></sup> In November 2011 the euro's exchange rate index  measured against currencies of the bloc's major trading partners  was trading almost two percent higher on the year, approximately at the same level as it was before the crisis kicked off in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[93]</a></sup> In late August 2017 rose again above 1.20 $.It also hit new relative or absolute highs against and other currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[94]</a></sup></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Current and historical exchange rates against 29 other currencies (European Central Bank)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[95]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Current dollar/euro exchange rates (BBC)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[96]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Historical exchange rate from 1971 until now<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[97]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;">
+<tr>
+<th style="background: #A7C3FF;" colspan="2">Current EUR exchange rates</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance">Google Finance</a>:</td>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=AUDEUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=CADEUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=CHFEUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=GBPEUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=HKDEUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=JPYEUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=USDEUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=RUBEUR">RUB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=INREUR">INR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=CNYEUR">CNY</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency">Yahoo! Finance</a>:</td>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=AUD;to=EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=CAD;to=EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=CHF;to=EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=GBP;to=EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=HKD;to=EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=JPY;to=EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=USD;to=EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=RUB&to=EUR">RUB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=INR&to=EUR">INR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/currency-converter/#from=CNY&to=EUR">CNY</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/">XE</a>:</td>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=AUD&To=EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=CHF&To=EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=GBP&To=EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=HKD&To=EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=JPY&To=EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=USD&To=EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=RUB&To=EUR">RUB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=INR&To=EUR">INR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?Amount=1&From=CNY&To=EUR">CNY</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/">OANDA</a>:</td>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=AUD&expr=EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=CAD&expr=EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=CHF&expr=EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=GBP&expr=EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=HKD&expr=EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=JPY&expr=EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=USD&expr=EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=RUB&expr=EUR">RUB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=INR&expr=EUR">INR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic?value=1&exch=CNY&expr=EUR">CNY</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com">fxtop.com</a>:</td>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=AUD&C2=EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=CAD&C2=EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=CHF&C2=EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=GBP&C2=EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=HKD&C2=EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=JPY&C2=EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=USD&C2=EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=RUB&C2=EUR">RUB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=INR&C2=EUR">INR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxtop.com/en/currency-pair.php?C1=CNY&C2=EUR">CNY</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistic_issues">Linguistic issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Linguistic issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">Linguistic issues concerning the euro</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR_5_obverse_(2013_issue).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EUR_5_obverse_%282013_issue%29.png/220px-EUR_5_obverse_%282013_issue%29.png" width="220" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EUR_5_obverse_%282013_issue%29.png/330px-EUR_5_obverse_%282013_issue%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EUR_5_obverse_%282013_issue%29.png/440px-EUR_5_obverse_%282013_issue%29.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="364" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR_5_obverse_(2013_issue).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5 euro note</a> from the new Europa series written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (EURO) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> () alphabets, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Cyrillic</a> () alphabet, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> joining the European Union in 2007.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The formal titles of the currency are <i>euro</i> for the major unit and <i>cent</i> for the minor (one hundredth) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages; according to the ECB, all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[98]</a></sup> This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages, e.g., those where there is no <i>eu</i> <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>. Bulgaria has negotiated an exception; <i>euro</i> in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is spelled as e (<i>evro</i>) and not e (<i>euro</i>) in all official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[99]</a></sup> In the Greek script the term (evr) is used; the Greek "cent" coins are denominated in / (lept/). Official practice for English-language EU legislation is to use the words euro and cent as both singular and plural,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[100]</a></sup> although the European Commission's <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Translation_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Translation (European Commission)">Directorate-General for Translation</a> states that the plural forms <i>euros</i> and <i>cents</i> should be used in English.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[101]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/28px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/42px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/56px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Currency union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_replaced_by_the_euro" title="Category:Currencies replaced by the euro">List of currencies replaced by the euro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Euro" title="Captain Euro">Captain Euro</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 50em; -webkit-column-width: 50em; column-width: 50em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except northern Cyprus that uses <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only the European part of the country is part of the EU and uses the euro. The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> in 2011. <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaao">Curaao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> have their own currencies, which are pegged to the dollar.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2011:369:0001:0013:EN:PDF">"Monetary Agreement between the European Union and the Principality of Andorra"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Official Journal of the European Union</a></i>. 17 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Monetary+Agreement+between+the+European+Union+and+the+Principality+of+Andorra&rft.date=2011-12-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AC%3A2011%3A369%3A0001%3A0013%3AEN%3APDF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:142:0059:0073:EN:PDF">"By monetary agreement between France (acting for the EC) and Monaco"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=By+monetary+agreement+between+France+%28acting+for+the+EC%29+and+Monaco&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2002%3A142%3A0059%3A0073%3AEN%3APDF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2001:209:0001:0004:EN:PDF">"By monetary agreement between Italy (acting for the EC) and San Marino"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=By+monetary+agreement+between+Italy+%28acting+for+the+EC%29+and+San+Marino&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AC%3A2001%3A209%3A0001%3A0004%3AEN%3APDF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2001:299:0001:0004:EN:PDF">"By monetary agreement between Italy (acting for the EC) and Vatican City"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=By+monetary+agreement+between+Italy+%28acting+for+the+EC%29+and+Vatican+City&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AC%3A2001%3A299%3A0001%3A0004%3AEN%3APDF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sba.mod.uk/SBA%20Legislation/Ord%202007/Euro%20Ordinance%202007.pdf">"By the third protocol to the Cyprus adhesion Treaty to EU and British local ordinance"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=By+the+third+protocol+to+the+Cyprus+adhesion+Treaty+to+EU+and+British+local+ordinance&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sba.mod.uk%2FSBA%2520Legislation%2FOrd%25202007%2FEuro%2520Ordinance%25202007.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:030:0029:0030:EN:PDF">"By agreement of the EU Council"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=By+agreement+of+the+EU+Council&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A1999%3A030%3A0029%3A0030%3AEN%3APDF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607234444/http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/admdirect/1999/089%20Final%20%20ADE%201999-02.htm">"By UNMIK administration direction 1999/2"</a>. Unmikonline.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/admdirect/1999/089%20Final%20%20ADE%201999-02.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=By+UNMIK+administration+direction+1999%2F2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Unmikonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmikonline.org%2Fregulations%2Fadmdirect%2F1999%2F089%2520Final%2520%2520ADE%25201999-02.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro and the euro</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7165622.stm">"Euro is widely used alongside Turkish Lira"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Euro+is+widely+used+alongside+Turkish+Lira&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7165622.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/cyprus/9175684/Cyprus-a-true-experience-in-north-and-south.html">"Most places in North Cyprus will accept euros"</a>. Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Most+places+in+North+Cyprus+will+accept+euros&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Fcyprus%2F9175684%2FCyprus-a-true-experience-in-north-and-south.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselessk.com/facts/in-zimbabwe-there-are-nine-official-currencies-amongst-others-the-euro-and-the-us-dollar">"In Zimbabwe there are nine currencies, amongst others the euro and the US dollar"</a>. uselessk.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=In+Zimbabwe+there+are+nine+currencies%2C+amongst+others+the+euro+and+the+US+dollar&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=uselessk.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselessk.com%2Ffacts%2Fin-zimbabwe-there-are-nine-official-currencies-amongst-others-the-euro-and-the-us-dollar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/and-the-currency-of-zimbabwe-is">"Currently, the South African rand, Botswana pula, pound sterling, euro, and the United States dollar are all in use"</a>. geocurrents.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Currently%2C+the+South+African+rand%2C+Botswana+pula%2C+pound+sterling%2C+euro%2C+and+the+United+States+dollar+are+all+in+use&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=geocurrents.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocurrents.info%2Fgeonotes%2Fand-the-currency-of-zimbabwe-is&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of 26 April 2013<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<br />
+Total EUR currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 771.5 (banknotes) + 21.032 (coins) =792.53 billion EUR * 1.48 (exchange rate) = 1,080 billion USD<br />
+Total USD currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 859 billion USD</span>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5njSKhMeM?url=https://stats.ecb.europa.eu/stats/download/bkn_notes_val/bkn_notes_val/bkn_notes_val.pdf">"Table 2: Euro banknotes, values (EUR billions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. European Central Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.ecb.europa.eu/stats/download/bkn_notes_val/bkn_notes_val/bkn_notes_val.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>2009, October: Total banknotes: 771.5 (billion EUR)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Table+2%3A+Euro+banknotes%2C+values+%28EUR+billions%2C+unless+otherwise+indicated%2C+not+seasonally+adjusted%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.ecb.europa.eu%2Fstats%2Fdownload%2Fbkn_notes_val%2Fbkn_notes_val%2Fbkn_notes_val.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5njSKi43Q?url=https://stats.ecb.europa.eu/stats/download/bkn_coins_val/bkn_coins_val/bkn_coins_val.pdf">"Table 4: Euro coins, values (EUR millions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. European Central Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.ecb.europa.eu/stats/download/bkn_coins_val/bkn_coins_val/bkn_coins_val.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>2009, October: Total coins: 21,032 (million EUR)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Table+4%3A+Euro+coins%2C+values+%28EUR+millions%2C+unless+otherwise+indicated%2C+not+seasonally+adjusted%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.ecb.europa.eu%2Fstats%2Fdownload%2Fbkn_coins_val%2Fbkn_coins_val%2Fbkn_coins_val.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/current/h6.htm">"Money Stock Measures"</a>. <i>Federal Reserve Statistical Release</i>. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>Table 5: Not Seasonally Adjusted Components of M1 (Billions of dollars), not seasonally adjusted, October 2009: Currency: 859.3 (billion USD)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Money+Stock+Measures&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Statistical+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalreserve.gov%2Freleases%2Fh6%2Fcurrent%2Fh6.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/eurofxref/eurofxref-hist-90d.xml">"Euro foreign exchange reference rates"</a>. European Central Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>Exchange rate 2009-10-30: 1 EUR = 1.48 USD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Euro+foreign+exchange+reference+rates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fstats%2Feurofxref%2Feurofxref-hist-90d.xml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the quotation, the <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> is actually represented with the Cyrillic capital letter Ukrainian ye (<a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title=""></a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">U+</a>0404) instead of the technically more appropriate Greek lunate epsilon symbol (<b></b>, U+03F5).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">by means of Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC) of 31 December 1998.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">by Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC) of 19 June 2000</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The total sum is 200% because each currency trade always involves a <a href="/wiki/Currency_pair" title="Currency pair">currency pair</a>.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official documents and legislation refer to the euro as "the single currency".<br />
+<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997R1103:EN:HTML">"Council Regulation (EC) No 1103/97 of 17 June 1997 on certain provisions relating to the introduction of the euro"</a>. <i>Official Journal L 162, 19 June 1997 P. 0001  0003</i>. European Communities. 19 June 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Council+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+1103%2F97+of+17+June+1997+on+certain+provisions+relating+to+the+introduction+of+the+euro&rft.date=1997-06-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+L+162%2C+19+June+1997+P.+0001+%E2%80%93+0003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31997R1103%3AEN%3AHTML&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br />
+This term is sometimes adopted by the media (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22the+single+currency%22">Google hits for the phrase)</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7895720/2-02032017-CP-EN.pdf/97184273-b9ae-46e6-99be-e50321ce5fa8">"Flash estimate February 2017 Euro area annual inflation up to 2.0%"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Flash+estimate+February+2017+Euro+area+annual+inflation+up+to+2.0%25&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F7895720%2F2-02032017-CP-EN.pdf%2F97184273-b9ae-46e6-99be-e50321ce5fa8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-About-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rosenberg, Matt (23 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/euro.htm">"Euro Countries: 22 Countries use the Euro as their Official Currency"</a>. About.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.btitle=Euro+Countries%3A+22+Countries+use+the+Euro+as+their+Official+Currency&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fod%2Flists%2Fa%2Feuro.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/10264800.stm">"EU ministers back Estonia bid to join euro"</a>. BBC News. 8 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=EU+ministers+back+Estonia+bid+to+join+euro&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F10264800.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_en.htm">"The euro"</a>. <i>europa.eu</i>. 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=The+euro&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Feuro%2Findex_en.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf">"Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. BIS. 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Triennial+Central+Bank+Survey+2007&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpubl%2Frpfxf07t.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Aristovnik, Aleksander; e, Tanja (30 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14350/1/MPRA_paper_14350.pdf">"Compositional Analysis of Foreign Currency Reserves in the 19992007 Period. The Euro vs. The Dollar As Leading Reserve Currency"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper No. 14350<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=%C4%8Ce%C4%8D%2C+Tanja&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft.aulast=Aristovnik&rft.btitle=Compositional+Analysis+of+Foreign+Currency+Reserves+in+the+1999%E2%80%932007+Period.+The+Euro+vs.+The+Dollar+As+Leading+Reserve+Currency&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Munich+Personal+RePEc+Archive%2C+Paper+No.+14350&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F14350%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_14350.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Boesler, Matthew (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dollar-as-international-reserve-currency-2013-11">"There Are Only Two Real Threats To The US Dollar's Status As The International Reserve Currency"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=There+Are+Only+Two+Real+Threats+To+The+US+Dollar%27s+Status+As+The+International+Reserve+Currency&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=Boesler&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fdollar-as-international-reserve-currency-2013-11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/banknotes+coins/circulation/html/index.en.html">"Banknotes and coins circulation"</a>. European Central Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Banknotes+and+coins+circulation&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fstats%2Fpolicy_and_exchange_rates%2Fbanknotes%2Bcoins%2Fcirculation%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-madrid1995-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madrid1995_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madrid1995_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/mad1_en.htm">"Madrid European Council (12/95): Conclusions"</a>. European Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Madrid+European+Council+%2812%2F95%29%3A+Conclusions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsummits%2Fmad1_en.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/euro/changeover/2002/html/index.en.html">"Initial changeover (2002)"</a>. European Central Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Initial+changeover+%282002%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Feuro%2Fchangeover%2F2002%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-rates.com/d/USD/EUR/hist2012.html">"Exchange Rate Average (US Dollar, Euro)  X-Rates"</a>. X-rates.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Exchange+Rate+Average+%28US+Dollar%2C+Euro%29+%E2%80%93+X-Rates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=X-rates.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.x-rates.com%2Fd%2FUSD%2FEUR%2Fhist2012.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ETNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=ETM/2012/05/31&ID=Ar00105">"Global markets tumble on Spain, Italy worries"</a>. <i>The Economic Times Mumbai</i>. Reuters. 31 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Global+markets+tumble+on+Spain%2C+Italy+worries&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times+Mumbai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.timesofindia.com%2FRepository%2FgetFiles.asp%3FStyle%3DOliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_ETNEW%26Type%3Dtext%2Fhtml%26Locale%3Denglish-skin-custom%26Path%3DETM%2F2012%2F05%2F31%26ID%3DAr00105&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investing.com/currencies/eur-usd-converter">"EUR/USD - Euro US Dollar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Investing.com" title="Investing.com">Investing.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=EUR%2FUSD+-+Euro+US+Dollar&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investing.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investing.com%2Fcurrencies%2Feur-usd-converter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_en.htm">"The Euro"</a>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=The+Euro&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Feuro%2Findex_en.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication6336_en.pdf">"Spelling of the words "euro" and "cent" in official Community languages as used in Community Legislative acts"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=European+Commission&rft.btitle=Spelling+of+the+words+%22euro%22+and+%22cent%22+in+official+Community+languages+as+used+in+Community+Legislative+acts&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fpublications%2Fpublication6336_en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/world/europe/european-debt-crisis-fast-facts/index.html">European Debt Crisis Fast Facts</a>, CNN Library (last updated January 22, 2017).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Reis" title="Ricardo Reis">Ricardo Reis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/PDFReisTextFallBPEA.pdf">Looking for a Success in the Euro Crisis Adjustment Programs: The Case of Portugal</a>, <i>Brookings Papers on Economic Activity</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> (Fall 2015), p. 433.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3454">"The politics of the Maastricht convergence criteria"</a>. Voxeu.org. 15 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+the+Maastricht+convergence+criteria&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Voxeu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxeu.org%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F3454&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/EuroDebtPaperMarch2011.pdf">"State of the Union: Can the euro zone survive its debt crisis?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>. 1 March 2011. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Union%3A+Can+the+euro+zone+survive+its+debt+crisis%3F&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2Feiu2%2Fimages%2FEuroDebtPaperMarch2011.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-efsf-sp-idUSTRE80F1OV20120116">"S&P downgrades euro zone's EFSF bailout fund"</a>. Reuters. 2017-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=S%26P+downgrades+euro+zone%27s+EFSF+bailout+fund&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-eurozone-efsf-sp-idUSTRE80F1OV20120116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Delamaide, Darrell (24 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/euro-crisis-brings-world-to-brink-of-depression-2012-07-24">"Euro crisis brings world to brink of depression"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Euro+crisis+brings+world+to+brink+of+depression&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft.aulast=Delamaide&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Feuro-crisis-brings-world-to-brink-of-depression-2012-07-24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindner, Fabian, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/24/germany-moodys-warning-shot-eurozone">Germany would do well to heed the Moody's warning shot</a>", <i>The Guardian</i>, 24 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buergin, Rainer, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-M7MTLK6K50YQ01-2MU1077HDEEK0FPVVG6AUS88JB">Germany, Juncker Push Back After Moodys Rating Outlook Cuts</a>", <i>washpost.bloomberg</i>, 24 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2013_data_sheet-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2013_data_sheet_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2013_data_sheet_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2013 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.btitle=2013+World+Population+Data+Sheet&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2Fpdf13%2F2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/210441.stm">"Cuba to adopt euro in foreign trade"</a>. BBC News. 8 November 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Cuba+to+adopt+euro+in+foreign+trade&rft.date=1998-11-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F210441.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4713622.stm">"US row leads Syria to snub dollar"</a>. BBC News. 14 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=US+row+leads+Syria+to+snub+dollar&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4713622.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200904170690.html">"Zimbabwe: A Critical Review of Sterp"</a>. 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+Sterp&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200904170690.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-external1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-external1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-external1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf">"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)  Updated COFER tables include first quarter 2009 data. June 30, 2009"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Currency+Composition+of+Official+Foreign+Exchange+Reserves+%28COFER%29+%E2%80%93+Updated+COFER+tables+include+first+quarter+2009+data.+June+30%2C+2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsta%2Fcofer%2Feng%2Fcofer.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825070016/http://www.wage.wisc.edu/uploads/Working%20Papers/chinnfrankel_NBER_eurotopcurrency.pdf">"Will the Euro Eventually Surpass the Dollar As Leading International Reserve Currency?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wage.wisc.edu/uploads/Working%20Papers/chinnfrankel_NBER_eurotopcurrency.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 25 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=Will+the+Euro+Eventually+Surpass+the+Dollar+As+Leading+International+Reserve+Currency%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wage.wisc.edu%2Fuploads%2FWorking%2520Papers%2Fchinnfrankel_NBER_eurotopcurrency.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSL1771147920070917">"Euro could replace dollar as top currency  Greenspan"</a>. Reuters. 17 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Euro+could+replace+dollar+as+top+currency+%E2%80%93+Greenspan&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FbondsNews%2FidUSL1771147920070917&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cardoso, Paulo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-american-times.com/american-times-governor-national-bank-macedonia-dimitar-bogov/2013/10/05">"Interview  Governor of the National Bank of Macedonia  Dimitar Bogov"</a>. <i>The American Times United States Emerging Economies Report (USEER Report)</i>. Hazlehurst Media SA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Interview+%E2%80%93+Governor+of+the+National+Bank+of+Macedonia+%E2%80%93+Dimitar+Bogov&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rft.aulast=Cardoso&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Times+United+States+Emerging+Economies+Report+%28USEER+Report%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-times.com%2Famerican-times-governor-national-bank-macedonia-dimitar-bogov%2F2013%2F10%2F05&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-smom-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smom_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.orderofmalta.int/catalogue/stamps/35675/associate-countries/?lang=en">http://www.orderofmalta.int/catalogue/stamps/35675/associate-countries/?lang=en</a> Retrieved 3 October 2011.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kmfap.net/index.php?topic_id=70">http://www.kmfap.net/index.php?topic_id=70</a> Retrieved 18 April 2016.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Plan for a European Currency, 1973 by Mundell</span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110822-701343.html">"Euro Stable Despite Debt Crisis Says Schaeuble"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Euro+Stable+Despite+Debt+Crisis+Says+Schaeuble&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FBT-CO-20110822-701343.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/11/15/uk-markets-euro-mystery-idUKLNE7AE02520111115">"Puzzle over euro's 'mysterious' stability"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Puzzle+over+euro%27s+%27mysterious%27+stability&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F11%2F15%2Fuk-markets-euro-mystery-idUKLNE7AE02520111115&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-28/dollar-slides-vs-euro-yen-as-mexico-peso-plunges-on-trump-tweet">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-28/dollar-slides-vs-euro-yen-as-mexico-peso-plunges-on-trump-tweet</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.html">"ECB: Euro foreign exchange reference rates"</a>. Ecb.int<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=ECB%3A+Euro+foreign+exchange+reference+rates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ecb.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Fstats%2Fexchange%2Feurofxref%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/13/12/twelve_month.stm">"BBC NEWS | Business | Market Data | Currencies | Euro EUR v US Dollar USD"</a>. Newsvote.bbc.co.uk. 1970-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=BBC+NEWS+%26%23124%3B+Business+%26%23124%3B+Market+Data+%26%23124%3B+Currencies+%26%23124%3B+Euro+EUR+v+US+Dollar+USD&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Newsvote.bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsvote.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Ffds%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2Fmarket_data%2Fcurrency%2F13%2F12%2Ftwelve_month.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kshitij Consultancy Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kshitij.com/graphgallery/eurmth.shtml">"Euro monthly Chart with Moving Average and Momentum : Graph Gallery"</a>. Kshitij.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=Kshitij+Consultancy+Services&rft.btitle=Euro+monthly+Chart+with+Moving+Average+and+Momentum+%3A+Graph+Gallery&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Kshitij.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshitij.com%2Fgraphgallery%2Feurmth.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/conrep/cr200705en.pdf">"European Central Bank, Covergence report May 2007"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>. <q>The euro is the single currency of the member states that have adopted it. To make this singleness apparent, Community law requires a single spelling of the word <i>euro</i> in the nominative singular case in all Community and national legislative provisions, taking into account the existence of different alphabets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.btitle=European+Central+Bank%2C+Covergence+report+May+2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fconrep%2Fcr200705en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elena Koinova (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofiaecho.com/2007/10/19/656777_evro-dispute-over-portuguese-foreign-minister">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Evro" Dispute Over  Portuguese Foreign Minister  Bulgaria"</a>. The Sofia Echo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=Elena+Koinova&rft.btitle=%22Evro%22+Dispute+Over+%E2%80%93+Portuguese+Foreign+Minister+%E2%80%93+Bulgaria&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Sofia+Echo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofiaecho.com%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2F656777_evro-dispute-over-portuguese-foreign-minister&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission. "Spelling of the words "euro" and "cent" in official community languages as used in community legislative acts" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2009.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see European Commission, Directorate General for Translation: English Style Guide section 22.9 <i>"<b>The euro.</b> Like 'pound', 'dollar' or any other currency name in English, the word 'euro' is written in lower case with no initial capital and, where appropriate, takes the plural 's' (as does 'cent')."</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">European Commission Directorate-General for Translation  English Style Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205092625/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">Archived</a> 5 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Bartram, Shnke M.; Taylor, Stephen J.; Wang, Yaw-Huei (May 2007). "The Euro and European Financial Market Dependence". <i>Journal of Banking and Finance</i>. <b>51</b> (5): 14611481. <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ssrn.com/abstract=924333">924333</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=The+Euro+and+European+Financial+Market+Dependence&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yaw-Huei&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6hnke+M.&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.date=2007-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Banking+and+Finance&rft.pages=1461-1481&rft.volume=51&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D924333&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Bartram, Shnke M.; Karolyi, G. Andrew (October 2006). "The Impact of the Introduction of the Euro on Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Exposures". <i>Journal of Empirical Finance</i>. <b>13</b> (45): 519549. <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ssrn.com/abstract=299641">299641</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jempfin.2006.01.002">10.1016/j.jempfin.2006.01.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Introduction+of+the+Euro+on+Foreign+Exchange+Rate+Risk+Exposures&rft.au=Karolyi%2C+G.+Andrew&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6hnke+M.&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.date=2006-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Empirical+Finance&rft.pages=519-549&rft.volume=13&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D299641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jempfin.2006.01.002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Baldwin, Richard; Wyplosz, Charles (2004). <i>The Economics of European Integration</i>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-710394-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-710394-7">0-07-710394-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=Wyplosz%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+European+Integration&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-710394-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Buti, Marco; Deroose, Servaas; Gaspar, Vitor; Nogueira Martins, Joo (2010). <i>The Euro</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-09842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-09842-0">978-92-79-09842-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.au=Deroose%2C+Servaas&rft.au=Gaspar%2C+Vitor&rft.au=Nogueira+Martins%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.aulast=Buti&rft.btitle=The+Euro&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-79-09842-0&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation web">Jordan, Helmuth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dorrance.stores.yahoo.net/feeurzufleuk.html">"Fehlschlag Euro"</a>. Dorrance Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.btitle=Fehlschlag+Euro&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdorrance.stores.yahoo.net%2Ffeeurzufleuk.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Simonazzi, A.; Vianello, F. (2001). "Financial Liberalization, the European Single Currency and the Problem of Unemployment". In Franzini, R.; Pizzuti, R.F. <i>Globalization, Institutions and Social Cohesion</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-67741-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-67741-0">3-540-67741-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro&rft.atitle=Financial+Liberalization%2C+the+European+Single+Currency+and+the+Problem+of+Unemployment&rft.au=Vianello%2C+F.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Simonazzi&rft.btitle=Globalization%2C+Institutions+and+Social+Cohesion&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=3-540-67741-0&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
+<div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<b style="display:block;">Euro</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
+<ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;">
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Euro">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Euro">Media</a> from Commons</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Euro">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Euro">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Euro">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Euro">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Euro">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurozone.europa.eu">Eurozone official portal</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_en.htm">The euro</a>  <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exchangerate-euro.com/">European Central Bank - Euro Exchange Rates</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.europa.eu">European Central Bank</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Euro_topics" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euro_topics" title="Template:Euro topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euro_topics" title="Template talk:Euro topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Euro_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Euro_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a> topics</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">Linguistic issues</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">ECB President</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Ecofin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiscal provisions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stabilisation_Mechanism" title="European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism">European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Plus_Pact" title="Euro Plus Pact">Euro Plus Pact</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sixpack_(European_Union_law)" title="Sixpack (European Union law)">Six pack</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Snake_in_the_tunnel" title="Snake in the tunnel">Snake in the tunnel</a>"</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a>
+<ul>
+<li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">I</span> <small><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECU</a></small></li>
+<li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">II</span> <small><a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM</a></small></li>
+<li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">III</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eonia" title="Eonia">Eonia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euro_calculator" title="Euro calculator">Euro calculator</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euribor" title="Euribor">Euro Interbank Offered Rate (Euribor)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurobonds" title="Eurobonds">Proposed eurobonds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">Reserve currency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petroeuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroeuro">Petroeuro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/World_currency" title="World currency">World currency</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denominations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">coins</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1_cent_euro_coin" title="1 cent euro coin">1c</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_cent_euro_coin" title="2 cent euro coin">2c</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5_cent_euro_coin" title="5 cent euro coin">5c</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/10_cent_euro_coin" title="10 cent euro coin">10c</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/20_cent_euro_coin" title="20 cent euro coin">20c</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/50_cent_euro_coin" title="50 cent euro coin">50c</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2 commemorative coins">2 commemorative coins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins">Other commemorative coins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Identifying_marks_on_euro_coins" title="Identifying marks on euro coins">Identifying marks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euro_starter_kits" title="Euro starter kits">Starter kits</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Europa_coin_programme" title="Europa coin programme">Europa coin programme</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euro_mints" title="List of euro mints">Euro mint</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">banknotes</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">20</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">50</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">100</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">200</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">500</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins by issuing country</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">EU</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins">Austria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins">Belgium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins">Cyprus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins">Estonia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins">Finland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins">France</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Greece</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins">Ireland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins">Italy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_and_the_euro" title="Lithuania and the euro">Lithuania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins">Luxembourg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins">Malta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins">Netherlands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins">Portugal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins">Slovakia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins">Slovenia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins">Spain</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Non-EU</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_and_the_euro" title="Andorra and the euro">Andorra</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Mongasque euro coins">Monaco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" title="Sammarinese euro coins">San Marino</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Potential adoption by<br />
+other countries</div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">EU</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro">Croatia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czech Republic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">United Kingdom</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Non-EU</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Kosovo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies yielded</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">German mark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_drachma" title="Greek drachma">Greek drachma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_franc" title="Luxembourgish franc">Luxembourgish franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">Maltese lira</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_franc" title="Mongasque franc">Mongasque franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_lira" title="Sammarinese lira">Sammarinese lira</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">Slovenian tolar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies<br />
+remaining</a></div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">ERM <span style="font-family:serif;">II</span></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">other (EU)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound sterling</a> <small>(incl. <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a>)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">Croatian kuna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish zoty">Polish zoty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;">
+<div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union.C2.A0articles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:European_Union_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="European_Union.C2.A0articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1945" title="Ideas of European unity before 1945">Pre-1945</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_(1945%E2%80%9357)" title="History of the European Coal and Steel Community (194557)">194557</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%9372)" title="History of the European Communities (195872)">195872</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%9393)" title="History of the European Communities (197393)">197393</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (19932004)">19932004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Structural evolution of the European Union">Predecessors</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Structural evolution of the European Union">Timeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (19512002)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (19581993/2009)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom (1958<small>present</small>)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (19671993/2009)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Justice and Home Affairs (19932009)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest municipalities</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <small>(first-level NUTS)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Special territories</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">Banking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontex">Border and coast security <small>(Frontex)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Disease prevention and control</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">Environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">Foreign affairs <small>(External Action Service)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurojust" title="Eurojust">Judicial cooperation <small>(Eurojust)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Law enforcement cooperation <small>(Europol)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Maritime_Safety_Agency" title="European Maritime Safety Agency">Maritime safety</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Reconstruction" title="European Agency for Reconstruction">Reconstruction</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" title="European Union law">Law</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%E2%80%99_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens Rights Directive">Citizens Rights Directive</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (European Union)">Four freedoms</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">labour mobility</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Journal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EU_Rural_Development_Policy" title="EU Rural Development Policy">Rural Development Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">parliamentary constituencies</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 enlargement of the European Union">1973</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 enlargement of the European Union">1981</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 enlargement of the European Union">1986</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">Future</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Parliamentary groups</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">Investment bank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">Investment fund</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" title="European Single Market">Single market</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Societas_Europaea" title="Societas Europaea">Societas Europaea</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Solidarity_Fund" title="European Union Solidarity Fund">Solidarity Fund</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo navigation system</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">minimum wage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_average_wage" title="List of European Union member states by average wage">average wage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">health expense per person</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in the European Union">Healthcare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the European Union">Culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Union">identity cards</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">Institute of Innovation and Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in the European Union">Telephone numbers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_European_Union_concepts,_acronyms,_%26_jargon" title="Glossary of European Union concepts, acronyms, & jargon">Concepts, acronyms, & jargon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Societates_Europaeae" title="Category:Societates Europaeae">Companies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_with_more_than_100,000_inhabitants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the European Union with more than 100,000 inhabitants">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_European_Union" title="List of tallest buildings in the European Union">Tallest buildings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in the European Union">Terrorist incidents</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">
+<div>
+<div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
+<ul>
+<li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Book:European_Union" title="Book:European Union">Book</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Template:Currencies of Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Currencies of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Currencies_of_Europe&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Currencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of Europe</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Union</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound sterling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">Croatian kuna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish zoty">Polish zoty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_dram" title="Artsakh dram">Artsakh dram</a></i> (<i><small>unrecognised</small></i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_ruble" title="Transnistrian ruble">Transnistrian ruble</a></i> (<i><small>unrecognised</small></i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Ukrainian hryvnia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Maltese scudo</a></i> (<i><small>unrecognised</small></i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Faroese_kr%C3%B3na" title="Faroese krna">Faroese krna</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic krna">Icelandic krna</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Manx_pound" title="Manx pound">Manx pound</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Africa" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Template:Currencies of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Currencies of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Currencies_of_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Currencies_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of Africa</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Algerian dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberana">Plazas de soberana</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Libyan dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Mauritanian ouguiya</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta</a></i> (<i>unrecognized</i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_dinar" title="Tunisian dinar">Tunisian dinar</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza">Angolan kwanza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Eritrean nakfa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Kenyan shilling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_rupee" title="Seychellois rupee">Seychellois rupee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Somali shilling</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Somaliland shilling</a></i> (<i>unrecognized</i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">South Sudanese pound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling" title="Tanzanian shilling">Tanzanian shilling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Ugandan shilling</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound sterling</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Runion">Runion</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_loti" title="Lesotho loti">Lesotho loti</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Malawian kwacha</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Mauritian rupee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metical">Mozambican metical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_dollar" title="Namibian dollar">Namibian dollar</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_lilangeni" title="Swazi lilangeni">Swazi lilangeni</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Zambian kwacha</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</a> (defunct due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> since April 2009)</i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Bond_Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Bond Coins">Zimbabwean Bond Coins</a> (since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">Cents</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Bond_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Bond Notes">Zimbabwean Bond Notes</a> (since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">Dollars</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">Guinean franc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">Liberian dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="So Tom and Prncipe dobra">So Tom and Prncipe dobra</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Sierra Leonean leone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Currencies of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Currencies of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Currencies_of_the_Americas&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Currencies_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of the Americas</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aruban_florin" title="Aruban florin">Aruban florin</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_dollar" title="Bahamian dollar">Bahamian dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_dollar" title="Barbadian dollar">Barbadian dollar</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_dollar" title="Cayman Islands dollar">Cayman Islands dollar</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Cuban peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Cuban convertible peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_peso" title="Dominican peso">Dominican peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin" title="Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthlemy">Saint Barthlemy</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Jamaican dollar</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaao">Curaao</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar" title="Trinidad and Tobago dollar">Trinidad and Tobago dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belize_dollar" title="Belize dollar">Belize dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n" title="Costa Rican coln">Costa Rican coln</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_quetzal" title="Guatemalan quetzal">Guatemalan quetzal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_lempira" title="Honduran lempira">Honduran lempira</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan crdoba">Nicaraguan crdoba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Panamanian balboa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_boliviano" title="Bolivian boliviano">Bolivian boliviano</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound sterling</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></small></li>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Chilean peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_centavo_coins" title="Ecuadorian centavo coins">Ecuadorian centavo coins</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_pound" title="Falkland Islands pound">Falkland Islands pound</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_dollar" title="Guyanese dollar">Guyanese dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaran">Paraguayan guaran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Peruvian sol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_dollar" title="Surinamese dollar">Surinamese dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolvar">Venezuelan bolvar</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Currencies_of_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Currencies of Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Currencies_of_Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Currencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of Asia</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_som" title="Kyrgyzstani som">Kyrgyzstani som</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_manat" title="Turkmenistan manat">Turkmenistan manat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_so%CA%BBm" title="Uzbekistani som">Uzbekistani som</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Chinese yuan</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tgrg">Mongolian tgrg</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><i><small>unrecognized</small></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghan afghani</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Bhutanese ngultrum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_rufiyaa" title="Maldivian rufiyaa">Maldivian rufiyaa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Nepalese rupee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Sri Lankan rupee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></i></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kyat" title="Burmese kyat">Burmese kyat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Cambodian riel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_centavo_coins" title="East Timor centavo coins">East Timorese centavo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Lao kip</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_piso" title="Philippine piso">Philippine piso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese ng">Vietnamese ng</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_apsar" title="Abkhazian apsar">Abkhazian apsar</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><i><small>unrecognized</small></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_dram" title="Artsakh dram">Artsakh dram</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><i><small>unrecognized</small></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a>
+<ul>
+<li><i><small><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></small></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a>
+<ul>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">Jordanian dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Kuwaiti dinar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Omani rial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (<small><i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> (unrecognized) and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> (unrecognized)</i></small>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Qatari riyal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">UAE dirham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_post-Soviet_states" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_post-Soviet_states" title="Template:Currencies of post-Soviet states"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_post-Soviet_states" title="Template talk:Currencies of post-Soviet states"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Currencies_of_post-Soviet_states&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Currencies_of_post-Soviet_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In circulation</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_apsar" title="Abkhazian apsar">Abkhazian apsar</a> <i><small>(unrecognized)</small></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_dram" title="Artsakh dram">Artsakh dram</a> <i><small>(unrecognized)</small></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_som" title="Kyrgyzstani som">Kyrgyzstani som</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> (unrecognized) and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> (unrecognized)</i></small>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_ruble" title="Transnistrian ruble">Transnistrian ruble</a> <i><small>(unrecognized)</small></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_manat" title="Turkmenistan manat">Turkmenistan manat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Ukrainian hryvnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_so%CA%BBm" title="Uzbekistani som">Uzbekistani som</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_naxar" title="Chechen naxar">Chechen naxar</a> <i><small>(unrecognized)</small></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_kupon_lari" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian kupon lari">Georgian kupon lari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_rublis" title="Latvian rublis">Latvian rublis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_talonas" title="Lithuanian talonas">Lithuanian talonas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cupon" title="Moldovan cupon">Moldovan cupon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Soviet ruble</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_ruble" title="Tajikistani ruble">Tajikistani ruble</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_karbovanets" title="Ukrainian karbovanets">Ukrainian karbovanets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19501975</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1950</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1951</span> <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1952</span> <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1955</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1956</span> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1957</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1958</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1959</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1960</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1962</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1965</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1968</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="Franois Seydoux de Clausonne">Franois Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1971</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1974</span></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1975</span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19762000</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1980</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1983</span></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1984</span></span></li>
+<li><span style="color:silver"><span style="font-size:90%;">1985</span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Franois Mitterrand">Franois Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Vclav Havel">Vclav Havel</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1993</span> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe Gonzlez">Felipe Gonzlez</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisaw Geremek">Bronisaw Geremek</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001present</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="Gyrgy Konrd">Gyrgy Konrd</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2002</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valry Giscard d'Estaing">Valry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schuble">Wolfgang Schuble</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskait">Dalia Grybauskait</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4408931-4">4408931-4</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576420">00576420</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E" title=" Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADro" title="Ero Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euru" title="Euru Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evra" title="Evra Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Froyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83" title=" Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89" title=" Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title=" Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evra" title="Evra Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B" title=" Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-target">-</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B9ro" title="Ero Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewo" title="Ewo Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewro" title="Ewro Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3" title=" Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eura" title="Eura Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiro" title="Eiro Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ltzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euras" title="Euras Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingla</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ronru%27u" title="ronru'u Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3" title="Eur Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewro" title="Ewro Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title=" Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title=" Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title=" Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94u-ngu%C3%B2ng" title="u-ngung Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mng-dng-ng</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro_(moneda)" title="Ouro (moneda) Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title=" Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Nhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title=" Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title=" Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tchu" title="tchu Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88uro" title="uro Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevro" title="Yevro Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title=" Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title=" Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%90%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title=" Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuro" title="Yuuro Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdtsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evro" title="Evro Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro" title="Avro Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qrmtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwru" title="Iwru Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_(J%C3%A4ild)" title="Euro (Jild) Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li 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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FBI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FBI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="FBI (disambiguation)">FBI (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
+<caption>Federal Bureau of Investigation</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" width="150" height="155" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="720" /></a>
+<div><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Symbols of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" width="200" height="120" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a>
+<div>Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png" class="image"><img alt="Badge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png/100px-Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png" width="100" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png/150px-Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png/200px-Badge_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="965" /></a><br />
+Badge of an FBI Agent</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Formed</th>
+<td>July 26, 1908<span class="noprint">; 109 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1908-07-26</span>)</span> as the Bureau of Investigation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Jurisdiction</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. Government</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Headquarters</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">J. Edgar Hoover Building</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C." title="Northwest, Washington, D.C.">Northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Motto</th>
+<td><i>Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Employees</th>
+<td>35,104<sup id="cite_ref-FBI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBI-1">[1]</a></sup> (October 31, 2014)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Annual budget</th>
+<td>8.7 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> (FY 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-mission_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Agency executives</th>
+<td>
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher A. Wray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McCabe" title="Andrew McCabe">Andrew McCabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Parent agency</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fbi.gov">fbi<wbr />.gov</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The <b>Federal Bureau of Investigation</b> (<b>FBI</b>), formerly the <b>Bureau of Investigation</b> (<b>BOI</b>), is the domestic <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security</a> service of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and its principal <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agency</a>. Operating under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>, the FBI is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">U.S. Intelligence Community</a> and reports to both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">the Director of National Intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-intel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intel-3">[3]</a></sup> A leading U.S. <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a>, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over violations of more than 200 categories of <a href="/wiki/Federal_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Federal crime in the United States">federal crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">field offices</a> in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">U.S. embassies and consulates</a> across the globe. These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> just as the CIA has a <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Division" title="National Resources Division">limited domestic function</a>; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies.</p>
+<p>The FBI was established in 1908 as the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Investigation">Bureau of Investigation</a>, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the <i>Federal</i> Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. The FBI <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> is the <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">J. Edgar Hoover Building</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Budget.2C_mission.2C_and_priorities"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Budget, mission, and priorities</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Creation"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Creation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#J._Edgar_Hoover_as_FBI_Director"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#National_security"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">National security</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Japanese_American_internment"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Japanese American internment</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Civil_Rights_Movement"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Civil Rights Movement</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Kennedy.27s_assassination"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Kennedy's assassination</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Organized_crime"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Organized crime</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Special_FBI_teams"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Special FBI teams</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notable_efforts_in_the_1990s"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable efforts in the 1990s</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#September_11_attacks"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">September 11 attacks</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Faulty_bullet_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Faulty bullet analysis</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Organizational_structure"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Organizational structure</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Rank_structure"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rank structure</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Legal_authority"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legal authority</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Indian_reservations"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Indian reservations</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Personnel"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Hiring_process"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hiring process</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#BOI_and_FBI_directors"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">BOI and FBI directors</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Firearms"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Firearms</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Crime_statistics"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crime statistics</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Uniform_Crime_Reports"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Uniform Crime Reports</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">National Incident-Based Reporting System</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#eGuardian"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">eGuardian</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Controversies"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Controversies</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Files_on_US_citizens"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Files on US citizens</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Covert_operations_on_political_groups"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Covert operations on political groups</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Files_on_Puerto_Rican_independence_advocates"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Activities_in_Latin_America"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Activities in Latin America</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Internal_investigations_of_shootings"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Internal investigations of shootings</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#The_Whitey_Bulger_case"><span class="tocnumber">10.6</span> <span class="toctext">The Whitey Bulger case</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Robert_Hanssen"><span class="tocnumber">10.7</span> <span class="toctext">Robert Hanssen</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Death_of_Filiberto_Ojeda_Rios"><span class="tocnumber">10.8</span> <span class="toctext">Death of Filiberto Ojeda Rios</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Wikipedia_edits"><span class="tocnumber">10.9</span> <span class="toctext">Wikipedia edits</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Hillary_Clinton_email_investigation"><span class="tocnumber">10.10</span> <span class="toctext">Hillary Clinton email investigation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#2017_dismissal_of_Director_Comey"><span class="tocnumber">10.11</span> <span class="toctext">2017 dismissal of Director Comey</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Media_portrayal"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Media portrayal</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Notable_FBI_personnel"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notable FBI personnel</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span id="Budget,_mission,_and_priorities"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Budget.2C_mission.2C_and_priorities">Budget, mission, and priorities</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf/page1-220px-Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf.jpg" width="220" height="284" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf/page1-330px-Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf/page1-440px-Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1881" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_Investigations_and_Operations_Guide.pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In the fiscal year 2016, the Bureau's total budget was approximately $8.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Currently, the FBI's top priorities are:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>Protect the United States from terrorist attacks,</li>
+<li>Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage,</li>
+<li>Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes,</li>
+<li>Combat public <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> at all levels,</li>
+<li>Protect <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a>,</li>
+<li>Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises,</li>
+<li>Combat major <a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">white-collar crime</a>,</li>
+<li>Combat significant <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crime</a>,</li>
+<li>Support federal, state, local and international partners, and</li>
+<li>Upgrade technology to enable, and further, the successful performances of its missions as stated above.</li>
+</ol>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h3>
+<p>In 1896, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Criminal_Identification" title="National Bureau of Criminal Identification">National Bureau of Criminal Identification</a> was founded, which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of President William McKinley</a> created a perception that America was under threat from <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">anarchists</a>. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> wanted more power to monitor them.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-ch2-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Justice Department had been tasked with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">the regulation of interstate commerce</a> since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_land_fraud_scandal" title="Oregon land fraud scandal">Oregon land fraud scandal</a> at the turn of the 20th Century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Bonaparte</a> to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FindlayMemo1943_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FindlayMemo1943-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a>, for personnel, investigators in particular. On May 27, 1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> department.<sup id="cite_ref-AGreport1908_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGreport1908-13">[13]</a></sup> Again at Roosevelt's urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, which would then have its own staff of <a href="/wiki/Special_agent_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special agent (United States)">special agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-ch2-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Creation">Creation</span></h3>
+<p>The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was created on July 26, 1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-ch2-11">[11]</a></sup> Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds,<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-ch2-11">[11]</a></sup> hired thirty-four people, including some veterans of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-historicdates_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicdates-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-langeluttig-p9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langeluttig-p9-15">[15]</a></sup> to work for a new investigative agency. Its first "Chief" (the title is now known as "Director") was <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Finch" title="Stanley Finch">Stanley Finch</a>. Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-ch2-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or <a href="/wiki/Mann_Act" title="Mann Act">Mann Act</a>, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a> and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-historicdates_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicdates-14">[14]</a></sup> In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="J._Edgar_Hoover_as_FBI_Director">J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/220px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" width="220" height="278" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/330px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/440px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3036" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director from 1924 to 1972</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> served as FBI Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">FBI Laboratory</a>, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. But as detailed below, his proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau Director, especially in its later years. After Hoover's death, the Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years.</p>
+<p>Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a>. During the "War on Crime" of the 1930s, FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who carried out kidnappings, robberies, and murders throughout the nation, including <a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baby_Face_Nelson" title="Baby Face Nelson">"Baby Face" Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Barker" title="Ma Barker">Kate "Ma" Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Karpis" title="Alvin Karpis">Alvin "Creepy" Karpis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly" title="Machine Gun Kelly">George "Machine Gun" Kelly</a>.</p>
+<p>Other activities of its early decades included a decisive role in reducing the scope and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Additionally, through the work of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atherton" title="Edwin Atherton">Edwin Atherton</a>, the BOI claimed success in apprehending an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-1920s, east of San Diego, California.</p>
+<p>Hoover began using <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" title="Telephone tapping">wiretapping</a> in the 1920s during <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> to arrest bootleggers.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-16">[16]</a></sup> In the 1927 case <i><a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._United_States" title="Olmstead v. United States">Olmstead v. United States</a></i>, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-16">[16]</a></sup> After Prohibition's repeal, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a>, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but did allow bugging.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-16">[16]</a></sup> In the 1939 case <i>Nardone v. United States</i>, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-16">[16]</a></sup> After the 1967 case <i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i> overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibus Crime Control Act">Omnibus Crime Control Act</a>, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations, as long as they obtained warrants beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="National_security">National security</span></h4>
+<p>Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> against the United States and its allies. Eight <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> agents who had planned <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (<i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Quirin" title="Ex parte Quirin">Ex parte Quirin</a></i>) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort called "The <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona Project</a>"with which the FBI was heavily involvedbroke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-nsa_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa-17">[17]</a></sup> Hoover was administering this project, but he failed to notify the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) of it until 1952. Another notable case was the arrest of Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Vilyam_Genrikhovich_Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher">Rudolf Abel</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party of the United States of America</a> (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Japanese_American_internment">Japanese American internment</span></h4>
+<p>In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a <a href="/wiki/FBI_Index#Custodial_Detention_Index" title="FBI Index">custodial detention list</a> with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to <a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">Issei</a> community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Naval Intelligence</a> index that had focused on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a> in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian</a> nationals also found their way onto the secret list.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya-FBI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-FBI-20">[20]</a></sup> Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> On February 19, 1942, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a>, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya-FBI_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-FBI-20">[20]</a></sup> The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of <a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a> officials) and grooming informants to monitor dissidents and "troublemakers." After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya-FBI_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-FBI-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</span></h4>
+<p>During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or "fellow travelers." In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. <a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T.R.M. Howard</a>, a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a>, and other blacks in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The FBI carried out controversial <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">domestic surveillance</a> in an operation it called the <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> derived from <b>"CO</b>unter-<b>INTEL</b>ligence <b>PRO</b>gram."<sup id="cite_ref-coinpro_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coinpro-24">[24]</a></sup> It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>, a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, who is addressed in more detail below.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The FBI frequently investigated <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> In the mid-1960s, King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most "notorious liar" in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> In his 1991 memoir, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> journalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a> asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-27">[27]</a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a> documents an anonymous November 1964 "<a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_suicide_letter" title="FBIKing suicide letter">suicide package</a>" sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him, "You are done. There is only one way out for you..." with audio recordings of King's sexual indiscretions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in <a href="/wiki/Media,_Pennsylvania" title="Media, Pennsylvania">Media, Pennsylvania</a> was burgled by a group calling itself the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Commission_to_Investigate_the_FBI" title="Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI">Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI</a>. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.2770s_2-29">[29]</a></sup> The files detailed the FBI's extensive <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizensincluding a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman <a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">Henry Reuss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.2770s_2-29">[29]</a></sup> The country was "jolted" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of the Congress, including House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.2770s_2-29">[29]</a></sup> The phones of some members of the Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.<sup id="cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.2770s_2-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span id="Kennedy's_assassination"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Kennedy.27s_assassination">Kennedy's assassination</span></h4>
+<p>When President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was shot and killed, the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> directed the FBI to take over the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-history_postwar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_postwar-30">[30]</a></sup> To ensure clarity about the responsibility for investigation of homicides of federal officials, the Congress passed a law that included investigations of such deaths of federal officials, especially by homicide, within FBI jurisdiction. This new law was passed in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organized_crime">Organized crime</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donnie_Brasco.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Donnie_Brasco.jpg/220px-Donnie_Brasco.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Donnie_Brasco.jpg/330px-Donnie_Brasco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Donnie_Brasco.jpg/440px-Donnie_Brasco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Donnie_Brasco.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An FBI surveillance photograph of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Pistone" title="Joseph D. Pistone">Joseph D. Pistone</a> (aka Donnie Brasco), <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ruggiero" title="Benjamin Ruggiero">Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Robb" title="Edgar Robb">Edgar Robb</a> (aka Tony Rossi), 1980s</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_Hoodlum_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top Hoodlum Program (page does not exist)">Top Hoodlum Program</a>. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act</a>, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Syndicate" title="National Crime Syndicate">National Crime Syndicate</a> in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Giancana" title="Sam Giancana">Sam Giancana</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gotti" title="John Gotti">John Gotti</a>. The RICO Act is still used today for all <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> and any individuals who may fall under the Act's provisions.</p>
+<p>In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement."<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-35">[35]</a></sup> The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barboza#False_testimony_against_rivals" title="Joseph Barboza">March 1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan</a> in order to protect <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flemmi" title="Stephen Flemmi">Vincent Flemmi</a>, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-35">[35]</a></sup> Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Gertner" title="Nancy Gertner">Nancy Gertner</a> in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barboza" title="Joseph Barboza">Joseph Barboza</a>. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Special_FBI_teams">Special FBI teams</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg/220px-FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg/330px-FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg/440px-FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1464" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_SWAT_team_Watervliet_Arsenal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+FBI <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> agents in a training exercise</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1982, the FBI formed an elite unit<sup id="cite_ref-history_rise_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_rise-37">[37]</a></sup> to help with problems that might arise at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> to be held in Los Angeles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and major-crime. This was a result of the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich, Germany</a>, when terrorists murdered the Israeli athletes. Named the <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a>, or HRT, it acts as the FBI lead for a national <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> team in related procedures and all counter-terrorism cases. Also formed in 1984 was the <i>Computer Analysis and Response Team</i>, or CART.<sup id="cite_ref-history_coldwarend_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_coldwarend-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<p>From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-history_coldwarend_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_coldwarend-38">[38]</a></sup> the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_efforts_in_the_1990s">Notable efforts in the 1990s</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg/220px-Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg/330px-Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg/440px-Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi_egypt_air_990.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An FBI Agent tags the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit voice recorder">cockpit voice recorder</a> from <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> on the deck of the <a href="/wiki/USNS_Grapple_(T-ARS-53)" title="USNS Grapple (T-ARS-53)">USS <i>Grapple</i> (ARS 53)</a> at the crash site on November 13, 1999.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>; the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>; and the arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Unabomber</a> in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-history_wired_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_wired-39">[39]</a></sup> But Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco</a> incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing" title="Centennial Olympic Park bombing">Centennial Olympic Park bombing</a>. It has settled a dispute with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jewell" title="Richard Jewell">Richard Jewell</a>, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-leak_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leak-40">[40]</a></sup> in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation; this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of the bombing.</p>
+<p>After Congress passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act</a></i> (CALEA, 1994), the <i><a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</a></i> (HIPAA, 1996), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Espionage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Espionage Act">Economic Espionage Act</a></i> (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="September_11_attacks">September 11 attacks</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg/220px-9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg/330px-9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg/440px-9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="614" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:9-11_Pentagon_Emergency_Response_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+September 11 attacks at the Pentagon</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>During the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001, attacks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (19732001)">World Trade Center</a>, FBI agent <a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hatton_Jr." title="Leonard W. Hatton Jr.">Leonard W. Hatton Jr.</a> was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower, and he stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a>, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-history_current_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_current-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In February 2001, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a> was caught selling information to the Russian government. It was later learned that Hanssen, who had reached a high position within the FBI, had been selling intelligence since as early as 1979. He pleaded guilty to <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and received a <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life sentence</a> in 2002, but the incident led many to question the security practices employed by the FBI. There was also a claim that Hanssen might have contributed information that led to the September 11, 2001, attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-9_11_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9_11-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>'s final report on July 22, 2004, stated that the FBI and <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001, attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-43">[43]</a></sup> While the FBI did accede to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.<sup id="cite_ref-cbsnews_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsnews-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On July 8, 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> published excerpts from <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> Professor Amy Zegart's book <i>Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11.</i><sup id="cite_ref-cis_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cis-45">[45]</a></sup> The <i>Post</i> reported, from Zegart's book, that government documents showed that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a>. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices continued to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff, classifying <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis">intelligence analysts</a> alongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors.<sup id="cite_ref-wpz_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpz-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Faulty_bullet_analysis">Faulty bullet analysis</span></h3>
+<p>For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico had believed that lead alloys used in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It was analyzing the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> conducted an 18-month independent review of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_bullet-lead_analysis" title="Comparative bullet-lead analysis">comparative bullet-lead analysis</a>. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop conducting bullet lead analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
+<p>After a <i>60 Minutes</i>/<i>Washington Post</i> investigation in November 2007, two years later, the Bureau agreed to identify, review, and release all pertinent cases, and notify prosecutors about cases in which faulty testimony was given.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organization">Organization</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png/220px-FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png/330px-FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png/440px-FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="528" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Field_Divisions_map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+FBI field divisions map</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg/220px-FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg/330px-FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg/440px-FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="879" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_organizational_chart_-_2014.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Organization chart for the FBI as of July 15, 2014</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_(redacted).pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf/page1-220px-Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf.jpg" width="220" height="285" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf/page1-330px-Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf/page1-440px-Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1887" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Counterterrorism_Policy_Directive_and_Policy_Guide_(redacted).pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Redacted policy guide for the Counterterrorism Division (part of the <a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch" title="FBI National Security Branch">FBI National Security Branch</a>)</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.</p>
+<p>Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director. The functions branches of the FBI are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">FBI Intelligence Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch" title="FBI National Security Branch">FBI National Security Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal,_Cyber,_Response,_and_Services_Branch" title="FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch">FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Information_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Information and Technology Branch">FBI Information and Technology Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Human_Resources_Branch" title="FBI Human Resources Branch">FBI Human Resources Branch</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The Office of the Director serves as the central administrative organ of the FBI. The office provides staff support functions (such as finance and facilities management) to the five function branches and the various field divisions. The office is managed by the FBI associate director, who also oversees the operations of both the Information and Technology and Human Resources Branches.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Office of the Director
+<ul>
+<li>Immediate Office of the Director</li>
+<li>Office of the Deputy Director</li>
+<li>Office of the Associate Director</li>
+<li>Office of Congressional Affairs</li>
+<li>Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs</li>
+<li>Office of the General Counsel</li>
+<li>Office of Integrity and Compliance</li>
+<li>Office of the Ombudsman</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Professional_Responsibility" title="Office of Professional Responsibility">Office of Professional Responsibility</a></li>
+<li>Office of Public Affairs</li>
+<li>Inspection Division</li>
+<li>Facilities and Logistics Services Division</li>
+<li>Finance Division</li>
+<li>Records Management Division</li>
+<li>Resource Planning Office</li>
+<li>Security Division</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg/220px-2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg/330px-2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg/440px-2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_San_Diego_federal_Courthouse_bombing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An FBI agent at a crime scene</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rank_structure">Rank structure</span></h3>
+<p>The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI (in ascending order):<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Field Agents
+<ul>
+<li>Probationary Agent</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special Agent</a></li>
+<li>Senior Special Agent</li>
+<li>Supervisory Special Agent</li>
+<li>Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge (ASAC)</li>
+<li>Special Agent-in-Charge (SAC)
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg/220px-Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg" width="220" height="128" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg/330px-Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg/440px-Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="291" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mueller_comey_obama_september_2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a> speaks at the White House following his nomination by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> to be the next director of the FBI, 21 June 2013</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>FBI Management
+<ul>
+<li>Deputy Assistant Director</li>
+<li>Assistant Director</li>
+<li>Associate Executive Assistant Director</li>
+<li>Executive Assistant Director</li>
+<li>Associate Deputy Director</li>
+<li>Deputy Chief of Staff</li>
+<li>Chief of Staff and Special Counsel to the Director</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_authority">Legal authority</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg/220px-FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg/330px-FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg/440px-FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Badge_%26_gun.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+FBI badge and service pistol, a <a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a> Model 22, .40 S&W caliber</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The FBI's mandate is established in <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">Title 28 of the United States Code</a> (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> to "appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-uscode_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscode-50">[50]</a></sup> Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes.</p>
+<p>The FBI's chief tool against <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations</a> (RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) in the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> of 1970.</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a> increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" title="Telephone tapping">wiretapping</a> and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Sneak_and_peek_warrant" title="Sneak and peek warrant">sneak and peek</a></i> provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> records<sup id="cite_ref-library_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-51">[51]</a></sup> of those who are suspected of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s).</p>
+<p>In the early 1980s, Senate hearings were held to examine FBI undercover operations in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a> controversy, which had allegations of <a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">entrapment</a> of elected officials. As a result, in following years a number of guidelines were issued to constrain FBI activities.</p>
+<p>A March 2007 report by the inspector general of the Justice Department described the FBI's "widespread and serious misuse" of <a href="/wiki/National_security_letter" title="National security letter">national security letters</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_subpoena" title="Administrative subpoena">administrative subpoena</a> used to demand records and data pertaining to individuals. The report said that between 2003 and 2005, the FBI had issued more than 140,000 national security letters, many involving people with no obvious connections to terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. Attorney</a> or Department of Justice official, who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted.</p>
+<p>The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> (USCG) and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> (CBP) in seaport and airport security,<sup id="cite_ref-sea_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea-53">[53]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> in investigating <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">airplane crashes</a> and other critical incidents. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative manpower as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a>. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Task_Force" title="Joint Terrorism Task Force">Joint Terrorism Task Force</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_reservations">Indian reservations</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_(27474029651).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_%2827474029651%29.jpg/220px-FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_%2827474029651%29.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_%2827474029651%29.jpg/330px-FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_%2827474029651%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_%2827474029651%29.jpg/440px-FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_%2827474029651%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Director_Visits_North_Dakota_Indian_Reservation_(27474029651).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+FBI Director visits the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Berthold_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Berthold Indian Reservation">Fort Berthold Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> and prosecuting serious crime on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>There are 565 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States, and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations. This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>, Office of Justice Services (BIA-OJS).<br />
+<br />
+Located within the FBI's Criminal Investigative Division, the Indian Country Crimes Unit (ICCU) is responsible for developing and implementing strategies, programs, and policies to address identified crime problems in Indian Country (IC) for which the FBI has responsibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>Overview, Indian Country Crime<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></cite></div>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The FBI does not specifically list crimes in Native American land as one of its priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> Often serious crimes have been either poorly investigated or prosecution has been declined. Tribal courts can impose sentences of up to three years, under certain restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi_headquarters.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fbi_headquarters.jpg/220px-Fbi_headquarters.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fbi_headquarters.jpg/330px-Fbi_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fbi_headquarters.jpg/440px-Fbi_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1566" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi_headquarters.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">J. Edgar Hoover Building</a>, FBI Headquarters</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg/220px-Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg/330px-Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg/440px-Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi_mobile_command_center_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+FBI Mobile Command Center, <a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">Washington Field Office</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The FBI is headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">J. Edgar Hoover Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, with 56 field offices<sup id="cite_ref-organization_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organization-60">[60]</a></sup> in major cities across the United States. The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States, as well as over 50 legal attachs at United States <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulates</a>. Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>, as well as a "data campus" in <a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg, West Virginia</a>, where 96 million sets of fingerprints "from across the United States are stored, along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-61">[61]</a></sup> The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division, which processes <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) requests, to <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p>
+<p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, the FBI "is building a vast repository controlled by people who work in a top-secret vault on the fourth floor of the J. Edgar Hoover Building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. This one stores the profiles of tens of thousands of Americans and legal residents who are not accused of any crime. What they have done is appear to be acting suspiciously to a town sheriff, a traffic cop or even a neighbor."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">FBI Laboratory</a>, established with the formation of the BOI,<sup id="cite_ref-labhistory_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labhistory-63">[63]</a></sup> did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974. The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA, biological, and physical work. Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The services the lab conducts include <i>Chemistry</i>, <i>Combined DNA Index System</i> (CODIS), <i>Computer Analysis and Response</i>, <i>DNA Analysis</i>, <i>Evidence Response</i>, <i>Explosives</i>, <i>Firearms and Tool marks</i>, <i>Forensic Audio</i>, <i>Forensic Video</i>, <i>Image Analysis</i>, <i>Forensic Science Research</i>, <i>Forensic Science Training</i>, <i>Hazardous Materials Response</i>, <i>Investigative and Prospective Graphics</i>, <i>Latent Prints</i>, <i>Materials Analysis</i>, <i>Questioned Documents</i>, <i>Racketeering Records</i>, <i>Special Photographic Analysis</i>, <i>Structural Design</i>, and <i>Trace Evidence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-labwork_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labwork-64">[64]</a></sup> The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state, local, and international agencies free of charge. The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy.</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>, is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents. Going through the 21-week course is required for every Special Agent.<sup id="cite_ref-school_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-school-65">[65]</a></sup> First opened for use in 1972, the facility located on 385 acres (1.6 km<sup>2</sup>) of woodland. The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the <i>Field and Police Training Unit</i>, <i>Firearms Training Unit</i>, <i>Forensic Science Research and Training Center</i>, <i>Technology Services Unit</i> (TSU), <i>Investigative Training Unit</i>, <i>Law Enforcement Communication Unit</i>, <i>Leadership and Management Science Units</i> (LSMU), <i>Physical Training Unit</i>, <i>New Agents' Training Unit</i> (NATU), <i>Practical Applications Unit</i> (PAU), the <i>Investigative Computer Training Unit</i> and the "College of Analytical Studies."</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Academy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FBI_Academy.jpg/220px-FBI_Academy.jpg" width="220" height="197" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FBI_Academy.jpg/330px-FBI_Academy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FBI_Academy.jpg/440px-FBI_Academy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1885" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Academy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 2000, the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) infrastructure. This project, originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $380 million, ended up over budget and behind schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-vcf_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vcf-66">[66]</a></sup> Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful, but attempts to develop new investigation software, outsourced to <a href="/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">Science Applications International Corporation</a> (SAIC), were not. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Case_File" title="Virtual Case File">Virtual Case File</a>, or VCF, as the software was known, was plagued by poorly defined goals, and repeated changes in management.<sup id="cite_ref-vcf2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vcf2-67">[67]</a></sup> In January 2005, more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion, the FBI officially abandoned the project. At least $100 million (and much more by some estimates) was spent on the project, which never became operational. The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade-old Automated Case Support system, which <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> experts consider woefully inadequate. In March 2005, the FBI announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project, code-named Sentinel, which they expected to complete by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-sentinel_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sentinel-68">[68]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg/220px-FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg/330px-FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg/440px-FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Field_Office_in_Chelsea_Massachusetts.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The FBI Field Office in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea, Massachusetts</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a> was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight.</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Justice_Information_Services_Division" title="FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division">Criminal Justice Information Services</a> (CJIS) Division<sup id="cite_ref-cjis_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cjis-69">[69]</a></sup> is located in <a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia" title="Clarksburg, West Virginia">Clarksburg, West Virginia</a>. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the <i>National Crime Information Center</i> (NCIC), <i>Uniform Crime Reporting</i> (UCR), <i>Fingerprint Identification</i>, <i>Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</i> (IAFIS), <i>NCIC 2000</i>, and the <i>National Incident-Based Reporting System</i> (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.</p>
+<p>FBI is in charge of <a href="/wiki/National_Virtual_Translation_Center" title="National Virtual Translation Center">National Virtual Translation Center</a>, which provides "timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_Translators_and_FBI_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual_Translators_and_FBI-70">[70]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel">Personnel</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg/220px-FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg/330px-FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg/440px-FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Evidence_Response_Team.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An FBI Evidence Response Team</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Potential_Agents_on_the_FBI_Fireing_Range.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Potential_Agents_on_the_FBI_Fireing_Range.jpg/220px-Potential_Agents_on_the_FBI_Fireing_Range.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Potential_Agents_on_the_FBI_Fireing_Range.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="158" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Potential_Agents_on_the_FBI_Fireing_Range.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Agents in training on the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a> firing range</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>As of December 31, 2009, the FBI had a total of 33,852 employees. That includes 13,412 special agents and 20,420 support professionals, such as intelligence analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and other professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Officer_Down_Memorial_Page" title="Officer Down Memorial Page">Officer Down Memorial Page</a> provides the biographies of 69 FBI agents who have died in the line of duty from 1925 to July 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hiring_process">Hiring process</span></h3>
+<p>To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37. Due to the decision in <i>Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management</i>, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, preference-eligible <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The applicant must also hold American citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">security clearance</a>, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (<a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States#Top_Secret" title="Classified information in the United States"><b>T</b>op <b>S</b>ecret</a>/<a href="/wiki/Collateral_clearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Collateral clearance"><b>S</b>ensitive <b>C</b>ompartmented <b>I</b>nformation</a>) clearance.<sup id="cite_ref-tssci_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tssci-74">[74]</a></sup> To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of <a href="/wiki/Single_Scope_Background_Investigation" title="Single Scope Background Investigation">Single Scope Background Investigations</a> (SSBI), which are conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Personnel_Management" title="United States Office of Personnel Management">Office of Personnel Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opm_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opm-75">[75]</a></sup> Special Agents candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must pass a <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> test with questions including possible drug use.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ-FBI_Jobs_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-FBI_Jobs-76">[76]</a></sup> Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="BOI_and_FBI_directors">BOI and FBI directors</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI Directors</a> are appointed (nominated) by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> and must be confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> to serve a term of office of ten years, subject to resignation or removal by the President at his/her discretion before their term ends . Additional terms are allowed following the same procedure</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation, as part of the <i>Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act</i> of 1968, requiring Senate confirmation of appointments of future Directors.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover. The last FBI Director was <a href="/wiki/James_B._Comey" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Comey">James B. Comey</a>, who was appointed in 2013 by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. In 2017 he was fired by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald J. Trump">Donald J. Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a>, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI <a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">field offices</a> is manned with qualified agents. Before the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a> was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then, the director now reports to the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> (DNI), who in turn reports to the President.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Firearms">Firearms</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg/220px-Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg/330px-Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg/440px-Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="498" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Glock22inOliveDrab.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A Glock 22 pistol in .40 S&W caliber</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Upon qualification, an FBI special agent is issued a full-size <a href="/wiki/Glock_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 22">Glock 22</a> or compact Glock 23 <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a>, both of which are chambered in the <a href="/wiki/.40_S%26W" title=".40 S&W">.40 S&W</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge</a>. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock, in .40 S&W, for general agent use, and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Glock 23 "FG&R" (finger groove and rail; either 3rd generation or "Gen4") is the issue sidearm.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a>. The Glock 26 (subcompact 9mm Parabellum), Glock 23 and Glock 27 (.40 S&W compact and subcompact, respectively) are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are also authorized to purchase and qualify with the <a href="/wiki/Glock_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 21">Glock 21</a> in <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Special agents of the FBI <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a> (HRT) and <a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Weapons_and_Tactics_Teams" title="FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams">regional SWAT teams</a> are issued the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory,_Inc." title="Springfield Armory, Inc.">Springfield Armory</a> <a href="/wiki/M1911_pistol" title="M1911 pistol">Professional Model 1911</a> pistol in .45 ACP.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In June 2016, the FBI awarded <a href="/wiki/Glock_Ges.m.b.H." title="Glock Ges.m.b.H.">Glock</a> a contract for new handguns. Unlike the currently issued .40 S&W chambered Glock pistols, the new Glocks will be chambered for 9mm Parabellum. The contract is for the full-size Glock 17M and the compact Glock 19M. The "M" means the Glocks have been modified to meet government standards specified by a 2015 government <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposal" title="Request for proposal">request for proposal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span></h2>
+<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin" title="FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin">FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin</a></i> is published monthly by the FBI Law Enforcement Communication Unit,<sup id="cite_ref-lecu_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecu-89">[89]</a></sup> with articles of interest to state and local <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement</a> personnel. First published in 1932 as <i>Fugitives Wanted by Police</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-history_newdeal_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_newdeal-90">[90]</a></sup> the <i>FBI Law Bulletin</i> covers topics including law enforcement technology and issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">crime mapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force" title="Use of force">use of force</a>, as well as recent <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a> research, and <a href="/wiki/Violent_Criminal_Apprehension_Program" title="Violent Criminal Apprehension Program">Vi-CAP</a> alerts, on wanted suspects and key cases.</p>
+<p>The FBI also publishes some reports for both law enforcement personnel as well as regular citizens covering topics including law enforcement, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">cybercrime</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">white-collar crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crime</a>, and statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs-91">[91]</a></sup> However, the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> publications covering these topics are published by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs" title="Office of Justice Programs">Office of Justice Programs</a> agencies of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>, and disseminated through the <a href="/wiki/National_Criminal_Justice_Reference_Service" title="National Criminal Justice Reference Service">National Criminal Justice Reference Service</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Crime_statistics">Crime statistics</span></h3>
+<p>In the 1920s, the FBI began issuing crime reports by gathering numbers from local police departments.<sup id="cite_ref-.2770s_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.2770s-92">[92]</a></sup> Due to limitations of this system found during the 1960s and 1970svictims often simply did not report crimes to the police in the first placethe <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> developed an alternate method of tallying crime, the victimization survey.<sup id="cite_ref-.2770s_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.2770s-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Uniform_Crime_Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</a></div>
+<p>The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs-91">[91]</a></sup> Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as <i>uniform</i> as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.</p>
+<p>Preliminary Annual <i>Uniform Crime Report</i> for 2006 was released on June 4, 2006. The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1.3%, but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2.9% compared to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-publications_ucr2006_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications_ucr2006-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a></div>
+<p>The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) <a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">crime statistics</a> system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state, and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary-based UCR system. As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="eGuardian">eGuardian</span></h2>
+<p>eGuardian is the name of an FBI system, launched in January 2009, to share tips about possible terror threats with local police agencies. The program aims to get law enforcement at all levels sharing data quickly about suspicious activity and people.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
+<p>eGuardian enables near real-time sharing and tracking of terror information and suspicious activities with local, state, tribal, and federal agencies. The eGuardian system is a spin-off of a similar but classified tool called Guardian that has been used inside the FBI, and shared with vetted partners since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span></h2>
+<p>Throughout its history, the bureau has been the subject of a number of controversial cases, both at home and abroad.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Files_on_US_citizens">Files on US citizens</span></h3>
+<p>The FBI has maintained files on numerous people, including celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Elvis_Presley" title="FBI files on Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, the band <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Costello" title="Lou Costello">Lou Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono" title="Sonny Bono">Sonny Bono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mantle" title="Mickey Mantle">Mickey Mantle</a>. The files were collected for various reasons. Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party (Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx), or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War (John Denver, John Lennon, and Jane Fonda). Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them (Sonny Bono, John Denver, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Mickey Mantle, Groucho Marx, and Frank Sinatra).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Covert_operations_on_political_groups">Covert operations on political groups</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png/170px-1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png" width="170" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png/255px-1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png/340px-1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1182" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1965_FBI_monograph_on_Nation_of_Islam_-_Elijah_Muhammad.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Image from the FBI monograph of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> (1965): <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>COINTELPRO tactics have been alleged to include discrediting targets through <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>; smearing individuals and groups using forged documents and by planting false reports in the media; harassment; wrongful imprisonment; and illegal violence.<sup id="cite_ref-icdc.com_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icdc.com-97">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FBI_Secrets_1995_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBI_Secrets_1995-98">[98]</a></sup> The FBI's stated motivation was "protecting <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></p>
+<p>FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed "subversive",<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> and others associated with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> and other civil rights organizations; <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalist</a> groups (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>); the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>; a broad range of organizations labeled "<a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>", including <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weatherman_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherman (organization)">Weathermen</a>; almost all groups protesting the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the <a href="/wiki/National_Lawyers_Guild" title="National Lawyers Guild">National Lawyers Guild</a>; organizations and individuals associated with the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a>, and Cuban exile movements including <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bosch" title="Orlando Bosch">Orlando Bosch</a>'s Cuban Power and the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Nationalist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Nationalist Movement">Cuban Nationalist Movement</a>. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white</a> <a href="/wiki/Hate_groups_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate groups in the United States">hate groups</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Files_on_Puerto_Rican_independence_advocates">Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates</span></h3>
+<p>The FBI also spied upon and collected information on <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Rican</a> independence leader <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos" title="Pedro Albizu Campos">Pedro Albizu Campos</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Nationalist</a> political party in the 1930s. Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials: in 1937 (Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States), in 1950 (attempted murder), and in 1954 (after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session; although not present, Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Luis_Gutierrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Gutierrez">Luis Gutierrez</a> had it made public via the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the 2000s, researchers obtained files released by the FBI under the Freedom of Information Act revealing that the San Juan FBI office had coordinated with FBI offices in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and other cities, in a decades-long surveillance of Albizu Campos and Puerto Ricans who had contact or communication with him. The documents available are as recent as 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Activities_in_Latin_America">Activities in Latin America</span></h3>
+<p>From the 1950s to the 1980s, the governments of many Latin American and Caribbean countries were infiltrated by the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_investigations_of_shootings">Internal investigations of shootings</span></h3>
+<p>During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha" title="University of Nebraska Omaha">University of Nebraska Omaha</a> said the number of shots found to be unjustified was "suspiciously low." In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Whitey_Bulger_case">The Whitey Bulger case</span></h3>
+<p>The FBI has been criticized for its handling of Boston organized crime figure <a href="/wiki/Whitey_Bulger" title="Whitey Bulger">Whitey Bulger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-2011-06-23-Nagorney_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2011-06-23-Nagorney-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-120">[120]</a></sup> Beginning in 1975, Bulger served as an informant for the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-law.com_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.com-121">[121]</a></sup> As a result, the Bureau largely ignored his organization in exchange for information about the inner workings of the Italian American <a href="/wiki/Patriarca_crime_family" title="Patriarca crime family">Patriarca crime family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In December 1994, after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act</a>, Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding. For 16 years, he remained at large. For 12 of those years, Bulger was prominently listed on the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives" title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives">FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives</a> list.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> Beginning in 1997, the New England media exposed criminal actions by federal, state, and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger. The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost1-127">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-128">[128]</a></sup> In 2002, Special Agent John J Connolly was convicted of federal racketeering charges for helping Bulger avoid arrest. In 2008, Special Agent Connolly completed his term on the federal charges and was transferred to Florida where he was convicted of helping plan the murder of John B Callahan, a Bulger rival. In 2014, that conviction was overturned on a technicality. Connolly was the agent leading the investigation of Bulger.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In June 2011, the 81-year-old Bulger was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes_arrest_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes_arrest-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> Bulger was tried on 32 counts of <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" class="mw-redirect" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, and weapons charges; including complicity in 19 murders.<sup id="cite_ref-Trial_opens_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trial_opens-135">[135]</a></sup> In August 2013, the jury found him guilty on 31 counts, and having been involved in 11 murders.<sup id="cite_ref-Globe_Conviction_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe_Conviction-136">[136]</a></sup> Bulger was sentenced to two consecutive life terms plus five years.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Robert_Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</span></h3>
+<p>On 20 February 2001, the bureau announced that a special agent, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a> (born 1944) had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001. He is serving 15 consecutive <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life sentences</a> without the possibility of parole at <a href="/wiki/ADX_Florence" title="ADX Florence">ADX Florence</a>, a federal <a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">supermax prison</a> near Florence, Colorado. Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at <a href="/wiki/Foxstone_Park" title="Foxstone Park">Foxstone Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> near his home in <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna, Virginia</a>, and was charged with selling US secrets to the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> for more than US$1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 15 counts of <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">espionage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usdoj.gov_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoj.gov-141">[141]</a></sup> His spying activities have been described by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a>'s Commission for the Review of FBI Security Programs as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_of_Filiberto_Ojeda_Rios">Death of Filiberto Ojeda Rios</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Filiberto_ojeda_rios_fbi_photograph_02_with_black_border.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Filiberto_ojeda_rios_fbi_photograph_02_with_black_border.jpg" width="150" height="200" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Filiberto_ojeda_rios_fbi_photograph_02_with_black_border.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Puerto Rican Nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Filiberto_Ojeda_R%C3%ADos" title="Filiberto Ojeda Ros">Filiberto Ojeda Ros</a> died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Filiberto_Ojeda_R%C3%ADos" title="Filiberto Ojeda Ros">Filiberto Ojeda Ros</a> died in a gun battle with FBI agents that some charged was an assassination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Puerto Rico Governor <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Acevedo_Vil%C3%A1" title="Anbal Acevedo Vil">Anbal Acevedo Vil</a> criticized the FBI assault as "improper" and "highly irregular" and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it.<sup id="cite_ref-globe_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-143">[143]</a></sup> The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident. The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Azcentral_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azcentral-144">[144]</a></sup> Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Nieves" title="Roberto Gonzlez Nieves">Archbishop Roberto Octavio Gonzlez Nieves</a>, ex-Governor <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Col%C3%B3n" title="Rafael Hernndez Coln">Rafael Hernndez Coln</a>, and numerous other personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the aftermath of his death, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">Special Committee on Decolonization</a> approved a draft resolution urging a "probe of [the] pro-independence killing, human rights abuses", after "Petitioner after petitioner condemned the assassination of Mr. Ojeda Rios by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia_edits">Wikipedia edits</span></h3>
+<p>In August 2007 <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Griffith" title="Virgil Griffith">Virgil Griffith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> computation and neural-systems graduate student, created <a href="/wiki/WikiScanner" title="WikiScanner">WikiScanner</a>, a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made. The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia edits with publicly available records pertaining to the Internet <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> edits were made from.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-147">[147]</a></sup> Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-149">[149]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardiantech_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardiantech-150">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup> and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves. The tool was designed to detect <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of interest editing on Wikipedia">conflict of interest edits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> Among his findings were that FBI computers were used to edit the FBI article on Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-reutersscanner_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersscanner-153">[153]</a></sup> Although the edits correlated with known FBI IP addresses, there was no proof that the changes actually came from a member or employee of the FBI, only that someone who had access to their network had edited the FBI article on Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-149">[149]</a></sup> Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith's "WikiScanner" positively, noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles<sup id="cite_ref-reutersscanner_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersscanner-153">[153]</a></sup> as well as increasing transparency<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-149">[149]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts.<sup id="cite_ref-belfast_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfast-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hillary_Clinton_email_investigation">Hillary Clinton email investigation</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy" title="Hillary Clinton email controversy">Hillary Clinton email controversy</a></div>
+<p>On July 5, 2016, FBI Director Comey announced the bureau's recommendation that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> file no criminal charges relating to the <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy" title="Hillary Clinton email controversy">Hillary Clinton email controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTlandler_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTlandler-156">[156]</a></sup> During an unusual 15 minute press conference in the <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">J. Edgar Hoover Building</a>, Comey called Secretary Clinton's and her top aides' behavior "extremely careless", but concluded that "no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTlandler_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTlandler-156">[156]</a></sup> Comey's public comments came after Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> announced that she would "fully" accept the recommendation of the FBI regarding the probe. It was the first time the FBI disclosed its prosecutorial recommendation to the Department of Justice publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTlandler_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTlandler-156">[156]</a></sup> On July 7, 2016, Comey was questioned by a Republican-led House committee during a hearing regarding the FBI's recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On October 28, 2016, less than two weeks before the presidential election, Director Comey, a long-time Republican, announced in a letter to Congress that additional emails potentially related to the Clinton email controversy had been found and that the FBI will investigate "to determine whether they contain classified information as well as to assess their importance to our investigation."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> At the time Comey sent his letter to Congress, the FBI had still not obtained a warrant to review any of the e-mails in question and was not aware of the content of any of the e-mails in question.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> Comey's announcement was inconsistent with Justice Department policy and he was warned by lawyers at the Department of Justice against proceeding with his letter to Congress. Both Republican and Democrat lawmakers, as well as both the Clinton and Trump campaigns have called on Comey to provide additional details.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup></p>
+<p>After Comey's letter to Congress, commentator Paul Callan of CNN and Niall O'Dowd of Irish Central compared Comey to J. Edgar Hoover in attempting to influence and manipulate elections.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> On October 30, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Painter" title="Richard Painter">Richard Painter</a>, chief White House ethics lawyer in the George W. Bush Administration, published an op-ed piece in the NY Times, stating that he had filed a complaint against the FBI with the Office of Special Counsel, which investigates possible violations of the <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a>, and with the Office of Government Ethics with respect to the sending of the letter. In the days after the FBI intervention, Rudy Giuliani indicated that the Trump campaign was briefed by the FBI days before Comey's letter was sent to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On November 6, 2016, in the face of constant pressure from both Republicans and Democrats, Comey conceded in a second letter to Congress that through the FBI's review of the new e-mails, there was no wrongdoing by Clinton. Comey conceded, "Based on our review, we have not changed our conclusions that we expressed in July." While the e-mail matter is resolved, legal questions on Comey's actions remain.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> Comey and the FBI have been broadly criticized on the editorial pages from both the right and the left, with headlines reading: "James Comey should be fired" (Chicago Tribune);<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> "FBI chief James Comey should resign" (The Washington Times);<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> and "FBI Director James Comey is Unfit for Public Service" (Newsweek).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> On November 12, 2016, unsuccessful presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> directly attributed her <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">election loss</a> to FBI Director <a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On January 12, 2017, the Department of Justice's Office of Inspector General announced a formal investigation into whether the FBI followed proper procedures in its investigation of Clinton or whether "improper considerations" were made by FBI personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2017_dismissal_of_Director_Comey">2017 dismissal of Director Comey</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey" title="Dismissal of James Comey">Dismissal of James Comey</a></div>
+<p>On May 9, 2017, President Trump dismissed FBI Director Comey after Comey had misstated several key findings of the email investigation in his testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> question whether the dismissal was in response to Comey's request for more resources to expand the probe into <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference into the Presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> Following Comey's dismissal, Deputy Director <a href="/wiki/Andrew_G._McCabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew G. McCabe">Andrew G. McCabe</a> became Acting Director.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> On August 1, 2017, President Trump's nominee for FBI director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher A. Wray</a> was officially confirmed by the Senate in a 925 vote and was sworn in as Director the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_portrayal">Media portrayal</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FBI_portrayal_in_media" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI portrayal in media">FBI portrayal in media</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_(9344570889).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_%289344570889%29.jpg/200px-Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_%289344570889%29.jpg" width="200" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_%289344570889%29.jpg/300px-Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_%289344570889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_%289344570889%29.jpg/400px-Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_%289344570889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gillian_Anderson_%26_David_Duchovny_(9344570889).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The popular 19932002 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i> depicted the fictional FBI Special Agents <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scully" title="Dana Scully">Dana Scully</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gillian_Anderson" title="Gillian Anderson">Gillian Anderson</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Mulder" title="Fox Mulder">Fox Mulder</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Duchovny" title="David Duchovny">David Duchovny</a>) who investigated <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> phenomena.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 19932002 series <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i>, which concerned investigations into <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> phenomena by five fictional Special Agents, and the fictional <a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorist_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Terrorist Unit">Counter Terrorist Unit</a> (CTU) agency in the TV drama <i><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)">24</a></i>, which is patterned after the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterterrorism_Division" title="FBI Counterterrorism Division">FBI Counterterrorism Division</a>. The 1991 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Point_Break_(1991_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Break (1991 film)">Point Break</a></i> is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Brasco_(film)" title="Donnie Brasco (film)">Donnie Brasco</a></i> is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Pistone" title="Joseph D. Pistone">Joseph D. Pistone</a> infiltrating the Mafia. The 2015 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Quantico_(TV_series)" title="Quantico (TV series)">Quantico</a></i>, titled after the location of the Bureau's training facility, deals with Probationary and Special Agents, not all of whom, within the show's format, may be fully reliable or even trustworthy.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_FBI_personnel">Notable FBI personnel</span></h2>
+<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atherton" title="Edwin Atherton">Edwin Atherton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bethune" title="Ed Bethune">Ed Bethune</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_P._Davidson" title="Alaska P. Davidson">Alaska P. Davidson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Fitzgerald" title="James R. Fitzgerald">James R. Fitzgerald</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">W. Mark Felt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Horiuchi" title="Lon Horiuchi">Lon Horiuchi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(agent)" title="Richard Miller (agent)">Richard Miller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_O%27Neill" title="Eric O'Neill">Eric O'Neill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Neill" title="John P. O'Neill">John P. O'Neill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Pistone" title="Joseph D. Pistone">Joseph D. Pistone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Purvis" title="Melvin Purvis">Melvin Purvis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Soufan" title="Ali Soufan">Ali Soufan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Thomas_(agent)" title="Sue Thomas (agent)">Sue Thomas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loy_F._Weaver" title="Loy F. Weaver">Loy F. Weaver</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Whitehurst" title="Frederic Whitehurst">Frederic Whitehurst</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/28px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/42px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/56px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Government of the United States">Government of the United States portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_agent.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuvola_apps_agent.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_agent.svg.png" width="32" height="26" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuvola_apps_agent.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_agent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuvola_apps_agent.svg/64px-Nuvola_apps_agent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="97" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law_enforcement/Law_enforcement_topics" title="Portal:Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics">Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a> (DSS)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Honorary_Medals" title="FBI Honorary Medals">FBI Honorary Medals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Victims_Identification_Project" title="FBI Victims Identification Project">FBI Victims Identification Project</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inspector" title="Inspector">Inspector</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Former_Special_Agents_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/State_bureau_of_investigation" title="State bureau of investigation">State bureau of investigation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> (CBP)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE/HSI)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a> (USMS)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> (USSS)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-FBI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075824/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/quick-facts/quickfacts">"Quick Facts"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/quick-facts/quickfacts">the original</a> on 2014-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Facts&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fquick-facts%2Fquickfacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-mission-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mission_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mission_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about/mission">"Mission & Priorities"</a>. <i>Federal Bureau of Investigation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=Mission+%26amp%3B+Priorities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout%2Fmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-intel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intel_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810180812/http://www.intelligence.gov/mission/member-agencies.html">"Our Strength Lies in Who We Are"</a>. intelligence.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelligence.gov/mission/member-agencies.html">the original</a> on August 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Strength+Lies+in+Who+We+Are&rft.pub=intelligence.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligence.gov%2Fmission%2Fmember-agencies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-drug-enforcement-administration-dea-and-the-bureau-of-alcohol-tobacco-firearms-and-explosives-atf">"How does the FBI differ from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)?"</a>. <i>Federal Bureau of Investigation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=How+does+the+FBI+differ+from+the+Drug+Enforcement+Administration+%28DEA%29+and+the+Bureau+of+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco%2C+Firearms+and+Explosives+%28ATF%29%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout%2Ffaqs%2Fhow-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-drug-enforcement-administration-dea-and-the-bureau-of-alcohol-tobacco-firearms-and-explosives-atf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-quickfacts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017083929/http://www2.fbi.gov/quickfacts.htm">"Federal Bureau of Investigation Quick Facts"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/quickfacts.htm">the original</a> on 2011-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation+%E2%80%93+Quick+Facts&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fquickfacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015">Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies</a>, Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 26, 2014</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html">FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, June 19, 2012</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview">Overview of the Legal Attach Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042943/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview">Archived</a> March 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Federal Bureau of Investigation, Retrieved: March 25, 2015</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6973534/ns/us_news-security/t/spies-clash-fbi-joins-cia-overseas/#.VTKrN5OATz4">Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas: Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> via <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>, February 15, 2005</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412223657/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/quick-facts/quickfacts">"FBI- Quick Facts"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/quick-facts/quickfacts">the original</a> on 12 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI-+Quick+Facts&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fquick-facts%2Fquickfacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Weiner-ch2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner-ch2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner">Weiner, Tim</a> (2012). "Revolution". <i>Enemies a history of the FBI</i> (1 ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64389-0">978-0-679-64389-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution&rft.btitle=Enemies+a+history+of+the+FBI&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64389-0&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FindlayMemo1943-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FindlayMemo1943_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Findlay, James G. (19 November 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703063000/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_findlay43">"Memorandum for the Director: Re: Early History of the Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice"</a>. <i>Historical Documents from the Bureau's Founding</i>. Los Angeles, CA: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_findlay43">the original</a> on 3 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Documents+from+the+Bureau%27s+Founding&rft.atitle=Memorandum+for+the+Director%3A+Re%3A+Early+History+of+the+Bureau+of+Investigation%2C+United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1943-11-19&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history%2Fdocs_findlay43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AGreport1908-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AGreport1908_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte, Charles Joseph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703062849/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_ar1908">"Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States, 1908, p.7"</a>. <i>Historical Documents from the Bureau's Founding</i>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_ar1908">the original</a> on 3 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>In my last annual report I called attention to the fact that this department was obliged to call upon the Treasury Department for detective service, and had, in fact, no permanent executive force directly under its orders. Through the prohibition of its further use of the Secret Service force, contained in the Sundry Civil Appropriation Act, approved May 27, 1908, it became necessary for the department to organize a small force of special agents of its own. Although such action was involuntary on the part of this department, the consequences of the innovation have been, on the whole, moderately satisfactory. The Special Agents, placed as they are under the direct orders of the Chief Examiner, who receives from them daily reports and summarizes these each day to the Attorney General, are directly controlled by this department, and the Attorney General knows or ought to know, at all times what they are doing and at what cost.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Documents+from+the+Bureau%27s+Founding&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Attorney+General+of+the+United+States%2C+1908%2C+p.7&rft.aulast=Bonaparte&rft.aufirst=Charles+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history%2Fdocs_ar1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-historicdates-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historicdates_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historicdates_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316145041/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/intelligence/timeline/">"Timeline of FBI History"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/intelligence/timeline">the original</a> on 16 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+FBI+History&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fintelligence%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-langeluttig-p9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langeluttig-p9_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Langeluttig, Albert (1927). <i>The Department of Justice of the United States</i>. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Department+of+Justice+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=9-14&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Langeluttig%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-hnn-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/David_Greenberg" title="David Greenberg">Greenberg, David</a> (2001-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/366.html">"Civil Rights: Let 'Em Wiretap!"</a>. History News Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights%3A+Let+%27Em+Wiretap%21&rft.date=2001-10-22&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-nsa-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsa_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Benson, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614231955/http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00039.cfm">"The Venona Story"</a>. National Security Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00039.cfm">the original</a> on 2006-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Venona+Story&rft.pub=National+Security+Agency&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fpublications%2Fpubli00039.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Romerstein, Herbert, Eric Breindel (2001). <i>The Venona Secrets, Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors</i>. Regnery Publishing, Inc. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-225-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-225-8">0-89526-225-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venona+Secrets%2C+Exposing+Soviet+Espionage+and+America%27s+Traitors&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89526-225-8&rft.au=Romerstein%2C+Herbert%2C+Eric+Breindel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kashima, Tetsuden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Custodial_detention_/_A-B-C_list/">"Custodial detention / A-B-C list"</a>. Densho Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Custodial+detention+%2F+A-B-C+list&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Kashima&rft.aufirst=Tetsuden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FCustodial_detention_%2F_A-B-C_list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Niiya-FBI-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya-FBI_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya-FBI_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya-FBI_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Niiya, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Federal%20Bureau%20of%20Investigation/">"Federal Bureau of Investigation"</a>. Densho Encyclopledia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopledia&rft.aulast=Niiya&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FFederal%2520Bureau%2520of%2520Investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/J._Edgar_Hoover/">"J. Edgar Hoover"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+Edgar+Hoover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FJ._Edgar_Hoover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, <i>Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power</i> (Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 2009), 148, 15459.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-coinpro-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coinpro_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cassidy, Mike M. (1999-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000118104808/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html">"A Short History of FBI COINTELPRO"</a>. Monitor.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html">the original</a> on 2000-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+FBI+COINTELPRO&rft.pub=Monitor.net&rft.date=1999-05-26&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Mike+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.net%2Fmonitor%2F9905a%2Fjbcointelpro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-latimes-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jalon, Allan M. (2006-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620040020/http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0308-27.htm">"A Break-In to End All Break-Ins"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0308-27.htm">the original</a> on 2006-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Break-In+to+End+All+Break-Ins&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.date=2006-04-08&rft.aulast=Jalon&rft.aufirst=Allan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fviews06%2F0308-27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 19631965 (Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 524-529</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-washingtonpost-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Adams" title="Cecil Adams">Adams, Cecil M.</a> (2003-05-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/030502.html">"Was Martin Luther King, Jr. a plagiarist?"</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+a+plagiarist%3F&rft.pub=Washington+Post&rft.date=2003-05-02&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Cecil+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2F030502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUI6tY9RJUYC&q=suicide#v=snippet&q=suicide%20package%2C%20hoover&f=false"><i>Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 19631965 (Simon & Schuster, 1999) p. 527-529</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taylor+Branch%2C+Pillar+of+Fire%3A+America+in+the+King+Years+1963%E2%80%931965+%28Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+1999%29+p.+527-529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCUI6tY9RJUYC%26q%3Dsuicide%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dsuicide%2520package%252C%2520hoover%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-.2770s_2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-.2770s_2_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i>. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7">0-465-04195-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-history_postwar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_postwar_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106195659/http://www2.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/postwar.htm">"Postwar America: 19451960s"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/postwar.htm">the original</a> on 2015-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postwar+America%3A+1945%E2%80%931960s&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Flibref%2Fhistoric%2Fhistory%2Fpostwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/14/us/jfk-assassination-5-things/">"5 things you might not know about JFK's assassination"</a>. CNN.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+things+you+might+not+know+about+JFK%27s+assassination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F11%2F14%2Fus%2Fjfk-assassination-5-things%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-79/pdf/STATUTE-79-Pg580.pdf">"Public Law 89-141 - Chapter 84. PRESIDENTIAL ASSASSINATION, KIDNAPPING, AND ASSAULT"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Law+89-141+-+Chapter+84.%E2%80%93+PRESIDENTIAL+ASSASSINATION%2C+KIDNAPPING%2C+AND+ASSAULT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-79%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-79-Pg580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-84">"18 U.S. Code Chapter 84 PRESIDENTIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL STAFF ASSASSINATION, KIDNAPPING, AND ASSAULT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18+U.S.+Code+Chapter+84+%E2%80%93+PRESIDENTIAL+AND+PRESIDENTIAL+STAFF+ASSASSINATION%2C+KIDNAPPING%2C+AND+ASSAULT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F18%2Fpart-I%2Fchapter-84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/page2/august07/mobintel080907.htm">"Using Intel to Stop the Mob, Part 2"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616042610/https://www.fbi.gov/page2/august07/mobintel080907.htm">Archived</a> June 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved 2010-02-12.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Murphy-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shelley Murphy (2007-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/07/27/death_deceit_then_decades_of_silence/">"Evidence Of Injustice"</a>. Boston Globe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+Of+Injustice&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft.au=Shelley+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2007%2F07%2F27%2Fdeath_deceit_then_decades_of_silence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705233705/http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/7/26/223620.shtml">"U.S. Must Pay Out $100 Million for Wrongful FBI Conviction"</a>. Reuters. 2007-07-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/7/26/223620.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Must+Pay+Out+%24100+Million+for+Wrongful+FBI+Conviction&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.newsmax.com%2Farchives%2Farticles%2F2007%2F7%2F26%2F223620.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-history_rise-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_rise_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106201333/http://www2.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/rise.htm">"Rise in International Crime"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/rise.htm">the original</a> on 2015-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rise+in+International+Crime&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Flibref%2Fhistoric%2Fhistory%2Frise.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-WaPo-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Priest" title="Dana Priest">Priest, Dana</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Arkin" title="William Arkin">Arkin, William</a> (December 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/monitoring-america/3/">Monitoring America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222220450/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/monitoring-america/3/">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-labwork-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-labwork_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016191555/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/org/labchart.htm">"FBI Laboratory Services"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/org/labchart.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+Laboratory+Services&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fhq%2Flab%2Forg%2Flabchart.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-vcf-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vcf_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sherman, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830160336/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/newszine/Archive/020905/tech/2.htm">"Lawmakers criticize FBI director's expensive project"</a>. Newszine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/newszine/Archive/020905/tech/2.htm">the original</a> on 2006-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawmakers+criticize+FBI+director%27s+expensive+project&rft.pub=Newszine&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiml.jou.ufl.edu%2Fnewszine%2FArchive%2F020905%2Ftech%2F2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-vcf2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vcf2_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gerin, Roseanne (2005-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202010045/http://www.washingtontechnology.com/news/1_1/industry/25335-1.html">"SAIC rejects Trilogy criticism"</a>. Washington Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontechnology.com/news/1_1/industry/25335-1.html">the original</a> on December 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAIC+rejects+Trilogy+criticism&rft.pub=Washington+Technology&rft.date=2005-01-14&rft.aulast=Gerin&rft.aufirst=Roseanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontechnology.com%2Fnews%2F1_1%2Findustry%2F25335-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sentinel-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sentinel_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Arnone, Michael (2005-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025013430/http://www.fcw.com/article89707-07-27-05-Web">"Senators seek to fast track FBI's Sentinel"</a>. FCW.Com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcw.com/article89707-07-27-05-Web">the original</a> on 2006-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senators+seek+to+fast+track+FBI%27s+Sentinel&rft.pub=FCW.Com&rft.date=2005-06-25&rft.aulast=Arnone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcw.com%2Farticle89707-07-27-05-Web&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-cjis-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cjis_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916145313/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm">"The CJIS Mission"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CJIS+Mission&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fhq%2Fcjisd%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Virtual_Translators_and_FBI-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Virtual_Translators_and_FBI_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/november/nvtc110106">"Lost in Translation? Not at the National Virtual Translation Center"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+in+Translation%3F+Not+at+the+National+Virtual+Translation+Center&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2006%2Fnovember%2Fnvtc110106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/The_Officer_Down_Memorial_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="The Officer Down Memorial Page">The Officer Down Memorial Page</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odmp.org/agency/1251-united-states-department-of-justice---federal-bureau-of-investigation-u.s.-government">"United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, DC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice+%E2%80%93+Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation+Washington%2C+DC&rft.au=The+Officer+Down+Memorial+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odmp.org%2Fagency%2F1251-united-states-department-of-justice---federal-bureau-of-investigation-u.s.-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chcoc.gov/Transmittals/TransmittalDetails.aspx?TransmittalID=2484">CHCOC</a>. Chcoc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-tssci-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tssci_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702114028/http://www.fbijobs.gov/5.asp">"Federal Bureau of Investigation Jobs"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fbijobs.gov/5.asp">the original</a> on 2007-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation+Jobs&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbijobs.gov%2F5.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-opm-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opm_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/reports/OBD/e0510/back.htm#12">"Review of the Security and Emergency Planning Staff's Management of Background Investigations"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Inspector General. September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Security+and+Emergency+Planning+Staff%27s+Management+of+Background+Investigations&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice%2C+Office+of+Inspector+General&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Foig%2Freports%2FOBD%2Fe0510%2Fback.htm%2312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FAQ-FBI_Jobs-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAQ-FBI_Jobs_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018235309/https://www.fbijobs.gov/61.asp">"FAQ-FBI Jobs"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbijobs.gov/61.asp">the original</a> on 2012-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ-FBI+Jobs&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbijobs.gov%2F61.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Marisa. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/20/191539/fbi-turns-away-many-applicants.html#.UfB9eqxfuSo">FBI turns away many applicants who fail lie-detector tests</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company" title="The McClatchy Company">The McClatchy Company</a></i>. May 20, 2013. Retrieved on July 25, 2013.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislink.org/us/pl-90-351">Pub.L. 90351</a>, June 19, 1968, 82 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislink.org/us/stat-82-197">197</a>, sec.1101</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/09/james-comey-fbi-fired-donald-trump">Trump fires FBI director Comey, raising questions over Russia investigation | US news</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2017-05-26.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2011/8/22/a-history-of-fbi-handguns/">"A History of FBI Handguns"</a>. <i>American Rifleman</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rifleman&rft.atitle=A+History+of+FBI+Handguns&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Vanderpool&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrifleman.org%2Farticles%2F2011%2F8%2F22%2Fa-history-of-fbi-handguns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2011/8/22/a-history-of-fbi-handguns/">"A History of FBI Handguns"</a>. <i>American Rifleman</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a>. <q>The only personally owned handguns now on the approved list are the Glock 21 (full-size .45 ACP), the Glock 26 (sub-compact 9 mm) and the 27 (sub-compact .40 S&W).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rifleman&rft.atitle=A+History+of+FBI+Handguns&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Vanderpool&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrifleman.org%2Farticles%2F2011%2F8%2F22%2Fa-history-of-fbi-handguns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2011/8/22/a-history-of-fbi-handguns/">"A History of FBI Handguns"</a>. <i>American Rifleman</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a>. <q>Also in the 80s, HRT adopted the Browning Hi-Power. The first Hi-Powers were customized by Wayne Novak and later ones by the FBI gunsmiths at Quantico. They were popular with the super SWAT guys, and several hesitated to give them up when they were replaced by .45 ACP single-action pistols, the first ones built by Les Baer, which used high-capacity Para Ordnance frames. Later, Springfield Armorys Bureau Model replaced the Baer guns. Field SWAT teams were also issued .45s, and most still use them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rifleman&rft.atitle=A+History+of+FBI+Handguns&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Vanderpool&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrifleman.org%2Farticles%2F2011%2F8%2F22%2Fa-history-of-fbi-handguns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springfield-armory.com/press-releases/springfield-armory-announces-new-1911-trp-tactical-response-pistol/">"OPERATOR, TACTICAL GRAY CONFIGURATION ADDS NEW COLOR AND ADJUSTABLE COMBAT SIGHTS"</a>. Springfield Armory. 19 January 2017. <q>Originally developed as a consumer-friendly option for the FBI contract Professional Model 1911, the TRP family provides high-end custom shop features in a production class pistol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OPERATOR%C2%AE%2C+TACTICAL+GRAY+CONFIGURATION+ADDS+NEW+COLOR+AND+ADJUSTABLE+COMBAT+SIGHTS&rft.pub=Springfield+Armory&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springfield-armory.com%2Fpress-releases%2Fspringfield-armory-announces-new-1911-trp-tactical-response-pistol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springfield-armory.com/ro-elite-series/">"RO ELITE SERIES"</a>. Springfield Armory. <q>Every new RO Elite series pistol is clad in the same Black-T treatment specified on Springfield Armory 1911s built for the FBIs regional SWAT and Hostage Rescue Teams.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RO%C2%AE+ELITE+SERIES&rft.pub=Springfield+Armory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springfield-armory.com%2Fro-elite-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smith, Aaron (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/30/news/companies/glock-gun-contract-fbi/index.html">"Glock wins $85 million FBI contract"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glock+wins+%2485+million+FBI+contract&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2016%2F06%2F30%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Fglock-gun-contract-fbi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluesheepdog.com/2016/06/30/f-b-awards-glock-new-handgun-contract/">"F.B.I. Awards Glock New Duty Pistol Contract!"</a>. Blue Sheepdog. 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F.B.I.+Awards+Glock+New+Duty+Pistol+Contract%21&rft.pub=Blue+Sheepdog&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluesheepdog.com%2F2016%2F06%2F30%2Ff-b-awards-glock-new-handgun-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Terrill, Daniel (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guns.com/2016/06/30/fbi-goes-back-to-9mm-with-glock/">"FBI goes back to 9mm with Glock"</a>. Guns.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+goes+back+to+9mm+with+Glock&rft.pub=Guns.com&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guns.com%2F2016%2F06%2F30%2Ffbi-goes-back-to-9mm-with-glock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2016/07/01/fbi-chooses-9mm-glocks-new-service-pistols/">"FBI Chooses 9mm Glocks for New Service Pistols"</a>. Outdoor Hub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+Chooses+9mm+Glocks+for+New+Service+Pistols&rft.pub=Outdoor+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdoorhub.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F01%2Ffbi-chooses-9mm-glocks-new-service-pistols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-lecu-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lecu_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417000819/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/td/academy/lecu/lecu.htm">"Law Enforcement Communication Unit"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/hq/td/academy/lecu/lecu.htm">the original</a> on 2009-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Enforcement+Communication+Unit&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fhq%2Ftd%2Facademy%2Flecu%2Flecu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-history_newdeal-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_newdeal_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106195646/http://www2.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/newdeal.htm">"History of the FBI, The New Deal: 1933 Late 1930s"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/newdeal.htm">the original</a> on 2015-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+FBI%2C+The+New+Deal%3A+1933+%E2%80%93+Late+1930s&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Flibref%2Fhistoric%2Fhistory%2Fnewdeal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pubs-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pubs_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pubs_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326222038/https://www2.fbi.gov/publications.htm">"Federal Bureau of Investigation Reports & Publications"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/publications.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation+%E2%80%93+Reports+%26+Publications&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fpublications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-.2770s-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-.2770s_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-.2770s_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i>. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7">0-465-04195-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-publications_ucr2006-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-publications_ucr2006_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411123900/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/06prelim/index.html">"Preliminary Crime Statistics for 2006"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/06prelim/index.html">the original</a> on 2010-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Crime+Statistics+for+2006&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fucr%2F06prelim%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/13/national/main4719968.shtml">"FBI Launches Tip-Sharing For Inauguration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2009-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+Launches+Tip-Sharing+For+Inauguration&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2009%2F01%2F13%2Fnational%2Fmain4719968.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalterroralert.com/updates/2009/01/13/e-guardian-fbi-shares-threat-info-with-local-police-agencies/">"eGuardian FBI Shares Threat Info With Local Police Agencies"</a>. National Terror Alert Response Center. 2009-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eGuardian+%E2%80%93+FBI+Shares+Threat+Info+With+Local+Police+Agencies&rft.pub=National+Terror+Alert+Response+Center&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalterroralert.com%2Fupdates%2F2009%2F01%2F13%2Fe-guardian-fbi-shares-threat-info-with-local-police-agencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vault.fbi.gov">"Reading Room Index"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+Room+Index&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-icdc.com-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icdc.com_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIc.htm">The FBI'S Covert Action Program to Destroy the Black Panther Party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113102047/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIc.htm">Archived</a> January 13, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FBI_Secrets_1995-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBI_Secrets_1995_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. <a href="/wiki/M._Wesley_Swearingen" title="M. Wesley Swearingen">M. Wesley Swearingen</a>. Boston. <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. 1995. Special Agent Gregg York: "We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/churchcommittee.html">"Final Report, S. Rep. No. 94-755 (1976), Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans"</a>. Intelligence.senate.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report%2C+S.+Rep.+No.+94-755+%281976%29%2C+Final+Report+of+the+Select+Committee+to+Study+Governmental+Operations+With+Respect+to+Intelligence+Activities%2C+Book+III%2C+Supplementary+Detailed+Staff+Reports+on+Intelligence+Activities+and+the+Rights+of+Americans&rft.pub=Intelligence.senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligence.senate.gov%2Fchurchcommittee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. <i>THE FBI</i>, Yale University Press, 2008, p. 189</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019170937/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm">"Final Report, 2A"</a>. ICDC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report%2C+2A&rft.pub=ICDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icdc.com%2F~paulwolf%2Fcointelpro%2FchurchfinalreportIIa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIcb.htm">"Final Report,2Cb"</a>. ICDC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report%2C2Cb&rft.pub=ICDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icdc.com%2F~paulwolf%2Fcointelpro%2FchurchfinalreportIIcb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIa.htm">"Final Report, 3A"</a>. ICDC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report%2C+3A&rft.pub=ICDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icdc.com%2F~paulwolf%2Fcointelpro%2FchurchfinalreportIIIa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/us/in-150-shootings-the-fbi-deemed-agents-faultless.html">"The F.B.I. Deemed Agents Faultless in 150 Shootings,"</a> by Charlie Savage and Michael Schmidt, 18 June 2013, <i>New York Times</i>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.time.com/2013/08/12/the-fbi-kept-whitey-bulger-free-for-decades/"><i>The Feds Let 'Whitey' Get Away With Murder: FBI agents and other officials protected James "Whitey" Bulger as he roamed free for decades. Is there a statute of limitations on corrupting the system?</i></a> Mike Barnicle. TIME. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NYT-2011-06-23-Nagorney-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2011-06-23-Nagorney_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nagorney, Adam; Lovett, Ian (June 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/us/23bulger.html">"Whitey Bulger Is Arrested in California"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whitey+Bulger+Is+Arrested+in+California&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.aulast=Nagorney&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Lovett%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F23%2Fus%2F23bulger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=137387296">"Capture Of Boston Gangster Could Mean More Scandal"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since September 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> NPR.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florida Court Overturns Murder Conviction of FBI Agent, by Timothy Williams, 29 May 2014, New York Times</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LATimes_arrest-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_arrest_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/06/whitey-bulger-arrest-santa-monica.html">"Famed crime boss James 'Whitey' Bulger arrested in Santa Monica"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. June 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Famed+crime+boss+James+%27Whitey%27+Bulger+arrested+in+Santa+Monica&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Flanow%2F2011%2F06%2Fwhitey-bulger-arrest-santa-monica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/us/23bulger.html">"Whitey Bulger Is Arrested in California"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 23 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whitey+Bulger+Is+Arrested+in+California&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F23%2Fus%2F23bulger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Johnson, Kevin (June 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-06-23-fugitive-whitey-bulger-arrest_n.htm">"Mobster Whitey Bulger arrested in California"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Mobster+Whitey+Bulger+arrested+in+California&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2011-06-23-fugitive-whitey-bulger-arrest_n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626231752/http://losangeles.ibtimes.com/articles/168679/20110623/america-s-most-wanted-fugitive-james-whitey-bulger-caught.htm">"One of America's Top Fugitives James "Whitey" Bulger: Caught in Santa Monica"</a> <i>International Business Times</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214060528/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2012/11/05/mass-mobster-bulger-reportedly-taken-hospital/ATFJkZJNfsP47BZN0ma8UI/story.html">"Mass. Mobster Bulger Reportedly Taken to Hospital"</a>. Boston.com. AP. November 5, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2012/11/05/mass-mobster-bulger-reportedly-taken-hospital/ATFJkZJNfsP47BZN0ma8UI/story.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mass.+Mobster+Bulger+Reportedly+Taken+to+Hospital&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2F2012%2F11%2F05%2Fmass-mobster-bulger-reportedly-taken-hospital%2FATFJkZJNfsP47BZN0ma8UI%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Trial_opens-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trial_opens_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shelley Murphy; Milton J. Valencia; Brian Ballou; John R. Ellement; Martin Finucane (June 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/06/12/james-whitey-bulger-was-not-informant-for-the-fbi-defense-claims/n5VUIfQbrPxdD3S1QjKTEP/story.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Whitey' Bulger defense claims he was no informant, questions credibility of prosecution witnesses"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Whitey%27+Bulger+defense+claims+he+was+no+informant%2C+questions+credibility+of+prosecution+witnesses&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft.au=Shelley+Murphy&rft.au=Milton+J.+Valencia&rft.au=Brian+Ballou&rft.au=John+R.+Ellement&rft.au=Martin+Finucane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fmetrodesk%2F2013%2F06%2F12%2Fjames-whitey-bulger-was-not-informant-for-the-fbi-defense-claims%2Fn5VUIfQbrPxdD3S1QjKTEP%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Globe_Conviction-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Globe_Conviction_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shelley Murphy; Milton J. Valencia; Martin Finucane (August 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boston.com/metrodesk/2013/08/12/bulgerverdict/1Kj1TAeB6WgVH00lFmufgL/story.html">"Whitey Bulger, notorious Boston gangster, convicted in sweeping racketeering case; jury finds he participated in 11 murders"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Whitey+Bulger%2C+notorious+Boston+gangster%2C+convicted+in+sweeping+racketeering+case%3B+jury+finds+he+participated+in+11+murders&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft.au=Shelley+Murphy&rft.au=Milton+J.+Valencia&rft.au=Martin+Finucane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboston.com%2Fmetrodesk%2F2013%2F08%2F12%2Fbulgerverdict%2F1Kj1TAeB6WgVH00lFmufgL%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117055621/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-whitey-bulger-sentence-20131114%2C0%2C443896.story">"Topic Galleries"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-whitey-bulger-sentence-20131114,0,443896.story">the original</a> on 2013-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Topic+Galleries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fchi-whitey-bulger-sentence-20131114%2C0%2C443896.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Havill, crimelibrary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/2.html">His fate is sealed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907223240/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/2.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved September 10, 2007</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 8</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-transcript-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transcript_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cryptome.org/usa-v-rph-gp.htm"><i>Transcript of Hanssen Guilty Plea</i></a>, July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-usdoj.gov-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usdoj.gov_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2001/July/308ag.htm"><i>Thompson Statement Regarding Hanssen Guilty Plea</i></a> July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/websterreport.html">A Review of FBI Security Programs</a> <i>(Webster Report) (March 2002). Commission for Review of FBI Security Programs, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>.</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-globe-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globe_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023064705/http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/09/25/fugitive_is_killed_in_fbi_stakeout/">"Fugitive is killed in FBI stakeout"</a>. The Boston Globe. September 25, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/09/25/fugitive_is_killed_in_fbi_stakeout/">the original</a> on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fugitive+is+killed+in+FBI+stakeout&rft.date=2005-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Flatinamerica%2Farticles%2F2005%2F09%2F25%2Ffugitive_is_killed_in_fbi_stakeout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Azcentral-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azcentral_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130118002013/http://www.azcentral.com/lavoz/spanish/us/articles/us_135865.html">"Revs para Puerto Rico en caso de independentista muerto por FBI"</a> (in Spanish). Azcentral. 2008-03-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/lavoz/spanish/us/articles/us_135865.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rev%C3%A9s+para+Puerto+Rico+en+caso+de+independentista+muerto+por+FBI&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Flavoz%2Fspanish%2Fus%2Farticles%2Fus_135865.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ojeda-1.htm">Funeral Service for Filiberto Ojeda Ros</a> Retrieved July 20, 2009.</span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-wired-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wired_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Borland, John (November 17, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/08/wiki_tracker?currentPage=all">"See Who's Editing Wikipedia Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=See+Who%27s+Editing+Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+Diebold%2C+the+CIA%2C+a+Campaign&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.aulast=Borland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Fonlinerights%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2Fwiki_tracker%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060130-6079.html">"Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Congressional+staffers+edit+boss%27s+bio+on+Wikipedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fnews.ars%2Fpost%2F20060130-6079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-bbc-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fildes, Jonathan (August 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6947532.stm">"Technology | Wikipedia 'shows CIA page edits<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Technology+%26%23124%3B+Wikipedia+%27shows+CIA+page+edits%27&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.aulast=Fildes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F6947532.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hamburger, Tom (6 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fbi-director-comey-says-agency-wont-recommend-charges-over-clinton-email/2016/11/06/f6276b18-a45e-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html">"FBI Director Comey says agency won't recommend charges over Clinton email"</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FBI+Director+Comey+says+agency+won%27t+recommend+charges+over+Clinton+email&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft.aulast=Hamburger&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffbi-director-comey-says-agency-wont-recommend-charges-over-clinton-email%2F2016%2F11%2F06%2Ff6276b18-a45e-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rubin, Jennifer (November 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-fire-james-comey-clinton-emails-20161107-story.html">"James Comey should be fired"</a>. Chicago Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=James+Comey+should+be+fired&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fct-fire-james-comey-clinton-emails-20161107-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Constantine, Tim (November 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/7/fbi-director-james-comey-should-resign/">"FBI chief James Comey should resign"</a>. The Washington Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FBI+chief+James+Comey+should+resign&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Constantine&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fnov%2F7%2Ffbi-director-james-comey-should-resign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Eichenwald, Kurt (November 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/fbi-director-james-comey-unfit-public-service-517815">"FBI Director James Comey Is Unfit for Public Service"</a>. Newsweek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FBI+Director+James+Comey+Is+Unfit+for+Public+Service&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Eichenwald&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Ffbi-director-james-comey-unfit-public-service-517815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/12/hillary-clinton-blames-election-loss-on-fbis-james-comey-in-call/">US election: Hillary Clinton blames loss on FBI's James Comey in call with top donors</a>". <i>The Daily Telegraph.</i> 13 November 2016.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ahmann, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-clinton-idUSKBN14W2NT">"DOJ watchdog investigating FBI decisions in Clinton email probe"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DOJ+watchdog+investigating+FBI+decisions+in+Clinton+email+probe&rft.aulast=Ahmann&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-election-clinton-idUSKBN14W2NT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/comey-misstated-key-clinton-email-evidence-at-hearing-say-people-close-to-investigation/2017/05/09/074c1c7e-34bd-11e7-b373-418f6849a004_story.html">"President Trump dismisses FBI Director Comey"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=President+Trump+dismisses+FBI+Director+Comey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fcomey-misstated-key-clinton-email-evidence-at-hearing-say-people-close-to-investigation%2F2017%2F05%2F09%2F074c1c7e-34bd-11e7-b373-418f6849a004_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rosenberg, Matthew; Apuzzo, Matt (2017-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/comey-russia-investigation-fbi.html">"Days Before Firing, Comey Asked for More Resources for Russia Inquiry"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Days+Before+Firing%2C+Comey+Asked+for+More+Resources+for+Russia+Inquiry&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Apuzzo%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcomey-russia-investigation-fbi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, May 9, 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/us/politics/james-comey-fired-fbi.html">F.B.I. Director James Comey Is Fired by Trump</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Manchester, Julia (2 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/345026-wray-officially-sworn-in-as-fbi-director">"Wray officially sworn in as FBI director"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wray+officially+sworn+in+as+FBI+director&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-briefing-room%2Fnews%2F345026-wray-officially-sworn-in-as-fbi-director&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Powers, Richard Gid (1983). <i>G-Men: Hoover's FBI in American Popular Culture</i>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1096-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1096-1">0-8093-1096-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G-Men%3A+Hoover%27s+FBI+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+IL&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8093-1096-1&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>HSI BOOK Government HSI Files</li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Charles, Douglas M. (2007). <i>J. Edgar Hoover and the Anti-interventionists: FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State, 19391945</i>. Columbus, Ohio: The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-1061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-1061-1">978-0-8142-1061-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Edgar+Hoover+and+the+Anti-interventionists%3A+FBI+Political+Surveillance+and+the+Rise+of+the+Domestic+Security+State%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-1061-1&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Kessler, Ronald</a> (1993). <i>The FBI: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency</i>. Pocket Books Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-78657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-78657-1">978-0-671-78657-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FBI%3A+Inside+the+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Law+Enforcement+Agency&rft.pub=Pocket+Books+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-78657-1&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Powers, Richard Gid (1983). <i>G-Men, Hoover's FBI in American Popular Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1096-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1096-8">978-0-8093-1096-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G-Men%2C+Hoover%27s+FBI+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1096-8&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Sullivan, William (1979). <i>The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI</i>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01236-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01236-1">978-0-393-01236-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bureau%3A+My+Thirty+Years+in+Hoover%27s+FBI&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01236-1&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Theoharis, Athan G.</a>; John Stuart Cox (1988). <i>The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-532-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-532-4">978-0-87722-532-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boss%3A+J.+Edgar+Hoover+and+the+Great+American+Inquisition&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-532-4&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rft.au=John+Stuart+Cox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Theoharis, Athan G.; Tony G. Poveda; Susan Rosenfeld; Richard Gid Powers (2000). <i>The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide</i>. Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4228-9">978-0-8160-4228-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FBI%3A+A+Comprehensive+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4228-9&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rft.au=Tony+G.+Poveda&rft.au=Susan+Rosenfeld&rft.au=Richard+Gid+Powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Theoharis, Athan G. (2004). <i>The FBI and American Democracy: A Brief Critical History</i>. Kansas: University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1345-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1345-8">978-0-7006-1345-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FBI+and+American+Democracy%3A+A+Brief+Critical+History&rft.place=Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1345-8&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Thomas, William H., Jr. (2008). <i>Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22890-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22890-3">978-0-299-22890-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsafe+for+Democracy%3A+World+War+I+and+the+U.S.+Justice+Department%27s+Covert+Campaign+to+Suppress+Dissent&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-299-22890-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=William+H.%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Tonry, Michael (ed.) (2000). <i>The Handbook of Crime & Punishment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514060-6">978-0-19-514060-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Crime+%26+Punishment&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514060-6&rft.aulast=Tonry&rft.aufirst=Michael+%28ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</a>)</span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Trahair, Richard C. S. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations</i>. Ballentine: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31955-6">978-0-313-31955-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+Espionage%2C+Spies%2C+and+Secret+Operations&rft.place=Ballentine&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31955-6&rft.aulast=Trahair&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation web">Vanderpool, Bill (August 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/history-of-fbi-handguns/">"A History of FBI Handguns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Rifleman" title="American Rifleman">American Rifleman</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rifleman&rft.atitle=A+History+of+FBI+Handguns&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Vanderpool&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrifleman.org%2Farticles%2Fhistory-of-fbi-handguns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner">Weiner, Tim</a> (2012). <i>Enemies. A History of the FBI</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6748-0">978-1-4000-6748-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies.+A+History+of+the+FBI&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6748-0&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Williams, David (1981). "The Bureau of Investigation and its Critics, 19191921: the Origins of Federal Political Surveillance". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. Organization of American Historians. <b>68</b> (3): 560579. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F1901939">10.2307/1901939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1901939">1901939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Bureau+of+Investigation+and+its+Critics%2C+1919%E2%80%931921%3A+the+Origins+of+Federal+Political+Surveillance&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=560-579&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1901939&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1901939&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228203624/http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/december/the-year-in-review-part-1">FBI The Year in Review, Part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306135959/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/december/the-year-in-review-part-2">Part 2</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/vol6/contents.htm">Church Committee Report</a>, Vol. 6, "Federal Bureau of Investigation." 1975 congressional inquiry into American intelligence operations.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" class="extiw" title="commons:Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/index.html">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vault.fbi.gov/">The Vault</a>, FBI electronic reading room (launched April 2011)</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/United+States.+Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation">Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1787">Works by Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nsia-fbi-files">FBI Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, files on over 1,100 subjects</li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FBI" title="Template:FBI"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FBI" title="Template talk:FBI"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FBI&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">Field offices</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Atlanta_Field_Office" title="FBI Atlanta Field Office">Atlanta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Buffalo_Field_Office" title="FBI Buffalo Field Office">Buffalo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cleveland_Field_Office" title="FBI Cleveland Field Office">Cleveland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Tampa_Field_Office" title="FBI Tampa Field Office">Tampa</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" width="125" height="129" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="720" /></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal,_Cyber,_Response,_and_Services_Branch" title="FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch">Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Human_Resources_Branch" title="FBI Human Resources Branch">Human Resources Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Information_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Information and Technology Branch">Information and Technology Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch" title="FBI National Security Branch">National Security Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">Science and Technology Branch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">Academy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Analysis_Unit" title="Behavioral Analysis Unit">Behavioral Analysis Unit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Unit" title="Behavioral Science Unit">Behavioral Science Unit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Exploitation_Section" title="Communications Exploitation Section">Communications Exploitation Section</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Justice_Information_Services_Division" title="FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division">Criminal Justice Information Services Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterterrorism_Division" title="FBI Counterterrorism Division">Counterterrorism Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Investigative_Division" title="FBI Criminal Investigative Division">Criminal Investigative Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Crisis_Negotiation_Unit" title="FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit">Crisis Negotiation Unit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Critical_Incident_Response_Group" title="FBI Critical Incident Response Group">Critical Incident Response Group</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Weapons_and_Tactics_Teams" title="FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams">FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams</a> (<a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a> (HRT)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Task_Force" title="Joint Terrorism Task Force">Joint Terrorism Task Force</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">Laboratory Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Academy" title="FBI National Academy">National Academy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_the_Analysis_of_Violent_Crime" title="National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime">National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center" title="National Crime Information Center">National Crime Information Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Professional_Responsibility" title="Office of Professional Responsibility">Office of Professional Responsibility</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Working_Group" title="Scientific Working Group">Scientific Working Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_Working_Group_-_Imaging_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Working Group - Imaging Technology">Imaging Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Working_Group_-_Bloodstain_Pattern_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Working Group - Bloodstain Pattern Analysis">Bloodstain Pattern Analysis</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Criminal_Apprehension_Program" title="Violent Criminal Apprehension Program">Violent Criminal Apprehension Program</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_(FBI)" title="Airtel (FBI)">Airtel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureaupedia" title="Bureaupedia">Bureaupedia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System">Combined DNA Index System</a> (CODIS)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Internet_Protocol_Address_Verifier" title="Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier">Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (IAFIS)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_National_Data_Exchange" title="Law Enforcement National Data Exchange">Law Enforcement National Data Exchange</a> (N-DEx)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rankings</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Special_Agent_in_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Agent in Charge">Special Agent in Charge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special agent</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Methods and<br />
+activities</div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">Bridgman Convention</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_method_of_profiling" title="FBI method of profiling">FBI method of profiling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges" title="Rod Blagojevich corruption charges">Rod Blagojevich corruption charges</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Files_on_Elvis_Presley" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Files on Elvis Presley">FBI Files on Elvis Presley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1986_FBI_Miami_shootout" title="1986 FBI Miami shootout">FBI Miami shootout</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File" title="FBI Silvermaster File">FBI Silvermaster File</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Advisor_Program" title="FBI Special Advisor Program">FBI Special Advisor Program</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Victims_Identification_Project" title="FBI Victims Identification Project">FBI Victims Identification Project</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(database)" title="Guardian (database)">Guardian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Interrogation_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Value Interrogation Group">High-Value Interrogation Group</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_kidnapping" title="Lindbergh kidnapping">Lindbergh kidnapping</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Special_Intelligence_Service" title="Special Intelligence Service">Special Intelligence Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Scheinberg" title="United States v. Scheinberg"><i>U.S. v. Scheinberg et al.</i> (10 Cr. 336)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Directors</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Investigation">Bureau of Investigation</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Finch" title="Stanley Finch">Stanley Finch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A._Bruce_Bielaski" title="A. Bruce Bielaski">A. Bruce Bielaski</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Allen" title="William E. Allen">William E. Allen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Flynn" title="William J. Flynn">William J. Flynn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns" title="William J. Burns">William J. Burns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">FBI</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus">William Ruckelshaus</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_M._Kelley" title="Clarence M. Kelley">Clarence M. Kelley</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/James_B._Adams" title="James B. Adams">James B. Adams</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/John_E._Otto" title="John E. Otto">John E. Otto</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Sessions" title="William S. Sessions">William S. Sessions</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Floyd_I._Clarke" title="Floyd I. Clarke">Floyd I. Clarke</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Freeh" title="Louis Freeh">Louis Freeh</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Pickard" title="Thomas J. Pickard">Thomas J. Pickard</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McCabe" title="Andrew McCabe">Andrew McCabe</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher A. Wray</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22Skip%22_Brandon" title="Harry "Skip" Brandon">Harry "Skip" Brandon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">"Deep Throat"</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gandy" title="Helen Gandy">Helen Gandy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Gormley" title="Joseph L. Gormley">Joseph L. Gormley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Grapp" title="Wesley Grapp">Wesley Grapp</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Icove" title="David Icove">David Icove</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">FBI Headquarters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Child_Abduction_and_Serial_Murder_Investigative_Resources_Center" title="Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center">Child Abduction and Serial Murder Center</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation_portrayal_in_media" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation portrayal in media">FBI portrayal in media</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/G-Man_(slang)" title="G-Man (slang)">G-Man</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Junior_G-Men" title="Junior G-Men">Junior G-Men</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" title="FBIApple encryption dispute">FBIApple encryption dispute</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin" title="FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin">FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div><sup><small>1</small></sup> In order of service. Italics indicate Acting Directors.</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agencies_under_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="Template:United States Department of Justice"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="Template talk:United States Department of Justice"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_Department_of_Justice&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Agencies_under_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Agencies under the United States Department of Justice</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li>Headquarters: <b><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein" title="Rod Rosenstein">Rod Rosenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">Deputy Attorney General</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">Deputy<br />
+Attorney<br />
+General</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Justice_Management_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Justice Management Division">Justice Management Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Criminal_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Criminal Division">Criminal Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_National_Security_Division" title="United States Department of Justice National Security Division">National Security Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Corrections" title="National Institute of Corrections">National Institute of Corrections</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Attorney_Recruitment_and_Management" title="Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management">Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Federal_Detention_Trustee" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Federal Detention Trustee">Office of the Federal Detention Trustee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Pardon_Attorney" title="Office of the Pardon Attorney">Office of the Pardon Attorney</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Privacy_and_Civil_Liberties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties (page does not exist)">Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Professional_Responsibility" title="Office of Professional Responsibility">Office of Professional Responsibility</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_on_Sexual_Violence_and_Crimes_against_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children (page does not exist)">Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Tribal_Justice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Tribal Justice (page does not exist)">Office of Tribal Justice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Responsibility_Advisory_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Responsibility Advisory Office (page does not exist)">Professional Responsibility Advisory Office</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">INTERPOL, U.S. National Central Bureau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Parole_Commission" title="United States Parole Commission">United States Parole Commission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Associate_Attorney_General" title="United States Associate Attorney General">Associate<br />
+Attorney<br />
+General</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs" title="Office of Justice Programs">Office of Justice Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Dispute_Resolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Dispute Resolution (page does not exist)">Office of Dispute Resolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_on_Violence_Against_Women" title="Office on Violence Against Women">Office on Violence Against Women</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Community_Oriented_Policing_Services" title="Community Oriented Policing Services">Community Oriented Policing Services</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Information_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Information Policy (page does not exist)">Office of Information Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Claims_Settlement_Commission" title="Foreign Claims Settlement Commission">Foreign Claims Settlement Commission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Antitrust_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division">Antitrust Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Division">Civil Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">Civil Rights Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Environment_and_Natural_Resources_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division">Environment and Natural Resources Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Tax_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Tax Division">Tax Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Trustee_Program" title="United States Trustee Program">United States Trustee Program</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Community_Relations_Service" title="Community Relations Service">Community Relations Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Policy" title="Office of Legal Policy">Office of Legal Policy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant<br />
+Attorneys<br />
+General</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Antitrust_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division">Antitrust Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Division">Civil Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">Civil Rights Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Criminal_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Criminal Division">Criminal Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_National_Security_Division" title="United States Department of Justice National Security Division">National Security Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Environment_and_Natural_Resources_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division">Environmental and Natural Resources Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Justice_Management_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Justice Management Division">Justice Management Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Tax_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Tax Division">Tax Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Policy" title="Office of Legal Policy">Office of Legal Policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice_Office_of_Legislative_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legislative Affairs">Office of Legislative Affairs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs" title="Office of Justice Programs">Office of Justice Programs</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Fisheries_Office_for_Law_Enforcement" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries: Office for Law Enforcement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Defense Criminal Investigative Service">Defense Criminal Investigative Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_police" title="Department of Defense police">Department of Defense police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Logistics_Agency#DLA_Police" title="Defense Logistics Agency">Defense Logistics Agency Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Force_Protection_Agency" title="Pentagon Force Protection Agency">Pentagon Force Protection Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Pentagon_Police" title="United States Pentagon Police">Pentagon Police</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NSA_police" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA police">National Security Agency Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Army Department</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">Intelligence and Security Command</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Command">Criminal Investigation Command</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">US Army Military Police Corps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army_Civilian_Police" title="Department of the Army Civilian Police">Department of the Army Police|Army Department Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corrections_Command" title="United States Army Corrections Command">Corrections Command</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">Naval Criminal Investigative Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division">Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-Arms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Civilian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marine Corps Civilian Police">Marine Corps Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#NDW-NSA_Annapolis_Police_Department" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force Department</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations" title="United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations">Office of Special Investigations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces" title="United States Air Force Security Forces">Security Forces</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Air_Force_Police" title="Department of the Air Force Police">Air Force Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of<br />
+Health and Human Services</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Criminal_Investigations" title="Office of Criminal Investigations">Office of Criminal Investigations</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Police" title="National Institutes of Health Police">National Institutes of Health Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of<br />
+Homeland Security</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Centers" title="Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers">Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Investigative_Service" title="Coast Guard Investigative Service">Investigative Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Police" title="United States Coast Guard Police">Coast Guard Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of<br />
+the Interior</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs_Police" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs Police">Bureau of Indian Affairs Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management#Law_enforcement_and_security" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam_Police" title="Hoover Dam Police">Hoover Dam Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Ranger" title="National Park Service Ranger">Rangers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">United States Park Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement">Fish and Wildlife Service: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge System: Division of Refuge Law Enforcement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Missions" title="Office of Foreign Missions">Office of Foreign Missions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy#Department_of_Public_Safety" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing#BEP_Police" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">Financial Crimes Enforcement Network</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IRS_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="IRS Criminal Investigation Division">Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Police" title="United States Mint Police">United States Mint Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Law_Enforcement_.26_Investigations" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service: Law Enforcement and Investigations</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_Police" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police">Department of Veterans Affairs Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Secure_Transportation" title="Office of Secure Transportation">Office of Secure Transportation</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms of the Senate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office#GPO_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office Police</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial branch</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Probation_and_Pretrial_Services_System" title="U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System">U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal of the United States Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other federal law<br />
+enforcement agencies</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police" title="Amtrak Police">Amtrak Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Police" title="Federal Reserve Police">Federal Reserve Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Police#Positions" title="Smithsonian Police">National Zoological Park Police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">Postal Inspection Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service#Postal_Police_Force" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">U.S. Postal Police</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Police" title="Smithsonian Police">Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Intelligence_Community" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:United States intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:United States intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_intelligence_agencies&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="United_States_Intelligence_Community" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence<br />
+Community</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Clandestine_Service" title="Defense Clandestine Service">Defense Clandestine Service</a>  <a href="/wiki/Defense_Attach%C3%A9_System" title="Defense Attach System">Defense Attach System</a>  <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_University" title="National Intelligence University">National Intelligence University</a>  <a href="/wiki/Missile_and_Space_Intelligence_Center" title="Missile and Space Intelligence Center">Missile and Space Intelligence Center</a>  <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Medical_Intelligence" title="National Center for Medical Intelligence">National Center for Medical Intelligence</a>  <a href="/wiki/Joint_Functional_Component_Command_for_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance" title="Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance">Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Security_Service" title="Central Security Service">Central Security Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Collection_Service" title="Special Collection Service">Special Collection Service</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">Army Intelligence and Security Command</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Intelligence" title="Marine Corps Intelligence">Marine Corps Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Fifth_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Fifth Air Force">Twenty-Fifth Air Force</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Intelligence" title="Coast Guard Intelligence">Coast Guard Intelligence</a> (<i>Homeland Security</i>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State"><i>State</i></a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a>  <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a>  <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Center" title="Open Source Center">Open Source Center</a>  <a href="/wiki/CIA_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science and Technology</a>  <a href="/wiki/CIA_University" title="CIA University">CIA University</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice"><i>Justice</i></a>)</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (<i>Justice</i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security"><i>Homeland Security</i></a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury"><i>Treasury</i></a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Counterintelligence" title="Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence">Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy"><i>Energy</i></a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Seal_2008.jpg/90px-United_States_Intelligence_Community_Seal_2008.jpg" width="90" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Seal_2008.jpg/135px-United_States_Intelligence_Community_Seal_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Seal_2008.jpg/180px-United_States_Intelligence_Community_Seal_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="721" /></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of<br />
+National<br />
+Intelligence</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Counterproliferation_Center" title="National Counterproliferation Center">National Counterproliferation Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Counterintelligence_Executive" title="Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive">Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Intelligence_Community_Council" title="United States Joint Intelligence Community Council">Joint Intelligence Community Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Director_of_National_Intelligence_and_Chief_Information_Officer" title="Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer">Chief Information Officer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office<br />
+of the President</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Homeland_Security_Council" title="United States Homeland Security Council">Homeland Security Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advisor" title="Homeland Security Advisor">Homeland Security Advisor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Daily_Brief" title="President's Daily Brief">President's Daily Brief</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence">Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Support_Activity" title="Intelligence Support Activity">Army Intelligence Support Activity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Worldwide_Intelligence_Communications_System" title="Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System">Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intellipedia" title="Intellipedia">Intellipedia</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Oversight" title="United States Intelligence Community Oversight">Oversight</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_Fund_for_Foreign_Intercourse" title="Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse">Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Field_Activity" title="Counterintelligence Field Activity">Counterintelligence Field Activity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Information_Division_(United_States)" title="Military Information Division (United States)">Military Information Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Division_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Division (United States Army)">Military Intelligence Division</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Support_Branch" title="Strategic Support Branch">Strategic Support Branch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Patriot_Act&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><b>Titles</b> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_I" title="Patriot Act, Title I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_II" title="Patriot Act, Title II">II</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_III" title="Patriot Act, Title III">III</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IV" title="Patriot Act, Title IV">IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_V" title="Patriot Act, Title V">V</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VI" title="Patriot Act, Title VI">VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VII" title="Patriot Act, Title VII">VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VIII" title="Patriot Act, Title VIII">VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IX" title="Patriot Act, Title IX">IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_X" title="Patriot Act, Title X">X</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statute Legislative and Judicial History</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History of the Patriot Act</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Dempsey_(Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Dempsey (Center for Democracy and Technology) (page does not exist)">Jim Dempsey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers, Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States.C2.A0articles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="United_States.C2.A0articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline of U.S. history</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of Constitution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" title="United States territorial acquisitions">Territorial acquisitions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="MexicanAmerican War">MexicanAmerican War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1865%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (186595)">African-American Civil Rights Movement 18651895</a> / <a href="/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (18961954)">18961954</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="SpanishAmerican War">SpanishAmerican War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)#World_War_I" title="History of the United States (18651918)">World War I</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">Nazism in the United States</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (19912008)">Post-Cold War (19912008)</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (20012014)">War in Afghanistan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008present)">Recent events (2008present)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States#History_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of United States debt ceiling">debt ceiling</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (18901945)">18901945</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%9391)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (194691)">194691</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" title="United States territory">Territory</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">cities, towns, and villages</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_States" title="Pacific States">Pacific</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">Rivers</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></b>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a></b>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Judiciary</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal judiciary</a></b></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">Federal Reporter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Political divisions of the United States">Political<br />
+divisions</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories of the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Native American autonomous administrative divisions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government in the United States</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">Federal enclave</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetos_exercised_by_the_US_government_in_the_UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vetos exercised by the US government in the UN Security Council">Vetos in the UN Security Council</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">political status of Puerto Rico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia statehood movement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Purple_America" title="Purple America">Purple America</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State governments</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state court</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States" title="List of companies of the United States">Companies</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Society</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Americana" title="Americana">Americana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Demography of the United States">Demography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States" title="Family structure in the United States">Family structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">HSL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" title="Media of the United States">Media</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_the_United_States" title="Theater of the United States">Theater</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_and_working_class_conflict_in_the_United_States" title="Professional and working class conflict in the United States">Professional and working class conflict</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth in the United States">Wealth</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in the United States">Issues</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">Incarceration</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">Intersex rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Same-sex marriage</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">Drug policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Health care in the United States">Health care</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care reform in the United States">Health care reform</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking in the United States">Smoking</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States" title="International rankings of the United States">International rankings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;">
+<div>
+<div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
+<ul>
+<li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_States-related_articles" title="Index of United States-related articles">Index</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Book:United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Book:United States">Book</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:National_intelligence_agencies&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="National_intelligence_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign<br />
+intelligence</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">NDS</a></li>
+<li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li>
+<li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Dpartement du Renseignement et de la Scurit">DRS</a></li>
+<li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Agency" title="Federal Intelligence Agency">AFI</a></li>
+<li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">SNB</a></li>
+<li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li>
+<li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Security_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan">MTN</a></li>
+<li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li>
+<li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li>
+<li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li>
+<li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li>
+<li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li>
+<li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li>
+<li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Research_Department_(International)" title="Brunei Research Department (International)">BRD</a></li>
+<li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Bulgaria)" title="National Intelligence Service (Bulgaria)">NRS</a></li>
+<li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li>
+<li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li>
+<li>Chad: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Agency_(Chad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Agency (Chad) (page does not exist)">ANS</a></li>
+<li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li>
+<li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li>
+<li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li>
+<li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" title="Direccin General de Inteligencia">DI</a></li>
+<li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ZSI</a></li>
+<li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li>
+<li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li>
+<li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li>
+<li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li>
+<li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li>
+<li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li>
+<li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li>
+<li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li>
+<li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">BND</a></li>
+<li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li>
+<li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li>
+<li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Informcis Hivatal">IH</a></li>
+<li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li>
+<li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li>
+<li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence" title="Ministry of Intelligence">VAJA</a></li>
+<li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Iraq)" title="General Security Directorate (Iraq)">GSD</a></li>
+<li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li>
+<li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li>
+<li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li>
+<li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li>
+<li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">NPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naicho" title="Naicho">CIRO</a></li>
+<li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li>
+<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li>
+<li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li>
+<li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service (page does not exist)">SNB</a></li>
+<li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li>
+<li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzbas birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li>
+<li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li>
+<li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li>
+<li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li>
+<li>Republic of Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Security_and_Counterintelligence" title="Administration for Security and Counterintelligence">UBK</a></li>
+<li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li>
+<li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Maldives)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Maldives)">NSS</a></li>
+<li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" title="Centro de Investigacin y Seguridad Nacional (Mxico)">CISEN</a></li>
+<li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li>
+<li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li>
+<li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_surveillance_du_territoire" title="Direction gnrale de la surveillance du territoire">DGST</a></li>
+<li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li>
+<li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li>
+<li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li>
+<li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li>
+<li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li>
+<li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li>
+<li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li>
+<li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li>
+<li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li>
+<li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li>
+<li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li>
+<li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Servio de Informaes Estratgicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li>
+<li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li>
+<li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li>
+<li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li>
+<li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Al_Mukhabarat_Al_A%27amah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah">Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah</a></li>
+<li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li>
+<li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li>
+<li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li>
+<li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovensk informan sluba">SIS</a></li>
+<li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li>
+<li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li>
+<li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li>
+<li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li>
+<li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Centro Nacional de Inteligencia">CNI</a></li>
+<li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li>
+<li>Sudan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihaaz_Al_Amn_Al_Watani_Wal_Mukhaabaraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jihaaz Al Amn Al Watani Wal Mukhaabaraat (page does not exist)">JAWM</a></li>
+<li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret fr srskild inhmtning">KSI</a></li>
+<li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li>
+<li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li>
+<li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li>
+<li>Tajikistan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Security_(Tajikistan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Security (Tajikistan) (page does not exist)">MoS</a></li>
+<li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li>
+<li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li>
+<li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li>
+<li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">MT</a></li>
+<li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">KNB</a></li>
+<li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li>
+<li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li>
+<li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/w/index.php?title=UAE_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UAE Intelligence (page does not exist)">UAEI</a></li>
+<li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SIS (<i>MI6</i>)</a></li>
+<li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li>
+<li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li>
+<li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tng cc 2">TC2</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic<br />
+intelligence</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Dpartement du Renseignement et de la Scurit">DRS</a></li>
+<li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Agency" title="Federal Intelligence Agency">AFI</a></li>
+<li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li>
+<li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Security_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan">MTN</a></li>
+<li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li>
+<li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li>
+<li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li>
+<li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li>
+<li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li>
+<li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li>
+<li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li>
+<li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li>
+<li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li>
+<li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li>
+<li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li>
+<li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li>
+<li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li>
+<li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li>
+<li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security Intelligence Service">Supo</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li>
+<li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_int%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction gnrale de la scurit intrieure">DGSI</a></li>
+<li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a></li>
+<li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li>
+<li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li>
+<li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li>
+<li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">NSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio_Monitoring_Service" title="All India Radio Monitoring Service">AIRMS</a></li>
+<li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence" title="Ministry of Intelligence">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li>
+<li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li>
+<li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li>
+<li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li>
+<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li>
+<li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li>
+<li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dro%C5%A1%C4%ABbas_policija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drobas policija (page does not exist)">DP</a></li>
+<li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li>
+<li>Republic of Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li>
+<li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li>
+<li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li>
+<li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/NCTb" class="mw-redirect" title="NCTb">NCTb</a></li>
+<li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li>
+<li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li>
+<li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li>
+<li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department" title="State Security Department">SSD</a></li>
+<li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li>
+<li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li>
+<li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a></li>
+<li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" title="Agencja Bezpieczestwa Wewntrznego">ABW</a></li>
+<li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Servio de Informaes de Segurana">SIS</a></li>
+<li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li>
+<li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li>
+<li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li>
+<li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li>
+<li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li>
+<li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li>
+<li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Prosecutors%27_Office_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea">SPO</a></li>
+<li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li>
+<li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li>
+<li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SPO</a></li>
+<li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li>
+<li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li>
+<li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li>
+<li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch,_Royal_Thai_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Branch, Royal Thai Police">SB</a></li>
+<li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Undersecretariat_of_Public_Order_and_Security" title="Undersecretariat of Public Order and Security">KDGM</a></li>
+<li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li>
+<li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (<i>MI5</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li>
+<li>United States: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FBI</a></li>
+<li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li>
+<li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li>
+<li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a></li>
+<li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military<br />
+intelligence</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li>
+<li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li>
+<li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li>
+<li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligncia Estratgica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li>
+<li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Branch_(Canadian_Forces)" title="Intelligence Branch (Canadian Forces)">Int Branch</a></li>
+<li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">MID</a></li>
+<li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li>
+<li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li>
+<li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li>
+<li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li>
+<li>Finland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_Command_Intelligence_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence Command Intelligence Division (page does not exist)">DCID</a></li>
+<li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li>
+<li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Abschirmdienst" title="Militrischer Abschirmdienst">MAD</a></li>
+<li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li>
+<li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsgi Szolglat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li>
+<li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li>
+<li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li>
+<li>Indonesia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_Intelijen_Strategis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan Intelijen Strategis (page does not exist)">BAIS</a></li>
+<li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li>
+<li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li>
+<li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centro_Intelligence_Interforze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze (page does not exist)">CII</a></li>
+<li>Japan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Command (page does not exist)">MIC</a></li>
+<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li>
+<li>Lithuania: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antrasis_operatyvini%C5%B3_tarnyb%C5%B3_departamentas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antrasis operatyvini tarnyb departamentas (page does not exist)">AOTD</a></li>
+<li>Republic of Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li>
+<li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Staff_Intelligence_Division" title="Defence Staff Intelligence Division">DSID</a></li>
+<li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_la_documentation" title="Direction gnrale des tudes et de la documentation">DGED</a></li>
+<li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li>
+<li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li>
+<li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li>
+<li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li>
+<li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li>
+<li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li>
+<li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li>
+<li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcia General de Informaii a Aprrii">DGIA</a></li>
+<li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Intelligence Directorate (Russia)">GRU</a></li>
+<li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a></li>
+<li>Singapore: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Organisation (page does not exist)">MIO</a></li>
+<li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A1_spravodajsk%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Vojensk spravodajsk sluba">VSS</a></li>
+<li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li>
+<li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li>
+<li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Command" title="Defense Security Command">DSC</a></li>
+<li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">Armed Forces Intelligence Center</a></li>
+<li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li>
+<li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li>
+<li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militrischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a></li>
+<li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li>
+<li>Taiwan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Military_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Military Intelligence (page does not exist)">MND</a></li>
+<li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li>
+<li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay stihbarat Daire Bakanl">GENKUR .D.B.</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%B0TEM" class="mw-redirect" title="JTEM">JTEM</a></li>
+<li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Ukraine" title="Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine">HUR MO</a></li>
+<li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li>
+<li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a></li>
+<li>Venezuela: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Military_Counterintelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Military Counterintelligence (page does not exist)">DGCIM</a></li>
+<li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tng cc 2">TC2</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals<br />
+intelligence</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li>
+<li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligncia do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2 Sch/EMD</a></li>
+<li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li>
+<li>China: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department" title="People's Liberation Army General Staff Department">SIGINT</a></li>
+<li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li>
+<li>Finland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">FDIA</a></li>
+<li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li>
+<li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">BND</a></li>
+<li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li>
+<li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>,<a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li>
+<li>Indonesia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembaga_Sandi_Negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembaga Sandi Negara (page does not exist)">LEMSANEG</a></li>
+<li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li>
+<li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li>
+<li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li>
+<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li>
+<li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li>
+<li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li>
+<li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li>
+<li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia"><i>Spetssvyaz</i></a></li>
+<li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li>
+<li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li>
+<li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li>
+<li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li>
+<li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Elektronik_ve_Teknik_%C4%B0stihbarat_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronik ve Teknik stihbarat Bakanl">MT-ETB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal stihbarat Bakanl">MT-SB</a></li>
+<li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li>
+<li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li>
+<li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery<br />
+intelligence</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li>
+<li>Finland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">FDIA</a></li>
+<li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li>
+<li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li>
+<li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" title="Centro de Informao Geoespacial do Exrcito">CIGeoE</a></li>
+<li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Intelligence Directorate (Russia)">TsVTI GRU</a></li>
+<li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li>
+<li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />
+topics</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures">Global surveillance disclosures</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013present)">Snowden leaks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_North_America" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Law_enforcement_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in North America</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Law enforcement in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Belize">Belize</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Grenada" title="Law enforcement in Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Panama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Law enforcement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Law enforcement in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Law enforcement in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">United States</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br />
+other territories</div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Curaao (page does not exist)">Curaao</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Law enforcement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Saint Barthlemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthlemy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Law enforcement in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saba">Saba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/136624868">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136624868">136624868</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78095617">n78095617</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000404810043">0000 0004 0481 0043</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/35632-3">35632-3</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/133942">133942</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Systme universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027521052">027521052</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120073677">cb120073677</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120073677">(data)</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35567597">35567597</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20030825006&CON_LNG=ENG">kn20030825006</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Espaa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX150939">XX150939</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation&params=38.8952_N_-77.0251_E_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">385343N</span> <span class="longitude">770130W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.8952N 77.0251W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.8952; -77.0251</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
+
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class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E" title=" Belarusian (Tarakievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target"> ()</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C3%BA%C5%99ad_pro_vy%C5%A1et%C5%99ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Federln ad pro vyetovn Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deraalne_Juurdlusb%C3%BCroo" title="Fderaalne Juurdlusbroo Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Froyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC%EA%B5%AD" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro_Investigasi_Federal" title="Biro Investigasi Federal Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADska_alr%C3%ADkisl%C3%B6greglan" title="Bandarska alrkislgreglan Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BC%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title=" Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title=" Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabularium_Inquisitionum_Foederale" title="Tabularium Inquisitionum Foederale Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C4%81lais_izmekl%C4%93%C5%A1anas_birojs" title="Federlais izmeklanas birojs Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalinis_tyrim%C5%B3_biuras" title="Federalinis tyrim biuras Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_Nyomoz%C3%B3_Iroda" title="Szvetsgi Nyomoz Iroda Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title=" Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro_Penyiasatan_Persekutuan" title="Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA%E2%80%8B%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title=" Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title=" Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E6%8D%9C%E6%9F%BB%E5%B1%80" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F" title=" Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze" title="Federalne Biuro ledcze Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biroul_Federal_de_Investiga%C8%9Bii" title="Biroul Federal de Investigaii Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_o_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau o Investigation Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyra_Federative_e_Hetimit_Amerikan" title="Zyra Federative e Hetimit Amerikan Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezni_preiskovalni_urad" title="Zvezni preiskovalni urad Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalni_istra%C5%BEni_biro" title="Federalni istrani biro Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title=" Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C" title=" Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_tra_Li%C3%AAn_bang" title="Cc iu tra Lin bang Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8B%98%E5%AF%9F%E6%89%80" title=" Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title=" Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title=" Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+ <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
+ <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
+ <a id="top"></a>
+
+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+<div id="mw-indicator-commons-icon" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" title="This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="15" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text"><ul id="filetoc"><li><a href="#file">File</a></li>
+<li><a href="#filehistory">File history</a></li>
+<li><a href="#filelinks">File usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#globalusage">Global file usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#metadata">Metadata</a></li></ul><div class="fullImageLink" id="file"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG"><img alt="File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/800px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" width="800" height="600" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/1200px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/1600px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><div class="mw-filepage-resolutioninfo">Size of this preview: <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/800px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="mw-thumbnail-link">800 600 pixels</a>. <span class="mw-filepage-other-resolutions">Other resolutions: <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/320px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="mw-thumbnail-link">320 240 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/640px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="mw-thumbnail-link">640 480 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/1024px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="mw-thumbnail-link">1,024 768 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/1280px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="mw-thumbnail-link">1,280 960 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="mw-thumbnail-link">3,264 2,448 pixels</a>.</span></div></div>
+<div class="fullMedia"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="internal" title="Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG">Original file</a> ‎<span class="fileInfo">(3,264 2,448 pixels, file size: 2.26 MB, MIME type: <span class="mime-type">image/jpeg</span>)</span>
+</div>
+<div class="sharedUploadNotice">
+<table id="mw-sharedupload" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation"><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Wikimedia Commons logo" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: center;">This is a file from the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="commons:Main Page">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Information from its <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG">description page there</a></b> is shown below.<br/><span style="font-size: smaller;">Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Welcome" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:Welcome">You can help</a>.</span></td></tr></table>
+</div>
+<div id="shared-image-desc"><div class="mw-parser-output"><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="hproduct commons-file-information-table">
+<table class="fileinfotpl-type-information toccolours vevent mw-content-ltr" style="width: 100%; direction: ltr;" cellpadding="4">
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_desc" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Description<span class="summary fn" style="display:none">Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG</span></td>
+<td class="description">
+<div class="description mw-content-ltr en" dir="ltr" lang="en" style=""><span class="language en" title=""><b>English:</b></span> A view of the Google logo, from the patio area of Googleplex, between buildings 40 and 43.</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_date" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Date</td>
+<td lang="en"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><time class="dtstart" datetime="2014-08-19 12:40:30">19 August 2014, 12:40:30</time></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_src" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Source</td>
+<td><span class="int-own-work" lang="en">Own work</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_aut" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Author</td>
+<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jijithecat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Jijithecat (page does not exist)">Jijithecat</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<table lang="left" class="toccolours mw-content-en layouttemplate commons-file-information-table" cellpadding="2" style="width: 100%; direction:ltr;">
+<tr>
+<th class="type fileinfo-paramfield">Camera location</th>
+<td style="border:none;"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG&params=037.421905_N_-122.084173_E_globe:Earth_type:camera_&language=en">37 25 18.86 N, 122 05 03.02 W</a></span> <a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" mw-data="interface" data-style="osm-intl" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/13/37.421905/-122.084173" data-zoom="13" data-lat="37.421905" data-lon="-122.084173" data-overlays="["_329775736cf599973b080b6735331e9493b8e713"]"><img alt="Kartographer map based on OpenStreetMap." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/20px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" title="Kartographer map based on OpenStreetMap." width="20" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/30px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/40px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></td>
+<td style="border:none;">View this and other nearby images on: <a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/wiwosm/osm-on-ol/commons-on-osm.php?zoom=16&lat=037.421905&lon=-122.084173">OpenStreetMap</a> - <a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geocommons/earth.kml?latdegdec=037.421905&londegdec=-122.084173&scale=10000&commons=1">Google Earth</a></td>
+<td style="border:none;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Geocoding" title="Commons:Geocoding"><img alt="info" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/18px-Circle-information.svg.png" width="18" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/27px-Circle-information.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/36px-Circle-information.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a> <span class="geo" style="display:none">37.421905; -122.084173</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Licensing">Licensing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Licensing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #e0e0e0; direction: ltr;" class="licensetpl_wrapper">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center"><b><span lang="en" class="description en">I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:</span></b></div>
+<table style="width:100%; clear:both; text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f9f9f9; border:2px solid #e0e0e0; padding: 0; border-spacing: 8px;" class="layouttemplate licensetpl mw-content-ltr" lang="en">
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+<td lang="en">This file is licensed under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons" class="extiw" title="w:en:Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International</a> license.</td>
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+<li><b>to share</b> to copy, distribute and transmit the work</li>
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+<dd>Under the following conditions:
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+<li><b>share alike</b> If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.</li>
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+Template argument size: 1911/2097152 bytes
+Highest expansion depth: 10/40
+Expensive parser function count: 0/500
+Lua time usage: 0.025/10.000 seconds
+Lua memory usage: 1.09 MB/50 MB
+-->
+<!--
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+</div>
+<!-- Saved in parser cache with key commonswiki:pcache:idhash:34858492-1!canonical and timestamp 20171031013303 and revision id 265413578
+ -->
+</div>
+<h2 id="filehistory">File history</h2>
+<div id="mw-imagepage-section-filehistory">
+<p>Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
+</p>
+<table class="wikitable filehistory">
+<tr><th></th><th>Date/Time</th><th>Thumbnail</th><th>Dimensions</th><th>User</th><th>Comment</th></tr>
+<tr><td>current</td><td class='filehistory-selected' style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG">03:56, 21 August 2014</a></td><td><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 03:56, 21 August 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG/120px-Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" width="120" height="90" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></td><td>3,264 2,448 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(2.26 MB)</span></td><td>Jijithecat</td><td dir="ltr">User created page with UploadWizard</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+<h2 id="filelinks">File usage</h2>
+<div id='mw-imagepage-section-linkstoimage'>
+<div class="linkstoimage" id="linkstoimage">The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed):</div>
+<ul class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage">
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns0"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Profiaudi/IKinema" title="User:Profiaudi/IKinema">User:Profiaudi/IKinema</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns4"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/November_29_to_December_5,_2015" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/November 29 to December 5, 2015">Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/November 29 to December 5, 2015</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns4"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2015-12-09/Traffic_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2015-12-09/Traffic report">Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2015-12-09/Traffic report</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns4"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2015-12-09" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2015-12-09">Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2015-12-09</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns100"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alphabet" title="Portal:Alphabet">Portal:Alphabet</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns100"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alphabet/Selected_picture/1" title="Portal:Alphabet/Selected picture/1">Portal:Alphabet/Selected picture/1</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns100"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Google/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Google/Selected picture">Portal:Google/Selected picture</a></li>
+<li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns100"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Google/Selected_picture/3" title="Portal:Google/Selected picture/3">Portal:Google/Selected picture/3</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2 id="globalusage">Global file usage</h2>
+<div id="mw-imagepage-section-globalusage"><p>The following other wikis use this file:
+</p><ul>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ar_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ar.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84"></a></li>
+ <li><a class="external" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9">:/ </a></li>
+ <li><a class="external" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9/2">:/ /2</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-bh_wikipedia_org'>Usage on bh.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-bs_wikipedia_org'>Usage on bs.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ca_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ca.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-cs_wikipedia_org'>Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-da_wikipedia_org'>Usage on da.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+ <li><a class="external" href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger:Fnielsen/Autolister/Deltagere_i_Folkem%C3%B8det_2016">Bruger:Fnielsen/Autolister/Deltagere i Folkemdet 2016</a></li>
+ <li><a class="external" href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skabelon:Infoboks_virksomhed/testcases">Skabelon:Infoboks virksomhed/testcases</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-din_wikipedia_org'>Usage on din.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-es_wikipedia_org'>Usage on es.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-eu_wikipedia_org'>Usage on eu.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-fa_wikipedia_org'>Usage on fa.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-fr_wikipedia_org'>Usage on fr.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+ <li><a class="external" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-he_wikipedia_org'>Usage on he.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94)"> ()</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-hu_wikipedia_org'>Usage on hu.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc.">Google Inc.</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-hy_wikipedia_org'>Usage on hy.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%AC_(%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)"> ()</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-id_wikipedia_org'>Usage on id.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-it_wikipedia_org'>Usage on it.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_(azienda)">Google (azienda)</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ja_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ja.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ka_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ka.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ko_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ko.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-mai_wikipedia_org'>Usage on mai.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-meta_wikimedia_org'>Usage on meta.wikimedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Blog/Drafts/News_on_Wikipedia:_August_11">Wikimedia Blog/Drafts/News on Wikipedia: August 11</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-mn_wikipedia_org'>Usage on mn.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-my_wikipedia_org'>Usage on my.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ne_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ne.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-pl_wikipedia_org'>Usage on pl.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ps_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ps.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-pt_wikipedia_org'>Usage on pt.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ro_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ro.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ru_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ru.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)">Google ()</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-sd_wikipedia_org'>Usage on sd.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-so_wikipedia_org'>Usage on so.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-sq_wikipedia_org'>Usage on sq.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ur_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ur.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84"></a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-vi_wikipedia_org'>Usage on vi.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_vi%C3%AAn:Minh_T%E1%BA%A5n/H%C3%ACnh_%E1%BA%A3nh/G">Thnh vin:Minh Tn/Hnh nh/G</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-www_wikidata_org'>Usage on www.wikidata.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95">Q95</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li class='mw-gu-onwiki-zh_wikipedia_org'>Usage on zh.wikipedia.org
+<ul> <li><a class="external" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a></li>
+ <li><a class="external" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_company/testcases">Template:Infobox company/testcases</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+</div><h2 id="metadata">Metadata</h2>
+<div class="mw-imagepage-section-metadata">This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it.
+If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file.<table id="mw_metadata" class="mw_metadata">
+<tr class="exif-make"><th>Camera manufacturer</th><td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></td></tr><tr class="exif-model"><th>Camera model</th><td><a href="/wiki/IPhone_5" title="IPhone 5">iPhone 5</a></td></tr><tr class="exif-exposuretime"><th><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Exposure time</a></th><td>1/2,169 sec (0.00046104195481789)</td></tr><tr class="exif-fnumber"><th><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></th><td>f/2.4</td></tr><tr class="exif-isospeedratings"><th><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">ISO speed</a> rating</th><td>50</td></tr><tr class="exif-datetimeoriginal"><th>Date and time of data generation</th><td>12:40, 19 August 2014</td></tr><tr class="exif-focallength"><th>Lens <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a></th><td>4.12 mm</td></tr><tr class="exif-orientation collapsable"><th>Orientation</th><td>Normal</td></tr><tr class="exif-xresolution collapsable"><th>Horizontal resolution</th><td>72 dpi</td></tr><tr class="exif-yresolution collapsable"><th>Vertical resolution</th><td>72 dpi</td></tr><tr class="exif-software collapsable"><th>Software used</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=7.1.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7.1.1 (page does not exist)">7.1.1</a></td></tr><tr class="exif-datetime collapsable"><th>File change date and time</th><td>12:40, 19 August 2014</td></tr><tr class="exif-ycbcrpositioning collapsable"><th>Y and C positioning</th><td>Centered</td></tr><tr class="exif-exposureprogram collapsable"><th>Exposure Program</th><td>Normal program</td></tr><tr class="exif-exifversion collapsable"><th><a href="/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchangeable image file format">Exif</a> version</th><td>2.21</td></tr><tr class="exif-datetimedigitized collapsable"><th>Date and time of digitizing</th><td>12:40, 19 August 2014</td></tr><tr class="exif-componentsconfiguration collapsable"><th>Meaning of each component</th><td><ol><li>Y</li>
+<li>Cb</li>
+<li>Cr</li>
+<li>does not exist</li></ol></td></tr><tr class="exif-shutterspeedvalue collapsable"><th><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></th><td>11.082945013979</td></tr><tr class="exif-aperturevalue collapsable"><th>APEX aperture</th><td>2.5260688216893</td></tr><tr class="exif-brightnessvalue collapsable"><th>APEX brightness</th><td>10.153686396677</td></tr><tr class="exif-meteringmode collapsable"><th><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></th><td>Spot</td></tr><tr class="exif-flash collapsable"><th><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a></th><td>Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression</td></tr><tr class="exif-subsectimeoriginal collapsable"><th>DateTimeOriginal subseconds</th><td>211</td></tr><tr class="exif-subsectimedigitized collapsable"><th>DateTimeDigitized subseconds</th><td>211</td></tr><tr class="exif-flashpixversion collapsable"><th>Supported Flashpix version</th><td>0,100</td></tr><tr class="exif-colorspace collapsable"><th><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></th><td>sRGB</td></tr><tr class="exif-sensingmethod collapsable"><th>Sensing method</th><td>One-chip color area sensor</td></tr><tr class="exif-scenetype collapsable"><th>Scene type</th><td>A directly photographed image</td></tr><tr class="exif-exposuremode collapsable"><th>Exposure mode</th><td>Auto exposure</td></tr><tr class="exif-whitebalance collapsable"><th><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">White balance</a></th><td>Auto white balance</td></tr><tr class="exif-focallengthin35mmfilm collapsable"><th>Focal length in 35 mm film</th><td>33 mm</td></tr><tr class="exif-scenecapturetype collapsable"><th>Scene capture type</th><td>Standard</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+<noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter">
+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> <div class="visualClear"></div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-navigation">
+ <h2>Navigation menu</h2>
+
+ <div id="mw-head">
+ <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
+ <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3>
+ <ul>
+ <li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=File%3AGoogleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=File%3AGoogleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul>
+ </div>
+ <div id="left-navigation">
+ <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
+ <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3>
+ <ul>
+ <li id="ca-nstab-image" class="selected"><span><a href="/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG" title="View the file page [c]" accesskey="c">File</a></span></li>
+ <li id="ca-talk" class="new"><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_talk:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
+ <h3 id="p-variants-label">
+ <span>Variants</span>
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+ <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
+ <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3>
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+ <li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><span><a href="/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG">Read</a></span></li>
+ <li id="ca-view-foreign" class="collapsible"><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG">View on Commons</a></span></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
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+ </h3>
+
+ <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
+ <div id="simpleSearch">
+ <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div>
+ </form>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-panel">
+ <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div>
+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-navigation' aria-labelledby='p-navigation-label'>
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
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+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text"><ul id="filetoc"><li><a href="#file">File</a></li>
+<li><a href="#filehistory">File history</a></li>
+<li><a href="#filelinks">File usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#globalusage">Global file usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#metadata">Metadata</a></li></ul><div class="fullImageLink" id="file"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg"><img alt="File:Michael Jackson Grave.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/450px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" width="450" height="600" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/675px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/900px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><div class="mw-filepage-resolutioninfo">Size of this preview: <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/450px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="mw-thumbnail-link">450 600 pixels</a>. <span class="mw-filepage-other-resolutions">Other resolutions: <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/180px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="mw-thumbnail-link">180 240 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/360px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="mw-thumbnail-link">360 480 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/576px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="mw-thumbnail-link">576 768 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/768px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="mw-thumbnail-link">768 1,024 pixels</a>| <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="mw-thumbnail-link">2,448 3,264 pixels</a>.</span></div></div>
+<div class="fullMedia"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="internal" title="Michael Jackson Grave.jpg">Original file</a> ‎<span class="fileInfo">(2,448 3,264 pixels, file size: 5.09 MB, MIME type: <span class="mime-type">image/jpeg</span>)</span>
+</div>
+<div class="sharedUploadNotice">
+<table id="mw-sharedupload" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation"><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Wikimedia Commons logo" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: center;">This is a file from the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="commons:Main Page">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Information from its <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Michael Jackson Grave.jpg">description page there</a></b> is shown below.<br/><span style="font-size: smaller;">Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Welcome" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:Welcome">You can help</a>.</span></td></tr></table>
+</div>
+<div id="shared-image-desc"><div class="mw-parser-output"><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="hproduct commons-file-information-table">
+<table class="fileinfotpl-type-information toccolours vevent mw-content-ltr" style="width: 100%; direction: ltr;" cellpadding="4">
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_desc" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Description<span class="summary fn" style="display:none">Michael Jackson Grave.jpg</span></td>
+<td class="description">
+<div class="description mw-content-ltr en" dir="ltr" lang="en" style=""><span class="language en" title=""><b>English:</b></span> The tomb of Michael Jackson in the Holly Terrace of the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_date" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Date</td>
+<td lang="en"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><time class="dtstart" datetime="2015-06-10 02:59:29">10 June 2015, 02:59:29</time></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_src" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Source</td>
+<td><span class="int-own-work" lang="en">Own work</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align: top">
+<td id="fileinfotpl_aut" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en">Author</td>
+<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ArthurDark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:ArthurDark (page does not exist)">Arthur Dark</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Licensing">Licensing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Licensing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #e0e0e0; direction: ltr;" class="licensetpl_wrapper">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="center"><b><span lang="en" class="description en">I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:</span></b></div>
+<table style="width:100%; clear:both; text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f9f9f9; border:2px solid #e0e0e0; padding: 0; border-spacing: 8px;" class="layouttemplate licensetpl mw-content-ltr" lang="en">
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+<td style="width:90px;" rowspan="3"><img alt="w:en:Creative Commons" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png" title="w:en:Creative Commons" width="90" height="36" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/135px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/180px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="300" /><br />
+<img alt="attribution" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/24px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png" title="attribution" width="24" height="24" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/36px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/48px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /> <img alt="share alike" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cc-sa_white.svg/24px-Cc-sa_white.svg.png" title="share alike" width="24" height="24" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cc-sa_white.svg/36px-Cc-sa_white.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cc-sa_white.svg/48px-Cc-sa_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></td>
+<td lang="en">This file is licensed under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons" class="extiw" title="w:en:Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International</a> license.</td>
+<td style="width:90px;" rowspan="3"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:left;" lang="en">
+<td>
+<dl>
+<dd>You are free:
+<ul>
+<li><b>to share</b> to copy, distribute and transmit the work</li>
+<li><b>to remix</b> to adapt the work</li>
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+</dd>
+<dd>Under the following conditions:
+<ul>
+<li><b>attribution</b> You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</li>
+<li><b>share alike</b> If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.</li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Fisheries science</h1>
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+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
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+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear</b> because it has <b>insufficient <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <small><i>(July 2011)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
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+</table>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg/300px-DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg/450px-DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg/600px-DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<center>The 78-metre (256-foot) Danish fisheries <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessel</a> <i>Dana</i>.</center>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b>Fisheries science</b> is the academic discipline of managing and understanding <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">freshwater biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">population dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> to attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">bioeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">fisheries law</a>.</p>
+<p>Fisheries science is typically taught in a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> setting, and can be the focus of an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> program. Some universities offer fully integrated programs in fisheries science.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Fisheries_research"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Fisheries research</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Notable_contributors"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notable contributors</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Journals"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Journals</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Professional_societies"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Professional societies</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fisheries_research">Fisheries research</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fisheries research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Fisheries <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessels</a> (FRVs) require platforms which are capable of towing different types of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>, collecting <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">acoustic</a> fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">fishing vessel</a>, but with space given over to <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratories</a> and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_contributors">Notable contributors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable contributors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Notable_ichthyologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable ichthyologists">Notable ichthyologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_biologists" title="List of marine biologists">List of marine biologists</a></div>
+<p>Members of this list meet one or more of the following criteria: 1) Author of widely cited peer-reviewed articles on fisheries, 2) Author of major reference work in fisheries, 3) Founder of major fisheries journal, museum or other related organisation 4) Person most notable for other reasons who has also worked in fisheries science.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Hilborn.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ray_Hilborn.JPG/170px-Ray_Hilborn.JPG" width="170" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ray_Hilborn.JPG/255px-Ray_Hilborn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ray_Hilborn.JPG/340px-Ray_Hilborn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1621" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Hilborn.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Ray_Hilborn" title="Ray Hilborn">Ray Hilborn</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Myers.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ram_Myers.jpg/170px-Ram_Myers.jpg" width="170" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ram_Myers.jpg/255px-Ram_Myers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ram_Myers.jpg/340px-Ram_Myers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="714" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Myers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Ransom_A._Myers" title="Ransom A. Myers">Ransom A. Myers</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg/170px-Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg" width="170" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg/255px-Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg/340px-Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1816" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Pauly_Pauly_Symposium.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG/170px-Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG" width="170" height="253" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG/255px-Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG/340px-Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="860" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Elton_Sette.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Oscar_Elton_Sette" title="Oscar Elton Sette">Oscar Elton Sette</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table class="wikitable sortable" border="1">
+<tr>
+<th width="120px">Contributor</th>
+<th>Nationality</th>
+<th>Born</th>
+<th>Died</th>
+<th>Contribution</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_F._Baird" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer F. Baird">Baird, Spencer F</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1823</td>
+<td align="center">1887</td>
+<td>Founding scientist of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Fedor_Baranov" title="Fedor Baranov">Baranov, Fedor I</a></td>
+<td align="center">Russian</td>
+<td align="center">1886</td>
+<td align="center">1965</td>
+<td>Baranov has been called the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_population_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries population dynamics">fisheries population dynamics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baranov_catch_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Baranov catch equation">Baranov catch equation</a> of 1918 is perhaps the most used equation in fisheries modelling.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Beverton" title="Ray Beverton">Beverton, Ray</a></td>
+<td align="center">English</td>
+<td align="center">1922</td>
+<td align="center">1985</td>
+<td>Fisheries biologist known for the <a href="/wiki/Beverton%E2%80%93Holt_model" title="BevertonHolt model">BevertonHolt model</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Holt" title="Sidney Holt">Sidney Holt</a>), credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Villy_Christensen" title="Villy Christensen">Christensen, Villy</a></td>
+<td align="center">Danish</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Fisheries scientist and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">ecosystem modeller</a>, known for his work on the development of <a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/John_N._Cobb" class="mw-redirect" title="John N. Cobb">Cobb, John N</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1868</td>
+<td align="center">1930</td>
+<td>Founder of the first college of fisheries in the United States, the University of Washington College of Fisheries, in 1919</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Cooke" title="Steven J. Cooke">Cooke, Steven J</a></td>
+<td align="center">Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1974</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Academic known for contributions to recreational fisheries science, inland fisheries and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation Physiology">Conservation Physiology</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/David_Cushing" title="David Cushing">Cushing, David</a></td>
+<td align="center">English</td>
+<td align="center">1920</td>
+<td align="center">2008</td>
+<td>Fisheries biologist, who is credited with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">match/mismatch</a> hypothesis</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/W._Harry_Everhart" title="W. Harry Everhart">Everhart, W Harry</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1918</td>
+<td align="center">1994</td>
+<td>Fisheries scientist, educator, administrator and author of several widely used fisheries texts</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a></td>
+<td align="center">German</td>
+<td align="center">1950</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Known for his work on the development and coordination of <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Seth_Green_(pisciculture)" title="Seth Green (pisciculture)">Green, Seth</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1817</td>
+<td align="center">1888</td>
+<td>Pioneer in fish farming who established the first <a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">fish hatchery</a> in the United States</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gunter" title="Gordon Gunter">Gunter, Gordon</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1909</td>
+<td align="center">1998</td>
+<td>Pioneer in fisheries research in the northern <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/John_Halver" title="John Halver">Halver, John</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1922</td>
+<td align="center">2012</td>
+<td>His pioneering work on the nutritional needs of fish led to modern methods of <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish feed">fish feed</a> production. He has been called the father of fish nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gotthilf_Hempel" title="Gotthilf Hempel">Hempel, Gotthilf</a></td>
+<td align="center">German</td>
+<td align="center">1929</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Marine biologist and oceanographer, and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research" title="Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Walther_Herwig" title="Walther Herwig">Herwig, Walther</a></td>
+<td align="center">German</td>
+<td align="center">1838</td>
+<td align="center">1912</td>
+<td>Lawyer and promoter of <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a> fishing and research</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hilborn" title="Ray Hilborn">Hilborn, Ray</a></td>
+<td align="center">Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1947</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Fisheries biologist with strong contributions in <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Hjort" title="Johan Hjort">Hjort, Johan</a></td>
+<td align="center">Norwegian</td>
+<td align="center">1869</td>
+<td align="center">1948</td>
+<td>Fisheries biologist, <a href="/wiki/Marine_zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine zoologist">marine zoologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographer">oceanographer</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hofer" title="Bruno Hofer">Hofer, Bruno</a></td>
+<td align="center">German</td>
+<td align="center">1861</td>
+<td align="center">1916</td>
+<td>Fishery scientist credited with being the founder of <a href="/wiki/Fish_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish pathology">fish pathology</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Holt" title="Sidney Holt">Holt, Sidney</a></td>
+<td align="center">English</td>
+<td align="center">1926</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Fisheries biologist known for the <a href="/wiki/Beverton%E2%80%93Holt_model" title="BevertonHolt model">BevertonHolt model</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Ray_Beverton" title="Ray Beverton">Ray Beverton</a>), credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Kils" title="Uwe Kils">Kils, Uwe</a></td>
+<td align="center">German</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Marine biologist specializing in <a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">planktology</a>. Inventor of the <a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">ecoSCOPE</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Lackey" title="Robert T. Lackey">Lackey, Robert T</a></td>
+<td align="center">Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1944</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Fisheries scientist and <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> known for his work involving the role of science in policy making</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Margolis" title="Leo Margolis">Margolis, Leo</a></td>
+<td align="center">Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1927</td>
+<td align="center">1997</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Parasitologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitologist">Parasitologist</a> and head of the Pacific Biological Station in <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanaimo, British Columbia">Nanaimo, British Columbia</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/R._J._McKay" title="R. J. McKay">McKay, R J</a></td>
+<td align="center">Australian</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Biologist and a specialist in translocated freshwater fishes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ransom_A._Myers" title="Ransom A. Myers">Myers, Ransom A</a></td>
+<td align="center">Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1952</td>
+<td align="center">2007</td>
+<td>Marine biologist and conservationist</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a></td>
+<td align="center">French / Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1946</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Prominent fisheries scientist, known for his work studying human impacts on global fisheries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Tony_J._Pitcher" title="Tony J. Pitcher">Pitcher, Tony J</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Known for work on the impacts of fishing, management appraisals and the <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoaling behavior</a> of fish</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Rice" title="Michael A. Rice">Rice, Michael A</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1955</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Known for work on molluscan fisheries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ricker" title="Bill Ricker">Ricker, Bill</a></td>
+<td align="center">Canadian</td>
+<td align="center">1908</td>
+<td align="center">2001</td>
+<td>Fisheries biologist, known for the <a href="/wiki/Ricker_model" title="Ricker model">Ricker model</a>, credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Ricketts" title="Ed Ricketts">Ricketts, Ed</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1897</td>
+<td align="center">1948</td>
+<td>A colourful marine biologist and philosopher who introduced <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> to fisheries science.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Callum_Roberts" title="Callum Roberts">Roberts, Callum</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Marine conservation biologist, known for his work on the role marine reserves play in protecting marine ecosystems</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rosenthal" title="Harald Rosenthal">Rosenthal, Harald</a></td>
+<td align="center">German</td>
+<td align="center">1937</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Hydrobiologist known for his work in <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a> and ecology</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Safina" title="Carl Safina">Safina, Carl</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1955</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Author of several writings on marine ecology and the ocean</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ossian_Sars" title="Georg Ossian Sars">Sars, Georg Ossian</a></td>
+<td align="center">Norwegian</td>
+<td align="center">1837</td>
+<td align="center">1927</td>
+<td>Marine biologist credited with the discovery of a number of new species and known for his analysis of <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> fisheries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Milner_Baily_Schaefer" title="Milner Baily Schaefer">Schaefer, Milner Baily</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1912</td>
+<td align="center">1970</td>
+<td>Notable for work on the <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">population dynamics of fisheries</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Tore_Schweder" title="Tore Schweder">Schweder, Tore</a></td>
+<td align="center">Norwegian</td>
+<td align="center">1943</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">Statistician</a> whose work includes the assessment of marine resources</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Elton_Sette" title="Oscar Elton Sette">Sette, Oscar Elton</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1900</td>
+<td align="center">1972</td>
+<td>Pioneered the integration of fisheries <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> to create fisheries oceanography and modern fisheries science.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bell_M._Shimada" title="Bell M. Shimada">Shimada, Bell M.</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1922</td>
+<td align="center">1958</td>
+<td>Notable for study of <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> stocks in the equatorial <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ussif_Rashid_Sumaila" title="Ussif Rashid Sumaila">Sumaila, Ussif Rashid</a></td>
+<td align="center">Nigerian</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Notable for his analysis of the economic aspects of fisheries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Utter" title="Fred M. Utter">Utter, Fred M</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center">1931</td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Characterised by <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> as the founding father of fishery genetics, he has been influential in marine conservation <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">von Bertalanffy, Ludwig</a></td>
+<td align="center">Austrian</td>
+<td align="center">1901</td>
+<td align="center">1972</td>
+<td>Biologist and founder of <a href="/wiki/General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">general systems theory</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Walters" title="Carl Walters">Walters, Carl</a></td>
+<td align="center">American</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td align="center">-</td>
+<td>Biologist known for his work involving fisheries stock assessments, the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive management</a> concept, and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">ecosystem modeling</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Journals">Journals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_sorting.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Fish_sorting.JPG/220px-Fish_sorting.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Fish_sorting.JPG/330px-Fish_sorting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Fish_sorting.JPG/440px-Fish_sorting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_sorting.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Fisheries scientists sorting a catch of small fish and <a href="/wiki/Norway_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway lobster">Norway lobster</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Some <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">journals</a> about fisheries are</p>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.bdfish.org/index.php/fisheries"><i>Journal of Fisheries</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fishbull.noaa.gov/fcontent.htm"><i>Fishery Bulletin</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1054-6006&site=1"><i>Fisheries Oceanography</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=0015-296X"><i>Journal of the Fisheries Research Board</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115050234/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp-ps/journalDetail.jsp?jcode=cjfas&lang=eng"><i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-archive"><i>Transactions of the American Fisheries Society</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0969-997X&site=1"><i>Fisheries Management and Ecology</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1467-2960&site=1"><i>Fish and Fisheries</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0022-1112"><i>Journal of Fish Biology</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.nafo.int/"><i>Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411015639/http://fisheries.ege.edu.tr/journal_of_fisheries.html"><i>Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820104104/http://bentham.org/open/tofishsj/index.htm"><i>The Open Fish Science Journal</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajol.info/journal_index.php?jid=4"><i>African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/"><i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/1573-5184/"><i>Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10641262.asp"><i>Reviews in Fisheries Science</i></a>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.noaa.gov/china/archi/journal.htm"><i>Chinese Fisheries Journal Listings</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/sefjrnls.html"><i>General Fisheries Journal Listings</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Professional_societies">Professional societies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professional societies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcfs.fisheries.org/">World Council of Fisheries Societies</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisheries.org/">American Fisheries Society</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ices.dk/">The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsbi.org.uk/">The Fisheries Society of the British Isles</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miyagi.kopas.co.jp/JSFS/e-main.shtml">The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asfb.org.au/">The Australian Society for Fish Biology</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries Law">Fisheries Law</a></li>
+<li>The <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Law_Centre" title="Fisheries Law Centre">Fisheries Law Centre</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Quinn, Terrance J. II (2003). "Ruminations on the development and future of population dynamics models in fisheries". <i>Natural Resource Modeling</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 341392. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-7445.2003.tb00119.x">10.1111/j.1939-7445.2003.tb00119.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheries+science&rft.atitle=Ruminations+on+the+development+and+future+of+population+dynamics+models+in+fisheries&rft.aufirst=Terrance+J.+II&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resource+Modeling&rft.pages=341-392&rft.volume=16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1939-7445.2003.tb00119.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Fisheries Society, National Fish Culture Hall of Fame, Spearfish, S.D. 2000</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fish.washington.edu/news/newsletter/sprsum_2013/memoriam">http://fish.washington.edu/news/newsletter/sprsum_2013/memoriam</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/archives/2005/2005-Oct-13/Article.news_feature/2">Ed Ricketts death, 50 years ago last week, preceded that of Cannery Row by only a few months.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Eric Enno Tamm (2005) Monterey County Weekly.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/side_hon_mentions.html">History Makers: Honorable Mentions</a> <i>NOAA</i>. Updated: 19 July 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2014.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="refbegin" style="">
+<ul>
+<li>Hart, Paul J B and Reynolds, John D (2002) Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries, Chapter 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVnWf6IEhcgC&pg=PA1"><i>The human dimensions of fisheries science.</i></a> Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-06482-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-06482-X">0-632-06482-X</a></li>
+<li>Megrey BA and Moksness E (eds) (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WMzd2D3tSvQC"><i>Computers in Fisheries Research</i></a> second edition, Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8635-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8635-9">978-1-4020-8635-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8636-6_1">10.1007/978-1-4020-8636-6_1</a></li>
+<li>Pauly, D and Palomares, M L D (eds) (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/report/prodsystems.pdf#page=7"><i>Production Systems in Fishery Management</i></a> UBC Fisheries Centre Research Reports 10(8).</li>
+<li>Payne A, Cotter AJR, Cotter J and Potter T (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u20mdaUF3zMC"><i>Advances in fisheries science: 50 years on from Beverton and Holt</i></a> John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7083-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7083-3">978-1-4051-7083-3</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmoztools.net/Science/Agriculture/Fisheries">Fisheries science</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.google.com/a/seaahead.org/the-sea-ahead/Home">The Sea Ahead... learning from the past</a>. A web site of the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wall_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies">Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies</a> promoting ecosystem-based fisheries science.</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701134710/http://www.marine.ie/NR/rdonlyres/A2FEBC5E-6358-4715-96D8-A6F9A3C397F3/0/What_is_fisheries_Science.pdf">What is fisheries science?</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Fisheries_science_and_wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisheries science</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock" title="Fish stock">Fish stock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index" title="Condition index">Condition index</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission" title="Ocean Surface Topography Mission">OSTM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Great Barracuda off the Netherland Antilles.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" width="140" height="105" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Fisheries_management.2C_sustainability_and_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fisheries">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Management</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="MagnusonStevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">MagnusonStevens Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_organizations" title="Category:Fisheries organizations">Fisheries organizations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" width="140" height="99" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Quotas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU quotas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Sustainability</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fisheries">Sustainable fisheries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of fishing">Environmental effects of fishing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line:_How_Overfishing_Is_Changing_the_World_and_What_We_Eat" title="The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat">The End of the Line</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Conservation</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Protected Area">Marine Protected Area</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Organisations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Fish" title="The Black Fish">The Black Fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Around Us Project">Sea Around Us Project</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldFish Center">WorldFish Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Related issues</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">List of fishing topics by subject</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of fisheries">Fisheries glossary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="tfd" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:x-small; color:#000000; text-align: center; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;"> The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> below (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology">Technology</a></i>) is being considered for deletion. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2017_October_27#Template:Technology" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2017 October 27">templates for discussion</a> to help reach a consensus. </div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technology" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Technology" title="Template talk:Technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science" title="Outline of applied science">Outline of applied science</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisheries science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="ICT in agriculture">ICT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">Healthcare science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technology">Medical technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital technologies in education">Digital technologies in education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies in education">ICT in education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of technology on the educational system">Impact</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia learning">Multimedia learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual education">Virtual education</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_technology" title="Energy technology">Energy</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">Soft energy technology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_engineering" title="Landscape engineering">Landscape engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and<br />
+communications</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RF_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="RF engineering">RF engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport engineering">Transport engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied<br />
+science</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a><br />
+(<a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">list</a>)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">Audio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br />
+concepts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li>
+<li>Technicism</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technoethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technoetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Technoliberalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology lifecycle">Technology lifecycle</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">feminist</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technologies" title="List of technologies">List of technologies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">Technology dynamics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_by_country" title="Category:Science and technology by country">Science and technology by country</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" width="19" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div>
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><i>Game of Thrones</i></h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the television series. For the novel in the series A Song of Ice and Fire, see <a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones" title="A Game of Thrones">A Game of Thrones</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="A Game of Thrones (disambiguation)">A Game of Thrones (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Game of Thrones</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_title_card.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Game of Thrones title card.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Game_of_Thrones_title_card.jpg/250px-Game_of_Thrones_title_card.jpg" width="250" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d8/Game_of_Thrones_title_card.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="197" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Genre</th>
+<td class="category">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">Serial drama</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Created by</th>
+<td>
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Benioff" title="David Benioff">David Benioff</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/D._B._Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="D. B. Weiss">D. B. Weiss</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Based on</th>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i><br />
+by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Starring</th>
+<td class="attendee">see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters#Main_characters" title="List of Game of Thrones characters">List of <i>Game of Thrones</i> characters</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Theme music composer</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi" title="Ramin Djawadi">Ramin Djawadi</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Opening theme</th>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_Theme" title="Game of Thrones Theme">Main Title</a>"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Composer(s)</th>
+<td>Ramin Djawadi</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Country of origin</th>
+<td>United States</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Original <span class="nowrap">language(s)</span></th>
+<td>English</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of seasons</th>
+<td>7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of episodes</th>
+<td>67 <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes" title="List of Game of Thrones episodes">list of episodes</a>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Production</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Executive <span class="nowrap">producer(s)</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li>David Benioff</li>
+<li>D. B. Weiss</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Strauss" title="Carolyn Strauss">Carolyn Strauss</a></li>
+<li>Frank Doelger</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Caulfield" title="Bernadette Caulfield">Bernadette Caulfield</a></li>
+<li>George R. R. Martin</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Location(s)</th>
+<td>
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li>Canada</li>
+<li>Croatia</li>
+<li>Iceland</li>
+<li>Malta</li>
+<li>Morocco</li>
+<li>Spain</li>
+<li>Northern Ireland</li>
+<li>Scotland</li>
+<li>United States</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Running time</th>
+<td>5080 minutes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Production <span class="nowrap">company(s)</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li>Television 360</li>
+<li>Grok! Television</li>
+<li>Generator Entertainment</li>
+<li>Startling Television</li>
+<li>Bighead Littlehead</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Distributor</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television_Distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Television Distribution">Warner Bros. Television Distribution</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Release</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Original network</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Picture format</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a> (<a href="/wiki/16:9" title="16:9">16:9</a> <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Audio format</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> 5.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Original release</th>
+<td>April 17, 2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-04-17</span>)</span>  present</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Chronology</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Related shows</th>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Thrones" title="After the Thrones">After the Thrones</a></i><br />
+<i><a href="/wiki/Thronecast" title="Thronecast">Thronecast</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">External links</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones">www<wbr />.hbo<wbr />.com<wbr />/game-of-thrones</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Production<br />
+website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/">www<wbr />.makinggameofthrones<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i><b>Game of Thrones</b></i> is an American <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> television series created by <a href="/wiki/David_Benioff" title="David Benioff">David Benioff</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._B._Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="D. B. Weiss">D. B. Weiss</a>. It is an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>'s series of fantasy novels, the first of which is <i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones" title="A Game of Thrones">A Game of Thrones</a></i>. It is filmed in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the United States. The series premiered on <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)" title="Game of Thrones (season 8)">eighth season</a> premiering either in 2018 or 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-finalseason_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finalseason-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Set on the fictional continents of <a href="/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="World of A Song of Ice and Fire">Westeros and Essos</a>, <i>Game of Thrones</i> has several plot lines and a large <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble cast</a> but centers on three primary <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arcs</a>. The first story arc centers on the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Throne_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" title="Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)">Iron Throne</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire#Westeros" title="World of A Song of Ice and Fire">Seven Kingdoms</a> and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the dynastic noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from the throne. The second story arc focuses on the last descendant of the realm's deposed ruling dynasty, exiled and plotting a return to the throne. The third story arc centers on the longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north, and an impending winter that threatens the realm.</p>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fan base</a>. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been criticized. The series has received 38 <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Awards</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series">Outstanding Drama Series</a> in 2015 and 2016, more than any other primetime scripted television series. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Game_of_Thrones" title="List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones">other awards and nominations</a> include three <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation</a> (20122014), a 2011 <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a>, and four nominations for the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Television_Series_%E2%80%93_Drama" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Drama">Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Drama</a> (2012 and 20152017). Of the ensemble cast, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dinklage" title="Peter Dinklage">Peter Dinklage</a> has won two <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series">Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series</a> (2011 and 2015) and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Series, Miniseries or Television Film">Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Series, Miniseries or Television Film</a> (2012) for his performance as <a href="/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister" title="Tyrion Lannister">Tyrion Lannister</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lena_Headey" title="Lena Headey">Lena Headey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Clarke" title="Emilia Clarke">Emilia Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kit_Harington" title="Kit Harington">Kit Harington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maisie_Williams" title="Maisie Williams">Maisie Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Rigg" title="Diana Rigg">Diana Rigg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a> have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Setting"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Setting</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Themes"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Themes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Inspirations_and_derivations"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Inspirations and derivations</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Cast_and_characters"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast and characters</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Conception_and_development"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conception and development</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Casting"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Casting</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Writing"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Writing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Adaptation_schedule"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Adaptation schedule</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Filming"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Filming</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Directing"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Directing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Technical_aspects"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Technical aspects</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Costumes"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Costumes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Makeup"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Makeup</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Visual_effects"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Visual effects</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sound"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Sound</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Title_sequence"><span class="tocnumber">3.12</span> <span class="toctext">Title sequence</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">3.13</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">3.14</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Effect_on_location"><span class="tocnumber">3.15</span> <span class="toctext">Effect on location</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Availability"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Availability</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Broadcast"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Broadcast</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Home_video"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Home video</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Copyright_infringement"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Copyright infringement</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#IMAX"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">IMAX</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Reception_and_achievements"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Reception and achievements</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cultural_influence"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural influence</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Critical_response"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Critical response</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sex_and_violence"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sex and violence</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Fandom"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fandom</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Awards_and_accolades"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Awards and accolades</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Viewer_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Viewer numbers</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Other_media_and_products"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Other media and products</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Video_games"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Video games</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Merchandise_and_exhibition"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Merchandise and exhibition</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Accompanying_material"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Accompanying material</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Spin-offs"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Spin-offs</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Histories_and_Lore"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Histories and Lore</i></span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background"><span id="Premise"></span>Background</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes" title="List of Game of Thrones episodes">List of Game of Thrones episodes</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire#Plot_synopsis" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Weapons in the series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg/220px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg/330px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg/440px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="2457" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Weapons.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Power and violence are central themes of <i>Game of Thrones</i>, and the number of weapons made for the series (some of which are shown here) reflects this.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Setting">Setting</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="World of A Song of Ice and Fire">World of A Song of Ice and Fire</a></div>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> is roughly based on the storylines of <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-var_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-var-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos. The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm's noble families for the Iron Throne, while other families fight for independence from it. It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotfactsheet-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Showrunner" title="Showrunner">Showrunner</a> David Benioff jokingly suggested "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>" as <i>Game of Thrones</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Tagline" title="Tagline">tagline</a>, referring to its intrigue-filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic and dragons.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> In a 2012 study of deaths per episode, it ranked second out of 40 recent U.S. TV drama series (with an average of 14).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes">Themes</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Themes_in_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire">Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire</a></div>
+<p>The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, political intrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-themes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themes-11">[11]</a></sup> Martin has stated that "the true horrors of human history derive not from <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">orcs</a> and Dark Lords, but from ourselves."<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a>, which Martin says does not mirror the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Just like people's capacity for good and for evil in real life, Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The show allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective, unlike in many other fantasies, and thus the supposed villains can provide their side of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-themes_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themes-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Benioff said, "George brought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy. He introduced gray tones into a black-and-white universe."<sup id="cite_ref-themes_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themes-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In early seasons, under the influence of the <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i> books, main characters were regularly killed off, and this was credited with developing tension among viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-ign_7.7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ign_7.7-16">[16]</a></sup> Later seasons, however, critics pointed out that certain characters had developed "plot armor", attributing this to the show's deviating from the books and becoming more of a traditional television series.<sup id="cite_ref-ign_7.7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ign_7.7-16">[16]</a></sup> The series also reflects the substantial death rates in war.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inspirations_and_derivations">Inspirations and derivations</span></h3>
+<p>Although the first season closely follows the events of the first novel, later seasons have made significant changes. According to David Benioff, the show is "about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones, but not necessarily each of the stops along the way".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Tom Holland of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> believes that the novels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings, characters, and plot on events in European history.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013-20">[20]</a></sup> Most of Westeros is reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/High_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="High medieval">high medieval</a> Europe, from lands and cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> to the palace intrigue, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a>, castles, and knightly tournaments. A principal inspiration for the novels is the English <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> (145585) between the houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a>, reflected in Martin's houses of <a href="/wiki/Lannister" class="mw-redirect" title="Lannister">Lannister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire#House_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire">Stark</a>. The scheming <a href="/wiki/Cersei_Lannister" title="Cersei Lannister">Cersei Lannister</a> evokes <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella</a>, the "she-wolf of France" (12951358);<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013-20">[20]</a></sup> Isabella and her family (particularly as portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Druon" title="Maurice Druon">Maurice Druon</a>'s historical-novel series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Accursed_Kings" title="The Accursed Kings">The Accursed Kings</a></i>) were also a main inspiration for Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Holland further proposes that other historical antecedents of series elements include <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> (which becomes Martin's Wall), the legend of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Valyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Valyria">Valyria</a>), Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> ("wildfire"), Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ironborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironborn">Ironborn</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol hordes</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dothraki_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dothraki Sea">Dothraki</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (13371453) and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (c. 14001500).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013-20">[20]</a></sup> The series' popularity has been attributed, in part, to Martin's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless, credible version of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013-20">[20]</a></sup> Martin acknowledges, "I take [history] and I file off the serial numbers and I <a href="/wiki/Up_to_eleven" title="Up to eleven">turn it up to 11</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cast_and_characters">Cast and characters</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters" title="List of Game of Thrones characters">List of Game of Thrones characters</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Peter Dinklage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" width="150" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3114" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Dinklage_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Peter_Dinklage" title="Peter Dinklage">Peter Dinklage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister" title="Tyrion Lannister">Tyrion Lannister</a>) has led the principal cast since season two</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> has an <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble cast</a> estimated to be the largest on television;<sup id="cite_ref-hibberd1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibberd1-25">[25]</a></sup> during its third season, 257 cast names were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-26">[26]</a></sup> In 2014, several actor contracts were renegotiated to include a seventh-season option, with raises which reportedly made them among the highest-paid performers on <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> In 2016, it was reported that several actor contracts were again renegotiated, with five of the main cast members having increased their salary to 2 million per episode for the last two seasons, which would make them the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_paid_American_television_stars" title="List of highest paid American television stars">highest paid actors on television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The main cast is listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Lord <a href="/wiki/Ned_Stark" title="Ned Stark">Eddard "Ned" Stark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a>) is the head of House Stark, whose members are involved in plot lines throughout most of the series. He and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catelyn_Tully" class="mw-redirect" title="Catelyn Tully">Catelyn Tully</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michelle_Fairley" title="Michelle Fairley">Michelle Fairley</a>), have five children: <a href="/wiki/Robb_Stark" title="Robb Stark">Robb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Madden" title="Richard Madden">Richard Madden</a>), the eldest, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sansa_Stark" title="Sansa Stark">Sansa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sophie_Turner" title="Sophie Turner">Sophie Turner</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arya_Stark" title="Arya Stark">Arya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maisie_Williams" title="Maisie Williams">Maisie Williams</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bran_Stark" title="Bran Stark">Bran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hempstead-Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Hempstead-Wright">Isaac Hempstead-Wright</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rickon_Stark" title="Rickon Stark">Rickon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Art_Parkinson" title="Art Parkinson">Art Parkinson</a>), the youngest. Ned's <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a> son <a href="/wiki/Jon_Snow_(character)" title="Jon Snow (character)">Jon Snow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kit_Harington" title="Kit Harington">Kit Harington</a>) and his friend, <a href="/wiki/Samwell_Tarly" title="Samwell Tarly">Samwell Tarly</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Bradley-West" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bradley-West">John Bradley</a>), serve in the <a href="/wiki/Night%27s_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Night's Watch">Night's Watch</a> under Lord Commander <a href="/wiki/Jeor_Mormont" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeor Mormont">Jeor Mormont</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Cosmo" title="James Cosmo">James Cosmo</a>). The Wildlings living north of the Wall include young <a href="/wiki/Gilly_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" title="Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire)">Gilly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hannah_Murray" title="Hannah Murray">Hannah Murray</a>), and warriors <a href="/wiki/Tormund_Giantsbane" title="Tormund Giantsbane">Tormund Giantsbane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kristofer_Hivju" title="Kristofer Hivju">Kristofer Hivju</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ygritte" title="Ygritte">Ygritte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rose_Leslie" title="Rose Leslie">Rose Leslie</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbo_cast-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Others associated with House Stark include Ned's ward <a href="/wiki/Theon_Greyjoy" title="Theon Greyjoy">Theon Greyjoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfie_Allen" title="Alfie Allen">Alfie Allen</a>), his <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> <a href="/wiki/Roose_Bolton" title="Roose Bolton">Roose Bolton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_McElhatton" title="Michael McElhatton">Michael McElhatton</a>), and Bolton's bastard son, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsay Snow">Ramsay Snow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iwan_Rheon" title="Iwan Rheon">Iwan Rheon</a>). Robb falls in love with the healer <a href="/wiki/Talisa_Maegyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Talisa Maegyr">Talisa Maegyr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oona_Chaplin" title="Oona Chaplin">Oona Chaplin</a>), and Arya befriends blacksmith's apprentice <a href="/wiki/Gendry" title="Gendry">Gendry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joe_Dempsie" title="Joe Dempsie">Joe Dempsie</a>) and assassin <a href="/wiki/Jaqen_H%27ghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaqen H'ghar">Jaqen H'ghar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Wlaschiha" title="Tom Wlaschiha">Tom Wlaschiha</a>). The tall warrior <a href="/wiki/Brienne_of_Tarth" title="Brienne of Tarth">Brienne of Tarth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gwendoline_Christie" title="Gwendoline Christie">Gwendoline Christie</a>) serves Catelyn and, later, Sansa.<sup id="cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbo_cast-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In King's Landing, the capital, Ned's friend King <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baratheon" title="Robert Baratheon">Robert Baratheon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mark_Addy" title="Mark Addy">Mark Addy</a>) shares a loveless marriage with <a href="/wiki/Cersei_Lannister" title="Cersei Lannister">Cersei Lannister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lena_Headey" title="Lena Headey">Lena Headey</a>) who has taken her twin brother, the Kingslayer Ser <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lannister" title="Jaime Lannister">Jaime Lannister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau" title="Nikolaj Coster-Waldau">Nikolaj Coster-Waldau</a>), as her lover. She loathes her younger brother, the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister" title="Tyrion Lannister">Tyrion Lannister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Dinklage" title="Peter Dinklage">Peter Dinklage</a>), who is attended by his mistress <a href="/wiki/Shae_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shae (character)">Shae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sibel_Kekilli" title="Sibel Kekilli">Sibel Kekilli</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a>, or 'sellsword', <a href="/wiki/Bronn_(character)" title="Bronn (character)">Bronn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Flynn" title="Jerome Flynn">Jerome Flynn</a>). Cersei's father is Lord <a href="/wiki/Tywin_Lannister" title="Tywin Lannister">Tywin Lannister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Dance" title="Charles Dance">Charles Dance</a>). Cersei also has two young sons: <a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Baratheon" title="Joffrey Baratheon">Joffrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Gleeson" title="Jack Gleeson">Jack Gleeson</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tommen_Baratheon" title="Tommen Baratheon">Tommen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dean-Charles_Chapman" title="Dean-Charles Chapman">Dean-Charles Chapman</a>). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warrior, <a href="/wiki/Sandor_Clegane" title="Sandor Clegane">Sandor "the Hound" Clegane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rory_McCann" title="Rory McCann">Rory McCann</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbo_cast-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The king's Small Council of advisors includes crafty Master of Coin Lord <a href="/wiki/Petyr_Baelish" title="Petyr Baelish">Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aidan_Gillen" title="Aidan Gillen">Aidan Gillen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> spymaster Lord <a href="/wiki/Varys" title="Varys">Varys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conleth_Hill" title="Conleth Hill">Conleth Hill</a>). Robert's brother, <a href="/wiki/Stannis_Baratheon" title="Stannis Baratheon">Stannis Baratheon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dillane" title="Stephen Dillane">Stephen Dillane</a>), is advised by foreign priestess <a href="/wiki/Melisandre" title="Melisandre">Melisandre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carice_van_Houten" title="Carice van Houten">Carice van Houten</a>) and former smuggler Ser <a href="/wiki/Davos_Seaworth" title="Davos Seaworth">Davos Seaworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liam_Cunningham" title="Liam Cunningham">Liam Cunningham</a>). The wealthy Tyrell family is primarily represented at court by <a href="/wiki/Margaery_Tyrell" title="Margaery Tyrell">Margaery Tyrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natalie_Dormer" title="Natalie Dormer">Natalie Dormer</a>). <a href="/wiki/The_High_Sparrow" class="mw-redirect" title="The High Sparrow">The High Sparrow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce" title="Jonathan Pryce">Jonathan Pryce</a>) is the capital's principal religious leader. In the southern principality of Dorne, <a href="/wiki/Ellaria_Sand" title="Ellaria Sand">Ellaria Sand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indira_Varma" title="Indira Varma">Indira Varma</a>) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters.<sup id="cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbo_cast-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Across the Narrow Sea, siblings <a href="/wiki/Viserys_Targaryen" title="Viserys Targaryen">Viserys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Lloyd" title="Harry Lloyd">Harry Lloyd</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen" title="Daenerys Targaryen">Daenerys Targaryen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emilia_Clarke" title="Emilia Clarke">Emilia Clarke</a>) the exiled children of the last king of the original ruling dynasty, who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne. Daenerys has been married to <a href="/wiki/Khal_Drogo" title="Khal Drogo">Khal Drogo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jason_Momoa" title="Jason Momoa">Jason Momoa</a>), the leader of the nomadic Dothraki. Her retinue includes exiled knight Ser <a href="/wiki/Jorah_Mormont" title="Jorah Mormont">Jorah Mormont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iain_Glen" title="Iain Glen">Iain Glen</a>), her aide <a href="/wiki/Missandei" title="Missandei">Missandei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Emmanuel" title="Nathalie Emmanuel">Nathalie Emmanuel</a>) and the sellsword <a href="/wiki/Daario_Naharis" title="Daario Naharis">Daario Naharis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michiel_Huisman" title="Michiel Huisman">Michiel Huisman</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbo_cast-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conception_and_development">Conception and development</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg" class="image"><img alt="D. B. Weiss and David Benioff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg/220px-D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg/330px-D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg/440px-D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="513" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:D._B._Weiss_and_David_Benioff.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Showrunners D. B. Weiss and David Benioff created the series, wrote most of its episodes and directed several.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In January 2006, David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R. R. Martin's literary agent about the books he represented, and became interested in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before. The literary agent then sent the first four books of <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i> to Benioff.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel, <i>A Game of Thrones</i>, shared his enthusiasm with D. B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin's novels into a television series; Weiss finished the first novel in "maybe 36 hours".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> They <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitched</a> the series to HBO after a five-hour meeting with Martin (a veteran screenwriter) in a restaurant on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Boulevard" title="Santa Monica Boulevard">Santa Monica Boulevard</a>. According to Benioff, they won Martin over with their answer to his question, "<a href="/wiki/Jon_Snow_(character)#Parentage" title="Jon Snow (character)">Who is Jon Snow's mother?</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-variety_2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-variety_2-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:30em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: White;">
+<div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;">
+<div>I had worked in Hollywood myself for about 10 years, from the late '80s to the '90s. I'd been on the staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1987_TV_series)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>. All of my first drafts tended to be too big or too expensive. I always hated the process of having to cut. I said, 'I'm sick of this, I'm going to write something that's as big as I want it to be, and it's going to have a cast of characters that go into the thousands, and I'm going to have huge castles, and battles, and dragons.</div>
+</div>
+<cite style="display: block; text-align: left;">George R. R. Martin, author<sup id="cite_ref-entertainment_weekly2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entertainment_weekly2011-35">[35]</a></sup></cite></div>
+<p>Before being approached by Benioff and Weiss, Martin had had other meetings with other scriptwriters, most of them wanting to turn it into a feature film. Martin however deemed it "unfilmable" and impossible to be done as a feature film, stating that the size of one of his novels is as long as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, which had been adapted as three feature films.<sup id="cite_ref-entertainment_weekly2011_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entertainment_weekly2011-35">[35]</a></sup> Similarly, Benioff also said that it would be impossible to turn the novels into a feature film as the scale of the novels is too big for a feature film and dozens of characters would have to be discarded. Benioff added, "a fantasy movie of this scope, financed by a major studio, would almost certainly need a PG-13 rating. That means no sex, no blood, no profanity. Fuck that."<sup id="cite_ref-themes_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themes-11">[11]</a></sup> Martin himself was pleased with the suggestion that they adapt it as an HBO series, saying that he "never imagined it anywhere else".<sup id="cite_ref-long_story_short_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long_story_short-36">[36]</a></sup> "I knew it couldn't be done as a network television series. It's too adult. The level of sex and violence would never have gone through."<sup id="cite_ref-entertainment_weekly2011_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entertainment_weekly2011-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The series began development in January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-var_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-var-2">[2]</a></sup> HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels, with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers, and Martin as a co-executive producer. The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth of episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-var_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-var-2">[2]</a></sup> Initially, Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-var_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-var-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Espenson" title="Jane Espenson">Jane Espenson</a> and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season.<sup id="cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotfactsheet-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The first and second drafts of the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_episode" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot episode">pilot</a> script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> and June 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-NOB_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOB-39">[39]</a></sup> respectively. Although HBO liked both drafts,<sup id="cite_ref-NOB_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOB-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ewq.26a_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewq.26a-40">[40]</a></sup> a pilot was not ordered until November 2008;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="20072008 Writers Guild of America strike">20072008 Writers Guild of America strike</a> may have delayed the process.<sup id="cite_ref-ewq.26a_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewq.26a-40">[40]</a></sup> The pilot episode, "<a href="/wiki/Winter_Is_Coming" title="Winter Is Coming">Winter Is Coming</a>", was first shot in 2009; after a poor reception in a private viewing, HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot (about 90 percent of the episode, with cast and directorial changes).<sup id="cite_ref-variety_2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-variety_2-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The pilot reportedly cost HBO $510 million to produce,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> while the first season's budget was estimated at $5060 million.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> In the second season, the show received a 15-percent budget increase for the climactic battle in "<a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Blackwater (Game of Thrones)">Blackwater</a>" (which had an $8 million budget).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Between 2012 and 2015, the average budget per episode increased from $6 million<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> to "at least" $8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> The sixth-season budget was over $10 million per episode, for a season total of over $100 million and a series record.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Casting">Casting</span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Nina_Gold" title="Nina Gold">Nina Gold</a> and Robert Sterne are the series' primary casting directors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Through a process of auditions and readings, the main cast was assembled. The only exceptions were <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dinklage" title="Peter Dinklage">Peter Dinklage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a>, whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced as joining the <a href="/wiki/Winter_is_Coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter is Coming">pilot</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters5cast_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters5cast-52">[52]</a></sup> Other actors signed for the pilot were <a href="/wiki/Kit_Harington" title="Kit Harington">Kit Harington</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jon_Snow_(character)" title="Jon Snow (character)">Jon Snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gleeson" title="Jack Gleeson">Jack Gleeson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Baratheon" title="Joffrey Baratheon">Joffrey Baratheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lloyd" title="Harry Lloyd">Harry Lloyd</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viserys_Targaryen" title="Viserys Targaryen">Viserys Targaryen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Addy" title="Mark Addy">Mark Addy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baratheon" title="Robert Baratheon">Robert Baratheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters5cast_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters5cast-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Addy was, according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss, the easiest actor to cast for the show, being that his audition was on point.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catelyn_Stark" title="Catelyn Stark">Catelyn Stark</a> was scheduled to be played by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Ehle" title="Jennifer Ehle">Jennifer Ehle</a>, but the role was recast with <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Fairley" title="Michelle Fairley">Michelle Fairley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen" title="Daenerys Targaryen">Daenerys Targaryen</a> was also recast, with <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Clarke" title="Emilia Clarke">Emilia Clarke</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Tamzin_Merchant" title="Tamzin Merchant">Tamzin Merchant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> The rest of the first season's cast was filled in the second half of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Although many of the first-season cast were set to return, the producers had a large number of new characters to cast for the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">second season</a>. Due to this, Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several key characters and merged several characters into one or assigned plot functions to different characters.<sup id="cite_ref-hibberd1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibberd1-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing">Writing</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="George R. R. Martin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg/170px-George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg" width="170" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg/255px-George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg/340px-George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="2048" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:George_R.R._Martin_at_Archipelacon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+George R. R. Martin, author of <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i>, is a series co-<a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">executive producer</a> and wrote one episode for each of the first four seasons.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> used seven writers in six seasons. Series creators <a href="/wiki/David_Benioff" title="David Benioff">David Benioff</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._B._Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="D. B. Weiss">D. B. Weiss</a>, the showrunners, write most of the episodes each season.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> author <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons. Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons, since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_Winter" title="The Winds of Winter">The Winds of Winter</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Espenson" title="Jane Espenson">Jane Espenson</a> co-wrote one first-season episode as a <a href="/wiki/Freelance_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freelance writer">freelance writer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-espenson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espenson-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cogman" title="Bryan Cogman">Bryan Cogman</a>, initially a script coordinator for the series,<sup id="cite_ref-espenson_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espenson-61">[61]</a></sup> was promoted to producer for the fifth season. Cogman, who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons, is the only other writer in the writers' room with Benioff and Weiss. Before his promotion, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Taylor" title="Vanessa Taylor">Vanessa Taylor</a> (a writer during the second and third seasons) worked closely with Benioff and Weiss. <a href="/wiki/Dave_Hill_(screenwriter)" title="Dave Hill (screenwriter)">Dave Hill</a> joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss.<sup id="cite_ref-vanity_fair_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanity_fair-62">[62]</a></sup> Although Martin is not in the writers' room, he reads the script outlines and makes comments.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers; for example, Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season. The writers spend several weeks writing a character outline, including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes. After these individual outlines are complete, they spend another two to three weeks discussing each main character's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-59">[59]</a></sup> A detailed outline is created, with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script for each episode. Cogman, who wrote two episodes for the fifth season, took a month and a half to complete both scripts. They are then read by Benioff and Weiss, who make notes, and parts of the script are rewritten. All ten episodes are written before filming begins, since they are filmed out of order with two <a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">units</a> in different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Benioff and Weiss write each of their episodes together, with one of them writing the first half of the script and the other the second half. After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to make notes and rewrite parts of it.<sup id="cite_ref-long_story_short_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long_story_short-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Adaptation_schedule">Adaptation schedule</span></h3>
+<p>Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire, still-incomplete <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i> series of novels for television.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""This">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After <i>Game of Thrones</i> began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season, the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> and original content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth.<sup id="cite_ref-seasons_7_and_8_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasons_7_and_8-64">[64]</a></sup> Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order.<sup id="cite_ref-HBO_confirms_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBO_confirms-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s7_renewed_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s7_renewed-66">[66]</a></sup> As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, seven seasons have been ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th style="width:8%">Season</th>
+<th style="width:10%">Ordered</th>
+<th style="width:15%">Filming</th>
+<th style="width:11%">First aired</th>
+<th style="width:11%">Last aired</th>
+<th>Novel(s) adapted</th>
+<th>Refs</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">Season 1</a></td>
+<td>March 2, 2010</td>
+<td>Second half of 2010</td>
+<td>April 17, 2011</td>
+<td>June 19, 2011</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones" title="A Game of Thrones">A Game of Thrones</a></i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">Season 2</a></td>
+<td>April 19, 2011</td>
+<td>Second half of 2011</td>
+<td>April 1, 2012</td>
+<td>June 3, 2012</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clash_of_Kings" title="A Clash of Kings">A Clash of Kings</a></i> and some early chapters from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_of_Swords" title="A Storm of Swords">A Storm of Swords</a></i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">Season 3</a></td>
+<td>April 10, 2012</td>
+<td>July November 2012</td>
+<td>March 31, 2013</td>
+<td>June 9, 2013</td>
+<td>About the first two-thirds of <i>A Storm of Swords</i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">Season 4</a></td>
+<td>April 2, 2013</td>
+<td>July November 2013</td>
+<td>April 6, 2014</td>
+<td>June 15, 2014</td>
+<td>The remaining one-third of <i>A Storm of Swords</i> and some elements from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Feast_for_Crows" title="A Feast for Crows">A Feast for Crows</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dance_with_Dragons" title="A Dance with Dragons">A Dance with Dragons</a></i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">Season 5</a></td>
+<td rowspan="2">April 8, 2014</td>
+<td>July December 2014</td>
+<td>April 12, 2015</td>
+<td>June 14, 2015</td>
+<td><i>A Feast for Crows</i>, <i>A Dance with Dragons</i> and original content, with some late chapters from <i>A Storm of Swords</i> and elements from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_Winter" title="The Winds of Winter">The Winds of Winter</a></i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Season_5_.26_6_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Season_5_.26_6-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><br />
+<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">Season 6</a></td>
+<td>July December 2015</td>
+<td>April 24, 2016</td>
+<td>June 26, 2016</td>
+<td>Original content and outline from <i>The Winds of Winter</i>, with some late elements from <i>A Feast for Crows</i> and <i>A Dance with Dragons</i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Season_5_.26_6_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Season_5_.26_6-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-writing_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-writing-81">[81]</a></sup><br />
+<sup id="cite_ref-EW516_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EW516-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)" title="Game of Thrones (season 7)">Season 7</a></td>
+<td>April 21, 2016</td>
+<td>August 2016 February 2017</td>
+<td>July 16, 2017</td>
+<td>August 27, 2017</td>
+<td rowspan="2">Original content and outline from <i>The Winds of Winter</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="A Dream of Spring">A Dream of Spring</a></i></td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-seasons_7_and_8_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasons_7_and_8-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HBO_confirms_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBO_confirms-65">[65]</a></sup><br />
+<sup id="cite_ref-s7_renewed_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s7_renewed-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EW516_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EW516-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FutonCritic_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutonCritic-84">[84]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)" title="Game of Thrones (season 8)">Season 8</a></td>
+<td>July 30, 2016</td>
+<td>October 2017 Mid 2018</td>
+<td>2018/19</td>
+<td>2018/19</td>
+<td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EW516_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EW516-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The first two seasons adapted one novel each. For the later seasons, its creators see <i>Game of Thrones</i> as an adaptation of <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i> as a whole rather than the individual novels;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> this enables them to move events across novels, according to screen-adaptation requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Filming">Filming</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta191.jpg" class="image"><img alt="The Azure Window at Ras-id-Dwerja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Malta191.jpg/220px-Malta191.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Malta191.jpg/330px-Malta191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Malta191.jpg/440px-Malta191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta191.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Azure_Window" title="Azure Window">Azure Window</a> at Ras-id-Dwerja, on Gozo, was the site of the Dothraki wedding in season one.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotfactsheet-4">[4]</a></sup> and the primary location was the <a href="/wiki/The_Paint_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Paint Hall">Paint Hall Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the <a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a> (standing in for Vaes Dothrak), <a href="/wiki/Castle_Ward" title="Castle Ward">Castle Ward</a> (Winterfell), Saintfield Estates (the Winterfell godswood), <a href="/wiki/Tollymore_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollymore Forest">Tollymore Forest</a> (outdoor scenes), <a href="/wiki/Cairncastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairncastle">Cairncastle</a> (the execution site), the <a href="/wiki/Magheramorne" title="Magheramorne">Magheramorne</a> quarry (Castle Black) and <a href="/wiki/Shane%27s_Castle" title="Shane's Castle">Shane's Castle</a> (the tourney grounds).<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_March_30.2C_2012_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_March_30.2C_2012-90">[90]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doune_Castle" title="Doune Castle">Doune Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, Scotland, was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland, but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The first season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change in location from the pilot episode's Moroccan sets.<sup id="cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotfactsheet-4">[4]</a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> was used for King's Landing. Filming was also done at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Manoel" title="Fort Manoel">Fort Manoel</a> (representing the Sept of Baelor), at the <a href="/wiki/Azure_Window" title="Azure Window">Azure Window</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a> (the Dothraki wedding site) and at <a href="/wiki/San_Anton_Palace" title="San Anton Palace">San Anton Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli" title="Fort Ricasoli">Fort Ricasoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Angelo" title="Fort St. Angelo">Fort St. Angelo</a> and St. Dominic monastery (all used for scenes in the Red Keep).<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_March_30.2C_2012_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_March_30.2C_2012-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubrovnik_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="The walled city of Dubrovnik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dubrovnik_crop.jpg/220px-Dubrovnik_crop.jpg" width="220" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dubrovnik_crop.jpg/330px-Dubrovnik_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dubrovnik_crop.jpg/440px-Dubrovnik_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1434" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubrovnik_crop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The walled city of Dubrovnik became King's Landing in season two.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Filming of the second season's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia, where the city of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled, coastal medieval city. The <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik" title="Walls of Dubrovnik">Walls of Dubrovnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lovrijenac" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lovrijenac">Fort Lovrijenac</a> were used for scenes in King's Landing and the Red Keep. The island of <a href="/wiki/Lokrum" title="Lokrum">Lokrum</a>, the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Trogir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rector%27s_Palace,_Dubrovnik" title="Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik">Rector's Palace</a> in Dubrovnik, and the Dubac quarry (a few kilometers east) were used for scenes set in Qarth. Scenes set north of the Wall, in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of the First Men, were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland: on the <a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull" title="Vatnajkull">Vatnajkull</a> glacier near Smyrlabjrg, the Svnafellsjkull glacier near <a href="/wiki/Skaftafell" title="Skaftafell">Skaftafell</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDrdalsj%C3%B6kull" title="Mrdalsjkull">Mrdalsjkull</a> glacier near <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADk_%C3%AD_M%C3%BDrdal" title="Vk Mrdal">Vik</a> on Hfabrekkuheii.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_March_30.2C_2012_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_March_30.2C_2012-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-location_iceland_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-location_iceland-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Third-season production returned to Dubrovnik, with the Walls of Dubrovnik, Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King's Landing and the Red Keep. <a href="/wiki/Trsteno_Arboretum" title="Trsteno Arboretum">Trsteno Arboretum</a>, a new location, is the garden of the Tyrells in King's Landing. The third season also returned to Morocco (including the city of <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a>) to film Daenerys' scenes in Essos.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dimmuborgir" title="Dimmuborgir">Dimmuborgir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grj%C3%B3tagj%C3%A1" title="Grjtagj">Grjtagj</a> cave in Iceland were used as well.<sup id="cite_ref-location_iceland_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-location_iceland-93">[93]</a></sup> One scene, with <a href="/wiki/Bart_the_Bear_2" title="Bart the Bear 2">a live bear</a>, was filmed in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> The production used three units (Dragon, Wolf and Raven) filming in parallel, six directing teams, 257 cast members and 703 crew members.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ballintoy Harbour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg/220px-Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg/330px-Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg/440px-Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballintoy_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19750.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Ballintoy_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballintoy Harbour">Ballintoy Harbour</a> was Lordsport on the Iron Islands.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations, including <a href="/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace" title="Diocletian's Palace">Diocletian's Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klis_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Klis Fortress">Klis Fortress</a> north of Split, Perun quarry east of Split, the <a href="/wiki/Mosor" title="Mosor">Mosor</a> mountain range, and <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_Voda" title="Baka Voda">Baka Voda</a> further south.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thingvellir_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Thingvellir National Park">Thingvellir National Park</a> in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound.<sup id="cite_ref-location_iceland_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-location_iceland-93">[93]</a></sup> Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> The fifth season added <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain, used for scenes of <a href="/wiki/Dorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorne">Dorne</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Crdoba, Spain">Crdoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The sixth season, which began filming in July 2015, returned to Spain and filmed in <a href="/wiki/Navarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarra">Navarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Guadalajara" title="Province of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeria">Almeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Peniscola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Filming also returned to <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> Spain filming locations included <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cceres, Spain">Cceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almodovar_del_Rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Almodovar del Rio">Almodovar del Rio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiponce" title="Santiponce">Santiponce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zumaia" title="Zumaia">Zumaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermeo" title="Bermeo">Bermeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> The series also filmed in <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, which is used for location of King's Landing.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Directing">Directing</span></h3>
+<p>Each ten-episode season of <i>Game of Thrones</i> has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(director)" title="Alan Taylor (director)">Alan Taylor</a> has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. <a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves" title="Alex Graves">Alex Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Nutter" title="David Nutter">David Nutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mylod" title="Mark Mylod">Mark Mylod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Podeswa" title="Jeremy Podeswa">Jeremy Podeswa</a> have directed six each. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Minahan" title="Daniel Minahan">Daniel Minahan</a> directed five episodes, and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_MacLaren" title="Michelle MacLaren">Michelle MacLaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alik_Sakharov" title="Alik Sakharov">Alik Sakharov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sapochnik" title="Miguel Sapochnik">Miguel Sapochnik</a> directed four each. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kirk" title="Brian Kirk">Brian Kirk</a> directed three episodes during the first season, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Van_Patten" title="Tim Van Patten">Tim Van Patten</a> directed the series' first two episodes. <a href="/wiki/Neil_Marshall" title="Neil Marshall">Neil Marshall</a> directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: "<a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Blackwater (Game of Thrones)">Blackwater</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Watchers_on_the_Wall" title="The Watchers on the Wall">The Watchers on the Wall</a>". Other directors have been <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bender" title="Jack Bender">Jack Bender</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Petrarca" title="David Petrarca">David Petrarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sackheim" title="Daniel Sackheim">Daniel Sackheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Slovis" title="Michael Slovis">Michael Slovis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Shakman" title="Matt Shakman">Matt Shakman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Directors_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directors-105">[105]</a></sup> David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode, which was determined after a coin toss.<sup id="cite_ref-vanity_fair_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanity_fair-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Technical_aspects">Technical aspects</span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Alik_Sakharov" title="Alik Sakharov">Alik Sakharov</a> was the pilot's cinematographer. The series has had a number of cinematographers,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> and has received seven <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Cinematography_for_a_Single-Camera_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series">Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series</a> nominations.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Oral Norrey Ottey, Frances Parker, Martin Nicholson, Crispin Green, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Porter" title="Tim Porter">Tim Porter</a> and Katie Weiland have edited the series for a varying number of episodes. Weiland received a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Single-Camera_Picture_Editing_for_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series">Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Costumes"><span id="Costuming"></span>Costumes</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte,_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="The costumes of Ygritte, Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte%2C_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg/220px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte%2C_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte%2C_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg/330px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte%2C_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte%2C_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg/440px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte%2C_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="2316" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Ygritte,_Jon_and_Tormund_costumes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The costumes of Ygritte, Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane reflect the harsh climate in which they are worn.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Royal dresses in King's Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg/220px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg" width="220" height="114" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg/330px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg/440px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2686" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Royal_court_costumes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Dresses worn at the royal court in King's Landing indicate their wearers' wealth and status.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Brienne and Jaime costumes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg/220px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg" width="220" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg/330px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg/440px-Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="3293" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_Oslo_exhibition_2014_-_Brienne_and_Jaime_costumes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Functional weapons and armor, like <a href="/wiki/Brienne_of_Tarth" title="Brienne of Tarth">Brienne of Tarth</a>'s (left), were manufactured for the series.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Michele_Clapton" title="Michele Clapton">Michele Clapton</a> was <a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">costume designer</a> for <i>Game of Thrones</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> first five seasons before she was replaced by <a href="/wiki/April_Ferry" title="April Ferry">April Ferry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Clapton will return to the show as costume designer for the seventh season.<sup id="cite_ref-www.ew.com_game-thrones-season-7_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.ew.com_game-thrones-season-7-110">[110]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The costumes used in the show drew inspiration from a number of sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese armor">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_clothing" title="Persian clothing">Persian</a> armour. Dothraki dress resembles that of the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> (one was made out of fish skins to resemble dragon scales), and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wischhover20120604_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wischhover20120604-111">[111]</a></sup> Wildling bone armor is made from molds of actual bones, and is assembled with string and latex resembling <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">catgut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snead.2C_Elizabeth_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snead.2C_Elizabeth-112">[112]</a></sup> Although the extras who play Wildlings and the Night's Watch often wear hats (normal in a cold climate), members of the principal cast usually do not so viewers can distinguish the main characters. <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Bjrk">Bjrk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a> high-neckline dresses inspired <a href="/wiki/Margaery_Tyrell" title="Margaery Tyrell">Margaery Tyrell</a>'s funnel-neck outfit, and prostitutes' dresses are designed for easy removal.<sup id="cite_ref-wischhover20120604_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wischhover20120604-111">[111]</a></sup> All clothing used is aged for two weeks so it appears realistic on high-definition television.<sup id="cite_ref-Snead.2C_Elizabeth_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snead.2C_Elizabeth-112">[112]</a></sup></p>
+<p>About two dozen wigs are used for the actresses. Made of human hair and up to 2 feet (61 cm) in length, they cost up to $7,000 each and are washed and styled like real hair. Applying the wigs is time-consuming; <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Clarke" title="Emilia Clarke">Emilia Clarke</a>, for example, requires about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum-blonde wig and braids. Other actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gleeson" title="Jack Gleeson">Jack Gleeson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Turner" title="Sophie Turner">Sophie Turner</a>, receive frequent <a href="/wiki/Hair_coloring" title="Hair coloring">hair coloring</a>. For characters such as Daenerys (Clarke) and her Dothraki, their hair, wigs and costumes are processed to appear as if they have not been washed for weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-wischhover20120604_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wischhover20120604-111">[111]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Makeup">Makeup</span></h3>
+<p>For the first three seasons, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Engelen" title="Paul Engelen">Paul Engelen</a> was <i>Game of Thrones</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> main makeup designer and <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">prosthetic makeup artist</a> with Melissa Lackersteen, <a href="/wiki/Conor_O%27Sullivan_(make-up_artist)" title="Conor O'Sullivan (make-up artist)">Conor O'Sullivan</a> and Rob Trenton. At the beginning of the fourth season Engelen's team was replaced by Jane Walker and her crew, composed of Ann McEwan and Barrie and Sarah Gower.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_effects">Visual effects</span></h3>
+<p>For the series' large number of <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a>, HBO hired British-based BlueBolt and Irish-based Screen Scene for season one. Most of the environment builds were done as <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a> projections, giving viewers perspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming.<sup id="cite_ref-vfx-got_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vfx-got-114">[114]</a></sup> In 2011 the season-one finale, "<a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Blood_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)">Fire and Blood</a>", was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Special_Visual_Effects" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects">Outstanding Special Visual Effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Because the effects became more complex in subsequent seasons (including <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">CGI</a> creatures, fire, and water), German-based <a href="/wiki/Pixomondo" title="Pixomondo">Pixomondo</a> became the lead visual-effects producer; nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project for season two, with <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> the lead.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> Scenes were also produced by British-based Peanut FX, Canadian-based Spin VFX, and U.S.-based Gradient Effects. "<a href="/wiki/Valar_Morghulis" title="Valar Morghulis">Valar Morghulis</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Valar_Dohaeris" title="Valar Dohaeris">Valar Dohaeris</a>" earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>For season four, HBO added German-based Mackevision to the project.<sup id="cite_ref-mckvsn_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckvsn-117">[117]</a></sup> The season-four finale, "<a href="/wiki/The_Children_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Children (Game of Thrones)">The Children</a>", won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects. Additional producers for season four included Canadian-based <a href="/wiki/Rodeo_FX" title="Rodeo FX">Rodeo FX</a>, German-based <a href="/wiki/Scanline_VFX" title="Scanline VFX">Scanline VFX</a> and U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/BAKED_FX" class="mw-redirect" title="BAKED FX">BAKED FX</a>. The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken. Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen's dragons, with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> For the fifth season, HBO added Canadian-based <a href="/wiki/Image_Engine" title="Image Engine">Image Engine</a> and U.S.-based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual-effects producers.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sound">Sound</span></h3>
+<p>Unusual for a television series, the sound team receives a <a href="/wiki/Rough_cut" title="Rough cut">rough cut</a> of a full season and approaches it as a ten-hour feature film. Although seasons one and two had different sound teams, one team has been in charge of sound since then.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup> For the show's blood-and-gore sounds, the team often uses a <a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">chamois</a>. For dragon screams, mating tortoises and dolphin, seal, lion and bird sounds have been used.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Title_sequence">Title sequence</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_title_sequence" title="Game of Thrones title sequence">Game of Thrones title sequence</a></div>
+<p>The series' <a href="/wiki/Title_sequence" title="Title sequence">title sequence</a> was created by production studio Elastic for HBO. <a href="/wiki/Creative_director" title="Creative director">Creative director</a> <a href="/wiki/Angus_Wall" title="Angus Wall">Angus Wall</a> and his collaborators received the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Main_Title_Design" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Design">Main Title Design</a> for the sequence,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> which depicts a <a href="/wiki/Raised-relief_map" title="Raised-relief map">three-dimensional map</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="World of A Song of Ice and Fire">the series' fictional world</a>. The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally lit by a small sun in an <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_of_the_Title_2013_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_of_the_Title_2013-124">[124]</a></sup> As the camera moves across the map, focusing on the locations of the episode's events, clockwork mechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures to emerge from the map. Accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Game_of_Thrones" title="Music of Game of Thrones">title music</a>, the names of the principal cast and creative staff appear. The sequence concludes after about 90 seconds with the title card and brief <a href="/wiki/Opening_credits" title="Opening credits">opening credits</a> indicating the episode's writer(s) and director. Its composition changes as the story progresses, with new locations replacing those featuring less prominently or not at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_of_the_Title_2013_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_of_the_Title_2013-124">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Game_of_Thrones" title="Music of Game of Thrones">Music of Game of Thrones</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramin_Djawadi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ramin Djawadi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ramin_Djawadi.jpg/170px-Ramin_Djawadi.jpg" width="170" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ramin_Djawadi.jpg/255px-Ramin_Djawadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ramin_Djawadi.jpg/340px-Ramin_Djawadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="497" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramin_Djawadi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi" title="Ramin Djawadi">Ramin Djawadi</a> composed the <i>Game of Thrones</i> score.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The music for the series was composed by <a href="/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi" title="Ramin Djawadi">Ramin Djawadi</a>. The first season's soundtrack, written in about ten weeks before the show's premiere,<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-127">[127]</a></sup> was published by <a href="/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande" title="Varse Sarabande">Varse Sarabande</a> in June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> Soundtrack albums for subsequent seasons have been released, with tracks by <a href="/wiki/The_National_(band)" title="The National (band)">the National</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hold_Steady" title="The Hold Steady">the Hold Steady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigur_R%C3%B3s" title="Sigur Rs">Sigur Rs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> Djawadi has composed themes for each of the major houses and also for some of the main characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Djawadi_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djawadi-130">[130]</a></sup> The themes may evolve over time, as Daenerys Targaryen's theme started small and then became more powerful after each season. Her theme started first with a single instrument, a <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Djawadi_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djawadi-130">[130]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Languages of A Song of Ice and Fire">Languages of A Song of Ice and Fire</a></div>
+<p>The Westerosi characters of <i>Game of Thrones</i> speak British-accented English, often (but not consistently) with the accent of the English region corresponding to the character's Westerosi region; <a href="/wiki/Eddard_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddard Stark">Eddard Stark</a> (Warden of the North) speaks in actor Sean Bean's native <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire accent">northern accent</a>, and the southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">southern accent</a>, while characters from Dorne speak English with a Spanish accent.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissecting_the_real-world_accents_in_Game_of_Thrones_.7B.7B.21.7D.7D_Metro_News_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissecting_the_real-world_accents_in_Game_of_Thrones_.7B.7B.21.7D.7D_Metro_News-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-With_a_wink_to_its_audience.2C_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-With_a_wink_to_its_audience.2C-132">[132]</a></sup> Characters foreign to Westeros often have a non-British accent.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Although English is the common language of Westeros, the producers charged linguist <a href="/wiki/David_J._Peterson" title="David J. Peterson">David J. Peterson</a> with <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructing</a> <a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian languages</a> based on the few words in the novels;<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> Dothraki and Valyrian dialogue is often subtitled in English. It has been reported that during the series these fictional languages have been heard by more people than the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaelic">Scots Gaelic</a> languages combined.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect_on_location">Effect on location</span></h3>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> is funded by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Screen" title="Northern Ireland Screen">Northern Ireland Screen</a>, a UK government agency financed by <a href="/wiki/Invest_NI" class="mw-redirect" title="Invest NI">Invest NI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> As of April 2013, Northern Ireland Screen gave the show 9.25 million ($14.37 million); according to government estimates, this has benefited the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland economy">Northern Ireland economy</a> by 65 million ($100.95 million).<sup id="cite_ref-bradley20120412_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradley20120412-137">[137]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Tourism_Ireland" title="Tourism Ireland">Tourism Ireland</a> has a <i>Game of Thrones</i>-themed marketing campaign similar to New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_tourism" title="Tolkien tourism">Tolkien-related advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> Invest NI and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board" title="Northern Ireland Tourist Board">Northern Ireland Tourist Board</a> also expect the series to generate tourism revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-bradley20120412_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradley20120412-137">[137]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Foster" title="Arlene Foster">Arlene Foster</a>, the series has given Northern Ireland the most <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">non-political</a> publicity in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> The production of <i>Game of Thrones</i> and other TV series also boosted Northern Ireland's creative industries, contributing to an estimated 12.4-percent growth in arts, entertainment and recreation jobs between 2008 and 2013 (compared with 4.3 percent in the rest of the UK during the same period).<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Tourism organizations elsewhere reported increases in bookings after their locations appeared in <i>Game of Thrones</i>. In 2012, bookings through <a href="/wiki/LateRooms.com" title="LateRooms.com">LateRooms.com</a> increased by 28 percent in Dubrovnik and 13 percent in Iceland. The following year, bookings doubled in <a href="/wiki/Ouarzazate" title="Ouarzazate">Ouarzazate</a>, Morocco (the location of Daenerys' season-three scenes).<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> <i>Game of Thrones</i> has been attributed as a significant factor in the boom of tourism in Iceland that had a strong impact on its economy. Tourist numbers increased by 30% in 2015, followed by another 40% in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> with a final figure of 2.4 million visitors expected for 2016, which is around seven times the population of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Availability">Availability</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Broadcast">Broadcast</span></h3>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> is broadcast by <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> services in other countries, at the same time as in the U.S. or weeks (or months) later. The series' broadcast in China on <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a>, begun in 2014, was heavily edited to remove scenes of sex and violence in accordance with a Chinese practice of censoring Western TV series to prevent what the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> calls "negative effects and hidden security dangers". This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> Broadcasters carrying <i>Game of Thrones</i> include <a href="/wiki/Showcase_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Showcase (Australian TV channel)">Showcase</a> in Australia; <a href="/wiki/HBO_Canada" title="HBO Canada">HBO Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_%C3%89cran" title="Super cran">Super cran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Showcase_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="Showcase (Canadian TV channel)">Showcase</a> in Canada; <a href="/wiki/HBO_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="HBO Latin America">HBO Latin America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Soho_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soho (New Zealand)">SoHo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_(New_Zealand)" title="Prime (New Zealand)">Prime</a> in New Zealand, and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a> in the United Kingdom and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Home_video">Home video</span></h3>
+<p>The ten episodes of the first season of <i>Game of Thrones</i> were released as a DVD and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Box_set" title="Box set">box set</a> on March 6, 2012. The box set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material but no deleted scenes, since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release, the largest first-week DVD sales ever for an HBO series, and the series set an HBO-series record for digital-download sales.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> A collector's-edition box set was released in November 2012, combining the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two. A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup></p>
+<p>DVD-Blu-ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season became available on February 19, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> First-day sales broke HBO records, with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup> The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>, parallel to the U.S. premiere, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code#Region_codes_and_countries" title="DVD region code">region 1</a> on February 18, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 17, 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> and the fifth season on March 15, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> The sixth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on November 15, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> Beginning in 2016, HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu-ray sets which include both <a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a> <a href="/wiki/7.1_surround_sound" title="7.1 surround sound">7.1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Atmos" title="Dolby Atmos">Dolby Atmos</a> audio options.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Copyright_infringement">Copyright infringement</span></h3>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> has been widely <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_audio-visual_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright infringement of audio-visual works">pirated</a>, primarily outside the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-THR_9_April_2015_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THR_9_April_2015-158">[158]</a></sup> According to the file-sharing news website <a href="/wiki/TorrentFreak" title="TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a>, <i>Game of Thrones</i> has been the most-pirated TV series each year since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> Illegal downloads increased to about seven million in the first quarter of 2015, up 45 percent from 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-THR_9_April_2015_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THR_9_April_2015-158">[158]</a></sup> An unnamed episode was downloaded about 4,280,000 times through public <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent trackers</a> in 2012, roughly equal to its number of broadcast viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> Piracy rates were particularly high in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> and U.S. Ambassador to Australia <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bleich" title="Jeff Bleich">Jeff Bleich</a> issued a statement condemning Australian piracy of the series in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Delays in availability apart from HBO and its affiliates<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> before 2015 and the cost of subscriptions to these services have been cited as causes of the series' illegal distribution. According to <i>TorrentFreak</i>, a subscription to a service for <i>Game of Thrones</i> would cost up to $25 per month in the United States, up to 26 per episode in the UK and up to $52 per episode in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup></p>
+<p>For "combating piracy", HBO said in 2013 that it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the U.S. premiere (including <a href="/wiki/HBO_Go" title="HBO Go">HBO Go</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">fifth season</a> was <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> to 170 countries and to <a href="/wiki/HBO_Now" title="HBO Now">HBO Now</a> users.<sup id="cite_ref-THR_9_April_2015_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THR_9_April_2015-158">[158]</a></sup> On April 11, the day before the season premiere, <a href="/wiki/Screener_(promotional)" title="Screener (promotional)">screener</a> copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of <a href="/wiki/File-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="File-sharing">file-sharing</a> websites.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> Within a day of the leak, the files were downloaded over 800,000 times;<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million, with the season-five premiere alone ("<a href="/wiki/The_Wars_to_Come" title="The Wars to Come">The Wars to Come</a>") pirated 13 million times.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> The season-five finale ("<a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Mercy" title="Mother's Mercy">Mother's Mercy</a>") was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> filesharing protocol, with over 250,000 simultaneous sharers and over 1.5 million downloads in eight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> For the sixth season, HBO did not send <a href="/wiki/Screener_(promotional)" title="Screener (promotional)">screeners</a> to the press, so as to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and possible <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(media)" title="Spoiler (media)">spoilers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Observers, including series director <a href="/wiki/David_Petrarca" title="David Petrarca">David Petrarca</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bewkes" title="Jeff Bewkes">Jeff Bewkes</a>, said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series' prospects; it benefited from "<a href="/wiki/Marketing_buzz" title="Marketing buzz">buzz</a>" and social commentary, and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate to lost subscriptions. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i>, HBO's relaxed attitude towards piracy and the sharing of login credentials amounted to a premium-television "<a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play</a>" model.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> At a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> debate, series co-creator David Benioff said that he was just glad that people watched the show; illegally downloaded copies of the show sometimes interested viewers enough to buy a copy of the show, especially in countries where the show was not televised. Co-creator D. B. Weiss had mixed feelings, saying that the show was expensive to produce and "if it doesn't make the money back, then it ceases to exist". However, he was pleased that so many people "enjoy the show so much they can't wait to get their hands on it."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> In 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i> called <i>Game of Thrones</i> the most-pirated television program.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="IMAX">IMAX</span></h3>
+<p>Beginning on January 23, 2015, the last two episodes of <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">season four</a> were shown in 205 <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> theaters across the United States; <i>Game of Thrones</i> is the first TV series shown in this format.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> and $1.5 million during its opening weekend;<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> the week-long release grossed $1,896,092.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception_and_achievements">Reception and achievements</span></h2>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup> and has become a critical and commercial success. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, by 2014 it was "the biggest drama" and "the most talked about show" on television.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</span></h3>
+<p>Although <i>Game of Thrones</i> was dismissed by some critics before it began,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014-7">[7]</a></sup> its success has been credited with an increase in the popularity of fantasy themes. On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">second season's</a> premiere, a <a href="/wiki/CNN.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN.com">CNN.com</a> blog post by Joel Williams read, "After this weekend, you may be hard pressed to find someone who isn't a fan of some form of <a href="/wiki/Epic_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic fantasy">epic fantasy</a>" and cited <a href="/wiki/Ian_Bogost" title="Ian Bogost">Ian Bogost</a> as saying that the series continues a trend of successful screen adaptations beginning with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s 2001 <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film trilogy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)"><i>Harry Potter</i> films</a> establishing fantasy as a mass-market genre; they are "<a href="/wiki/Gateway_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drugs">gateway drugs</a> to fantasy fan culture".<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup> Its success in the face of its genre was attributed by writers to a longing for escapism in popular culture, frequent female nudity and a skill in balancing lighthearted and serious topics (dragons and politics, for example) which provided it with a prestige enjoyed by conventional, top-tier drama series.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The series' popularity increased <a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire#Sales" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">sales of the <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i> novels</a> (republished in tie-in editions), which remained at the top of bestseller lists for months. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>, <i>Game of Thrones</i> was a favorite of <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> writers and the series has been referred to in other TV series.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> With other fantasy series, it has been cited for an increase in the purchase (and abandonment) of <a href="/wiki/Huskies" class="mw-redirect" title="Huskies">huskies</a> and other wolf-like dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> has added to the popular vocabulary. The first season's scene in which Petyr Baelish explains his motives (or background) while prostitutes had sex in the background gave rise to the word "<a href="/wiki/Sexposition" title="Sexposition">sexposition</a>" for providing <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(literary_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposition (literary technique)">exposition</a> with sex and nudity.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="World of A Song of Ice and Fire">Dothraki</a>", the series' nomadic horsemen, was ranked fourth in a September 2012 <a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a> list of words from television most used on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup> In 2012, the media used "Game of Thrones" as a figure of speech or comparison for situations of intense conflict and deceit, such as <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">the 2012 United States Supreme Court decision regarding healthcare reform legislation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup> and the ousting of <a href="/wiki/Bo_Xilai" title="Bo Xilai">Bo Xilai</a> from the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup></p>
+<p>"Khaleesi" has increased in popularity as a name for baby girls in the United States. In the novels and the TV series, the word is a title meaning the wife of a Khal (warlord) in the <a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki language</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen" title="Daenerys Targaryen">Daenerys Targaryen</a>, and not actually a name.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_response"><span id="General"></span>Critical response</span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float:right; text-align:center; margin:10px;">
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Season</th>
+<th style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="2">Critical response</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0 8px;"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></th>
+<th style="padding:0 8px;"><a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#295354;"></th>
+<td>1</td>
+<td>89% (33 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS1_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS1-195">[195]</a></sup></td>
+<td>80 (28 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS1_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS1-196">[196]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#D09916;"></th>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>96% (33 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS2_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS2-197">[197]</a></sup></td>
+<td>90 (26 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS2_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS2-198">[198]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#54575A;"></th>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>97% (44 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS3_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS3-199">[199]</a></sup></td>
+<td>91 (25 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS3_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS3-200">[200]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#222222;"></th>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>97% (50 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS4_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS4-201">[201]</a></sup></td>
+<td>94 (29 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS4_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS4-202">[202]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#68411C;"></th>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>95% (52 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS5_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS5-203">[203]</a></sup></td>
+<td>91 (29 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS5_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS5-204">[204]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#31485C;"></th>
+<td>6</td>
+<td>96% (29 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS6_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS6-205">[205]</a></sup></td>
+<td>73 (9 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS6_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS6-206">[206]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width:12px; background:#091411;"></th>
+<td>7</td>
+<td>96% (34 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS7_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS7-207">[207]</a></sup></td>
+<td>77 (12 reviews)<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS7_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS7-208">[208]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> has received critical acclaim, although the series' frequent use of nudity and violence has been criticized. Its seasons have appeared on annual "best of" lists published by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/TIME_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME Magazine">TIME</a></i> (2011 and 2012) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The performances of the cast have also been praised. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dinklage" title="Peter Dinklage">Peter Dinklage</a>'s "charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware"<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup> Tyrion, who earned him <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series">Emmy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Series, Miniseries or Television Film">Golden Globe</a> awards, was noted. "In many ways, <i>Game of Thrones</i> belongs to Dinklage", wrote Mary McNamara of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">L.A. Times</a></i> before Tyrion became the series' central figure in <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">season two</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_April_15.2C_2011_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_April_15.2C_2011-213">[213]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></sup> Several critics highlighted performances by actresses<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_April_15.2C_2011_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_April_15.2C_2011-213">[213]</a></sup> and children.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> Fourteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Maisie_Williams" title="Maisie Williams">Maisie Williams</a>, noted in the first season for her debut as <a href="/wiki/Arya_Stark" title="Arya Stark">Arya Stark</a>, was singled out for her season-two work with veteran actor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dance" title="Charles Dance">Charles Dance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tywin_Lannister" title="Tywin Lannister">Tywin Lannister</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup></p>
+<p>First-season reviewers said the series had high production values, a fully realized world and compelling characters.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>, "There may be no show more profitable to its network than 'Game of Thrones' is to HBO. Fully produced by the pay cabler and already a global phenomenon after only one season, the fantasy skein was a gamble that has paid off handsomely".<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The second season was also well received by critics. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> praised its "vivid, vital, and just plain fun" storytelling<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup> and, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">the Hollywood Reporter</a></i>, the show made a "strong case for being one of TV's best series"; its seriousness made it the only drama comparable to <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> gave the series a mixed review, criticizing its number of characters, their lack of complexity and a meandering plot.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The third season was very well received by critics, with Metacritic giving it a score of 91 out of 100 (indicating "universal acclaim").<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS3_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS3-200">[200]</a></sup> The fourth season was also praised; Metacritic gave it a score of 94 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, again indicating "universal acclaim".<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS4_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS4-202">[202]</a></sup> The fifth season was also well received by critics and has a score of 91 out of 100 (based on 29 reviews) on Metacritic.<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS5_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS5-204">[204]</a></sup> The sixth season has been praised by critics. It has a score of 73 out of 100 (based on nine reviews) on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS6_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS6-206">[206]</a></sup> The seventh season has a score of 77 out of 100 (based on twelve reviews) on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<sup id="cite_ref-MetacriticS7_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetacriticS7-208">[208]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The series has a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 44 reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS3_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS3-199">[199]</a></sup> All episodes had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes, and a 97-percent rating (based on 50 reviews) for the season as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS4_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS4-201">[201]</a></sup> On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 (based on 52 reviews).<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS5_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS5-203">[203]</a></sup> The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS6_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS6-205">[205]</a></sup> After the first episode aired, the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 29 reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS7_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesS7-207">[207]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sex_and_violence"><span id="Use_of_sex_and_violence"></span><span id="Sex_and_violence"></span>Sex and violence</span></h4>
+<p>Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics, <i>Game of Thrones</i> has been criticized for the amount of female nudity, violence, and sexual violence (especially against women) it depicts, and for the manner in which it depicts these themes. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> called the series' "tendency to ramp up the sex, violence, andespeciallysexual violence" of the source material "the defining weakness" of the adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-222">[222]</a></sup> George R. R. Martin responded that he feels obliged to be truthful about history and human nature, and that rape and sexual violence are common in war; and that omitting them from the narrative would have rung false and undermined one of <a href="#Themes">his novels' themes</a>, its historical realism.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014-12">[12]</a></sup> HBO said that they "fully support the vision and artistry of Dan and Davids exceptional work and we feel this work speaks for itself."<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The amount of sex and nudity in the series, especially in scenes that are incidental to the plot, was the focus of much of the criticism aimed at the series in its <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">second seasons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dillane" title="Stephen Dillane">Stephen Dillane</a>, who portrays <a href="/wiki/Stannis_Baratheon" title="Stannis Baratheon">Stannis Baratheon</a>, likened the series' frequent explicit scenes to "German porn from the 1970s".<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Anders" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Anders">Charlie Anders</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a> that while the first season was replete with light-hearted "<a href="/wiki/Sexposition" title="Sexposition">sexposition</a>", the second season appeared to focus on distasteful, exploitative, and dehumanizing sex with little informational content.<sup id="cite_ref-io9_2_May_2012_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-io9_2_May_2012-224">[224]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Anna Holmes, the nude scenes appeared to be aimed mainly at titillating heterosexual men, right down to the Brazilian waxes sported by the women in the series' faux-medieval setting, which made these scenes alienating to other viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Maureen Ryan likewise noted that <i>Game of Thrones</i> mostly presented women naked, rather than men, and that the excess of "random boobage" undercut any aspirations the series might have to address the oppression of women in a feudal society.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> parodied this aspect of the adaptation in a sketch that portrayed the series as retaining a thirteen-year-old boy as a consultant whose main concern was showing as many breasts as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-io9_2_May_2012_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-io9_2_May_2012-224">[224]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">third season</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/Theon_Greyjoy" title="Theon Greyjoy">Theon Greyjoy</a> lengthily tortured and eventually <a href="/wiki/Emasculated" class="mw-redirect" title="Emasculated">emasculated</a>, the series was also criticized for its use of torture.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)"><i>New York</i> magazine</a> called the scene "<a href="/wiki/Torture_porn" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture porn">torture porn</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup> Madeleine Davies of <i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></i> agreed, saying, "it's not uncommon that <i>Game of Thrones</i> gets accused of being torture pornsenseless, <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectifying</a> violence combined with senseless, objectifying sexual imagery." According to Davies, although the series' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose, Theon's torture in "<a href="/wiki/The_Bear_and_the_Maiden_Fair#In_the_North" title="The Bear and the Maiden Fair">The Bear and the Maiden Fair</a>" was excessive.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Breaker_of_Chains#Rape_scene" title="Breaker of Chains">A scene</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">fourth season's</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Breaker_of_Chains" title="Breaker of Chains">Breaker of Chains</a>", in which <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lannister" title="Jaime Lannister">Jaime Lannister</a> rapes his sister and lover <a href="/wiki/Cersei_Lannister" title="Cersei Lannister">Cersei</a>, triggered a broad public discussion about the series' depiction of sexual violence against women. According to Dave Itzkoff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, the scene caused outrage, in part because of comments by director <a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves" title="Alex Graves">Alex Graves</a> that the scene became "consensual by the end". Itzkoff also wrote that critics fear that "rape has become so pervasive in the drama that it is almost background noise: a routine and unshocking occurrence".<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_May_2.2C_2014-12">[12]</a></sup> Sonia Saraiya of <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i> wrote that the series' choice to portray this sexual act, and a similar one between <a href="/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen" title="Daenerys Targaryen">Daenerys Targaryen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khal_Drogo" title="Khal Drogo">Khal Drogo</a> in the first seasonboth described as consensual in the source novelsas a rape appeared to be an act of "<a href="/wiki/Exploitation_fiction" title="Exploitation fiction">exploitation</a> for shock value".<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">fifth season's</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Unbowed,_Unbent,_Unbroken" title="Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken">Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken</a>", <a href="/wiki/Sansa_Stark" title="Sansa Stark">Sansa Stark</a> is raped by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Bolton" title="Ramsay Bolton">Ramsay Bolton</a>. Most reviewers, including those from <i>Vanity Fair</i>, <i>Salon</i>, <i>The Atlantic</i>, and <i>The Daily Beast</i>, found the scene gratuitous and artistically unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-222">[222]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-233">[233]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeast_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyBeast-234">[234]</a></sup> For example, Joanna Robinson, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, said that the scene "undercuts all the agency that's been growing in Sansa since the end of last season."<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></sup> In contrast, Sara Stewart of <i>The New York Post</i> wondered why viewers were not similarly upset about the many background and minor characters who'd undergone similar or worse treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-NYPost_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYPost-236">[236]</a></sup> In response to the scene, pop culture website <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Sue" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mary Sue">The Mary Sue</a></i> announced that it would cease coverage of the series because of the repeated use of rape as a plot device,<sup id="cite_ref-TheMarySueIsSoDone_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMarySueIsSoDone-237">[237]</a></sup> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</a> said that she would no longer watch it.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As the sixth and seventh seasons saw Daenerys, Sansa and Cersei assume ruling positions, Alyssa Rosenberg of the <i>Washington Post</i> noted that the series could be seen as a "long-arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power"namely, that their past leaves them too broken to do anything but commit brutal acts in their own turn, and that their personal liberation does not effect the social change needed to protect others from suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fandom">Fandom</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">A Song of Ice and Fire fandom</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Westeros_Wing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Obama sits on the Iron Throne in the Oval Office of the White House, surrounded by other people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Westeros_Wing.jpg/220px-The_Westeros_Wing.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Westeros_Wing.jpg/330px-The_Westeros_Wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Westeros_Wing.jpg/440px-The_Westeros_Wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Westeros_Wing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+In this <a href="/wiki/Manipulated_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipulated image">manipulated image</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (a fan of the series) sits on the Iron Throne in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> with the king's crown on his lap.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i> and <i>Game of Thrones</i> have a broad, active international <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fan base</a>. In 2012 <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">Vulture.com</a></i> ranked the series' fans as the most devoted in popular culture, more so than <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a>'s, <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s or <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulture_October_15.2C_2012_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulture_October_15.2C_2012-240">[240]</a></sup> Fans include political leaders such as former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></sup> former British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></sup> former Australian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></sup> and Dutch foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Frans_Timmermans" title="Frans Timmermans">Frans Timmermans</a>, who framed European politics in quotes from Martin's novels in a 2013 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> said in 2013 that "the passion and the extreme devotion of fans" had created a phenomenon unlike anything related to other popular TV series, manifesting itself in <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup> <i>Game of Thrones</i>-themed <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> routines and parents naming their children after series characters; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail, moral ambiguity, sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></sup> The previous year, "<a href="/wiki/Arya_(name)" title="Arya (name)">Arya</a>" was the fastest-rising girl's name in the U.S. after it jumped in popularity from 711th to 413th place.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2013 about 58 percent of series viewers were male and 42 percent female, and the average male viewer was 41 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/SBS_Broadcasting_Group" title="SBS Broadcasting Group">SBS Broadcasting Group</a> marketing director Helen Kellie, <i>Game of Thrones</i> has a high fan-engagement rate; 5.5 percent of the series' 2.9 million <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> fans talked online about the series in 2012, compared to 1.8 percent of the more than ten million fans of <i><a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a></i> (HBO's other fantasy series).<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup> Vulture.com cited Westeros.org and WinterIsComing.net (news and discussion forums), ToweroftheHand.com (which organizes communal readings of the novels) and Podcastoficeandfire.com as <a href="/wiki/Fan_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan sites">fan sites</a> dedicated to the TV and novel series;<sup id="cite_ref-Vulture_October_15.2C_2012_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulture_October_15.2C_2012-240">[240]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a> cover <i>Game of Thrones</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_accolades">Awards and accolades</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Game_of_Thrones" title="List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones">List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones</a></div>
+<p><i>Game of Thrones</i> has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 38 <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Awards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup> 5 <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award" title="Screen Actors Guild Award">Screen Actors Guild Award</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></sup> It holds the Emmy-award record for a scripted television series, ahead of <i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i> (which received 37).<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></sup> In 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America" title="Writers Guild of America">Writers Guild of America</a> listed <i>Game of Thrones</i> as the 40th "best written" series in television history.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></sup> In 2015 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> placed it at number four on their "best TV shows ever" list,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></sup> while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)" title="Empire (film magazine)">Empire</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> "The 50 best TV shows ever".<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></sup> The same year <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> named it the twelfth "greatest TV Show of all time".<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">first season</a> received 13 nominations (including <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series">Outstanding Drama Series</a>), and won for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series">Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series</a> (given to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dinklage" title="Peter Dinklage">Peter Dinklage</a> for his portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister" title="Tyrion Lannister">Tyrion Lannister</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Main_Title_Design" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Design">Outstanding Main Title Design</a>. Other nominations included <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series">Outstanding Directing</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Winter_Is_Coming" title="Winter Is Coming">Winter Is Coming</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series">Outstanding Writing</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Baelor" title="Baelor">Baelor</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup> Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Series, Miniseries or Television Film">Golden Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film" title="Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor Series, Miniseries or Television Film">Satellite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scream_Awards" title="Scream Awards">Scream Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">second season</a> received six <a href="/wiki/64th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards" title="64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards">Creative Arts Emmy Awards</a> from 11 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage).<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">third season</a> received 16 Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage), <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series">Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emilia_Clarke" title="Emilia Clarke">Emilia Clarke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series">Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diana_Rigg" title="Diana Rigg">Diana Rigg</a>) and Outstanding Writing ("<a href="/wiki/The_Rains_of_Castamere" title="The Rains of Castamere">The Rains of Castamere</a>"), winning two <a href="/wiki/65th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards" title="65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards">Creative Arts Emmys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">fourth season</a> received four <a href="/wiki/66th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards" title="66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards">Creative Arts Emmys</a> from 19 nominations, which included Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (<a href="/wiki/Lena_Headey" title="Lena Headey">Lena Headey</a>), Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series (Rigg), Outstanding Directing ("<a href="/wiki/The_Watchers_on_the_Wall" title="The Watchers on the Wall">The Watchers on the Wall</a>") and Outstanding Writing ("<a href="/wiki/The_Children_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Children (Game of Thrones)">The Children</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.com_108-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.com-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The 2015 <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">fifth season</a> won the most Primetime Emmy Awards for a series in a year (12 awards from 24 nominations), including Outstanding Drama Series; other wins included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage), Outstanding Directing ("<a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Mercy" title="Mother's Mercy">Mother's Mercy</a>") and Outstanding Writing ("Mother's Mercy"), and eight were <a href="/wiki/67th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards" title="67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards">Creative Arts Emmy Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">sixth season</a> received the most nominations for the <a href="/wiki/68th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="68th Primetime Emmy Awards">68th Primetime Emmy Awards</a> (23). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing ("<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bastards" title="Battle of the Bastards">Battle of the Bastards</a>"), Outstanding Writing ("Battle of the Bastards"), and nine <a href="/wiki/68th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards" title="68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards">Creative Arts Emmys</a>. Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage and <a href="/wiki/Kit_Harington" title="Kit Harington">Kit Harington</a>), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Clarke, Headey and <a href="/wiki/Maisie_Williams" title="Maisie Williams">Maisie Williams</a>), <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series">Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a>) and Outstanding Directing ("<a href="/wiki/The_Door_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Door (Game of Thrones)">The Door</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Viewer_numbers">Viewer numbers</span></h3>
+<p>The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday-night screenings and a gross audience (including repeats and on-demand viewings) of 9.3 million viewers per episode.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> For its second season, the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></sup> The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers, making <i>Game of Thrones</i> the second-most-viewed HBO series (after <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></sup> For the fourth season, HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers (later adjusted to 18.6 million) had passed <i>The Sopranos</i> for the record.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></sup> By the sixth season the average per-episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million, with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></sup> In 2016, a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> study of the 50 TV shows with the most <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Like" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Like">Facebook Likes</a> found that <i>Game of Thrones</i> was "much more popular in cities than in the countryside, probably the only show involving zombies that is".<sup id="cite_ref-katz20161227_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz20161227-272">[272]</a></sup> In season seven, the viewers numbers averaged at over 30 millions per episode across all platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The series set records on pay-television channels in the United Kingdom (with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms)<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></sup> and Australia (with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million).<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The following graph indicates first-airing viewer numbers in the US:</p>
+<div align="center"><b><i>Game of Thrones</i><span class="Unicode nowrap"></span>: U.S. viewers per episode (millions)</b>
+<div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_e92205ca688ffd26bd6641abc5efd8cd"></map><img usemap="#timeline_e92205ca688ffd26bd6641abc5efd8cd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/e92205ca688ffd26bd6641abc5efd8cd.png" /></div>
+<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Season</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 1</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 2</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 3</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 4</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 5</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 6</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 7</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 8</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 9</th>
+<th scope="col"><abbr title="Episode">Ep.</abbr> 10</th>
+<th scope="col"><i>Average</i></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#295354;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">1</th>
+<td>2.22</td>
+<td>2.20</td>
+<td>2.44</td>
+<td>2.45</td>
+<td>2.58</td>
+<td>2.44</td>
+<td>2.40</td>
+<td>2.72</td>
+<td>2.66</td>
+<td>3.04</td>
+<td><i>2.52</i><sup id="cite_ref-S1avgS2ratings_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1avgS2ratings-276">[276]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#D09916;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">2</th>
+<td>3.86</td>
+<td>3.76</td>
+<td>3.77</td>
+<td>3.65</td>
+<td>3.90</td>
+<td>3.88</td>
+<td>3.69</td>
+<td>3.86</td>
+<td>3.38</td>
+<td>4.20</td>
+<td><i>3.80</i><sup id="cite_ref-S1avgS2ratings_276-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1avgS2ratings-276">[276]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#54575A;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">3</th>
+<td>4.37</td>
+<td>4.27</td>
+<td>4.72</td>
+<td>4.87</td>
+<td>5.35</td>
+<td>5.50</td>
+<td>4.84</td>
+<td>5.13</td>
+<td>5.22</td>
+<td>5.39</td>
+<td><i>4.97</i><sup id="cite_ref-S3ratings_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S3ratings-277">[277]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#222222;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">4</th>
+<td>6.64</td>
+<td>6.31</td>
+<td>6.59</td>
+<td>6.95</td>
+<td>7.16</td>
+<td>6.40</td>
+<td>7.20</td>
+<td>7.17</td>
+<td>6.95</td>
+<td>7.09</td>
+<td><i>6.84</i><sup id="cite_ref-S4ratings_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S4ratings-278">[278]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#68411C;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">5</th>
+<td>8.00</td>
+<td>6.81</td>
+<td>6.71</td>
+<td>6.82</td>
+<td>6.56</td>
+<td>6.24</td>
+<td>5.40</td>
+<td>7.01</td>
+<td>7.14</td>
+<td>8.11</td>
+<td><i>6.88</i><sup id="cite_ref-S5ratings_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S5ratings-279">[279]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#31485C;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">6</th>
+<td>7.94</td>
+<td>7.29</td>
+<td>7.28</td>
+<td>7.82</td>
+<td>7.89</td>
+<td>6.71</td>
+<td>7.80</td>
+<td>7.60</td>
+<td>7.66</td>
+<td>8.89</td>
+<td><i>7.69</i><sup id="cite_ref-S6ratings_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S6ratings-280">[280]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background-color:#091411;width:10px"></th>
+<th scope="row">7</th>
+<td>10.11</td>
+<td>9.27</td>
+<td>9.25</td>
+<td>10.17</td>
+<td>10.72</td>
+<td>10.24</td>
+<td>12.07</td>
+<td data-sort-value="" class="table-na" colspan="3" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">N/A</td>
+<td><i>10.26</i><sup id="cite_ref-S7ratings_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S7ratings-281">[281]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<small>Source: <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen Media Research</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></sup></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_media_and_products">Other media and products</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire">Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Video_games">Video games</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_video_games" title="List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games">List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games</a></div>
+<p>The series has inspired <a href="/wiki/List_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_video_games" title="List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games">four video games</a> based on the TV series and novels. The strategy game <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_Ascent" title="Game of Thrones Ascent">Game of Thrones Ascent</a></i> ties into the HBO series, making characters and settings available to players as they appear on television.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Merchandise_and_exhibition">Merchandise and exhibition</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A selection of the show's merchandise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg/220px-Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg/330px-Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg/440px-Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_of_Thrones_merchandise_in_HBO_shop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<i>Game of Thrones</i> merchandise in HBO's New York City store</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>HBO has licensed a variety of <a href="/wiki/Merchandising#Licensing" title="Merchandising">merchandise</a> based on <i>Game of Thrones</i>, including <a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_games" class="mw-redirect" title="A Game of Thrones games">games</a>, replica weapons and armor, jewelry, <a href="/wiki/Bobblehead" title="Bobblehead">bobblehead</a> dolls by <a href="/wiki/Funko" title="Funko">Funko</a>, beer by <a href="/wiki/Brewery_Ommegang" title="Brewery Ommegang">Ommegang</a> and apparel.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></sup> High-end merchandise includes a $10,500 <a href="/wiki/Ulysse_Nardin" title="Ulysse Nardin">Ulysse Nardin</a> wristwatch<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></sup> and a $30,000 <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> replica of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Throne_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" title="Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)">Iron Throne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></sup> In 2013 and 2014, a traveling exhibition of costumes, props, armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Accompanying_material">Accompanying material</span></h3>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/Thronecast" title="Thronecast">Thronecast</a>: The Official Guide to Game of Thrones</i>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a> presented by <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lloyd" title="Geoff Lloyd">Geoff Lloyd</a> and produced by Koink, has been released on the <a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a> website and the UK <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> store during the series' run; a new podcast, with analysis and cast interviews, is released after each episode.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></sup> In 2014 and 2015 HBO commissioned <i><a href="/wiki/Catch_the_Throne" title="Catch the Throne">Catch the Throne</a></i>, two rap albums about the series.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A companion book, <i>Inside HBO's Game of Thrones</i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-1010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-1010-3">978-1-4521-1010-3</a>) by series writer <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cogman" title="Bryan Cogman">Bryan Cogman</a>, was published on September 27, 2012. The 192-page book, illustrated with concept art and behind-the-scenes photographs, covers the creation of the series' first two seasons and its principal characters and families.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Thrones" title="After the Thrones">After the Thrones</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a> <a href="/wiki/Aftershow" title="Aftershow">aftershow</a> in which hosts <a href="/wiki/Andy_Greenwald" title="Andy Greenwald">Andy Greenwald</a> and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series. It airs on <a href="/wiki/HBO_Now" title="HBO Now">HBO Now</a> the Monday after each sixth-season episode.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_Live_Concert_Experience" title="Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience">Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience</a>, a 28-city orchestral tour which will perform the series' soundtrack with composer <a href="/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi" title="Ramin Djawadi">Ramin Djawadi</a>, is scheduled to begin February 15, 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Spin-offs">Spin-offs</span></h3>
+<p>After years of speculation about possible <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" title="Spin-off (media)">successor shows</a>, in May 2017 HBO commissioned five screenwriters <a href="/wiki/Max_Borenstein" title="Max Borenstein">Max Borenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goldman" title="Jane Goldman">Jane Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Helgeland" title="Brian Helgeland">Brian Helgeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carly_Wray" title="Carly Wray">Carly Wray</a> and a fifth writer yet to be announced to develop individual <i>Game of Thrones</i> successor series. All of the writers are to be working individually with George R. R. Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></sup> Martin said that all the concepts under discussion are prequels, and some may be set outside Westeros. He also ruled out Robert's Rebellion (the overthrow of Daenerys's father by Robert Baratheon) as a possible idea.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></sup> D. B. Weiss and David Benioff said that they would not be involved with any of the projects, and want to enjoy the successor series as fans.<sup id="cite_ref-finalseason_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finalseason-1">[1]</a></sup> Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></sup> In September 2017, it was announced that <i>Game of Thrones</i> writer <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cogman" title="Bryan Cogman">Bryan Cogman</a> would be developing a fifth prequel series.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Histories_and_Lore"><i>Histories and Lore</i></span></h3>
+<p>Each season's individual Blu-ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the show's cast as their characters as they detail various different events in the history of Westeros.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></sup> For the seventh season release, it will include the animated prequel series <i>Game of Thrones: Conquest & Rebellion</i>, which is illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos. The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-finalseason-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finalseason_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finalseason_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hibberd, James (June 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ew.com/tv/2017/06/02/game-of-thrones-prequel-final-season-interview/">"Game of Thrones: HBO clarifies prequels, final seasons plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602204015/http://ew.com/tv/2017/06/02/game-of-thrones-prequel-final-season-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+HBO+clarifies+prequels%2C+final+seasons+plan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Hibberd&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Ftv%2F2017%2F06%2F02%2Fgame-of-thrones-prequel-final-season-interview%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-var-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-var_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-var_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-var_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-var_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fleming, Michael (January 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/hbo-turns-fire-into-fantasy-series-1117957532/">"HBO turns 'Fire' into fantasy series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516224747/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117957532?refCatId=14">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=HBO+turns+%27Fire%27+into+fantasy+series&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2007%2Fscene%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Fhbo-turns-fire-into-fantasy-series-1117957532%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cogman, Bryan (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzYfBQAAQBAJ"><i>Inside HBO's Game of Thrones</i></a>. Orion. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4732-1040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4732-1040-0">978-1-4732-1040-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185619/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzYfBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.aulast=Cogman&rft.btitle=Inside+HBO%27s+Game+of+Thrones&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4732-1040-0&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Orion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzYfBQAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-gotfactsheet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotfactsheet_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Martin, George R. R. (July 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307150640/http://grrm.livejournal.com/164794.html">"From HBO"</a>. Not a Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grrm.livejournal.com/164794.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=George+R.+R.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=From+HBO&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Not+a+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrrm.livejournal.com%2F164794.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kachka, Boris (May 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/arts/books/features/47040/">"Dungeon Master: David Benioff"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503185336/http://nymag.com/arts/books/features/47040/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Dungeon+Master%3A+David+Benioff&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.aulast=Kachka&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Farts%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2F47040%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Connell, Michael (May 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-spartacus-vengeance-deadliest-shows-327911">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones' Topped by 'Spartacus: Vengeance' as TV's Deadliest Series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629182833/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-spartacus-vengeance-deadliest-shows-327911">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27+Topped+by+%27Spartacus%3A+Vengeance%27+as+TV%27s+Deadliest+Series&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fgame-thrones-spartacus-vengeance-deadliest-shows-327911&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_22.2C_2014_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hughes, Sarah (March 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/mar/22/game-of-thrones-whats-not-to-love">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Sopranos meets Middle-earth': how Game of Thrones took over our world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920154652/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/mar/22/game-of-thrones-whats-not-to-love">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Sopranos+meets+Middle-earth%27%3A+how+Game+of+Thrones+took+over+our+world&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2014%2Fmar%2F22%2Fgame-of-thrones-whats-not-to-love&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/David_Orr_(journalist)" title="David Orr (journalist)">Orr, David</a> (August 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/books/review/george-r-r-martin-and-the-rise-of-fantasy.html?pagewanted=all">"Dragons Ascendant: George R. R. Martin and the Rise of Fantasy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FSBH1FPF?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/books/review/george-r-r-martin-and-the-rise-of-fantasy.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Dragons+Ascendant%3A+George+R.+R.+Martin+and+the+Rise+of+Fantasy&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F14%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fgeorge-r-r-martin-and-the-rise-of-fantasy.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Itzkoff, Dave (April 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/his-beautiful-dark-twisted-fantasy-george-r-r-martin-talks-game-of-thrones/">"His Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy: George R. R. Martin Talks <i>Game of Thrones</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110402184647/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/his-beautiful-dark-twisted-fantasy-george-r-r-martin-talks-game-of-thrones/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=His+Beautiful+Dark+Twisted+Fantasy%3A+George+R.+R.+Martin+Talks+Game+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Itzkoff&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F01%2Fhis-beautiful-dark-twisted-fantasy-george-r-r-martin-talks-game-of-thrones%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-themes-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-themes_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-themes_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-themes_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-themes_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cogman, Bryan (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzYfBQAAQBAJ"><i>Inside HBO's Game of Thrones</i></a>. Orion. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4732-1040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4732-1040-0">978-1-4732-1040-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185619/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzYfBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.aulast=Cogman&rft.btitle=Inside+HBO%27s+Game+of+Thrones&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4732-1040-0&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Orion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzYfBQAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_March_24.2C_2013_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Holland, Tom (March 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/mar/24/game-of-thrones-realistic-history">"Game of Thrones is more brutally realistic than most historical novels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629202416/http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2013/mar/24/game-of-thrones-realistic-history">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+is+more+brutally+realistic+than+most+historical+novels&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.date=2013-03-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2013%2Fmar%2F24%2Fgame-of-thrones-realistic-history&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Orr, David (August 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/books/review/george-r-r-martin-and-the-rise-of-fantasy.html?pagewanted=all">"Dragons Ascendant: George R. R. Martin and the Rise of Fantasy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722135616/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/books/review/george-r-r-martin-and-the-rise-of-fantasy.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Martin's books are essentially the War of the Roses with magic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Dragons+Ascendant%3A+George+R.+R.+Martin+and+the+Rise+of+Fantasy&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F14%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fgeorge-r-r-martin-and-the-rise-of-fantasy.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Milne, Ben (April 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26824993">"Game of Thrones: The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News Magazine">BBC News Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721223613/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26824993">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+The+cult+French+novel+that+inspired+George+RR+Martin&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26824993&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lipscomb, Suzannah (April 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/23/game-of-thrones-hacked-history-britains-bloody-past">"Game of Thrones has hacked our history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193639/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/23/game-of-thrones-hacked-history-britains-bloody-past">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+has+hacked+our+history&rft.aufirst=Suzannah&rft.aulast=Lipscomb&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fapr%2F23%2Fgame-of-thrones-hacked-history-britains-bloody-past&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-hibberd1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hibberd1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hibberd1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hibberd, James (May 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/05/29/game-of-throne-season-3-cast/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones' scoop: Season 3 character list revealed EXCLUSIVE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105005619/http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/05/29/game-of-throne-season-3-cast/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27+scoop%3A+Season+3+character+list+revealed+%E2%80%93+EXCLUSIVE&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Hibberd&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsidetv.ew.com%2F2012%2F05%2F29%2Fgame-of-throne-season-3-cast%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Making-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306120407/http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/production-diary/2012/11/2/season-3-by-the-numbers.html">"Season 3: by the Numbers"</a>. Making Game of Thrones. November 2, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/production-diary/2012/11/2/season-3-by-the-numbers.htm">the original</a> on March 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Season+3%3A+by+the+Numbers&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Making+Game+of+Thrones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makinggameofthrones.com%2Fproduction-diary%2F2012%2F11%2F2%2Fseason-3-by-the-numbers.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Belloni, Matthew; Goldberg, Lesley (October 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-cast-signs-season-744314">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones' Cast Signs for Season 7 with Big Raises"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813105026/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-cast-signs-season-744314">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27+Cast+Signs+for+Season+7+with+Big+Raises&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Lesley&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=Belloni&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fgame-thrones-cast-signs-season-744314&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Parker, Mike (April 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/795123/Game-of-Thrones-stars-to-be-paid-millions">"Game Of Thrones season 7: Stars set to earn 2 Million per episode"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425052433/http://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/795123/Game-of-Thrones-stars-to-be-paid-millions">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+Of+Thrones+season+7%3A+Stars+set+to+earn+%C2%A32+Million+per+episode&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fshowbiz%2Ftv-radio%2F795123%2FGame-of-Thrones-stars-to-be-paid-millions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hooton, Christopher (April 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/game-of-thrones-season-7-actors-salary-net-worth-pay-million-hbo-per-episode-a7700506.html">"Game of Thrones season 7: Actors 'set to earn 2million per episode', making them highest-paid ever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425052433/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/game-of-thrones-season-7-actors-salary-net-worth-pay-million-hbo-per-episode-a7700506.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+season+7%3A+Actors+%27set+to+earn+%C2%A32million+per+episode%27%2C+making+them+highest-paid+ever&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fgame-of-thrones-season-7-actors-salary-net-worth-pay-million-hbo-per-episode-a7700506.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=101453">"More Details on the Return of <i>Game of Thrones</i>"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> (via ComingSoon.net). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027172331/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=101453">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=More+Details+on+the+Return+of+Game+of+Thrones&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HBO+%28via+ComingSoon.net%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comingsoon.net%2Fnews%2Ftvnews.php%3Fid%3D101453&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-hbo_cast-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_cast_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones/cast-and-crew#/">"Game of Thrones: Cast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901123724/http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones/cast-and-crew#/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Cast&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HBO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fcast-and-crew%23%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cogman, Bryan (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzYfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT15&lpg=PT15#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Inside HBO's Game of Thrones</i></a>. Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.amazon.com/dp/B00P187U0Y">B00P187U0Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473210400" title="Special:BookSources/9781473210400">9781473210400</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219212618/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzYfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT15&lpg=PT15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.aulast=Cogman&rft.btitle=Inside+HBO%27s+Game+of+Thrones&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781473210400&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzYfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT15%26lpg%3DPT15%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mitchell, Elvis (May 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/kcrw/upclose-game-of-thrones-with">"UpClose: Game of Thrones with David Benioff and D. B. Weiss (Full Length)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KCRW" title="KCRW">KCRW</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019093107/https://soundcloud.com/kcrw/upclose-game-of-thrones-with">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=UpClose%3A+Game+of+Thrones+with+David+Benioff+and+D.+B.+Weiss+%28Full+Length%29&rft.aufirst=Elvis&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fkcrw%2Fupclose-game-of-thrones-with&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> At about 2:50.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-variety_2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-variety_2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-variety_2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Birnbaum, Debra (April 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://variety.com/2015/tv/news/game-of-thrones-ending-season-5-producers-interview-1201469516/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones' Creators: We Know How It's Going to End"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825210144/http://variety.com/2015/tv/news/game-of-thrones-ending-season-5-producers-interview-1201469516/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27+Creators%3A+We+Know+How+It%27s+Going+to+End&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fgame-of-thrones-ending-season-5-producers-interview-1201469516%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-entertainment_weekly2011-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entertainment_weekly2011_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entertainment_weekly2011_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entertainment_weekly2011_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Armstrong, Jennifer (April 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ew.com/article/2011/04/04/game-of-thrones-hbo-george-r-r-martin/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones': George R. R. Martin talks HBO show"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412142746/http://ew.com/article/2011/04/04/game-of-thrones-hbo-george-r-r-martin/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27%3A+George+R.+R.+Martin+talks+HBO+show&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Fgame-of-thrones-hbo-george-r-r-martin%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-long_story_short-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-long_story_short_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-long_story_short_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones/about/video/long-story-short">"HBO's 'Game of Thrones': Long Story Short"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725153103/http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones/about/video/long-story-short">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=HBO%27s+%27Game+of+Thrones%27%3A+Long+Story+Short&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HBO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fabout%2Fvideo%2Flong-story-short&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-Season_5_.26_6-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Season_5_.26_6_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Season_5_.26_6_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Goldman, Eric (April 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ign.com/articles/2014/04/08/game-of-thrones-renewed-for-season-5-and-season-6">"Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821120407/http://ign.com/articles/2014/04/08/game-of-thrones-renewed-for-season-5-and-season-6">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones+Renewed+for+Season+5+and+Season+6&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IGN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fign.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F04%2F08%2Fgame-of-thrones-renewed-for-season-5-and-season-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-Djawadi-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Djawadi_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djawadi_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vineyard, Jennifer (July 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulture.com/2016/07/game-of-thrones-composer-ramin-djawadi-key-musical-elements.html">"Game of Thrones Composer Ramin Djawadi on the Show's Key Musical Elements, and That Godfather-esque Finale Tune"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vulture.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulture.com">Vulture</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017123724/http://www.vulture.com/2016/07/game-of-thrones-composer-ramin-djawadi-key-musical-elements.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+Composer+Ramin+Djawadi+on+the+Show%27s+Key+Musical+Elements%2C+and+That+Godfather-esque+Finale+Tune&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=Vineyard&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fgame-of-thrones-composer-ramin-djawadi-key-musical-elements.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-THR_9_April_2015-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THR_9_April_2015_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THR_9_April_2015_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THR_9_April_2015_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jarvey, Natalie (April 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/game-thrones-piracy-soars-season-787594">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones' Piracy Soars Ahead of Season 5 Premiere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629121501/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/game-thrones-piracy-soars-season-787594">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27+Piracy+Soars+Ahead+of+Season+5+Premiere&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.aulast=Jarvey&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fgame-thrones-piracy-soars-season-787594&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Neil, Lauren (April 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/04/there-are-now-more-babies-named-khaleesi-than-betsy-or-nadine-in-the-us.html">"There are now more babies named 'Khaleesi' than 'Betsy' or 'Nadine' in the U.S."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819190426/http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/04/there-are-now-more-babies-named-khaleesi-than-betsy-or-nadine-in-the-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=There+are+now+more+babies+named+%27Khaleesi%27+than+%27Betsy%27+or+%27Nadine%27+in+the+U.S.&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnewsblogs%2Fyourcommunity%2F2014%2F04%2Fthere-are-now-more-babies-named-khaleesi-than-betsy-or-nadine-in-the-us.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS1-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS1_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s01">"Game of Thrones: Season 1 (2011)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823100552/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s01">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+1+%282011%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs01&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS1-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS1_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-1">"Game of Thrones: Season 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716061155/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-prequels-are-we-getting-all-four-1020065">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+1&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS2-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS2_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s02">"Game of Thrones: Season 2 (2012)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821154031/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s02">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+2+%282012%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs02&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS2-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS2_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-2">"Game of Thrones: Season 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819000000/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-2">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS3-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS3_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS3_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s03">"Game of Thrones: Season 3 (2013)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821154035/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s03">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+3+%282013%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs03&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS3-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS3_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS3_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-3">"Game of Thrones: Season 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819000000/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-3">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS4-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS4_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS4_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s04">"Game of Thrones: Season 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821154042/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s04">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+4&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs04&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS4-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS4_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS4_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-4">"Game of Thrones: Season 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404151021/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-4">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+4&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS5-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS5_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS5_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s05">"Game of Thrones: Season 5 (2015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150826102539/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s05">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+5+%282015%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs05&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS5-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS5_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS5_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-5">"Game of Thrones: Season 5"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417014228/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-5">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+5&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS6-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS6_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS6_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s06">"Game of Thrones: Season 6 (2016)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424160905/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s06">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+6+%282016%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs06&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS6-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS6_206-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS6_206-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-6">"Game of Thrones: Season 6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426183043/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-6">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RottenTomatoesS7-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS7_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottenTomatoesS7_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s07/#episodes">"Game of Thrones: Season 7"</a>. Rotten Tomatoes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430154506/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game-of-thrones/s07#episodes">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+7&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fs07%2F%23episodes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MetacriticS7-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS7_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetacriticS7_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-7">"Game of Thrones: Season 7"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722061455/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/game-of-thrones/season-7">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.btitle=Game+of+Thrones%3A+Season+7&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ftv%2Fgame-of-thrones%2Fseason-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Martin, George R. R. (December 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821120407/http://grrm.livejournal.com/255830.html">"Plaudits for GAME OF THRONES"</a>. Not A Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grrm.livejournal.com/255830.html">the original</a> on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=George+R.+R.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=Plaudits+for+GAME+OF+THRONES&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Not+A+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrrm.livejournal.com%2F255830.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Whelan, Robbie (March 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042838/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304585004579417603138479142">"Unlikely Mix: Rappers, Dragons and Fantasy: HBO Hires Hip-Hop, Latin-Music Artists to Promote 'Game of Thrones<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304585004579417603138479142">the original</a> on June 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Unlikely+Mix%3A+Rappers%2C+Dragons+and+Fantasy%3A+HBO+Hires+Hip-Hop%2C+Latin-Music+Artists+to+Promote+%27Game+of+Thrones%27&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304585004579417603138479142&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joyce, Colin (March 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spin.com/2015/03/game-of-thrones-catch-the-throne-2-talib-kweli-stream/">"Snoop Dogg, Talib Kweli, Mastodon, More To Appear On 'Game of Thrones' Mixtape"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910094058/http://www.spin.com/2015/03/game-of-thrones-catch-the-throne-2-talib-kweli-stream/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Snoop+Dogg%2C+Talib+Kweli%2C+Mastodon%2C+More+To+Appear+On+%27Game+of+Thrones%27+Mixtape&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spin.com%2F2015%2F03%2Fgame-of-thrones-catch-the-throne-2-talib-kweli-stream%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Edwards, Richard (September 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020211004/http://www.sfx.co.uk/2012/09/21/inside-hbos-game-of-thrones-by-bryan-cogman-review/">"Inside HBO's Game Of Thrones by Bryan Cogman REVIEW"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SFX_(magazine)" title="SFX (magazine)">SFX</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfx.co.uk/2012/09/21/inside-hbos-game-of-thrones-by-bryan-cogman-review/">the original</a> on October 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Inside+HBO%27s+Game+Of+Thrones+by+Bryan+Cogman+REVIEW&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfx.co.uk%2F2012%2F09%2F21%2Finside-hbos-game-of-thrones-by-bryan-cogman-review%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Snierson, Dan (April 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/04/game-thrones-bill-simmons-after-show-hbo">"HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after-show from Bill Simmons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506102116/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/04/game-thrones-bill-simmons-after-show-hbo">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=HBO+orders+Game+of+Thrones+weekly+after-show+from+Bill+Simmons&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Snierson&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2Fgame-thrones-bill-simmons-after-show-hbo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/aug/09/game-of-thrones-concert-experience-ramin-djawadi-american-tour">"Game of Thrones concert experience hits the road in 2017"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. August 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821120407/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/aug/09/game-of-thrones-concert-experience-ramin-djawadi-american-tour">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+concert+experience+hits+the+road+in+2017&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Faug%2F09%2Fgame-of-thrones-concert-experience-ramin-djawadi-american-tour&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Goldberg, Lesley (May 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-fifth-successor-show-works-at-hbo-george-rr-martin-says-1003682">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones': Fifth "Successor Show" in the Works at HBO, George R.R. Martin Says"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515142249/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-fifth-successor-show-works-at-hbo-george-rr-martin-says-1003682">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27%3A+Fifth+%22Successor+Show%22+in+the+Works+at+HBO%2C+George+R.R.+Martin+Says&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fgame-thrones-fifth-successor-show-works-at-hbo-george-rr-martin-says-1003682&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Martin, George R.R. (May 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grrm.livejournal.com/536859.html">"About Those Spinoffs..."</a>. <i>Not A Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814193454/http://grrm.livejournal.com/536859.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=About+Those+Spinoffs...&rft.aufirst=George+R.R.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Not+A+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrrm.livejournal.com%2F536859.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Goldberg, Lesley (July 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-prequels-are-we-getting-all-four-1020065">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Game of Thrones' Future Explained: Could All the Prequels Move Forward?"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716061155/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-prequels-are-we-getting-all-four-1020065">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=%27Game+of+Thrones%27+Future+Explained%3A+Could+All+the+Prequels+Move+Forward%3F&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fgame-thrones-prequels-are-we-getting-all-four-1020065&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hibberd, James (September 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/20/game-thrones-bryan-cogman-5th-prequel/">"Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series"</a>. <i>Entertainment Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+writer+Bryan+Cogman+developing+a+5th+prequel+series&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Hibberd&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Ftv%2F2017%2F09%2F20%2Fgame-thrones-bryan-cogman-5th-prequel%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walsh, Michael (November 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nerdist.com/new-game-of-thrones-history-tells-us-a-few-things-about-the-future/">"New GAME OF THRONES History Tells Us a Few Things About the Future"</a>. Nerdist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.btitle=New+GAME+OF+THRONES+History+Tells+Us+a+Few+Things+About+the+Future&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nerdist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnerdist.com%2Fnew-game-of-thrones-history-tells-us-a-few-things-about-the-future%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lutes, Alicia (September 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nerdist.com/game-of-thrones-animated-targaryen-conquest/">"Explore the Targaryen Conquest of Westeros in New GAME OF THRONES Animated Short"</a>. Nerdist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame+of+Thrones&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft.aulast=Lutes&rft.btitle=Explore+the+Targaryen+Conquest+of+Westeros+in+New+GAME+OF+THRONES+Animated+Short&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nerdist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnerdist.com%2Fgame-of-thrones-animated-targaryen-conquest%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Game_of_Thrones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></b></i>.</td>
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+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Game_of_Thrones" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></b></i></td>
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+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_tourism#Q23572" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Game of Thrones tourism">Game of Thrones tourism</a></b></i>.</td>
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+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones">Official website</a></span></span> (United States)</li>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbouk.com/game-of-thrones">Official website</a></span></span> (United Kingdom)</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0944947/"><i>Game of Thrones</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewers-guide.hbo.com"><i>Game of Thrones</i> Viewers Guide</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makinggameofthrones.com">Making of Game of Thrones</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;">
+<div id="Articles_related_to_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to <i>A Song of Ice and Fire</i></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_R._R._Martin.27s_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Template:A Song of Ice and Fire"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Template talk:A Song of Ice and Fire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="George_R._R._Martin.27s_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones" title="A Game of Thrones">A Game of Thrones</a></i> (1996)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clash_of_Kings" title="A Clash of Kings">A Clash of Kings</a></i> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_of_Swords" title="A Storm of Swords">A Storm of Swords</a></i> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Feast_for_Crows" title="A Feast for Crows">A Feast for Crows</a></i> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dance_with_Dragons" title="A Dance with Dragons">A Dance with Dragons</a></i> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_Winter" title="The Winds of Winter">The Winds of Winter</a></i> (TBA)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire">Franchise media</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Dunk_and_Egg" title="Tales of Dunk and Egg">Tales of Dunk and Egg</a></i> (19982010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Queen" title="The Princess and the Queen">The Princess and the Queen</a></i> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rogue_Prince" title="The Rogue Prince">The Rogue Prince</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Dragon" title="The Sons of the Dragon">The Sons of the Dragon</a></i> (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TV series</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes" title="List of Game of Thrones episodes">Episodes</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">Season 1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">4</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">6</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)" title="Game of Thrones (season 7)">7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)" title="Game of Thrones (season 8)">8</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Game_of_Thrones" title="List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones">Awards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters" title="List of Game of Thrones characters">Characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Game_of_Thrones" title="Music of Game of Thrones">Music</a>
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_Theme" title="Game of Thrones Theme">Game of Thrones Theme</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rains_of_Castamere_(song)" title="The Rains of Castamere (song)">The Rains of Castamere</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bear_and_the_Maiden_Fair_(song)" title="The Bear and the Maiden Fair (song)">The Bear and the Maiden Fair</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_Seven" title="Light of the Seven">Light of the Seven</a>"</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Catch_the_Throne" title="Catch the Throne">Catch the Throne</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_Live_Concert_Experience" title="Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience">Live Concert Experience</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Soundtracks
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones:_Season_1_(soundtrack)" title="Game of Thrones: Season 1 (soundtrack)">Season 1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones:_Season_2_(soundtrack)" title="Game of Thrones: Season 2 (soundtrack)">2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones:_Season_3_(soundtrack)" title="Game of Thrones: Season 3 (soundtrack)">3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones:_Season_4_(soundtrack)" title="Game of Thrones: Season 4 (soundtrack)">4</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones:_Season_5_(soundtrack)" title="Game of Thrones: Season 5 (soundtrack)">5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones:_Season_6_(soundtrack)" title="Game of Thrones: Season 6 (soundtrack)">6</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_title_sequence" title="Game of Thrones title sequence">Title sequence</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Thrones" title="After the Thrones">After the Thrones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thronecast" title="Thronecast">Thronecast</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_video_games" title="List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games">Video games</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones:_Genesis" title="A Game of Thrones: Genesis">A Game of Thrones: Genesis</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(2012_video_game)" title="Game of Thrones (2012 video game)"><i>Game of Thrones</i> (2012)</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_Ascent" title="Game of Thrones Ascent">Game of Thrones Ascent</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(2014_video_game)" title="Game of Thrones (2014 video game)"><i>Game of Thrones</i> (2014)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Ice_%26_Fire" title="The World of Ice & Fire">The World of Ice & Fire</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_(board_game)" title="A Game of Thrones (board game)">Board game</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_(card_game)" title="A Game of Thrones (card game)">Card game</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones:_Second_Edition_(card_game)" title="A Game of Thrones: Second Edition (card game)">Second edition</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_(comics)" title="A Game of Thrones (comics)">Comic book series</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_characters" title="List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters">Characters</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petyr_Baelish" title="Petyr Baelish">Petyr Baelish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Baratheon" title="Joffrey Baratheon">Joffrey Baratheon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renly_Baratheon" title="Renly Baratheon">Renly Baratheon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baratheon" title="Robert Baratheon">Robert Baratheon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stannis_Baratheon" title="Stannis Baratheon">Stannis Baratheon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tommen_Baratheon" title="Tommen Baratheon">Tommen Baratheon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Bolton" title="Ramsay Bolton">Ramsay Bolton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roose_Bolton" title="Roose Bolton">Roose Bolton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bronn_(character)" title="Bronn (character)">Bronn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Clegane" title="Gregor Clegane">Gregor Clegane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sandor_Clegane" title="Sandor Clegane">Sandor Clegane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Khal_Drogo" title="Khal Drogo">Khal Drogo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gendry" title="Gendry">Gendry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tormund_Giantsbane" title="Tormund Giantsbane">Tormund Giantsbane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilly_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" title="Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire)">Gilly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theon_Greyjoy" title="Theon Greyjoy">Theon Greyjoy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cersei_Lannister" title="Cersei Lannister">Cersei Lannister</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lannister" title="Jaime Lannister">Jaime Lannister</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister" title="Tyrion Lannister">Tyrion Lannister</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tywin_Lannister" title="Tywin Lannister">Tywin Lannister</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oberyn_Martell" title="Oberyn Martell">Oberyn Martell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Melisandre" title="Melisandre">Melisandre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Missandei" title="Missandei">Missandei</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jorah_Mormont" title="Jorah Mormont">Jorah Mormont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daario_Naharis" title="Daario Naharis">Daario Naharis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ellaria_Sand" title="Ellaria Sand">Ellaria Sand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Davos_Seaworth" title="Davos Seaworth">Davos Seaworth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Snow_(character)" title="Jon Snow (character)">Jon Snow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High_Sparrow" title="High Sparrow">High Sparrow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Stark" title="Arya Stark">Arya Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bran_Stark" title="Bran Stark">Bran Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catelyn_Stark" title="Catelyn Stark">Catelyn Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Stark" title="Ned Stark">Ned Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rickon_Stark" title="Rickon Stark">Rickon Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robb_Stark" title="Robb Stark">Robb Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sansa_Stark" title="Sansa Stark">Sansa Stark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen" title="Daenerys Targaryen">Daenerys Targaryen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Viserys_Targaryen" title="Viserys Targaryen">Viserys Targaryen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samwell_Tarly" title="Samwell Tarly">Samwell Tarly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brienne_of_Tarth" title="Brienne of Tarth">Brienne of Tarth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Margaery_Tyrell" title="Margaery Tyrell">Margaery Tyrell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olenna_Tyrell" title="Olenna Tyrell">Olenna Tyrell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Varys" title="Varys">Varys</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ygritte" title="Ygritte">Ygritte</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="World of A Song of Ice and Fire">World</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Languages of A Song of Ice and Fire">Languages</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_in_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire">Themes</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Throne_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" title="Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)">Iron Throne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/White_Walker" title="White Walker">White Walker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">Fandom</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Book:A Song of Ice and Fire">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Category:A Song of Ice and Fire">Category</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_George_R._R._Martin" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_R._R._Martin" title="Template:George R. R. Martin"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_R._R._Martin" title="Template talk:George R. R. Martin"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:George_R._R._Martin&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Works_by_George_R._R._Martin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones" title="A Game of Thrones">A Game of Thrones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clash_of_Kings" title="A Clash of Kings">A Clash of Kings</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_of_Swords" title="A Storm of Swords">A Storm of Swords</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Feast_for_Crows" title="A Feast for Crows">A Feast for Crows</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dance_with_Dragons" title="A Dance with Dragons">A Dance with Dragons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_Winter" title="The Winds of Winter">The Winds of Winter</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dying_of_the_Light" title="Dying of the Light">Dying of the Light</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Windhaven" title="Windhaven">Windhaven</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fevre_Dream" title="Fevre Dream">Fevre Dream</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Armageddon_Rag" title="The Armageddon Rag">The Armageddon Rag</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_Run" title="Hunter's Run">Hunter's Run</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_Lya_(novella)" title="A Song for Lya (novella)">A Song for Lya</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ice_Dragon" title="The Ice Dragon">The Ice Dragon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandkings_(novelette)" title="Sandkings (novelette)">Sandkings</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Visions#George_R._R._Martin" title="Dark Visions">The Skin Trade</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">Westeros</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Dunk_and_Egg#The_Hedge_Knight" title="Tales of Dunk and Egg">The Hedge Knight</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Dunk_and_Egg#The_Sworn_Sword" title="Tales of Dunk and Egg">The Sworn Sword</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Dunk_and_Egg#The_Mystery_Knight" title="Tales of Dunk and Egg">The Mystery Knight</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Queen" title="The Princess and the Queen">The Princess and the Queen</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rogue_Prince" title="The Rogue Prince">The Rogue Prince</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Dragon" title="The Sons of the Dragon">The Sons of the Dragon</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/With_Morning_Comes_Mistfall" title="With Morning Comes Mistfall">With Morning Comes Mistfall</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_Cross_and_Dragon" title="The Way of Cross and Dragon">The Way of Cross and Dragon</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_Lya" title="A Song for Lya">A Song for Lya</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Stars_and_Shadows" title="Songs of Stars and Shadows">Songs of Stars and Shadows</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandkings_(short_story_collection)" title="Sandkings (short story collection)">Sandkings</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_the_Dead_Men_Sing" title="Songs the Dead Men Sing">Songs the Dead Men Sing</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightflyers" title="Nightflyers">Nightflyers</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuf_Voyaging" title="Tuf Voyaging">Tuf Voyaging</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_His_Children" title="Portraits of His Children">Portraits of His Children</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quartet_(short_story_collection)" title="Quartet (short story collection)">Quartet: Four Tales from the Crossroads</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreamsongs:_A_RRetrospective" title="Dreamsongs: A RRetrospective">Dreamsongs: A RRetrospective</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_King_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="The Once and Future King (The Twilight Zone)">The Once and Future King</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lost_and_Found_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="Lost and Found (The Twilight Zone)">Lost and Found</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Toys_of_Caliban" title="The Toys of Caliban">The Toys of Caliban</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Road_Less_Traveled_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="The Road Less Traveled (The Twilight Zone)">The Road Less Traveled</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Defender_of_Camelot_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="The Last Defender of Camelot (The Twilight Zone)">The Last Defender of Camelot</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Pointy_End" title="The Pointy End">The Pointy End</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Blackwater (Game of Thrones)">Blackwater</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bear_and_the_Maiden_Fair" title="The Bear and the Maiden Fair">The Bear and the Maiden Fair</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Rose" title="The Lion and the Rose">The Lion and the Rose</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1987_TV_series)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Doorways" title="Doorways">Doorways</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_of_Thrones_episodes" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Game_of_Thrones_episodes" title="Template:Game of Thrones episodes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Game_of_Thrones_episodes" title="Template talk:Game of Thrones episodes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Game_of_Thrones_episodes&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Game_of_Thrones_episodes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes" title="List of Game of Thrones episodes">episodes</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Seasons:</b> <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">4</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">6</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)" title="Game of Thrones (season 7)">7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)" title="Game of Thrones (season 8)">8</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">Season 1</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Winter_Is_Coming" title="Winter Is Coming">Winter Is Coming</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Kingsroad" title="The Kingsroad">The Kingsroad</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lord_Snow" title="Lord Snow">Lord Snow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Cripples,_Bastards,_and_Broken_Things" title="Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things">Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_and_the_Lion" title="The Wolf and the Lion">The Wolf and the Lion</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Golden_Crown" title="A Golden Crown">A Golden Crown</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Win_or_You_Die" title="You Win or You Die">You Win or You Die</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Pointy_End" title="The Pointy End">The Pointy End</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Baelor" title="Baelor">Baelor</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Blood_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)">Fire and Blood</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)" title="Game of Thrones (season 2)">Season 2</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_North_Remembers" title="The North Remembers">The North Remembers</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Night_Lands" title="The Night Lands">The Night Lands</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Dead_May_Never_Die" title="What Is Dead May Never Die">What Is Dead May Never Die</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Bones" title="Garden of Bones">Garden of Bones</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Harrenhal" title="The Ghost of Harrenhal">The Ghost of Harrenhal</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Old_Gods_and_the_New" title="The Old Gods and the New">The Old Gods and the New</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Man_Without_Honor" title="A Man Without Honor">A Man Without Honor</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Winterfell" title="The Prince of Winterfell">The Prince of Winterfell</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Blackwater (Game of Thrones)">Blackwater</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Valar_Morghulis" title="Valar Morghulis">Valar Morghulis</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">Season 3</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Valar_Dohaeris" title="Valar Dohaeris">Valar Dohaeris</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dark_Wings,_Dark_Words" title="Dark Wings, Dark Words">Dark Wings, Dark Words</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Punishment" title="Walk of Punishment">Walk of Punishment</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Now_His_Watch_Is_Ended" title="And Now His Watch Is Ended">And Now His Watch Is Ended</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Kissed_by_Fire" title="Kissed by Fire">Kissed by Fire</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Climb_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Climb (Game of Thrones)">The Climb</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bear_and_the_Maiden_Fair" title="The Bear and the Maiden Fair">The Bear and the Maiden Fair</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Sons" title="Second Sons">Second Sons</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rains_of_Castamere" title="The Rains of Castamere">The Rains of Castamere</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mhysa" title="Mhysa">Mhysa</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_4)" title="Game of Thrones (season 4)">Season 4</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Two_Swords_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Two Swords (Game of Thrones)">Two Swords</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Rose" title="The Lion and the Rose">The Lion and the Rose</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Breaker_of_Chains" title="Breaker of Chains">Breaker of Chains</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Oathkeeper" title="Oathkeeper">Oathkeeper</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/First_of_His_Name" title="First of His Name">First of His Name</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Laws_of_Gods_and_Men" title="The Laws of Gods and Men">The Laws of Gods and Men</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mockingbird_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Mockingbird (Game of Thrones)">Mockingbird</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_and_the_Viper" title="The Mountain and the Viper">The Mountain and the Viper</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Watchers_on_the_Wall" title="The Watchers on the Wall">The Watchers on the Wall</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Children_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Children (Game of Thrones)">The Children</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">Season 5</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wars_to_Come" title="The Wars to Come">The Wars to Come</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Black_and_White" title="The House of Black and White">The House of Black and White</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/High_Sparrow_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="High Sparrow (Game of Thrones)">High Sparrow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Harpy" title="Sons of the Harpy">Sons of the Harpy</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Kill_the_Boy" title="Kill the Boy">Kill the Boy</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Unbowed,_Unbent,_Unbroken" title="Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken">Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Gift (Game of Thrones)">The Gift</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hardhome" title="Hardhome">Hardhome</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Dance_of_Dragons" title="The Dance of Dragons">The Dance of Dragons</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Mercy" title="Mother's Mercy">Mother's Mercy</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">Season 6</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Red_Woman" title="The Red Woman">The Red Woman</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Home_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Home (Game of Thrones)">Home</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Oathbreaker_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Oathbreaker (Game of Thrones)">Oathbreaker</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Stranger" title="Book of the Stranger">Book of the Stranger</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Door_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Door (Game of Thrones)">The Door</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_of_My_Blood" title="Blood of My Blood">Blood of My Blood</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Man" title="The Broken Man">The Broken Man</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/No_One_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="No One (Game of Thrones)">No One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bastards" title="Battle of the Bastards">Battle of the Bastards</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_Winter_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones)">The Winds of Winter</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)" title="Game of Thrones (season 7)">Season 7</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dragonstone_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Dragonstone (Game of Thrones)">Dragonstone</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stormborn" title="Stormborn">Stormborn</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Justice" title="The Queen's Justice">The Queen's Justice</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spoils_of_War_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones)">The Spoils of War</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Eastwatch" title="Eastwatch">Eastwatch</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)">Beyond the Wall</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_and_the_Wolf" title="The Dragon and the Wolf">The Dragon and the Wolf</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="David_Benioff" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Benioff" title="Template:David Benioff"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Benioff" title="Template talk:David Benioff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:David_Benioff&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="David_Benioff" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/David_Benioff" title="David Benioff">David Benioff</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_25th_Hour" title="The 25th Hour">The 25th Hour</a></i> <small>(2002)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Nines_Roll_Over" title="When the Nines Roll Over">When the Nines Roll Over</a></i> <small>(2004)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Thieves_(novel)" title="City of Thieves (novel)">City of Thieves</a></i> <small>(2008)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/25th_Hour" title="25th Hour">25th Hour</a></i> <small>(2002)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(film)" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> <small>(2004)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stay_(2005_film)" title="Stay (2005 film)">Stay</a></i> <small>(2005)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kite_Runner_(film)" title="The Kite Runner (film)">The Kite Runner</a></i> <small>(2007)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men_Origins:_Wolverine" title="X-Men Origins: Wolverine">X-Men Origins: Wolverine</a></i> <small>(2009)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_(2009_film)" title="Brothers (2009 film)">Brothers</a></i> <small>(2009)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> <small>(since 2011)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_(TV_series)" title="Confederate (TV series)">Confederate</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HBO_programming" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HBONetwork_Shows" title="Template:HBONetwork Shows"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HBONetwork_Shows" title="Template talk:HBONetwork Shows"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:HBONetwork_Shows&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="HBO_programming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_HBO" title="List of programs broadcast by HBO">programming</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Former" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s debuts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_NFL" title="Inside the NFL">Inside the NFL</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Location_(TV_series)" title="On Location (TV series)">On Location</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_for_the_Pennant" title="Race for the Pennant">Race for the Pennant</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Standing_Room_Only_(TV_series)" title="Standing Room Only (TV series)">Standing Room Only</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Vanities_(TV_program)" title="Vanities (TV program)">Vanities</a>")</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_on_HBO" title="Tennis on HBO">Tennis on HBO</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Was" title="Time Was">Time Was</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s debuts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/1st_%26_Ten_(1984_TV_series)" title="1st & Ten (1984 TV series)">1st & Ten</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Undercover" title="America Undercover">America Undercover</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Autopsy_(TV_series)" title="Autopsy (TV series)">Autopsy</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Real_Sex" title="Real Sex">Real Sex</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Taxicab_Confessions" title="Taxicab Confessions">Taxicab Confessions</a>")</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Babar_(TV_series)" title="Babar (TV series)">Babar</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Braingames" title="Braingames">Braingames</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_(TV_series)" title="Encyclopedia (TV series)">Encyclopedia</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Brown" title="Encyclopedia Brown">Encyclopedia Brown</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fraggle_Rock" title="Fraggle Rock">Fraggle Rock</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Faffner_Hall" title="The Ghost of Faffner Hall">The Ghost of Faffner Hall</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker_(TV_series)" title="The Hitchhiker (TV series)">The Hitchhiker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hall" title="The Kids in the Hall">The Kids in the Hall</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Security_(TV_series)" title="Maximum Security (TV series)">Maximum Security</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Necessarily_the_News" title="Not Necessarily the News">Not Necessarily the News</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Night_Stand_(U.S._TV_series)" title="One Night Stand (U.S. TV series)">One Night Stand</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe,_Private_Eye" title="Philip Marlowe, Private Eye">Philip Marlowe, Private Eye</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ray_Bradbury_Theater" title="The Ray Bradbury Theater">The Ray Bradbury Theater</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storyteller_(TV_series)" title="The Storyteller (TV series)">The Storyteller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_(TV_series)" title="Tales from the Crypt (TV series)">Tales from the Crypt</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Jukebox_(TV_series)" title="Video Jukebox (TV series)">Video Jukebox</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s debuts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_(TV_series)" title="The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Arliss" title="Arliss">Arliss</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chris_Rock_Show" title="The Chris Rock Show">The Chris Rock Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Mouse_and_the_City_Mouse_Adventures" title="The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures">The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crashbox" title="Crashbox">Crashbox</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Def_Comedy_Jam" title="Def Comedy Jam">Def Comedy Jam</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Miller_Live" title="Dennis Miller Live">Dennis Miller Live</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_On_(TV_series)" title="Dream On (TV series)">Dream On</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/George_and_Martha" title="George and Martha">George and Martha</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Happily_Ever_After:_Fairy_Tales_for_Every_Child" title="Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child">Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HBO_Comedy_Half-Hour" title="HBO Comedy Half-Hour">HBO Comedy Half-Hour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Room" title="Hotel Room">Hotel Room</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show" title="The Larry Sanders Show">The Larry Sanders Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lifestories:_Families_in_Crisis" title="Lifestories: Families in Crisis">Lifestories: Families in Crisis</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Curious" title="A Little Curious">A Little Curious</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Lulu_Show" title="The Little Lulu Show">The Little Lulu Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinocchio:_The_Series" title="Pinocchio: The Series">Mokku of the Oak Tree</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Show_with_Bob_and_David" title="Mr. Show with Bob and David">Mr. Show with Bob and David</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Neverending_Story_(TV_series)" title="The Neverending Story (TV series)">The Neverending Story</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Oz_(TV_series)" title="Oz (TV series)">Oz</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Perversions_of_Science" title="Perversions of Science">Perversions of Science</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking_(1997_TV_series)" title="Pippi Longstocking (1997 TV series)">Pippi Longstocking</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Fish" title="Rainbow Fish">Rainbow Fish</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Reverb_(TV_series)" title="Reverb (TV series)">Reverb</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_City" title="Sex and the City">Sex and the City</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Spicy_City" title="Spicy City">Spicy City</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenacious_D_(TV_series)" title="Tenacious D (TV series)">Tenacious D</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Todd_McFarlane%27s_Spawn" title="Todd McFarlane's Spawn">Todd McFarlane's Spawn</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tracey_Takes_On..." title="Tracey Takes On...">Tracey Takes On...</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s debuts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Animated_Tales_of_the_World" title="Animated Tales of the World">Animated Tales of the World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Love" title="Big Love">Big Love</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bored_to_Death" title="Bored to Death">Bored to Death</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le" title="Carnivle">Carnivle</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathouse:_The_Series" title="Cathouse: The Series">Cathouse: The Series</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Baby" title="Classical Baby">Classical Baby</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Costas_Now" title="Costas Now">Costas Now</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Da_Ali_G_Show" title="Da Ali G Show">Da Ali G Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadwood_(TV_series)" title="Deadwood (TV series)">Deadwood</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Def_Poetry_Jam" title="Def Poetry Jam">Def Poetry Jam</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastbound_%26_Down" title="Eastbound & Down">Eastbound & Down</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Company_(2009_TV_series)" title="The Electric Company (2009 TV series)">The Electric Company</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Entourage_(U.S._TV_series)" title="Entourage (U.S. TV series)">Entourage</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Extras_(TV_series)" title="Extras (TV series)">Extras</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Conchords_(TV_series)" title="Flight of the Conchords (TV series)">Flight of the Conchords</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/G_String_Divas" title="G String Divas">G String Divas</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_and_the_Purple_Crayon" title="Harold and the Purple Crayon">Harold and the Purple Crayon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hung_(TV_series)" title="Hung (TV series)">Hung</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Spy_(2003_TV_series)" title="I Spy (2003 TV series)">I Spy</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Treatment_(U.S._TV_series)" title="In Treatment (U.S. TV series)">In Treatment</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Buck_Live" title="Joe Buck Live">Joe Buck Live</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/John_from_Cincinnati" title="John from Cincinnati">John from Cincinnati</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/K_Street_(TV_series)" title="K Street (TV series)">K Street</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten_(TV_series)" title="Kindergarten (TV series)">Kindergarten</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/KO_Nation" title="KO Nation">KO Nation</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_%26_Times_of_Tim" title="The Life & Times of Tim">The Life & Times of Tim</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Britain_USA" title="Little Britain USA">Little Britain USA</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Louie" title="Lucky Louie">Lucky Louie</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_of_the_Married_Man" title="The Mind of the Married Man">The Mind of the Married Man</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_No._1_Ladies%27_Detective_Agency_(TV_series)" title="The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)">The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Record_with_Bob_Costas" title="On the Record with Bob Costas">On the Record with Bob Costas</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Dinky_Doo" title="Pinky Dinky Doo">Pinky Dinky Doo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pornucopia" title="Pornucopia">Pornucopia</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_Greenlight" title="Project Greenlight">Project Greenlight</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome_(TV_series)" title="Rome (TV series)">Rome</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)" title="Six Feet Under (TV series)">Six Feet Under</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Little:_The_Animated_Series" title="Stuart Little: The Animated Series">Stuart Little: The Animated Series</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_Heights_High" title="Summer Heights High">Summer Heights High</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Neverending_Story" title="Tales from the Neverending Story">Tales from the Neverending Story</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_You_Love_Me_(TV_series)" title="Tell Me You Love Me (TV series)">Tell Me You Love Me</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tourgasm" title="Tourgasm">Tourgasm</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Unscripted" title="Unscripted">Unscripted</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wire" title="The Wire">The Wire</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s debuts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Thrones" title="After the Thrones">After the Thrones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Angry_Boys" title="Angry Boys">Angry Boys</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Any_Given_Wednesday_with_Bill_Simmons" title="Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons">Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire" title="Boardwalk Empire">Boardwalk Empire</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brink_(TV_series)" title="The Brink (TV series)">The Brink</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Doll_%26_Em" title="Doll & Em">Doll & Em</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_(TV_series)" title="Enlightened (TV series)">Enlightened</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Tree_(TV_series)" title="Family Tree (TV series)">Family Tree</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Funny_or_Die_Presents" title="Funny or Die Presents">Funny or Die Presents</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Getting_On_(U.S._TV_series)" title="Getting On (U.S. TV series)">Getting On</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)" title="Girls (TV series)">Girls</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello_Ladies" title="Hello Ladies">Hello Ladies</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Make_It_in_America" title="How to Make It in America">How to Make It in America</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ja%27mie:_Private_School_Girl" title="Ja'mie: Private School Girl">Ja'mie: Private School Girl</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonah_from_Tonga" title="Jonah from Tonga">Jonah from Tonga</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leftovers_(TV_series)" title="The Leftovers (TV series)">The Leftovers</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Life%27s_Too_Short" title="Life's Too Short">Life's Too Short</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking" title="Looking">Looking</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Luck_(TV_series)" title="Luck (TV series)">Luck</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterclass_(TV_series)" title="Masterclass (TV series)">Masterclass</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Newsroom_(U.S._TV_series)" title="The Newsroom (U.S. TV series)">The Newsroom</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ricky_Gervais_Show_(TV_series)" title="The Ricky Gervais Show (TV series)">The Ricky Gervais Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Togetherness_(TV_series)" title="Togetherness (TV series)">Togetherness</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Treme_(TV_series)" title="Treme (TV series)">Treme</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_(TV_series)" title="Vinyl (TV series)">Vinyl</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miniseries</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Rivers_Run" title="All the Rivers Run">All the Rivers Run</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_America_(miniseries)" title="Angels in America (miniseries)">Angels in America</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Assume_the_Position_with_Mr._Wuhl" title="Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl">Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(miniseries)" title="Band of Brothers (miniseries)">Band of Brothers</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Little_Lies_(miniseries)" title="Big Little Lies (miniseries)">Big Little Lies</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Casual_Vacancy_(TV_series)" title="The Casual Vacancy (TV series)">The Casual Vacancy</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corner" title="The Corner">The Corner</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(miniseries)" title="Elizabeth I (miniseries)">Elizabeth I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls_(miniseries)" title="Empire Falls (miniseries)">Empire Falls</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters:_Sonic_Highways" title="Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways">Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Generation_Kill_(miniseries)" title="Generation Kill (miniseries)">Generation Kill</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saddam" title="House of Saddam">House of Saddam</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jinx_(miniseries)" title="The Jinx (miniseries)">The Jinx: The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Avenue" title="Laurel Avenue">Laurel Avenue</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Pierce_(miniseries)" title="Mildred Pierce (miniseries)">Mildred Pierce</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Of" title="The Night Of">The Night Of</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge_(miniseries)" title="Olive Kitteridge (miniseries)">Olive Kitteridge</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pacific_(miniseries)" title="The Pacific (miniseries)">The Pacific</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Parade%27s_End_(TV_series)" title="Parade's End (TV series)">Parade's End</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Show_Me_a_Hero" title="Show Me a Hero">Show Me a Hero</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanner_%2788" title="Tanner '88">Tanner '88</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
+<div id="Current_and_upcoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current and upcoming</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Def_Comedy" title="All Def Comedy">All Def Comedy</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals." title="Animals.">Animals.</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballers" title="Ballers">Ballers</a></i> <small>(since 2015)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boxing_After_Dark" title="Boxing After Dark">Boxing After Dark</a></i> <small>(since 1996)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comeback_(TV_series)" title="The Comeback (TV series)">The Comeback</a></i> <small>(2005; since 2014)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crashing_(U.S._TV_series)" title="Crashing (U.S. TV series)">Crashing</a></i> <small>(since 2017)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm" title="Curb Your Enthusiasm">Curb Your Enthusiasm</a></i> <small>(since 2000)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deuce_(TV_series)" title="The Deuce (TV series)">The Deuce</a></i> <small>(since 2017)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Divorce_(TV_series)" title="Divorce (TV series)">Divorce</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> <small>(since 2011)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Knocks_(TV_series)" title="Hard Knocks (TV series)">Hard Knocks</a></i> <small>(since 2001)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HBO_World_Championship_Boxing" title="HBO World Championship Boxing">HBO World Championship Boxing</a></i> <small>(since 1973)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Maintenance" title="High Maintenance">High Maintenance</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Insecure_(TV_series)" title="Insecure (TV series)">Insecure</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i> <small>(since 2014)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Real_Sports_with_Bryant_Gumbel" title="Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel">Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel</a></i> <small>(since 1995)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher" title="Real Time with Bill Maher">Real Time with Bill Maher</a></i> <small>(since 2003)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Room_104" title="Room 104">Room 104</a></i> <small>(since 2017)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(TV_series)" title="Silicon Valley (TV series)">Silicon Valley</a></i> <small>(since 2014)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tracey_Ullman%27s_Show" title="Tracey Ullman's Show">Tracey Ullman's Show</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_Detective" title="True Detective">True Detective</a></i> <small>(since 2014)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Veep" title="Veep">Veep</a></i> <small>(since 2012)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(TV_series)" title="Vice (TV series)">Vice</a></i> <small>(since 2013)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vice_News_Tonight" title="Vice News Tonight">Vice News Tonight</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Principals" title="Vice Principals">Vice Principals</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Westworld_(TV_series)" title="Westworld (TV series)">Westworld</a></i> <small>(since 2016)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Pope" title="The Young Pope">The Young Pope</a></i> <small>(since 2017)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upcoming</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Lion_(miniseries)" title="American Lion (miniseries)">American Lion</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_(TV_series)" title="Barry (TV series)">Barry</a></i> <small>(2018)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_(TV_series)" title="Confederate (TV series)">Confederate</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Esme_and_Roy" title="Esme and Roy">Esme and Roy</a></i> <small>(2018)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_(TV_series)" title="Gentleman Jack (TV series)">Gentleman Jack</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Here,_Now" title="Here, Now">Here, Now</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Objects_(TV_series)" title="Sharp Objects (TV series)">Sharp Objects</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Succession_(TV_series)" title="Succession (TV series)">Succession</a></i> <small>(TBA)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<dl>
+<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">See also</span></dt>
+<dd><i><a href="/wiki/HBO_Storybook_Musicals" title="HBO Storybook Musicals">HBO Storybook Musicals</a></i></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_HBO_Latin_America_original_series" title="List of HBO Latin America original series">HBO Latin America original series</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/HBO_Canada#Programming" title="HBO Canada">HBO Canada original series</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Game_of_Thrones" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;">
+<div id="Awards_for_Game_of_Thrones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for <i>Game of Thrones</i></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critics.27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series" title="Template:Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series" title="Template talk:Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Critics.27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series" title="Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series">Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_4)" title="Mad Men (season 4)">season 4</a> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homeland_(season_1)" title="Homeland (season 1)">season 1</a> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_5)" title="Breaking Bad (season 5)">season 5, part I</a> / <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">season 3</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_5)" title="Breaking Bad (season 5)">season 5, part II</a> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(2013_TV_series)" title="The Americans (2013 TV series)">The Americans</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(season_3)" title="The Americans (season 3)">season 3</a> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robot" title="Mr. Robot">Mr. Robot</a></i>, season 1 (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">season 6</a> (2016)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EmmyAward_DramaSeries" title="Template:EmmyAward DramaSeries"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #EEDD82;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EmmyAward_DramaSeries" title="Template talk:EmmyAward DramaSeries"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #EEDD82;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:EmmyAward_DramaSeries&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #EEDD82;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series">Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse" title="Pulitzer Prize Playhouse">Pulitzer Prize Playhouse</a></i> (1951)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Studio_One" title="Westinghouse Studio One">Westinghouse Studio One</a></i> (1952)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Presents" title="Robert Montgomery Presents">Robert Montgomery Presents</a></i> (1953)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour" title="The United States Steel Hour">The United States Steel Hour</a></i> (1954)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour" title="The United States Steel Hour">The United States Steel Hour</a></i> (1955)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Producers%27_Showcase" title="Producers' Showcase">Producers' Showcase</a></i> (1956)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i> (1958)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcoa_Theatre" title="Alcoa Theatre">Alcoa-Goodyear Theatre</a></i> (1959)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_90" title="Playhouse 90">Playhouse 90</a></i> (1960)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hallmark Hall of Fame">Hallmark Hall of Fame</a></i> (1961)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defenders_(1961_TV_series)" title="The Defenders (1961 TV series)">The Defenders</a></i> (1962)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defenders_(1961_TV_series)" title="The Defenders (1961 TV series)">The Defenders</a></i> (1963)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defenders_(1961_TV_series)" title="The Defenders (1961 TV series)">The Defenders</a></i> (1964)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(TV_series)" title="The Fugitive (TV series)">The Fugitive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(season_3)" title="The Fugitive (season 3)">season 3</a> (1966)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible" title="Mission: Impossible">Mission: Impossible</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(season_1)" title="Mission: Impossible (season 1)">season 1</a> (1967)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible" title="Mission: Impossible">Mission: Impossible</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(season_2)" title="Mission: Impossible (season 2)">season 2</a> (1968)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/NET_Playhouse" title="NET Playhouse">NET Playhouse</a></i> (1969)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Welby,_M.D." title="Marcus Welby, M.D.">Marcus Welby, M.D.</a></i> (1970)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Ones:_The_Senator" title="The Bold Ones: The Senator">The Bold Ones: The Senator</a></i> (1971)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R" title="Elizabeth R">Elizabeth R</a></i> (1972)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waltons" title="The Waltons">The Waltons</a></i> (1973)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(1971_TV_series)" title="Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)">Upstairs, Downstairs</a></i> (1974)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(1971_TV_series)" title="Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)">Upstairs, Downstairs</a></i> (1975)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Police_Story_(1973_TV_series)" title="Police Story (1973 TV series)">Police Story</a></i> (1976)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(1971_TV_series)" title="Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)">Upstairs, Downstairs</a></i> (1977)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rockford_Files" title="The Rockford Files">The Rockford Files</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rockford_Files_(season_4)" title="The Rockford Files (season 4)">season 4</a> (1978)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lou_Grant_(TV_series)" title="Lou Grant (TV series)">Lou Grant</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Grant_(season_2)" title="Lou Grant (season 2)">season 2</a> (1979)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lou_Grant_(TV_series)" title="Lou Grant (TV series)">Lou Grant</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Grant_(season_3)" title="Lou Grant (season 3)">season 3</a> (1980)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues" title="Hill Street Blues">Hill Street Blues</a></i> (1981)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues" title="Hill Street Blues">Hill Street Blues</a></i> (1982)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues" title="Hill Street Blues">Hill Street Blues</a></i> (1983)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues" title="Hill Street Blues">Hill Street Blues</a></i> (1984)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey" title="Cagney & Lacey">Cagney & Lacey</a></i> (1985)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey" title="Cagney & Lacey">Cagney & Lacey</a></i> (1986)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Law" title="L.A. Law">L.A. Law</a></i> (1987)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirtysomething" title="Thirtysomething">thirtysomething</a></i> (1988)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Law" title="L.A. Law">L.A. Law</a></i> (1989)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Law" title="L.A. Law">L.A. Law</a></i> (1990)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Law" title="L.A. Law">L.A. Law</a></i> (1991)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Exposure" title="Northern Exposure">Northern Exposure</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Exposure_(season_3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Exposure (season 3)">season 3</a> (1992)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Picket_Fences" title="Picket Fences">Picket Fences</a></i> (1993)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Picket_Fences" title="Picket Fences">Picket Fences</a></i> (1994)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue" title="NYPD Blue">NYPD Blue</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue_(season_2)" title="NYPD Blue (season 2)">season 2</a> (1995)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/ER_(TV_series)" title="ER (TV series)">ER</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/ER_(season_2)" title="ER (season 2)">season 2</a> (1996)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(season_7)" title="Law & Order (season 7)">season 7</a> (1997)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice" title="The Practice">The Practice</a></i> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice" title="The Practice">The Practice</a></i> (1999)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_1)" title="The West Wing (season 1)">season 1</a> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_2)" title="The West Wing (season 2)">season 2</a> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_3)" title="The West Wing (season 3)">season 3</a> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_4)" title="The West Wing (season 4)">season 4</a> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_5)" title="The Sopranos (season 5)">season 5</a> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(season_1)" title="Lost (season 1)">season 1</a> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)">24</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/24_(season_5)" title="24 (season 5)">season 5</a> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_6)" title="The Sopranos (season 6)">season 6, part II</a> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_1)" title="Mad Men (season 1)">season 1</a> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_2)" title="Mad Men (season 2)">season 2</a> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_3)" title="Mad Men (season 3)">season 3</a> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_4)" title="Mad Men (season 4)">season 4</a> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homeland_(season_1)" title="Homeland (season 1)">season 1</a> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_5)" title="Breaking Bad (season 5)">season 5, part I</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_5)" title="Breaking Bad (season 5)">season 5, part II</a> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_5)" title="Game of Thrones (season 5)">season 5</a> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)" title="Game of Thrones (season 6)">season 6</a> (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)" title="The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)#Episodes" title="The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)">season 1</a> (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation.2C_Long_Form" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DBD7D2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation,_Long_Form" title="Template:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #DBD7D2;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation,_Long_Form" title="Template talk:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #DBD7D2;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation,_Long_Form&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #DBD7D2;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation.2C_Long_Form" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation#Long_Form" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</a></i> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a></i> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a></i> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(film)" title="Serenity (film)">Serenity</a></i> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a></i> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(2007_film)" title="Stardust (2007 film)">Stardust</a></i> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a></i> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_(film)" title="Moon (film)">Moon</a></i> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a></i> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)" title="Game of Thrones (season 1)">season 1</a>) (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)" title="Guardians of the Galaxy (film)">Guardians of the Galaxy</a></i> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)" title="The Martian (film)">The Martian</a></i> (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrival_(film)" title="Arrival (film)">Arrival</a></i> (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation.2C_Short_Form" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DBD7D2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation,_Short_Form" title="Template:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #DBD7D2;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation,_Short_Form" title="Template talk:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #DBD7D2;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation,_Short_Form&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #DBD7D2;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation.2C_Short_Form" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation#Short_Form" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_Dead_People" title="Conversations with Dead People">Conversations with Dead People</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i>) (2003)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a>'s Acceptance Speech at the <a href="/wiki/2003_MTV_Movie_Awards" title="2003 MTV Movie Awards">2003 MTV Movie Awards</a> (2004)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/33_(Battlestar_Galactica)" title="33 (Battlestar Galactica)">33</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">Battlestar Galactica</a></i>) (2005)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Empty_Child" title="The Empty Child">The Empty Child</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_Dances" title="The Doctor Dances">The Doctor Dances</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>) (2006)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Fireplace" title="The Girl in the Fireplace">The Girl in the Fireplace</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>) (2007)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blink_(Doctor_Who)" title="Blink (Doctor Who)">Blink</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>) (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Horrible%27s_Sing-Along_Blog" title="Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog">Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog</a></i> (2009)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Waters_of_Mars" title="The Waters of Mars">The Waters of Mars</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>) (2010)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Pandorica_Opens" title="The Pandorica Opens">The Pandorica Opens</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(Doctor_Who)" title="The Big Bang (Doctor Who)">The Big Bang</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>) (2011)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor%27s_Wife_(Doctor_Who)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Doctor's Wife (Doctor Who)">The Doctor's Wife</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>) (2012)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(Game_of_Thrones)" title="Blackwater (Game of Thrones)">Blackwater</a>" (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>) (2013)</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rains_of_Castamere" title="The Rains of Castamere">The Rains of Castamere</a>" (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>) (2014)</li>
+<li>"By Means Which Have Never Yet Been Tried" (<i><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Black" title="Orphan Black">Orphan Black</a></i>) (2015)</li>
+<li>"AKA Smile" (<i><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Jones_(TV_series)" title="Jessica Jones (TV series)">Jessica Jones</a></i>) (2016)</li>
+<li>"Leviathan Wakes" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)" title="The Expanse (TV series)">The Expanse</a></i>) (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_Award_for_Best_Television_Series_.E2.80.93_Genre" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_Award_Best_Genre_Television_Series" title="Template:Satellite Award Best Genre Television Series"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_Award_Best_Genre_Television_Series" title="Template talk:Satellite Award Best Genre Television Series"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Satellite_Award_Best_Genre_Television_Series&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Satellite_Award_for_Best_Television_Series_.E2.80.93_Genre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Television_Series_%E2%80%93_Genre" title="Satellite Award for Best Television Series Genre">Satellite Award for Best Television Series Genre</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story" title="American Horror Story">American Horror Story</a></i> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a></i> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a></i> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlander_(TV_series)" title="Outlander (TV series)">Outlander</a></i> (2016)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saturn_Award_for_Best_Television_Presentation" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saturn_Award_for_Best_Television_Presentation" title="Template:Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saturn_Award_for_Best_Television_Presentation" title="Template talk:Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Saturn_Award_for_Best_Television_Presentation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Saturn_Award_for_Best_Television_Presentation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Television_Presentation" title="Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation">Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alien_Nation_(TV_series)" title="Alien Nation (TV series)">Alien Nation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alien_Nation:_Millennium" title="Alien Nation: Millennium">Millennium</a></i> (1994)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alien_Nation_(TV_series)" title="Alien Nation (TV series)">Alien Nation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alien_Nation:_Dark_Horizon" title="Alien Nation: Dark Horizon">Dark Horizon</a></i> (1995)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_(film)" title="Doctor Who (film)">Doctor Who</a></i> (1996)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shining_(miniseries)" title="The Shining (miniseries)">The Shining</a></i> (1997)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_the_Century" title="Storm of the Century">Storm of the Century</a></i> (1999)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fail_Safe_(2000_film)" title="Fail Safe (2000 film)">Fail Safe</a></i> (2000)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk:_The_Real_Story" title="Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story">Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story</a></i> (2001)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Taken_(miniseries)" title="Taken (miniseries)">Steven Spielberg Presents Taken</a></i> (2002)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(miniseries)" title="Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> (2003)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Farscape" title="Farscape">Farscape</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Farscape:_The_Peacekeeper_Wars" title="Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars">The Peacekeeper Wars</a></i> (2004)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Horror" title="Masters of Horror">Masters of Horror</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triangle_(miniseries)" title="The Triangle (miniseries)">The Triangle</a></i> (2005)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Librarian_(franchise)" title="The Librarian (franchise)">The Librarian</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Librarian:_Return_to_King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="The Librarian: Return to King Solomon's Mines">Return to King Solomon's Mines</a></i> (2006)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Blue_Harvest" title="Blue Harvest">Blue Harvest</a>") (2007)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Librarian_(franchise)" title="The Librarian (franchise)">The Librarian</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Librarian:_Curse_of_the_Judas_Chalice" title="The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice">Curse of the Judas Chalice</a></i> (2008)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Torchwood" title="Torchwood">Torchwood</a>: <a href="/wiki/Torchwood:_Children_of_Earth" title="Torchwood: Children of Earth">Children of Earth</a></i> (2009)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a></i> (2010)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a></i> (2011)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> (2012)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> (2013)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> (2014)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>: "<a href="/wiki/The_Husbands_of_River_Song" title="The Husbands of River Song">The Husbands of River Song</a>'" (2015)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/11.22.63" title="11.22.63">11.22.63</a></i> (2016)</span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year" title="Template:TCA Award for Program of the Year"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:TCA Award for Program of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year" title="TCA Award for Program of the Year">TCA Award for Program of the Year</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)">The Jewel in the Crown</a></i> (1985)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman_(1985_film)" title="Death of a Salesman (1985 film)">Death of a Salesman</a></i> / <i>The Vanishing Family: Crisis in Black America</i> (1986)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i> (1987)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dear_America:_Letters_Home_from_Vietnam" title="Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam">Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam</a></i> (1988)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove_(miniseries)" title="Lonesome Dove (miniseries)">Lonesome Dove</a></i> (1989)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i> (1990)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(TV_series)" title="The Civil War (TV series)">The Civil War</a></i> (1991)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Exposure" title="Northern Exposure">Northern Exposure</a></i> (1992)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbarians_at_the_Gate_(film)" title="Barbarians at the Gate (film)">Barbarians at the Gate</a></i> (1993)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Show with David Letterman">Late Show with David Letterman</a></i> (1994)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/ER_(TV_series)" title="ER (TV series)">ER</a></i> (1995)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street" title="Homicide: Life on the Street">Homicide: Life on the Street</a></i> (1996)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/EZ_Streets" title="EZ Streets">EZ Streets</a></i> (1997)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> (1999)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)">24</a></i> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_America_(miniseries)" title="Angels in America (miniseries)">Angels in America</a></i> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Housewives" title="Desperate Housewives">Desperate Housewives</a></i> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Greys Anatomy</a></i> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_(TV_series)" title="Heroes (TV series)">Heroes</a></i> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)" title="Glee (TV series)">Glee</a></i> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)" title="Friday Night Lights (TV series)">Friday Night Lights</a></i> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(2015_TV_series)" title="Empire (2015 TV series)">Empire</a></i> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_People_v._O._J._Simpson:_American_Crime_Story" title="The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story">The People v. O. J. Simpson</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Crime_Story" title="American Crime Story">American Crime Story</a></i> (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)" title="The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Program" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Program" title="Template:TCA Award for Outstanding New Program"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Program" title="Template talk:TCA Award for Outstanding New Program"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Program&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Program" title="TCA Award for Outstanding New Program">TCA Award for Outstanding New Program</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ally_McBeal" title="Ally McBeal">Ally McBeal</a></i> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> (1999)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilmore_Girls" title="Gilmore Girls">Gilmore Girls</a></i> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)">24</a></i> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boomtown_(2002_TV_series)" title="Boomtown (2002 TV series)">Boomtown</a></i> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development_(TV_series)" title="Arrested Development (TV series)">Arrested Development</a></i> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl" title="My Name Is Earl">My Name is Earl</a></i> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)" title="Friday Night Lights (TV series)">Friday Night Lights</a></i> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a></i> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)" title="Glee (TV series)">Glee</a></i> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(2013_TV_series)" title="The Americans (2013 TV series)">The Americans</a></i> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black" title="Orange Is the New Black">Orange Is the New Black</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Better_Call_Saul" title="Better Call Saul">Better Call Saul</a></i> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robot" title="Mr. Robot">Mr. Robot</a></i> (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Us_(TV_series)" title="This Is Us (TV series)">This Is Us</a></i> (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Drama" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Drama" title="Template:TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Drama" title="Template talk:TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Drama&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Drama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Drama" title="TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama">TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)">The Jewel in the Crown</a></i> (1985)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman_(1985_film)" title="Death of a Salesman (1985 film)">Death of a Salesman</a></i> (1986)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Law" title="L.A. Law">L.A. Law</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_L.A._Law_episodes#Season_1:_1986.E2.80.9387" title="List of L.A. Law episodes">season 1</a> (1987)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Elsewhere" title="St. Elsewhere">St. Elsewhere</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_St._Elsewhere_episodes#Season_6_.281987.E2.80.9388.29" title="List of St. Elsewhere episodes">season 6</a> (1988)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove_(miniseries)" title="Lonesome Dove (miniseries)">Lonesome Dove</a></i> (1989)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Twin_Peaks_episodes#Season_1_.281990.29" title="List of Twin Peaks episodes">season 1</a> (1990)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirtysomething" title="Thirtysomething">thirtysomething</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thirtysomething_episodes#Season_4_.281990.E2.80.9391.29" title="List of Thirtysomething episodes">season 4</a> (1991)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)" title="I'll Fly Away (TV series)">Ill Fly Away</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)#Season_One_.281991.E2.80.931992.29" title="I'll Fly Away (TV series)">season 1</a> (1992)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)" title="I'll Fly Away (TV series)">Ill Fly Away</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)#Season_Two_.281992.E2.80.931993.29" title="I'll Fly Away (TV series)">season 2</a> (1993)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue" title="NYPD Blue">NYPD Blue</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue_(season_1)" title="NYPD Blue (season 1)">season 1</a> (1994)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/My_So-Called_Life" title="My So-Called Life">My So-Called Life</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/My_So-Called_Life#Episodes" title="My So-Called Life">season 1</a> (1995)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street" title="Homicide: Life on the Street">Homicide: Life on the Street</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street_(season_4)" title="Homicide: Life on the Street (season 4)">season 4</a> (1996)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street" title="Homicide: Life on the Street">Homicide: Life on the Street</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street_(season_5)" title="Homicide: Life on the Street (season 5)">season 5</a> (1997)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street" title="Homicide: Life on the Street">Homicide: Life on the Street</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street_(season_6)" title="Homicide: Life on the Street (season 6)">season 6</a> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_1)" title="The Sopranos (season 1)">season 1</a> (1999)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_1)" title="The West Wing (season 1)">season 1</a> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_3)" title="The Sopranos (season 3)">season 3</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_2)" title="The West Wing (season 2)">season 2</a> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)" title="Six Feet Under (TV series)">Six Feet Under</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Six_Feet_Under_episodes#Season_1_.282001.29" title="List of Six Feet Under episodes">season 1</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_Six_Feet_Under_episodes#Season_2_.282002.29" title="List of Six Feet Under episodes">season 2</a> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boomtown_(2002_TV_series)" title="Boomtown (2002 TV series)">Boomtown</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Boomtown_(2002_TV_series)#Season_1_.282002.E2.80.9303.29" title="Boomtown (2002 TV series)">season 1</a> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_5)" title="The Sopranos (season 5)">season 5</a> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(season_1)" title="Lost (season 1)">season 1</a> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(season_2)" title="Lost (season 2)">season 2</a> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_6)" title="The Sopranos (season 6)">season 6, part II</a> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_1)" title="Mad Men (season 1)">season 1</a> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_2)" title="Mad Men (season 2)">season 2</a> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_3)" title="Breaking Bad (season 3)">season 3</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(season_6)" title="Lost (season 6)">season 6</a> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_4)" title="Mad Men (season 4)">season 4</a> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_4)" title="Breaking Bad (season 4)">season 4</a> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game of Thrones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_3)" title="Game of Thrones (season 3)">season 3</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Wife" title="The Good Wife">The Good Wife</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Wife_(season_5)" title="The Good Wife (season 5)">season 5</a> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(2013_TV_series)" title="The Americans (2013 TV series)">The Americans</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(season_3)" title="The Americans (season 3)">season 3</a> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(2013_TV_series)" title="The Americans (2013 TV series)">The Americans</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Americans_(season_4)" title="The Americans (season 4)">season 4</a> (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)" title="The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>, season 1 (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Producers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Episodic_Drama" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Producers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Episodic_Drama" title="Template:Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #ABCDEF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Producers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Episodic_Drama" title="Template talk:Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #ABCDEF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Producers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Episodic_Drama&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #ABCDEF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Producers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Episodic_Drama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Episodic_Drama" title="Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama">Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)" title="I'll Fly Away (TV series)">Ill Fly Away</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)#Season_One_.281991.E2.80.931992.29" title="I'll Fly Away (TV series)">season 1</a> (1992)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue" title="NYPD Blue">NYPD Blue</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue_(season_1)" title="NYPD Blue (season 1)">season 1</a> (1993)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/ER_(TV_series)" title="ER (TV series)">ER</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/ER_(season_1)" title="ER (season 1)">season 1</a> (1994)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Frasier_(season_2)" title="Frasier (season 2)">season 2</a> (1995)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(season_6)" title="Law & Order (season 6)">season 6</a> (1996)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice" title="The Practice">The Practice</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Practice_episodes#Season_2:_1997.E2.80.931998" title="List of The Practice episodes">season 2</a> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_1)" title="The Sopranos (season 1)">season 1</a> (1999)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_1)" title="The West Wing (season 1)">season 1</a> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing_(season_2)" title="The West Wing (season 2)">season 2</a> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)">24</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/24_(season_1)" title="24 (season 1)">season 1</a> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)" title="Six Feet Under (TV series)">Six Feet Under</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Six_Feet_Under_episodes#Season_2_.282002.29" title="List of Six Feet Under episodes">season 2</a> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_5)" title="The Sopranos (season 5)">season 5</a> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(season_1)" title="Lost (season 1)">season 1</a> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Greys Anatomy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_2)" title="Grey's Anatomy (season 2)">season 2</a> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_6)" title="The Sopranos (season 6)">season 6, part II</a> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_1)" title="Mad Men (season 1)">season 1</a> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_2)" title="Mad Men (season 2)">season 2</a> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_3)" title="Mad Men (season 3)">season 3</a> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire" title="Boardwalk Empire">Boardwalk Empire</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire_(season_1)" title="Boardwalk Empire (season 1)">season 1</a> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homeland_(season_1)" title="Homeland (season 1)">season 1</a> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_5)" title="Breaking Bad (season 5)">season 5, part I</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(season_5)" title="Breaking Bad (season 5)">season 5, part II</a> (2014)</li>
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+ <ul>
+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ak"><a href="https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Akan" lang="ak" hreflang="ak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Akan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragons</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuegu_de_tronos" title="Xuegu de tronos Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avae'</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxtlar%C4%B1n_oyunu_(teleserial,_2011)" title="Taxtlarn oyunu (teleserial, 2011) Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title=" South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8" title=" Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title=" Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB)" title=" () Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E" title=" Belarusian (Tarakievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target"> ()</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title=" Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra_prijestolja" title="Igra prijestolja Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(stirad_skinwel)" title="Game of Thrones (stirad skinwel) Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hra_o_tr%C5%AFny_(seri%C3%A1l)" title="Hra o trny (seril) Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Chavacano" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troonide_m%C3%A4ng_(TV-sari)" title="Troonide mng (TV-sari) Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juego_de_tronos_(serie_de_televisi%C3%B3n)" title="Juego de tronos (serie de televisin) Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%91%E0%AA%AB_%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title=" Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EC%A2%8C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84_(%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88)" title=" () Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2_(%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC)" title=" () Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra_prijestolja_(televizijska_serija)" title="Igra prijestolja (televizijska serija) Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_ludo_di_troni_(televizionala_serio)" title="La ludo di troni (televizionala serio) Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%82" title=" Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(sj%C3%B3nvarps%C3%BE%C3%A6ttir)" title="Game of Thrones (sjnvarpsttir) Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Trono_di_Spade_(serie_televisiva)" title="Il Trono di Spade (serie televisiva) Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A1_(%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title=" ( ) Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title=" () Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(r%C3%AAzefilm)" title="Game of Thrones (rzefilm) Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%C5%86u_sp%C4%93le_(seri%C4%81ls)" title="Trou sple (serils) Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sost%C5%B3_%C5%BEaidimas" title="Sost aidimas Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B3nok_harca_(telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3s_sorozat)" title="Trnok harca (televzis sorozat) Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%A2%D0%92_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title=" ( ) Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title=" () Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title=" Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title=" Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title=" Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title=" Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra_o_tron_(serial_telewizyjny)" title="Gra o tron (serial telewizyjny) Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urzeala_tronurilor_(serial_TV)" title="Urzeala tronurilor (serial TV) Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title=" Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra_prestolov_(TV-serija)" title="Igra prestolov (TV-serija) Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%95_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C)" title=" ( ) Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%A2%D0%92_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title=" ( ) Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title=" ( ) Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title=" Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C)" title=" () Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%B7%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title=" Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB%C3%ABr_%C3%AB_Th%C3%B6ny%C3%ABb%C3%A4%C3%A4ny" title="Tr Thnybny Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuj</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title=" () Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(serie_TV)" title="Game of Thrones (serie TV) Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F" title=" Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title=" Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg" class="interlanguage-link-target">emaitka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F_(%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%89%A7)" title=" () Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title=" Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Hal Abelson</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Hal Abelson</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:HalAbelsonJI1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="HalAbelsonJI1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HalAbelsonJI1.jpg/200px-HalAbelsonJI1.jpg" width="200" height="154" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HalAbelsonJI1.jpg/300px-HalAbelsonJI1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HalAbelsonJI1.jpg/400px-HalAbelsonJI1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2310" /></a>
+<div>Abelson in 2007</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1947-04-26</span>)</span> April 26, 1947 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 70)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Alma mater</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Known for</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Awards</th>
+<td>Bose Award (MIT School of Engineering, 1992)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Taylor_L._Booth_Education_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor L. Booth Education Award">Taylor L. Booth Education Award</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE-CS</a>, 1995)<br />
+SIGCSE 2012 Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education (<a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>, 2012)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b>Scientific career</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Fields</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, ethics, law, methodology, <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_computing" title="Amorphous computing">amorphous computing</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Institutions</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th>
+<td><i>Topologically Distinct Conjugate-Varieties with Finite Fundamental-Group</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1973)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Doctoral students</th>
+<td>Elizabeth Bradley, Daniel Coore, Michael Eisenberg, Margaret Fleck, Radhika Nagpal, <a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a>, Luis Rodriguez, Jr., Guillermo Rozas, <a href="/wiki/Latanya_Sweeney" title="Latanya Sweeney">Latanya Sweeney</a>, Kurt VanLehn, Ron Weiss, Kenneth Yip, Feng Zhao, Fuming Shih</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Harold</b> "<b>Hal</b>" <b>Abelson</b> (born April 26, 1947) is a Professor of <a href="/wiki/MIT_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Department" title="MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department">Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>, and a founding director of both <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>.</p>
+<p>He directed the first implementation of Logo for the Apple II, which made the language widely available on personal computers beginning in 1981; and published a widely selling book on Logo in 1982. Together with <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a>, Abelson developed MIT's introductory computer science subject, <i>The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</i> (aka 6.001), a subject organized around the notion that a computer language is primarily a formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology, rather than just a way to get a computer to perform operations. Abelson and Sussman also cooperate in codirecting the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation. The MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW) project was spearheaded by Hal Abelson and other MIT faculty.</p>
+<p>Abelson led an internal investigation of the school's choices and role in the prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> by the FBI, which concluded that MIT did nothing legally wrong, but recommended that MIT consider changing some of its internal policies.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Work"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Work</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Computer_science_education"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Computer science education</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Computational_tools"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Computational tools</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Free_software_movement"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Free software movement</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Aaron_Swartz_investigation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aaron Swartz investigation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_affiliations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other affiliations</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Awards_and_honors"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Awards and honors</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Writings"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Writings</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Abelson holds an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and obtained a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degree in mathematics from MIT under the tutelage of mathematician <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-self_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-self-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Work">Work</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_science_education">Computer science education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computer science education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Abelson has a longstanding interest in using computation as a conceptual framework in teaching. He directed the first implementation of <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple II family">Apple II</a>, which made the language widely available on personal computers beginning in 1981; and published a widely selling book on Logo in 1982. His book <i><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Geometry" title="Turtle Geometry">Turtle Geometry</a>,</i> written with <a href="/wiki/Andrea_diSessa" title="Andrea diSessa">Andrea diSessa</a> in 1981, presented a computational approach to geometry which has been cited as "the first step in a revolutionary change in the entire teaching/learning process." In March 2015, a copy of Abelson's 1969 implementation of <a href="/wiki/Turtle_graphics" title="Turtle graphics">Turtle graphics</a> was sold at <a href="/wiki/The_Algorithm_Auction" title="The Algorithm Auction">The Algorithm Auction</a>, the worlds first auction of <a href="/wiki/Computer_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer algorithms">computer algorithms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a>, Abelson developed MIT's introductory computer science subject, <i><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a>,</i> a subject organized around the notion that a computer language is primarily a formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology, rather than just a way to get a computer to perform operations. This work, through the <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">textbook</a> of the same name, videotapes of their lectures, and the availability on personal computers of the <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> (used in teaching the course), has had a worldwide impact on university computer-science education.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AwardACM2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AwardACM2011-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<p>He is a visiting faculty member at Google, where he is part of the "<a href="/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Google App Inventor">App Inventor</a> for Android" team, an educational program aiming to make it easy for people without programming background to write mobile phone applications and "explore whether this could change the nature of introductory computing".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> He is the co-author of the book <i>App Inventor</i> with David Wolber, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Spertus" title="Ellen Spertus">Ellen Spertus</a>, and Liz Looney, published by O'Reilly Media in 2011.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Computational_tools">Computational tools</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Computational tools">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Abelson and Sussman also cooperate in codirecting the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation, a project of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (previously a joint project of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">AI Lab</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Laboratory for Computer Science">LCS</a>, CSAIL's components). The goal of the project is to create better computational tools for scientists and engineers. But even with powerful numerical computers, exploring complex physical systems still requires substantial human effort and human judgement to prepare simulations and to interpret numerical results.</p>
+<p>Together with their students, Abelson and Sussman are combining techniques from <a href="/wiki/Numerical_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical computation">numerical computation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic algebra">symbolic algebra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)" title="Heuristic (computer science)">heuristic programming</a> to develop programs that not only perform massive numerical computations, but that also interpret these computations and "discuss" the results in qualitative terms. Programs such as these could form the basis for intelligent scientific instruments that monitor physical systems based upon high-level behavioral descriptions. More generally, they could lead to a new generation of computational tools that can autonomously explore complex physical systems, and which will play an important part in the future practice of science and engineering. At the same time, these programs incorporate computational formulations of scientific knowledge that can form the foundations of better ways to teach science and engineering.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Free_software_movement">Free software movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Free software movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Abelson and Sussman have also been a part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Software Movement">Free Software Movement</a>, including serving on the Board of Directors of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fsfboard_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsfboard-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Abelson is known to have been involved in the publishing of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huang_(hacker)" title="Andrew Huang (hacker)">Andrew Huang</a>'s <i>Hacking the Xbox</i> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Winstein" title="Keith Winstein">Keith Winstein</a>'s seven-line <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> <a href="/wiki/DeCSS" title="DeCSS">DeCSS</a> script (known as <a href="/wiki/Qrpff" title="Qrpff">qrpff</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Library_Access_to_Music_Project" title="Library Access to Music Project">LAMP</a>, MIT's campus-wide music distribution system. The <a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a> (OCW) project was spearheaded by Hal Abelson and other MIT faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-AwardACM2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AwardACM2011-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aaron_Swartz_investigation">Aaron Swartz investigation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aaron Swartz investigation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></div>
+<p>In January 2013, <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> committed suicide. He had previously been arrested near MIT and was facing up to 35 years imprisonment for the alleged crime of downloading <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> articles through MIT's "open access" campus network.<sup id="cite_ref-SwartzAaronPR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwartzAaronPR-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In response, MIT appointed professor Hal Abelson to lead an internal investigation of the school's choices and role in the prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> by the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The report was delivered on July 26, 2013. It concluded that MIT did nothing legally wrong, but recommended that MIT consider changing some of its internal policies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_affiliations">Other affiliations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other affiliations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Abelson is also a founding director of <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a>, and a director of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-self_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-self-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Designated as one of MIT's six inaugural MacVicar Faculty Fellows, in 1992, in recognition of his significant and sustained contributions to teaching and undergraduate education<sup id="cite_ref-fsfboard_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsfboard-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
+<li>1992 Bose Award (MIT's School of Engineering teaching award)<sup id="cite_ref-fsfboard_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsfboard-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
+<li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Taylor_L._Booth_Education_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor L. Booth Education Award">Taylor L. Booth Education Award</a> given by <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>, cited for his continued contributions to the pedagogy and teaching of introductory computer science<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
+<li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award for "his contribution to computing education, through his innovative advances in curricula designed for students pursuing different kinds of computing expertise, and for his leadership in the movement for open educational resources"<sup id="cite_ref-AwardACM2011_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AwardACM2011-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
+<li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="/wiki/SIGCSE" title="SIGCSE">SIGCSE</a> Award for Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writings">Writings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>With <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a> and Julie Sussman. <i><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a></i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, Second Edition 1996. (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-51087-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-51087-1">0-262-51087-1</a>)</li>
+<li>With <a href="/wiki/Andrea_diSessa" title="Andrea diSessa">Andrea diSessa</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Geometry" title="Turtle Geometry">Turtle Geometry: The Computer As a Medium for Exploring Mathematics</a></i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1981. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01063-4">978-0-262-01063-4</a></li>
+<li>With <a href="/wiki/Harry_R._Lewis" title="Harry R. Lewis">Harry R. Lewis</a>. <i>Blown to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness After the Digital Explosion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2008. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-713559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-713559-2">978-0-13-713559-2</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> Identities <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n+80132755.html">linked authority file (LAF)</a> .</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/about/history">"Creative Commons: History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.btitle=Creative+Commons%3A+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-self-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-self_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-self_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As stated in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/hal/bio.html">his own biography</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/artwork/hal-abelson-turtle-geometry">"Hal Abelson Turtle Geometry"</a>. <i>Artsy</i>. Artsy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.atitle=Hal+Abelson+%E2%80%93+Turtle+Geometry&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.net%2Fartwork%2Fhal-abelson-turtle-geometry&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brian Harvey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~bh/sicp.html">"Why Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs matters"</a>. <i>Cs.berkeley.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.atitle=Why+Structure+and+Interpretation+of+Computer+Programs+matters&rft.au=Brian+Harvey&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cs.berkeley.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.berkeley.edu%2F~bh%2Fsicp.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AwardACM2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AwardACM2011_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AwardACM2011_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AwardACM2011_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/abelson_4239273.cfm">"Hal Abelson - Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award - United States 2011"</a>. Association for Computing Machinery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.btitle=Hal+Abelson+-+Karl+V.+Karlstrom+Outstanding+Educator+Award+-+United+States+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fabelson_4239273.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Abelson, Hal (July 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2009/07/app-inventor-for-android.html">"App Inventor for Android"</a>. <i>Official Google Research Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.atitle=App+Inventor+for+Android&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Google+Research+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleresearch.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fapp-inventor-for-android.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-fsfboard-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fsfboard_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsfboard_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsfboard_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/about/board">The current board of directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aufderheide, Patricia; Jaszi, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWroer9-si8C&pg=PA53"><i>Reclaiming Fair Use: How to Put Balance Back in Copyright</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226032443" title="Special:BookSources/9780226032443">9780226032443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.au=Jaszi%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.aulast=Aufderheide&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Fair+Use%3A+How+to+Put+Balance+Back+in+Copyright&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226032443&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWroer9-si8C%26pg%3DPA53&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-SwartzAaronPR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SwartzAaronPR_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">US Attorney's Office District of Massachusetts (July 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526080523/http://www.justice.gov/usao/ma/news/2011/July/SwartzAaronPR.html">"Alleged Hacker Charged With Stealing Over Four Million Documents from MIT Network"</a>. Press release. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov/usao/ma/news/2011/July/SwartzAaronPR.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.au=US+Attorney%27s+Office+District+of+Massachusetts&rft.btitle=Alleged+Hacker+Charged+With+Stealing+Over+Four+Million+Documents+from+MIT+Network&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fusao%2Fma%2Fnews%2F2011%2FJuly%2FSwartzAaronPR.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Smith, Gerry (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/15/aaron-swartz-mit_n_2480627.html">"Aaron Swartz Case 'Snowballed Out of MIT's Hands,' Source Says"</a>. Huffington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+Case+%27Snowballed+Out+of+MIT%27s+Hands%2C%27+Source+Says&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F15%2Faaron-swartz-mit_n_2480627.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smith, Gerry (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/letter-on-death-of-aaron-swartz.html">"President Reif writes to MIT community regarding Aaron Swartz,' Source Says"</a>. MIT News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=President+Reif+writes+to+MIT+community+regarding+Aaron+Swartz%2C%27+Source+Says&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MIT+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2013%2Fletter-on-death-of-aaron-swartz.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Smith, Gerry (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/anonymous-hacks-mit-sites-to-post-aaron-swartz-tribute-call-to-arms/2013/01/14/ff6f706c-5e44-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html">"Anonymous hacks MIT sites to post Aaron Swartz tribute, call to arms' Source Says"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.atitle=Anonymous+hacks+MIT+sites+to+post+Aaron+Swartz+tribute%2C+call+to+arms%27+Source+Says&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Fanonymous-hacks-mit-sites-to-post-aaron-swartz-tribute-call-to-arms%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Fff6f706c-5e44-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hal Abelson (July 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swartz-report.mit.edu/docs/report-to-the-president.pdf">"Report to the President: MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.au=Hal+Abelson&rft.btitle=Report+to+the+President%3A+MIT+and+the+Prosecution+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswartz-report.mit.edu%2Fdocs%2Freport-to-the-president.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/taylorbooth">"Taylor L. Booth Education Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.btitle=Taylor+L.+Booth+Education+Award&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fawards%2Ftaylorbooth&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717072822/http://www.sigcse.org/programs/awards/outstanding">"SIGCSE Award for Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIGCSE" title="SIGCSE">SIGCSE</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sigcse.org/programs/awards/outstanding">the original</a> on July 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.btitle=SIGCSE+Award+for+Outstanding+Contribution+to+Computer+Science+Education&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=SIGCSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsigcse.org%2Fprograms%2Fawards%2Foutstanding&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Blown-Bits-Liberty-Happiness-Explosion/dp/0137135599/ref=la_B002BLWKYA_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1380454639&sr=1-1">"Blown to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness After the Digital Explosion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Abelson&rft.atitle=Blown+to+Bits%3A+Your+Life%2C+Liberty%2C+and+Happiness+After+the+Digital+Explosion&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBlown-Bits-Liberty-Happiness-Explosion%2Fdp%2F0137135599%2Fref%3Dla_B002BLWKYA_1_1%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1380454639%26sr%3D1-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hal_Abelson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hal_Abelson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></b></i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swiss.csail.mit.edu/~hal/hal.html">Abelson's Website at MIT</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/board">Creative Commons</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/030507.html">Hal Abelson Playlist</a> Appearance on WMBR's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/index.html">Dinnertime Sampler</a></i> radio show May 7, 2003</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqtlQWmRvvk"><span class="plainlinks">Abelson on Computer Science Education</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.google.com/university/relations/visiting-faculty/professor-hal-abelson.html">Q&A with Professor Hal Abelson of MIT</a> on Research at Google</li>
+</ul>
+<p><i>This entry was initially based on an autobiography by Hal Abelson, posted on his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/~hal/bio.html">website</a> and used by permission.</i></p>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/4961001">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4961001">4961001</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80132755">n80132755</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000115473562">0000 0001 1547 3562</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136291058">136291058</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Systme universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029454700">029454700</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12107860c">cb12107860c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12107860c">(data)</a></span></span></li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Hans-Hermann Hoppe by Gage Skidmore.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" width="220" height="317" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1751" /></a>
+<div>Hans-Hermann Hoppe in October 2017</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1949-09-02</span>)</span> September 2, 1949 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 68)</span><br />
+<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Peine" title="Peine">Peine</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Institution</th>
+<td>Business school of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Field</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">School or<br />
+tradition</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Alma mater</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Influences</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Contributions</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_ethics" title="Argumentation ethics">Argumentation ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_and_Freedom_Society" title="Property and Freedom Society">Property and Freedom Society</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Awards</th>
+<td>The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
+Franz Cuhel Memorial Prize (Prague Conference on Political Economy 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Bell1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell1-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Hans-Hermann Hoppe</b> (<small>German:</small> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[hp]</a></span>; born September 2, 1949) is a German-born American <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economist, and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosopher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a>, Senior Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, and the founder and president of the <a href="/wiki/Property_and_Freedom_Society" title="Property and Freedom Society">Property and Freedom Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNLV_cat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNLV_cat-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hoppe identifies as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">culturally conservative</a> libertarian. His remarks on the rights of property owners to establish private covenant communities, from which homosexuals and political dissidents may be "physically removed", has provoked controversy among both the libertarian community and Hoppe's colleagues at UNLV Business School.<sup id="cite_ref-pp._216.E2.80.93218_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp._216.E2.80.93218-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Hoppe also garners controversy due to his support for restrictive limits on immigration which critics argue is at odds with libertarianism and anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life_and_work"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and work</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Property_and_Freedom_Society"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Property and Freedom Society</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Argumentation_ethics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Argumentation ethics</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Views_on_democracy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Views on democracy</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Expulsion_of_homosexuals_and_dissidents"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Expulsion of homosexuals and dissidents</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Support_for_immigration_restrictions_and_critiques"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Support for immigration restrictions and critiques</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Iraq_War_and_foreign_policy_views"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Iraq War and foreign policy views</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Remarks_about_homosexuals_and_academic_freedom"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Remarks about homosexuals and academic freedom</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Selected_works"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Selected works</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_work">Life and work</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:127px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MurrayBW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MurrayBW.jpg/125px-MurrayBW.jpg" width="125" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MurrayBW.jpg/188px-MurrayBW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MurrayBW.jpg/250px-MurrayBW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="565" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MurrayBW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Hoppe called <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> his <a href="/wiki/Mentor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentor">mentor</a> and master.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Hoppe was born in <a href="/wiki/Peine" title="Peine">Peine</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, did undergraduate studies at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitt des Saarlandes">Universitt des Saarlandes</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and received his MA and PhD degrees from <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNLV_cat_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNLV_cat-8">[8]</a></sup> He was a post-doctoral fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, from 1976 to 1978 and earned his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in Foundations of Sociology and Economics from the University of Frankfurt in 1981. From 1986<sup id="cite_ref-rallo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rallo-14">[14]</a></sup> until his retirement in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-Bell1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell1-2">[2]</a></sup> Hoppe was a professor in the School of Business at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a>. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, the publisher of much of his work, and was editor of various Mises Institute periodicals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hoppe has stated that <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> was his "principal teacher, mentor and master".<sup id="cite_ref-Bell1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell1-2">[2]</a></sup> After reading Rothbard's books and being converted to a <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbardian</a> political position, Hoppe moved from Germany to New York City to be with Rothbard, and then followed Rothbard to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a>, "working and living side-by-side with him, in constant and immediate personal contact." According to Hoppe, from 1985 until Rothbard's 1995 death, Hoppe considered Rothbard his "dearest fatherly friend".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Property_and_Freedom_Society">Property and Freedom Society</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Property and Freedom Society">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Property_and_Freedom_Society" title="Property and Freedom Society">Property and Freedom Society</a></div>
+<p>In 2006, Hoppe founded The Property and Freedom Society ("PFS") as a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a>, which he has derided as "socialist".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> On the fifth anniversary of PFS, Hoppe reflected on its goals:<sup id="cite_ref-4H_PFS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4H_PFS-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>On the one hand, positively, it was to explain and elucidate the legal, economic, cognitive and cultural requirements and features of a free, state-less natural order.<br /></p>
+<p>On the other hand, negatively, it was to unmask the State and showcase it for what it really is: an institution run by gangs of murderers, plunderers and thieves, surrounded by willing executioners, propagandists, sycophants, crooks, liars, clowns, charlatans, dupes and useful idiots an institution that dirties and taints everything it touches.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>PFS has hosted conferences featuring <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a> speakers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimelow" title="Peter Brimelow">Peter Brimelow</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a>, where Hoppe himself is also a contributor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Argumentation_ethics">Argumentation ethics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Argumentation ethics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Argumentation_ethics" title="Argumentation ethics">Argumentation ethics</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg/170px-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg/255px-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg/340px-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
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+Hoppe in 2005</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In the September 1988 issue of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(libertarian_magazine)" title="Liberty (libertarian magazine)"><i>Liberty</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Hoppe attempted to establish an <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">value-neutral</a> justification for <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> ethics by devising a new theory which he named <i><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_ethics" title="Argumentation ethics">argumentation ethics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-libertymag_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libertymag-21">[21]</a></sup> Hoppe asserts that any argument which in any respect purports to contradict libertarian principles is logically incoherent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> In the following issue, <i>Liberty</i> published comments by ten of Hoppe's fellow libertarians, followed by a rejoinder from Hoppe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> In his comment, Hoppe's friend and Mises Institute supervisor Murray Rothbard wrote that Hoppe's theory was "a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular" and that Hoppe, "has managed to transcend the famous is/ought, fact/value dichotomy that has plagued philosophy since the days of the Scholastics, and that had brought modern libertarianism into a tiresome deadlock". However, the majority of Hoppe's colleagues surveyed by <i>Liberty</i> rejected his theory. In his response, Hoppe derided his critics as "<a href="/wiki/Utilitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarians">utilitarians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-libertymag_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libertymag-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Fellow Mises Institute Senior Fellow <a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a> states that Hoppe's <i>a priori</i> formulation of libertarianism denies the fundamental principle of Misesean <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a>. On the issue of utilitarianism, Long writes, "Hoppes argument, if it worked, would commit us to recognizing and respecting libertarian rights regardless of what our goals are but as a praxeologist, I have trouble seeing how any practical requirement can be justified apart from a means-end structure."<sup id="cite_ref-Long_Hoppriori_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_Hoppriori-24">[24]</a></sup> Another critic argues that Hoppe has not provided any non-circular reasons why we "have to regard moral values as something that <i>must</i> be regarded as being established through (consensual) argument instead of 'mere' subjective preferences for situations turning out in certain ways". In other words, the theory relies "on the existence [of] certain intuitions, the acceptance of which cannot itself be the result of 'value-free' reasoning."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_on_democracy">Views on democracy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Views on democracy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
+<tr>
+<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_School" title="Category:Austrian School">a series on</a> the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></th>
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+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;">Principal works</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Interest" title="Capital and Interest">Capital and Interest</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy,_and_State" title="Man, Economy, and State">Man, Economy, and State</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger)" title="Principles of Economics (Menger)">Principles of Economics</a></i></li>
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+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;">Theory</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School#Inflation" title="Austrian School">View of inflation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malinvestment" title="Malinvestment">Malinvestment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology#Austrian_School_approach" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roundaboutness" title="Roundaboutness">Roundaboutness</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Time_preference#1_Austrian_School_views" title="Time preference">Theory of interest</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent Institute">The Independent Institute</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<div class="hlist">
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" title="Eugen Bhm von Bawerk">Eugen Bhm von Bawerk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Peter Boettke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank Fetter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Roger Garrison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Robert Higgs</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Steven Horwitz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jess Huerta de Soto">Jess Huerta de Soto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Don_Lavoie" title="Don Lavoie">Don Lavoie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert Murphy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Peterson" title="William H. Peterson">William H. Peterson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salerno" title="Joseph Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ritter_von_Strigl" title="Richard Ritter von Strigl">Richard Ritter von Strigl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Oskar Morgenstern</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_School_economists" title="List of Austrian School economists">Austrian School economists</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;font-weight:bold;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="image"><img alt="Emblem-money.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></td>
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+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
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+<tr>
+<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td>
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+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Origins</div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Concepts</div>
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+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_ethics" title="Argumentation ethics">Argumentation ethics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Commune" title="Commune">Communes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>
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+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Schools</div>
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+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" title="Free-market anarchism">Free-market anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">Libertarian communism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minarchism" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchism">Panarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">People</div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="mile Armand">mile Armand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frdric Bastiat">Frdric Bastiat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Jason Brennan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Djacque">Joseph Djacque</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Gurdia">Francesc Ferrer i Gurdia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magn">Ricardo Flores Magn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Auberon Herbert</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="tienne de La Botie">tienne de La Botie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_R._Machan" title="Tibor R. Machan">Tibor R. Machan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Moen" title="Tim Moen">Tim Moen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pannella" title="Marco Pannella">Marco Pannella</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Francesc Pi i Margall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">J. Neil Schulman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voline" class="mw-redirect" title="Voline">Voline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" title="Thomas Woods">Thomas Woods</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Aspects</div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and<br />
+minarchism</a></div>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Organizations</div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Students_For_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Students For Liberty">Students For Liberty</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Related topics</div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> of economics</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Libertarianism" title="Political hip hop">Libertarian hip hop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Market_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market liberalism">Market liberalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" title="Small government">Small government</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="plainlist" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Libertarianism_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
+<tr>
+<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="image" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/125px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" width="125" height="125" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/188px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/250px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Capitalist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist communism">Communist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialist_anarchism" title="Existentialist anarchism">Existentialist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left_anarchism" title="Left anarchism">Leftist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Post-colonial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Veganarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veganarchism">Vegan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li>
+<li>Practice</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Commune_(socialism)" title="Commune (socialism)">Communes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus democracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Especifismo" title="Especifismo">Especifismo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(communism_and_anarchism)" title="Free association (communism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" title="Anarchistic free school">Free school</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isocracy" title="Isocracy">Isocracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_center" title="Social center">Social center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology" title="Social ecology">Social ecology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_insertion" title="Social insertion">Social insertion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary Autonomous Zone</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theorists" title="Category:Anarchist theorists">People</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="mile Armand">mile Armand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_M._Bonanno" title="Alfredo M. Bonanno">Alfredo M. Bonanno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sbastien Faure">Sbastien Faure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Francesc Ferrer i Gurdia">Francesc Ferrer i Gurdia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magn">Ricardo Flores Magn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santilln">Diego Abad de Santilln</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Colin Ward</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_anarchism" title="Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_anarchism" title="Criticisms of anarchism">Criticisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Islam" title="Anarchism and Islam">Islam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Marxism">Marxism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal Revolution">Cantonal Revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Anarchist Exclusion Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia)" title="Tragic Week (Catalonia)">Tragic Week</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" title="German Revolution of 191819">German Revolution of 191819</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Council_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Council Republic">Bavarian Council Republic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_uprisings_against_the_Bolsheviks" title="Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks">Third Russian Revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory" title="Free Territory">Free Territory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li>
+<li>
+<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_Europe" title="Individualist anarchism in Europe">Individualist anarchism in<br />
+Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_France" title="Individualist anarchism in France">in France</a>)</div>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films dealing with Anarchism">Films</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Bookfair" title="Anarchist Bookfair">Anarchist Bookfair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" title="DIY ethic">DIY culture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Anarchism" title="Political hip hop">Hip hop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Land_and_liberty_(slogan)" title="Land and liberty (slogan)">Land and liberty</a>"</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_Anarchist_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and Anarchist Skinheads">Red and Anarchist Skinheads</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" title="Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Co-operatives</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_secession" title="Economic secession">Economic secession</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">Mass strike</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Transnistria" title="Anarchism in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anarchism_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of anarchism topics">Lists</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_communities" title="List of anarchist communities">Communities</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love & sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_organizations" title="List of anarchist organizations">Organizations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_poets" title="List of anarchist poets">Poets</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_anarchists" title="List of Russian anarchists">Russian anarchists</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films dealing with Anarchism">Films</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<ul>
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+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></div>
+<p>In 2001, Hoppe published <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> which examines various social and economic phenomena which, Hoppe argues, are problems caused by democratic forms of government. He attributes democracy's alleged failures to pressure groups which seek to increase government expenditures and regulations. Hoppe proposes alternatives and remedies, including <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>, decentralization of government, and "complete freedom of contract, occupation, trade and migration".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Hoppe argues that monarchy would preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2013, Hoppe reflected on the relationship between democracy and the arts and concluded that "democracy leads to the subversion and ultimately disappearance of the notion of beauty and universal standards of beauty. Beauty is swamped and submerged by so-called 'modern art'."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>, a colleague of Hoppe's at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, asserts that Hoppe's arguments shed light "on historical occurrences, from wars to poverty to inflation to interest rates to crime". Block notes that while Hoppe concedes that 21st-century democracies are more prosperous than the monarchies of old, Hoppe argues that if nobles and kings replaced today's political leaders, their ability to take a long term view of a country's well-being would improve matters. Block also shared what he called minor criticisms of Hoppes theses regarding <a href="/wiki/Time_preference" title="Time preference">time preferences</a>, immigration and the gap between libertarianism and conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<p>According to Hoppe, four years before the publication of <i>Democracy</i>, Alberto Benegas Lynch, Jr. criticized Hoppe's thesis that monarchy is preferable to democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Reply2ABL_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reply2ABL-30">[30]</a></sup> A Professor of Economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Benegas Lynch provided empirical evidence demonstrating that modern monarchies tend to be far poorer than modern democracies. In reply, Hoppe stated that as a Misesian economist, he believes that economic theories cannot be "established or refuted by historical data." Hoppe also cited the work of scientist <a href="/wiki/J._Phillipe_Rushton" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Phillipe Rushton">J. Phillipe Rushton</a> to argue that the data are misleading because many modern monarchies are composed of "<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a>" people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. According to Hoppe, "since Caucasians have, on the average, a significantly lower degree of time preference than Negroids, any comparison [between African monarchies and Western democracies] would amount to a systematic distortion of the evidence." Regardless, Hoppe argues that these data would otherwise systemically favor his case, "and if anything I have erred - though unavoidably so - on the side of democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-Reply2ABL_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reply2ABL-30">[30]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (February 2014)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Expulsion_of_homosexuals_and_dissidents">Expulsion of homosexuals and dissidents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expulsion of homosexuals and dissidents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In <i>Democracy</i> Hoppe describes a fully libertarian society<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of "<a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)#Exclusionary_covenants" title="Covenant (law)">covenant communities</a>" made up of residents who have signed an agreement defining the nature of that community. Hoppe writes "There would be little or no tolerance and openmindedness so dear to left-libertarians. Instead, one would be on the right path toward restoring the freedom of association and exclusion implied in the institution of private property". Hoppe writes that towns and villages could have warning signs saying "no beggars, bums, or homeless, but also no homosexuals, drug users, Jews, Moslems, Germans, or Zulus".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoppe211_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoppe211-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hoppe writes:</p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>In a covenant concluded among proprietor and community tenants for the purpose of protecting their private property, no such thing as a right to free (unlimited) speech exists, not even to unlimited speech on one's own tenant-property. One may say innumerable things and promote almost any idea under the sun, but naturally no one is permitted to advocate ideas contrary to the very purpose of the covenant of preserving and protecting private property, such as democracy and communism. There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a libertarian social order. They will have to be physically separated and expelled from society. Likewise, in a covenant founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin, there can be no tolerance toward those habitually promoting lifestyles incompatible with this goal. They the advocates of alternative, non-family and kin-centered lifestyles such as, for instance, individual hedonism, parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or communism will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a libertarian order.<sup id="cite_ref-pp._216.E2.80.93218_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp._216.E2.80.93218-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Commenting on this passage, Martin Snyder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a> said Hoppe's words will disturb "[t]hose with a better memory than Hoppe for segregation, apartheid, internment facilities and concentration camps, for yellow stars and pink triangles".<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-34">[34]</a></sup> Hoppe also provoked controversy by calling homosexuality a "perversity or abnormality", alongside vulgarity, drug use, deviant sexual behaviours and pedophilia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> wrote that Hoppe's comment calling for "homosexuals and others to be banned from polite society" was "exceedingly difficult to reconcile... with libertarianism" because "the libertarian philosophy would support the rights of both groups to act in such manners". He continues: "As for homosexuality, it is entirely possible that some areas of the country, parts of Gotham and San Francisco for example, will require this practice, and ban, entirely, heterosexuality. If this is done through contract, private property rights, restrictive covenants, it will be entirely compatible with the libertarian legal code."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Support_for_immigration_restrictions_and_critiques">Support for immigration restrictions and critiques</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Support for immigration restrictions and critiques">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>As a self-proclaimed anarchist who favors abolishing the nation-state, Hoppe believes that as long as states exist, they should impose some restrictions on immigration. Hoppe has equated free immigration to "forced integration" which violates the rights of native peoples, since if land were privately owned, immigration would not be unhindered but would only occur with the consent of private property owners.<sup id="cite_ref-migrations_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrations-37">[37]</a></sup> Hoppe's Mises Institute colleague <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> has characterized Hoppe as an "anti-open immigration activist" who argues that, though all public property is "stolen" by the state from taxpayers, "the state compounds the injustice when it allows immigrants to use [public] property, thus further invading the private property rights of the original owners".<sup id="cite_ref-mises2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mises2-38">[38]</a></sup> However, Block rejects Hoppe's views as incompatible with libertarianism. Employing a <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a> argument, he argues that Hoppe's logic implies that flagrantly unlibertarian laws such as regulations on prostitution and drug use "could be defended on the basis that many tax-paying property owners would not want such behavior on their own private property".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another libertarian author, Simon Guenzl, writing for <i>Libertarian Papers</i> argues that: "supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the states role in society."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In terms of specific immigration restrictions, Hoppe argued that an appropriate policy will require immigrants to the United States to display proficiency in English in addition to "superior (above-average) intellectual performance and character structure as well as a compatible system of values".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> These requirements will, he argued, result in a "systematic pro-European immigration bias". Jacob Hornberger of the <i>Future of Freedom Foundation</i> opined that the immigration test Hoppe advocated would probably be prejudiced against Latin American immigrants to the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> due to differences between European Americans and Latin Americans <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">differences in average IQ's</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Iraq_War_and_foreign_policy_views">Iraq War and foreign policy views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iraq War and foreign policy views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Hoppe spoke out against invading Iraq (which later happened in <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>) in a 2002 interview and criticized the <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> foreign policy, stating that "if you meddle in foreign affairs, you should not be surprised if besides some friends you will also make plenty of enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Remarks_about_homosexuals_and_academic_freedom">Remarks about homosexuals and academic freedom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Remarks about homosexuals and academic freedom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Following a March 4, 2004, lecture on <a href="/wiki/Time_preference" title="Time preference">time preference</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a> (UNLV), a student complained that Hoppe created a hostile classroom environment by stating that homosexuals tend to be more shortsighted than heterosexuals in their ability to save money and plan (economically) for the future, in part because they tend not to have children.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_a_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_a-42">[42]</a></sup> Hoppe also suggested that <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>'s homosexuality might explain his economic views, with which Hoppe disagreed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Hoppe also stated that very young and very old people, and couples without children, were less likely to plan for the future. Hoppe told a reporter that the comments lasted only 90 seconds of a 75-minute class, no students questioned the comments in that class, and that in 18 years of giving the same lecture all over the world, he had never previously received a complaint about it. At the request of university officials, Hoppe apologized to the class. He said, "Italians tend to eat more spaghetti than Germans, and Germans tend to eat more sauerkraut than Italians" and explained that he was speaking in generalities. Thereafter, Hoppe told the reporter, the student alleged that Hoppe did not take the complaint seriously and filed a formal complaint. Hoppe told the reporter that he felt as if it were he who was the victim in the incident and that the student should have been told to "grow up".<sup id="cite_ref-Lake_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
+<p>An investigation was conducted and the university's provost, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Alden_III" title="Raymond W. Alden III">Raymond W. Alden III</a>, issued Hoppe a non-disciplinary letter of instruction on February 9, 2005, with a finding that he had "created a hostile or intimidating educational environment in violation of the University's policies regarding discrimination as to sexual orientation". Alden also instructed Hoppe to "... cease mischaracterizing opinion as objective fact", asserted that Hoppe's opinion was not supported by peer-reviewed academic literature, and remarked that Hoppe had "refus[ed] to substantiate [his] in-class statements of fact..."<sup id="cite_ref-alden2005_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alden2005-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hoppe appealed the decision, saying the university had "blatantly violated its contractual obligations" toward him and described the action as "frivolous interference with my right to academic freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> He was represented by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. The ACLU threatened legal action.<sup id="cite_ref-LVSFeb8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVSFeb8-47">[47]</a></sup> ACLU attorney Allen Lichtenstein said "The charge against professor Hoppe is totally specious and without merit".<sup id="cite_ref-Lake_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-44">[44]</a></sup> The Nevada ACLU executive director said "We don't subscribe to Hans' theories and certainly understand why some students find them offensive... But academic freedom means nothing if it doesn't protect the right of professors to present scholarly ideas that are relevant to their curricula, even if they are controversial and rub people the wrong way".<sup id="cite_ref-Lake_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-44">[44]</a></sup> Alden's decision was picked up by <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> and several blogs and libertarians organized a campaign to contact the university.<sup id="cite_ref-LVSFeb8_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVSFeb8-47">[47]</a></sup> The university received two weeks of bad publicity and the Interim Chancellor (<a href="/wiki/Nevada_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Nevada System of Higher Education">Nevada System of Higher Education</a>) <a href="/wiki/James_E._Rogers" title="James E. Rogers">Jim Rogers</a> expressed concerns about "any attempts to thwart free speech".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jim Rogers intervened in the matter. He rejected Hoppe's request for a one-year paid sabbatical,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> and UNLV President <a href="/wiki/Carol_Harter" title="Carol Harter">Carol Harter</a> acted upon Hoppe's appeal on February 18, 2005. She decided that Hoppe's views, even if non-mainstream or controversial, should not be cause for reprimanding him. She dismissed the discrimination complaint against Hoppe and the non-disciplinary letter was withdrawn from Hoppe's personnel file.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-34">[34]</a></sup> She wrote:</p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>UNLV, in accordance with policy adopted by the Board of Regents, understands that the freedom afforded to Professor Hoppe and to all members of the academic community carries a significant corresponding academic responsibility. In the balance between freedoms and responsibilities, and where there may be ambiguity between the two, academic freedom must, in the end, be foremost.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Hoppe later wrote about the incident and the UNLV investigation in an article entitled "My Battle With the Thought Police".<sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtPolice_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtPolice-51">[51]</a></sup> Martin Snyder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a> wrote that he should not be "punished for freely expressing his opinions".<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Various controversies about <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>, including the Hoppe matter and remarks made by Harvard University President <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, prompted the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, to hold a conference on academic freedom in October 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> In 2009 UNLV proposed a new policy that included the encouragement of reporting by people who felt that they had encountered bias.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsu_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-53">[53]</a></sup> The proposed policy was criticized by the Nevada ACLU and some faculty members who remembered the Hoppe incident as adverse to academic freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsu_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_works">Selected works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><i>Handeln und Erkennen</i> (Bern, 1976) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3261019004" title="Special:BookSources/978-3261019004">978-3261019004</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2544452">2544452</a></li>
+<li><i>Kritik der kausalwissenschaftlichen Sozialforschung</i> (Westdeutscher Verlag, 1983) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3531116242" title="Special:BookSources/978-3531116242">978-3531116242</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10432202">10432202</a></li>
+<li><i>Eigentum, Anarchie und Staat</i> (Westdeutscher Verlag, 1987) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3531118116" title="Special:BookSources/978-3531118116">978-3531118116</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18226538">18226538</a></li>
+<li><i>A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism</i> (<a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_and_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science and Business Media">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>, 1989) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89838-279-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89838-279-3">0-89838-279-3</a>. <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101104003/http://www.hanshoppe.com/publications/Soc%26Cap.pdf">Full Text in PDF format</a>)</small></li>
+<li><i>Economic Science and the Austrian Method</i> (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1995) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/094546620X" title="Special:BookSources/094546620X">094546620X</a>. <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/pdf/esam.pdf">Full Text in PDF format</a>)</small></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a>: the economics and politics of monarchy, democracy and natural order</i> (Transaction Publishers, 2001) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765808684" title="Special:BookSources/0765808684">0765808684</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46384089">46384089</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economics_and_Ethics_of_Private_Property" title="The Economics and Ethics of Private Property">The Economics and Ethics of Private Property</a></i> (2nd edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0945466404" title="Special:BookSources/0945466404">0945466404</a></li>
+<li>Editor and contributor: <i>The Myth of National Defense. Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production</i> (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2003) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945466376" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945466376">978-0945466376</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53401048">53401048</a>. <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/etexts/defensemyth.pdf">Full Text in PDF format</a>)</small> Includes writings by L.M. Bassani, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">C. Lottieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">M.N. Rothbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">E. von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, B. Lemennicier, G. Radnitsky, Joseph R. Stromberg, L.J. Sechrest, J.R. Hummel, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">W. Block</a> and J.G. Hulsmann.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/hoppeintro.asp">Full text of Hoppe's 1998 introduction</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> by Murray Rothbard (also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/hoppeintro.pdf">PDF format</a>)</li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf">"On the Ultimate Justification of the Ethics of Private Property"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberty</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty&rft.atitle=On+the+Ultimate+Justification+of+the+Ethics+of+Private+Property&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=1988-09&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertyunbound.com%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Fprintarchive%2FLiberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae3_1_16.pdf">"In Defense of Extreme Rationalism: Thoughts on D. McCloskey's <i>The Rhetoric of Economics</i>"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Extreme+Rationalism%3A+Thoughts+on+D.+McCloskey%27s+The+Rhetoric+of+Economics&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fjournals%2Frae%2Fpdf%2Frae3_1_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann; M. Rothbard; D. Friedman; L. Yeager; D. Gordon; D. Rasmussen; et al. (November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf">"Symposium: Breakthrough or Buncombe?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberty</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 4454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty&rft.atitle=Symposium%3A+Breakthrough+or+Buncombe%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-54&rft.date=1988-11&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hermann&rft.au=M.+Rothbard&rft.au=D.+Friedman&rft.au=L.+Yeager&rft.au=D.+Gordon&rft.au=D.+Rasmussen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertyunbound.com%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Fprintarchive%2FLiberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (Spring 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com">"Small is Beautiful and Efficient: The Case for Secession"</a>. <i>Telos</i>. <b>107</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Small+is+Beautiful+and+Efficient%3A+The+Case+for+Secession&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=107&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telospress.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li>Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (April 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/1792">"My Battle with the Thought Police"</a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/page/1475/Mises-Institute-Awards#Schlarbaum">"The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize"</a>. <i>Mises Institute Awards</i>. Ludwig von Mises Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute+Awards&rft.atitle=The+Gary+G.+Schlarbaum+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fpage%2F1475%2FMises-Institute-Awards%23Schlarbaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bell1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wile, Anthony (March 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/1936/Anthony-Wile-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-the-Failure-of-Western-style-Democracy/">"Dr. Hans-Hermann Hoppe on the Impracticality of One-World Government and the Failure of Western-style Democracy"</a>. The Daily Bell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Hans-Hermann+Hoppe+on+the+Impracticality+of+One-World+Government+and+the+Failure+of+Western-style+Democracy&rft.pub=The+Daily+Bell&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.aulast=Wile&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybell.com%2Fexclusive-interviews%2F1936%2FAnthony-Wile-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-the-Failure-of-Western-style-Democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cevroinstitut.cz/en/Section/pcpe/history+of+pcpe/">History of PCPE</a>, <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEVRO_Institut" class="extiw" title="cs:CEVRO Institut">CEVRO Institute</a>, Prague</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martland, Keir (2015). <i>Liberty from a Beginner: Selected Essays</i>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+from+a+Beginner%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Martland&rft.aufirst=Keir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chakraverty, S. (2014). <i>Mathematics of Uncertainty Modeling in the Analysis of Engineering and Science Problems</i>. IGI Global. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466649910" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466649910">978-1466649910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+of+Uncertainty+Modeling+in+the+Analysis+of+Engineering+and+Science+Problems&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1466649910&rft.aulast=Chakraverty&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dieterle, David A. (2013). <i>Economic Thinkers: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313397462" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313397462">978-0313397462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Thinkers%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0313397462&rft.aulast=Dieterle&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/profile/hans-hermann-hoppe">"Hans-Hermann Hoppe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hans-Hermann+Hoppe&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fprofile%2Fhans-hermann-hoppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-UNLV_cat-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNLV_cat_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNLV_cat_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.unlv.edu/mime/media/3/1819/Business.pdf">"UNLV Catalog"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. p. 47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNLV+Catalog&rft.pages=47&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.unlv.edu%2Fmime%2Fmedia%2F3%2F1819%2FBusiness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pp._216.E2.80.93218-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp._216.E2.80.93218_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp._216.E2.80.93218_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qARC56X5vxcC&pg=PA216e">Hoppe, <i>Democracy: The God That Failed</i>, pp. 216218</a> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "pp._216.E2.80.93218" defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">kanopiadmin (11 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police">"My Battle With The Thought Police"</a>. <i>Mises.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises.org&rft.atitle=My+Battle+With+The+Thought+Police&rft.date=2005-04-11&rft.au=kanopiadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fmy-battle-thought-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Guenzl, Simon (June 23, 2016). "Public Property and the Libertarian Immigration Debate". <i>Libertarian Papers</i>. <b>8</b>. <q>I conclude that supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the states role in society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libertarian+Papers&rft.atitle=Public+Property+and+the+Libertarian+Immigration+Debate&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Guenzl&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ganz, John (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/">"Perspective - Libertarians have more in common with the alt-right than they want you to think"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span> via www.WashingtonPost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspective+-+Libertarians+have+more+in+common+with+the+alt-right+than+they+want+you+to+think&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Ganz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Flibertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegodthatfailed.org/2011/10/01/jeff-tucker-interviews-hans-hermann-hoppe/"><i>Jeff Tucker interviews Hans-Hermann Hoppe</i></a> (1 October 2011)</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-rallo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rallo_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AETnctIcpVI#t=302s">"Juan Ramn Rallo interviews Mises Institute scholar Hans-Hermann Hoppe at the Instituto Juan de Mariana's"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juan+Ram%C3%B3n+Rallo+interviews+Mises+Institute+scholar+Hans-Hermann+Hoppe+at+the+Instituto+Juan+de+Mariana%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAETnctIcpVI%23t%3D302s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Herman Hoppe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/economicsethics.pdf"><i>The Ethics and Economics of Private Property</i></a>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, p. xii, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945466406" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945466406">978-0945466406</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1995). L. Rockwell (Ed.), from <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/memoriam.pdf">Murray Rothbard, In Memoriam</a></i>. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 3337</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Belien, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/1104">"The Property and Freedom Society: Standing Athwart History, Yelling Stop"</a>. Brussels Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Property+and+Freedom+Society%3A+Standing+Athwart+History%2C+Yelling+Stop&rft.pub=Brussels+Journal&rft.aulast=Belien&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselsjournal.com%2Fnode%2F1104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4H_PFS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4H_PFS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hoppe, Hans Hermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/1970/01/hans-hermann-hoppe/my-life-on-the-right/">"The Property And Freedom Society Reflections After Five Years"</a>. lewrockwell.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Property+And+Freedom+Society+%E2%80%93+Reflections+After+Five+Years&rft.pub=lewrockwell.com&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans+Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2F1970%2F01%2Fhans-hermann-hoppe%2Fmy-life-on-the-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ganz, John (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/">"Perspective - Libertarians have more in common with the alt-right than they want you to think"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span> via www.WashingtonPost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspective+-+Libertarians+have+more+in+common+with+the+alt-right+than+they+want+you+to+think&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Ganz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Flibertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf">"The Ultimate Justification of the Private Property Ethic"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberty</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 2022. <q>The mere fact that an individual argues presupposes that he owns himself and has a right to his own life and property. This provides a basis for libertarian theory radically different from both natural rights theory and utilitarianism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty&rft.atitle=The+Ultimate+Justification+of+the+Private+Property+Ethic&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=1988-09&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertyunbound.com%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Fprintarchive%2FLiberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-libertymag-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libertymag_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libertymag_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/liberty_symposium.pdf">"<i>Symposium: Breakthrough or Buncombe?</i> with comments from Murray Rothbard, David D. Friedman, Leland B. Yeager, David Gordon and Douglas B. Rasmussen and from Hans-Hermann Hoppe"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberty</i>. November 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberty&rft.atitle=Symposium%3A+Breakthrough+or+Buncombe%3F+with+comments+from+Murray+Rothbard%2C+David+D.+Friedman%2C+Leland+B.+Yeager%2C+David+Gordon+and+Douglas+B.+Rasmussen+and+from+Hans-Hermann+Hoppe&rft.date=1988-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanshoppe.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Fliberty_symposium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_2/20_2_3.pdf">Hans-Hermann Hoppe's Argumentation Ethic: A Critique</a>, Robert Murphy and Gene Callahan. Relevant text on Page 3: "Therefore, [Hoppe] concludes that the libertarian view of property rights is the only one that can possibly be defended by rational argument."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Symposium (November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf">"Hans-Hermannn Hoppe's Argumentation Ethics: Breakthrough or Buncombe?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberty</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 4454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty&rft.atitle=Hans-Hermannn+Hoppe%27s+Argumentation+Ethics%3A+Breakthrough+or+Buncombe%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-54&rft.date=1988-11&rft.au=Symposium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertyunbound.com%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Fprintarchive%2FLiberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Long_Hoppriori-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long_Hoppriori_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Long, Roderick T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praxeology.net/unblog05-04.htm#10">"The Hoppriori Argument"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hoppriori+Argument&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpraxeology.net%2Funblog05-04.htm%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Mikael Olsson, <i>Austrian Economics as Political Philosophy</i>, Stockholm Studies in Politics 161, p. 157, 161.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.M. Pearce, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalobserver.net/2003_autumn_br5.htm">Book Review: Democracy: the God That Failed</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Observer_(Australia)" title="National Observer (Australia)">National Observer (Australia)</a>, No. 56, Autumn 2003.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">David Gordon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=199">Review of Hans-Hermann Hoppe, <i>Democracy: The God that Failed</i>,</a> "The Mises Review" of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2002; Volume 8, Number 1.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fonseca, Joel (August 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org.br/Article.aspx?id=1644">"The Brazilian Philosophy Magazine Dicta & Contradicta Interviews Hans-Hermann Hoppe"</a>. Mises Institute Brazil</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Block, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1946360">Review of <i>Democracy: The God that Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology" title="The American Journal of Economics and Sociology">The American Journal of Economics and Sociology</a>, Vol. 61, No. 3, July, 2002.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Reply2ABL-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reply2ABL_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reply2ABL_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf">"On Theory and History. Reply to Benegas-Lynch, Jr."</a>. Published in Gerard Radnitzky, ed., <i>Values and the Social Order</i>, Vol. 3 (Aldershot: Avebury, 1997).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/people/alberto-benegas-lynch">"Alberto Benegas Lynch."</a> Cato.org</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Hoppe211-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoppe211_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2001). <i>Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order</i>, Transaction Publishers, p. 211. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412815290" title="Special:BookSources/1412815290">1412815290</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Block, Walter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/29/rp_29_10.pdf">"Plumb-Line Libertarianism: A Critique of Hoppe"</a>. Reason Papers.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Snyder-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Snyder, Martin D. (March 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-829841891.html">"Birds of a Feather?"</a>. <i>Academe</i>. American Association of University Professors<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academe&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather%3F&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Martin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-829841891.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Hermann Hoppe, <i>Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qARC56X5vxcC&pg=PA206">p. 206</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Loyola University New Orleans</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/scholar/block15.pdf">"Libertarianism is unique; it belongs neither to the right nor the left: a critique of the views of Long, Holcombe, and Baden on the left, Hoppe, Feser and Paul on the right"</a>, undated, published at <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a> website, pp. 2223.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-migrations-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-migrations_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Hoppe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/hermann-hoppe1.html">On Free Immigration and Forced Integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a>, 1999.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-mises2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mises2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Gregory and Walter Block On <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/21_3/21_3_2.pdf">Immigration: Reply to Hoppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a>, Volume 21, No. 3, Fall 2007, pp. 2542.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Block and Gene Callahan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walterblock.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/block-callahan_right-immigrate-2003.pdf">Is There a Right to Immigration?: A Libertarian Perspective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Review" title="Human Rights Review">Human Rights Review</a>, OctoberDecember 2003.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Hornberger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/lets-stick-traditional-american-values/">Lets Stick with Traditional American Values!</a>, The Future of Freedom Foundation, February 1, 2000.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Grunert, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecoislibre.org/021207-8.htm">"HANS-HERMANN HOPPE ON WAR, TERRORISM, AND THE WORLD STATE"</a>. <i>www.QuebecoisLibre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.QuebecoisLibre.org&rft.atitle=HANS-HERMANN+HOPPE+ON+WAR%2C+TERRORISM%2C+AND+THE+WORLD+STATE&rft.aulast=Grunert&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebecoislibre.org%2F021207-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Snyder_a-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_a_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Snyder, Martin. "Birds of a Feather?". <i>Academe</i>. <b>91</b> (2). p. 127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-2946">0190-2946</a>. <q>So what ignited the controversy in Nevada? In March 2004, a student formally accused Hoppe of creating a hostile classroom environment during a lecture on time preference, a notion in economics identifying individuals' varying degrees of willingness to defer the immediate consumption of goods in favor of saving and investment. Hoppe opined that certain demographic groups, for instance homosexuals, tend to be more shortsighted in their economic outlook than those who have children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academe&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather%3F&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127&rft.issn=0190-2946&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Snyder, Martin. "Birds of a Feather?". <i>Academe</i>. <b>91</b> (2). p. 127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-2946">0190-2946</a>. <q>He also suggested that the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes might be explained by Keynes's reputed homosexuality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academe&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather%3F&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127&rft.issn=0190-2946&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Lake-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lake_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lake_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lake_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lake, <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209040615/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Feb-05-Sat-2005/news/25808494.html">"UNLV accused of limiting free speech"</a>. Archived from the original on February 9, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNLV+accused+of+limiting+free+speech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Flvrj_home%2F2005%2FFeb-05-Sat-2005%2Fnews%2F25808494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" title="Las Vegas Review-Journal">Las Vegas Review-Journal</a>, February 05, 2005.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-alden2005-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alden2005_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Alden_III" title="Raymond W. Alden III">Alden, III, Raymond W.</a> (February 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/pdf/hoppeletter.pdf">"Findings and non-disciplinary letter of instruction"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Findings+and+non-disciplinary+letter+of+instruction&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft.aulast=Alden%2C+III&rft.aufirst=Raymond+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fpdf%2Fhoppeletter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin Chomintra, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.mises.org/3137/the-thought-police-and-hoppe/">Professor, ACLU may sue UNLV</a></i>, <i>The Rebel Yell</i>, February 10, 2005; reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinsella" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Kinsella">Stephen Kinsella</a> at Mises.org, February 10, 2005.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LVSFeb8-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LVSFeb8_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVSFeb8_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/08/effort-to-punish-unlv-professor-gains-exposure/#axzz2UBIVranP">"Efforts to punish UNLV professor gains exposure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a></i>. February 8, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Efforts+to+punish+UNLV+professor+gains+exposure&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F08%2Feffort-to-punish-unlv-professor-gains-exposure%2F%23axzz2UBIVranP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/21/exoneration-sought-for-unlv-professor/#axzz2UBIVranP">"Exoneration sought for UNLV professor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a></i>. February 21, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Exoneration+sought+for+UNLV+professor&rft.date=2005-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fexoneration-sought-for-unlv-professor%2F%23axzz2UBIVranP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/23/rogers-nixes-hoppe-sabbatical/#axzz2UBIVranP">"Rogers nixes Hoppe sabbatical"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a></i>. February 23, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Rogers+nixes+Hoppe+sabbatical&rft.date=2005-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F23%2Frogers-nixes-hoppe-sabbatical%2F%23axzz2UBIVranP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Harter" title="Carol Harter">Carol Harter</a> (February 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/pdf/harterstatement.pdf">"Statement of Dr. Carol Harter, President of UNLV, regarding Professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Dr.+Carol+Harter%2C+President+of+UNLV%2C+regarding+Professor+Hans-Hermann+Hoppe&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft.au=Carol+Harter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fpdf%2Fharterstatement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ThoughtPolice-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtPolice_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Hermann Hoppe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/1792">"My Battle With the Thought Police"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a> web site, April 12, 2005.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The role of <a href="/wiki/Tenure_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure (academic)">academic tenure</a> was included during the conference. <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/oct/13/teachers-tenure-on-front-burner/#axzz2UBIVranP">"Teachers' tenure on front burner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a></i>. October 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Teachers%27+tenure+on+front+burner&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Foct%2F13%2Fteachers-tenure-on-front-burner%2F%23axzz2UBIVranP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Hsu-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The proposed policy defined bias incidents as 'verbal, written, or physical acts of intimidation, coercion, interference, frivolous claims, discrimination, and sexual or other harassment motivated, in whole or in part, by bias based on characteristics including actual or perceived race, religion, sex (including gender identity or gender expression or a pregnancy-related condition), physical appearance and political affiliation.' <cite class="citation news">Hsu, Charlotte (April 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/apr/25/aclu-airs-free-speech-concerns-bias-policy/#axzz2UBIVranP">"ACLU airs free speech concerns on bias policy: Faculty express concern; UNLV official says proposal would encourage expression"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=ACLU+airs+free+speech+concerns+on+bias+policy%3A+Faculty+express+concern%3B+UNLV+official+says+proposal+would+encourage+expression&rft.date=2009-04-25&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fapr%2F25%2Faclu-airs-free-speech-concerns-bias-policy%2F%23axzz2UBIVranP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Hermann+Hoppe" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.lasvegassun.com/media/pdfs/blogs/documents/2009/04/24/unlv_bias_policy.pdf">Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes (Final draft)</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a>, Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, Department of Police Services, Office of the Vice President for Diversity and Inclusion Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" class="extiw" title="q:Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></b></i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:
+<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" class="extiw" title="commons:Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></b></i> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Hans-Hermann Hoppe">category</a>)</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanshoppe.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/fellows.asp?control=7">Hans-Hermann Hoppe, The Mises Institute</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/document/4741/Property-Freedom-and-Society-Essays-in-Honor-of-HansHermann-Hoppe">Property, Freedom, and Society</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">Festschrift</a></i> (essays honoring Hoppe from the Mises Institute)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.propertyandfreedom.org/">The Property & Freedom Society</a></li>
+<li>Hoppe's archives at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe-arch.html">LewRockwell.com</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_School_economists" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_School_economists" title="Template:Austrian School economists"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_School_economists" title="Template talk:Austrian School economists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Austrian_School_economists&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Austrian_School_economists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economists</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frdric Bastiat">Frdric Bastiat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" title="Eugen Bhm von Bawerk">Eugen Bhm von Bawerk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other contributors</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Peter Boettke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank Fetter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Roger Garrison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Robert Higgs</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Steven Horwitz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jess Huerta de Soto">Jess Huerta de Soto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert Murphy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Reed" title="Lawrence Reed">Larry Reed</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salerno" title="Joseph Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Tintner" title="Gerhard Tintner">Gerhard Tintner</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_School_economists" title="List of Austrian School economists">List of Austrian School economists</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d4af37;;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#d4af37;;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#d4af37;;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Libertarianism&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#d4af37;;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism"><span style="color:black">Libertarianism</span></a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">Origins</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">Concepts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispute resolution organization">Dispute resolution organization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" title="Free-market anarchism">Free-market anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_society" title="Free society">Free society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Libertarian freedom of association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minarchism" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(action)" title="Voluntarism (action)">Voluntarism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">Schools</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding-heart_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleeding-heart libertarianism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" title="Free-market anarchism">Free-market anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">Libertarian communism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minarchism" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchism">Panarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frdric Bastiat">Frdric Bastiat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Jason Brennan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Frank Chodorov</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="tienne de La Botie">tienne de La Botie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Djacque">Joseph Djacque</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Auberon Herbert</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Penn Jillette</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Leyonhjelm" title="David Leyonhjelm">David Leyonhjelm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Lord Acton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_R._Machan" title="Tibor R. Machan">Tibor R. Machan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Raico" title="Ralph Raico">Ralph Raico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">Topics</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">Books</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d4af37;;;width:1%">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austro-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-libertarianism">Austro-libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Market_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market liberalism">Market liberalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" title="Small government">Small government</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d4af37;;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/85301120">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/85301120">85301120</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83197723">n83197723</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000109214257">0000 0001 0921 4257</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128734213">128734213</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Systme universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033983739">033983739</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12478506z">cb12478506z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12478506z">(data)</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2008462604&CON_LNG=ENG">vse2008462604</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Espaa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1312466">XX1312466</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Henry Holt and Company</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Holt_and_Company&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(August 2014)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="fn org">Henry Holt and Company</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_henry_holt.PNG" class="image" title="Henry Holt and Company"><img alt="Henry Holt and Company" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Logo_henry_holt.PNG/100px-Logo_henry_holt.PNG" width="100" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Logo_henry_holt.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="180" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" title="Parent company">Parent company</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Von_Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Georg Von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Founded</th>
+<td>1866</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Founder</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_(publisher)" title="Henry Holt (publisher)">Henry Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leypoldt" title="Frederick Leypoldt">Frederick Leypoldt</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Country of origin</th>
+<td>United States</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Headquarters location</th>
+<td class="label">New York City</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Publication types</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a> - Hardcover and Paperback</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Nonfiction topics</th>
+<td>Various</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprints</a></th>
+<td>Francis Coady, John Macrae, Metropolitan, <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Official website</th>
+<td class="url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henryholt.com/">www<wbr />.henryholt<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Henry Holt and Company</b> is an American book publishing company, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. One of the oldest publishers in the United States, it was founded in 1866 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_(publisher)" title="Henry Holt (publisher)">Henry Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leypoldt" title="Frederick Leypoldt">Frederick Leypoldt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Currently, the company publishes in the fields of American and international <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, as well as books for children's literature. In the US, it operates under <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers#Macmillan_in_the_United_States" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Holt_and_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Holt_and_Company_logo_1904_red.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Henry_Holt_and_Company_logo_1904_red.png/220px-Henry_Holt_and_Company_logo_1904_red.png" width="220" height="270" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Henry_Holt_and_Company_logo_1904_red.png 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="329" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Holt_and_Company_logo_1904_red.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Logo of Henry Holt and Company, as it appeared in the book <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/In_the_Dwellings_of_the_Wilderness" class="extiw" title="s:In the Dwellings of the Wilderness">In the Dwellings of the Wilderness</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Bryson_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Bryson Taylor (page does not exist)">Charlotte Bryson Taylor</a> (1904).</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The company publishes under several imprints including Metropolitan Books, <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>, Owl Books and <a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a>. It also publishes under the name of Holt Paperbacks.</p>
+<p>The company has published works by renowned authors <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Mller">Herta Mller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>.</p>
+<p>From 1951 to 1985, Holt published the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Field_%26_Stream" title="Field & Stream">Field & Stream</a></i>.</p>
+<p>Holt merged with <a href="/wiki/Rinehart_%26_Company" title="Rinehart & Company">Rinehart & Company</a> of New York and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Winston_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Winston Company (page does not exist)">John C. Winston Company</a> of Philadelphia in 1960 to become <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Rinehart_and_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Rinehart and Winston">Holt, Rinehart and Winston</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> reported on March 1 that Holt stockholders had approved the merger, last of the three approvals. "Henry Holt is the surviving concern, but will be known as Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> purchased the company in 1967. But in 1985 the group split, and the retail publishing arm along with the Holt name was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, which has retained Holt as a subsidiary publishing under its original name and in the US it is part of <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers#Macmillan_in_the_United_States" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. The educational publishing arm, which retained the Holt, Rinehart and Winston name, was sold to <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Holt_and_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holt_McDougal" title="Holt McDougal">Holt McDougal</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Holt_and_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Lewis Tuten. <i>The Robert Frost Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47NFEPDDBMgC&pg=PA149">pg.149</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Henry Holt Merger". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. March 1, 1960. Page 12.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Holt_and_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henryholt.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Holt_and_Company" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holtzbrinck" title="Template:Holtzbrinck"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holtzbrinck" title="Template talk:Holtzbrinck"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Holtzbrinck&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" title="Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holtzbrinck</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/S._Fischer_Verlag" title="S. Fischer Verlag">S. Fischer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kiepenheuer_%26_Witsch" title="Kiepenheuer & Witsch">Kiepenheuer & Witsch</a> (85%)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Droemer_Knaur" title="Droemer Knaur">Droemer Knaur</a> (50%)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers<br />
+and magazines</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (50%)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeit_Wissen" title="Zeit Wissen">Zeit Wissen</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main-Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main-Post (page does not exist)">Main-Post</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lausitzer_Rundschau" title="Lausitzer Rundschau">Lausitzer Rundschau</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main-Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main-Post (page does not exist)">Main-Post</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcker_Zeitung" title="Saarbrcker Zeitung">Saarbrcker Zeitung</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier" title="Sdkurier">Sdkurier</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trierischer_Volksfreund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trierischer Volksfreund (page does not exist)">Trierischer Volksfreund</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotlight_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spotlight Verlag (page does not exist)">Spotlight Verlag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebensmittel_Praxis_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebensmittel Praxis Verlag (page does not exist)">Lebensmittel Praxis Verlag</a></li>
+<li>Prognos</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital & Services</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Science" title="Digital Science">Digital Science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gutefrage.net" title="Gutefrage.net">Gutefrage.net</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />
+States</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First_Second_Books" title="First Second Books">First Second</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry Holt</a></li>
+<li>Macmillan Audio</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_and_Dirty_Tips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quick and Dirty Tips (page does not exist)">Quick and Dirty Tips</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor/Forge</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bedford-St._Martin%27s" title="Bedford-St. Martin's">Bedford-St. Martin's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Freeman">W. H. Freeman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Worth_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Worth Publishers">Worth Publishers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iclicker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iclicker (page does not exist)">i>clicker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hayden-McNeil" title="Hayden-McNeil">Hayden-McNeil</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">FSG Books for Young Readers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Feiwel_and_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Feiwel and Friends">Feiwel and Friends</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holt Books for Young Readers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingfisher (publisher) (page does not exist)">Kingfisher</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roaring_Brook_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roaring Brook (publisher) (page does not exist)">Roaring Brook</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priddy_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priddy (publisher) (page does not exist)">Priddy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Square_Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Square Fish">Square Fish</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />
+Kingdom</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan Macmillan</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Children%27s_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Children's Books">Macmillan Children's Books</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Campbell" title="Rod Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Young Picador</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sidgwick_%26_Jackson" title="Sidgwick & Jackson">Sidgwick & Jackson</a></li>
+<li>Mantle</li>
+<li>Macmillan Audio Books</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_New_Writing" title="Macmillan New Writing">Macmillan New Writing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Politics_(journal)" title="British Politics (journal)">British Politics</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Political_Theory" title="Contemporary Political Theory">Contemporary Political Theory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Information_Systems" title="European Journal of Information Systems">European Journal of Information Systems</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Science" title="European Political Science">European Political Science</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Abstracts_in_Operations_Research" title="International Abstracts in Operations Research">International Abstracts in Operations Research</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Business_Studies" title="Journal of International Business Studies">Journal of International Business Studies</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Operational_Research_Society" title="Journal of the Operational Research Society">Journal of the Operational Research Society</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Public_Health_Policy" title="Journal of Public Health Policy">Journal of Public Health Policy</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Simulation" title="Journal of Simulation">Journal of Simulation</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Management_Research_%26_Practice" title="Knowledge Management Research & Practice">Knowledge Management Research & Practice</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/OR_Insight" title="OR Insight">OR Insight</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pink_Book_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pink Book (journal) (page does not exist)">Pink Book</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Trends" title="Social Trends">Social Trends</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Statesman%27s_Yearbook" title="The Statesman's Yearbook">The Statesman's Yearbook</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Education" title="Macmillan Education">Macmillan Education</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature<br />
+Publishing<br />
+Group</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Cell_Biology" title="Nature Cell Biology">Nature Cell Biology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemical_Biology" title="Nature Chemical Biology">Nature Chemical Biology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Genetics" title="Nature Genetics">Nature Genetics</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Immunology" title="Nature Immunology">Nature Immunology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Materials" title="Nature Materials">Nature Materials</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Medicine" title="Nature Medicine">Nature Medicine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Methods" title="Nature Methods">Nature Methods</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Microbiology" title="Nature Microbiology">Nature Microbiology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Nanotechnology" title="Nature Nanotechnology">Nature Nanotechnology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Neuroscience" title="Nature Neuroscience">Nature Neuroscience</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Photonics" title="Nature Photonics">Nature Photonics</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Physics" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemistry" title="Nature Chemistry">Nature Chemistry</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Structural_%26_Molecular_Biology" title="Nature Structural & Molecular Biology">Nature Structural & Molecular Biology</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Humberto Gatica</h1>
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+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear</b> because it has <b>insufficient <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <small><i>(February 2013)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
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+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #bfe0bf"><span class="fn">Humberto Gatica</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg/220px-HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg" width="220" height="313" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg/330px-HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg/440px-HumbertoGaticaProducer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="790" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #bfe0bf">Background information</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td>1951</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Origin</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Rancagua,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancagua, Chile">Rancagua, Chile</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Genres</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Occupation(s)</span></th>
+<td class="role">Music producer, music mixer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th>
+<td>1973 present</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Associated acts</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/David_Foster" title="David Foster">David Foster</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Humberto Gatica</b> is a 16 Time Grammy Award Winning <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a>-born American <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a>, music mixer, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineer</a> and a long-time collaborator with producer <a href="/wiki/David_Foster" title="David Foster">David Foster</a>. in 2015, he received the <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Achievement_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime Achievement Award">Lifetime Achievement Award</a> on the 16th Annual <a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Grammy">Latin Grammy</a> Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Grammy_Awards"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Grammy Awards</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Latin_Grammy_Awards"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Latin Grammy Awards</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Discography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Discography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Gatica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Humberto Gatica was born in 1951 and educated in Chile. One of the most sought-after music producers, engineers, arrangers, and remixers in the entertainment industry, eight-time Grammy Award and five-time Latin Grammy Award winner Humberto Gatica is in demand not only for his pristine technical ability and faultless ear, but also for the passion he brings to every single project he undertakes. His peerless artistry blends the sonic and the creative into an inspiring package that has led some of the best-selling and most beloved artists in the world including <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Groban" title="Josh Groban">Josh Groban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bubl">Michael Bubl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Supply" title="Air Supply">Air Supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a> as well as legendary producers <a href="/wiki/David_Foster" title="David Foster">David Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> to want to work with him. Over the course of his nearly four-decade career, the Chilean-born Gatica has had a hand in many landmark, multi-platinum albums and singles including Chicagos 17, Tina Turners Private Dancer, Michael Jacksons Thriller, USA For Africas We Are The World, Celine Dions My Heart Will Go On, Josh Grobans Noel, and Michael Bubles recent No. 1 Crazy Love.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Voces Unidas Por Chile, a group of Latin Americas biggest stars Shakira, Beto Cuevas, Juanes, Alejandro Sanz, Juan Luis Guerra, Laura Pausini, and Mans Fher Olvera, as well as Michael Bubl whom Gatica has assembled to record the charity single Gracias A La Vida. Proceeds from its sale will go to the reconstruction efforts in Gaticas native Chile after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Chile_earthquake" title="2010 Chile earthquake">destructive earthquake</a> that rocked the country in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Gaticas other labor of love is producing a set of Spanish-language romantic classics, including Bsame Mucho and Historia de un Amor, sung by his adored uncle <a href="/wiki/Lucho_Gatica" title="Lucho Gatica">Lucho Gatica</a> in duet with such top-notch vocalists as Julio Iglesias, Alejandro Sanz, Luis Miguel, Juanes, and many others. These are passion projects that are truly in keeping with Humberto Gaticas enduring compassionate and creative spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A partial list of artists Gatica has worked with includes <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cline Dion">Cline Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Il_Volo" title="Il Volo">Il Volo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Think_out_Loud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Think out Loud (page does not exist)">Think out Loud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marx" title="Richard Marx">Richard Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jarreau" title="Al Jarreau">Al Jarreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbra_Streissand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbra Streissand (page does not exist)">Barbra Streissand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler" title="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Benet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Benet">Eric Benet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pino_Daniele" title="Pino Daniele">Pino Daniele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Groban" title="Josh Groban">Josh Groban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_G" title="Kenny G">Kenny G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Loggins" title="Kenny Loggins">Kenny Loggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheena_Easton" title="Sheena Easton">Sheena Easton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Osmond" title="Marie Osmond">Marie Osmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donny_Osmond" title="Donny Osmond">Donny Osmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes" title="LeAnn Rimes">LeAnn Rimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bubl">Michael Bubl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael McDonald (singer)">Michael McDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27N_Sync" class="mw-redirect" title="'N Sync">'N Sync</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anka" title="Paul Anka">Paul Anka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxette" title="Roxette">Roxette</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._Kelly" title="R. Kelly">R. Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Evancho" title="Jackie Evancho">Jackie Evancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti" title="Eros Ramazzotti">Eros Ramazzotti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebrahim_Hamedi_(EBI)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebrahim Hamedi (EBI) (page does not exist)">Ebrahim Hamedi (EBI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulinho_Da_Costa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulinho Da Costa">Paulinho Da Costa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a>.</p>
+<p>In the Latin field he has worked with artists including <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Trevi" title="Gloria Trevi">Gloria Trevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa" title="Thala">Thalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Naranjo" title="Mnica Naranjo">Mnica Naranjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Quijano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe Quijano">Cafe Quijano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Ta%C3%B1on" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Taon">Olga Taon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Ley_(band)" title="La Ley (band)">La Ley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Anthony" title="Marc Anthony">Marc Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Martin" title="Ricky Martin">Ricky Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Hernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriam Hernandez">Myriam Hernandez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerner" title="Alejandro Lerner">Alejandro Lerner</a>.</p>
+<p>Since November 2014 Humberto Gatica is heading the <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">audio engineering</a> and production department at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isina (page does not exist)">Isina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> the worldwide talent search and development <a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">mentorship</a> program.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Gatica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Gatica is married to Beverly Gatica.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammy_Awards">Grammy Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Gatica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammy Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>1984: Best Engineered Recording, Non Classical: Chicago 17 - <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li>
+<li>1987: Best Engineered Recording, Non Classical: Bad - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li>1996: Album of the Year, Falling into You - <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a></li>
+<li>1998: Record of the Year, My Heart Will Go On (Love Theme from Titanic) - <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a></li>
+<li>2000: Best Latin Rock/Alternative Performance, Uno - <a href="/wiki/La_Ley_(band)" title="La Ley (band)">La Ley</a></li>
+<li>2007: Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album: Call Me Irresponsible - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bubl">Michael Bubl</a></li>
+<li>2009: Best Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album, Michael Bubl Meets Madison Square Garden - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bubl">Michael Bubl</a></li>
+<li>2010: Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album, Call Me Crazy - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bubl">Michael Bubl</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Latin_Grammy_Awards">Latin Grammy Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Gatica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Latin Grammy Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>2002: Best Merengue Album, Yo Por Ti - <a href="/wiki/Olga_Ta%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Olga Tan">Olga Tan</a></li>
+<li>2002: Best Rock Album by A Duo or Group With Vocal, MTV Unplugged - <a href="/wiki/La_Ley_(band)" title="La Ley (band)">La Ley</a></li>
+<li>2002: Album of the Year, MTV Unplugged - <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a></li>
+<li>2002: Record of the Year, Y Solo Se Me Ocurre Amarte - <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a></li>
+<li>2004: Best Rock Album by A Duo or Group With Vocal, Libertad - <a href="/wiki/La_Ley_(band)" title="La Ley (band)">La Ley</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Discography">Discography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Gatica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>1968: Newport Years, Oscar Peterson (Mastering Engineer)</li>
+<li>1974: Elis & Tom, Antonio Carlos Jobin & Elis Regina (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1975: Make The World Go Away, Donny & Marie Osmond (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1978: From the Inside, Alice Cooper (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1981: Ella Abraca Jobim, Ella Fitzgerald (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1982: Chicago 16, Chicago (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1982: Janet Jackson, Janet Jackson (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1982: Thriller, Michael Jackson (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1983: Cant Slow Down, Lionel Richie (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1984: 1100 Bel Air Place, Julio Iglesias (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1984: Chicago 17, Chicago (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1984: Footloose Original Soundtrack (Remixing, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1984: Private Dancer, Tina Turner (Remixing)</li>
+<li>1984: What About Me?, Kenny Rogers (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1985: The Broadway Album, Barbra Streisand (Engineer, Remixing)</li>
+<li>1985: The Color Purple Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1985: Eaten Alive, Diana Ross (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1985: Encontros e Despedidas, Milton Nascimento (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1986: Very Best of Michael McDonald, Michael McDonald (Remixing)</li>
+<li>1987: Bad, Michael Jackson (Drums, Engineer)</li>
+<li>1987: Richard Marx, Richard Marx (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1990: Go West Young Man, Michael W. Smith (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1990: Unison, Celine Dion (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1992: Myriam Hernandez, Myriam Hernandez (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1993: Aries, Luis Miguel (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1993: Back to Broadway, Barbra Streisand (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1993: Colour of My Love, Celine Dion (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1993: My World, Ray Charles (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1993: Send Me A Lover, Taylor Dayne (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1993: Touch of Music in the Night, Michael Crawford (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1994: Crazy, Julio Iglesias (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1994: Miracles: The Holiday Album, Kenny G (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1995: Carretera, Julio Iglesias (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1995: Dont Bore Us, Get to the Chorus: Greatest Hits, Roxette (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1995: The French Album, Celine Dion (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1995: Invisible, La Ley (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1996: Day, Babyface (Engineer, String Engineer)</li>
+<li>1996: Dove Ce Musica, Eros Ramazzotti (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1996: Epiphany: The Best of Chaka Khan Vol. 1, Chaka Khan (Producer)</li>
+<li>1996: Falling Into You, Celine Dion (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1996: The Mirror Has Two Faces, Marvin Hamlisch (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1996: Moment, Kenny G (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1996: Star Bright, Vanessa Williams (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1996: Tango, Julio Iglesias (Engineer, String Engineer)</li>
+<li>1997: Higher Ground, Barbra Streisand (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1997: Innamorato, Riccardo Cocciante (Mixing, Recording Technician)</li>
+<li>1997: Lets Talk About Love, Celine Dion (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1997: Still Waters, Bee Gees (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1998: Bathhouse Betty, Bette Midler (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1998: Because You Loved Me: Songs of Diane Warren, Johnny Mathis (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>1998: Believe, Cher (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1998: Body of Work, Paul Anka (Producer)</li>
+<li>1998: The Boy is Mine, Monica (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1998: Greatest Hits, Steve Perry (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1998: Jade, Corey Hart (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1998: Love Will Always Win, Faith Hill (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1998: My Love Is Your Love, Whitney Houston (Engineer)</li>
+<li>1998: R., R Kelly (Engineer) 1998: Vuelve, Ricky Martin (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1999: 25th Anniversary Edition, KC & The Sunshine Band (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1999: Inolvidable, Vol. 2: Enamorado de Ti, Jose L. Rodriguez & Los Panchos (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1999: Rainbow, Mariah Carey (Mixing)</li>
+<li>1999: Sogno, Andrea Bocelli (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2000: Love Songs, Deniece Williams (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2000: Seul, Garou (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2000: Uno, La Ley (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2001: Greatest Hits: HIStory, Vol. 1, Michael Jackson (Engineer)</li>
+<li>2001: Invincible, Michael Jackson (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2001: Josh Groban, Josh Groban (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2001: Loves Makes the World, Carole King (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2001: MTV Unplugged, Alejandro Sanz (Arranger, Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2001: Q: The Musical Biography of Quincy Jones, Quincy Jones (Engineer)</li>
+<li>2001: Taberna del Buda, Caf Quijano (Arranger, Producer, Engineer)</li>
+<li>2001: Yo por Ti, Olga Tan (Producer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2002: Mended, Marc Anthony (String Engineer)</li>
+<li>2002: Moulin Rouge Original Soundtrack (Mixing)</li>
+<li>2002: A New Day Has Come, Celine Dion (Arranger, Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2002: Paradise, Kenny G (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2002: Prelude: The Best of Charlotte Church, Charlotte Church (Engineer)</li>
+<li>2002: Quizs, Enrique Iglesias (Mixing)</li>
+<li>2002: Sobrevivir, Olga Tan (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2002: Twisted Angel, LeAnn Rimes (Engineer)</li>
+<li>2003: The Best of Me, David Foster (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2003: Closer, Josh Groban (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2003: Let It Snow, Michael Bubl (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2003: Libertad, La Ley (Arranger, Producer, Engineer)</li>
+<li>2004: Come Fly With Me, Michael Bubl (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2004: En La Luna, Reyli (Mixing)</li>
+<li>2004: Live At The Greek, Josh Groban (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2004: Renee Olstead, Renee Olstead (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2005: #1s, Destinys Child (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2005: Ancora, Il Divo (Vocal Engineer)</li>
+<li>2005: Caught In The Act, Michael Bubl (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2005: Home, Michael Bubl (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2005: Its Time, Michael Bubl (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2006: Amor, Andrea Bocelli (Arranger, Producer, Engineer)</li>
+<li>2006: Awake, Josh Groban (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2006: Duets: An American Classic, Tony Bennett (Vocal Mixing)</li>
+<li>2006: Under the Desert Sky, Andrea Bocelli (Producer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2006: Vittorio, Vittorio Grigolo (Mixing)</li>
+<li>2007: Best of Andrea Bocceli: Vivere, Andrea Bocelli (Producer, Engineer)</li>
+<li>2007: Christmas Wish, Olivia Newton-John (Engineer)</li>
+<li>2007: DElles, Celine Dion (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2007: Noel, Josh Groban (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2007: Taking Chances, Celine Dion (Engineer)</li>
+<li>2008: Brasileiro, Antonio Carlos Jobim (Technician)</li>
+<li>2008: David Cavazos, David Cavazos (Producer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2008: Rhythm and Romance, Kenny G (Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2008: Vivere: Live in Tuscany, Andrea Bocelli (Producer, Engineer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2009: Michael Bubl Meets Madison Square Garden, Michael Bubl (Producer, Mixing)</li>
+<li>2009: Patrizio, Patrizio Buanne (Producer, Engineer, Mixing, Rhythm Arrangements)</li>
+<li>2015: El Amor, Gloria Trevi (Producer)</li>
+<li>2015: Cinema, Andrea Bocelli (Producer)</li>
+<li>2016: Amor Absoluto: Medley Tributo a Julio Iglesias, Edward Mena (Producer)</li>
+<li>2017: The Journey, Thomas Spencer (Producer)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Gatica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.latingrammy.com/en/special-awards">https://www.latingrammy.com/en/special-awards</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://isina.com/departments/sound-engineers">https://isina.com/departments/sound-engineers</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vocesunidasporchile.com/produccion.html">http://www.vocesunidasporchile.com/produccion.html</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://unoproductions.com/portfolio/humberto-gatica">http://unoproductions.com/portfolio/humberto-gatica</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://isina.com/departments/sound-engineers">[1]</a> Department of Audio Engineering/Production of ISINA</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fEVyu_je8s">[2]</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascap.com/playback/2013/08/faces-places/nashville/leah-turner.aspx">"ASCAP New Member Profile: Leah Turner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a></i>. 12 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumberto+Gatica&rft.atitle=ASCAP+New+Member+Profile%3A+Leah+Turner&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASCAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascap.com%2Fplayback%2F2013%2F08%2Ffaces-places%2Fnashville%2Fleah-turner.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0309673/">Humberto Gatica</a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617152343/http://www.grammy.com/grammy_Awards/Winners/">Grammy awards</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andreabocelli.com/2006/humberto.html">Andrea Bocelli' Official Web Site</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_.281990s.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1990s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1990s"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#cedff2;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1990s" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1990s"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#cedff2;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1990s&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#cedff2;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_.281990s.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Record of the Year">Grammy Award for Record of the Year</a> (1990s)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0">
+<tr>
+<td width="50%">"<a href="/wiki/Wind_Beneath_My_Wings" title="Wind Beneath My Wings">Wind Beneath My Wings</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/Arif_Mardin" title="Arif Mardin">Arif Mardin</a> (1990)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Another_Day_in_Paradise" title="Another Day in Paradise">Another Day in Paradise</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Padgham" title="Hugh Padgham">Hugh Padgham</a> & <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a> (1991)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Unforgettable_(Nat_King_Cole_song)" title="Unforgettable (Nat King Cole song)">Unforgettable</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Cole" title="Natalie Cole">Natalie Cole</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/David_Foster" title="David Foster">David Foster</a> (1992)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Tears_in_Heaven" title="Tears in Heaven">Tears in Heaven</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/Russ_Titelman" title="Russ Titelman">Russ Titelman</a> (1993)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Will_Always_Love_You#Whitney_Houston_version" title="I Will Always Love You">I Will Always Love You</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/David_Foster" title="David Foster">David Foster</a> (1994)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/All_I_Wanna_Do_(Sheryl_Crow_song)" title="All I Wanna Do (Sheryl Crow song)">All I Wanna Do</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Crow" title="Sheryl Crow">Sheryl Crow</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bottrell" title="Bill Bottrell">Bill Bottrell</a> (1995)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Kiss_from_a_Rose" title="Kiss from a Rose">Kiss from a Rose</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Seal_(musician)" title="Seal (musician)">Seal</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Horn" title="Trevor Horn">Trevor Horn</a> (1996)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Change_the_World" title="Change the World">Change the World</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/Babyface_(musician)" title="Babyface (musician)">Babyface</a> (1997)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Sunny_Came_Home" title="Sunny Came Home">Sunny Came Home</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Colvin" title="Shawn Colvin">Shawn Colvin</a><br />
+<small>produced by <a href="/wiki/John_Leventhal" title="John Leventhal">John Leventhal</a> (1998)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On" title="My Heart Will Go On">My Heart Will Go On</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by David Gleeson, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humberto Gatica</a> & Simon Franglen;<br />
+produced by <a href="/wiki/James_Horner" title="James Horner">James Horner</a>, Simon Franglen & <a href="/wiki/Walter_Afanasieff" title="Walter Afanasieff">Walter Afanasieff</a> (1999)</small></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #cedff2;">
+<div>
+<div class="hlist" style="font-size:smaller">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year">Complete list</a></li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1960s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1960s">1960s</a>)</li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1970s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s">1970s</a>)</li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1980s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1980s">1980s</a>)</li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_1990s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1990s">1990s</a>)</li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2000s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s">2000s</a>)</li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2010s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2010s">2010s</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Template:Grammy Award for Album of the Year"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Album of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Album of the Year">Grammy Award for Album of the Year</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">19591979</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Music_from_Peter_Gunn" title="The Music from Peter Gunn">The Music from Peter Gunn</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a> (1959)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_Dance_with_Me!_(album)" title="Come Dance with Me! (album)">Come Dance with Me!</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1960)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Button-Down_Mind_of_Bob_Newhart" title="The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart">The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Newhart" title="Bob Newhart">Bob Newhart</a> (1961)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Judy at Carnegie Hall">Judy at Carnegie Hall</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> (1962)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Family_(album)" title="The First Family (album)">The First Family</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Meader" title="Vaughn Meader">Vaughn Meader</a> (1963)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barbra_Streisand_Album" title="The Barbra Streisand Album">The Barbra Streisand Album</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1964)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Getz/Gilberto" title="Getz/Gilberto">Getz/Gilberto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto" title="Joo Gilberto">Joo Gilberto</a> (1965)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/September_of_My_Years" title="September of My Years">September of My Years</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1966)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_and_His_Music" title="A Man and His Music">A Man and His Music</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1967)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> (1968)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenix_(album)" title="By the Time I Get to Phoenix (album)">By the Time I Get to Phoenix</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a> (1969)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears_(Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears_album)" title="Blood, Sweat & Tears (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)">Blood, Sweat & Tears</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears" title="Blood, Sweat & Tears">Blood, Sweat & Tears</a> (1970)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water" title="Bridge over Troubled Water">Bridge over Troubled Water</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a> (1971)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapestry_(album)" title="Tapestry (album)">Tapestry</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a> (1972)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(album)" title="The Concert for Bangladesh (album)">The Concert for Bangladesh</a></i> Various (1973)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Innervisions" title="Innervisions">Innervisions</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (1974)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulfillingness%27_First_Finale" title="Fulfillingness' First Finale">Fulfillingness' First Finale</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (1975)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Still_Crazy_After_All_These_Years" title="Still Crazy After All These Years">Still Crazy After All These Years</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> (1976)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life" title="Songs in the Key of Life">Songs in the Key of Life</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (1977)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumours_(album)" title="Rumours (album)">Rumours</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a> (1978)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)" title="Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack)">Saturday Night Fever</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>/Various (1979)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">19802000</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(album)" title="52nd Street (album)">52nd Street</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> (1980)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cross_(album)" title="Christopher Cross (album)">Christopher Cross</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cross" title="Christopher Cross">Christopher Cross</a> (1981)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Fantasy" title="Double Fantasy">Double Fantasy</a></i> <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> (1982)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_IV" title="Toto IV">Toto IV</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Toto_(band)" title="Toto (band)">Toto</a> (1983)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> (1984)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Slow_Down_(Lionel_Richie_album)" title="Can't Slow Down (Lionel Richie album)">Can't Slow Down</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a> (1985)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Jacket_Required" title="No Jacket Required">No Jacket Required</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a> (1986)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Graceland_(album)" title="Graceland (album)">Graceland</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> (1987)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree" title="The Joshua Tree">The Joshua Tree</a></i> <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> (1988)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_(George_Michael_album)" title="Faith (George Michael album)">Faith</a></i> <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a> (1989)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nick_of_Time_(album)" title="Nick of Time (album)">Nick of Time</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a> (1990)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Back_on_the_Block" title="Back on the Block">Back on the Block</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> and various artists (1991)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Unforgettable..._with_Love" title="Unforgettable... with Love">Unforgettable... with Love</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Cole" title="Natalie Cole">Natalie Cole</a> (1992)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Unplugged_(Eric_Clapton_album)" title="Unplugged (Eric Clapton album)">Unplugged</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a> (1993)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(soundtrack)" title="The Bodyguard (soundtrack)">The Bodyguard</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> (1994)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Tony_Bennett_album)" title="MTV Unplugged (Tony Bennett album)">MTV Unplugged</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a> (1995)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jagged_Little_Pill" title="Jagged Little Pill">Jagged Little Pill</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alanis_Morissette" title="Alanis Morissette">Alanis Morissette</a> (1996)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Falling_into_You" title="Falling into You">Falling into You</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> (1997)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_of_Mind" title="Time Out of Mind">Time Out of Mind</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Miseducation_of_Lauryn_Hill" title="The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill">The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a> (1999)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(Santana_album)" title="Supernatural (Santana album)">Supernatural</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a> (2000)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2001present</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Against_Nature" title="Two Against Nature">Two Against Nature</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Steely_Dan" title="Steely Dan">Steely Dan</a> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F_(soundtrack)" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)">O Brother, Where Art Thou? Soundtrack</a></i> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_Away_with_Me" title="Come Away with Me">Come Away with Me</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Norah_Jones" title="Norah Jones">Norah Jones</a> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Speakerboxxx/The_Love_Below" title="Speakerboxxx/The Love Below">Speakerboxxx/The Love Below</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_Loves_Company" title="Genius Loves Company">Genius Loves Company</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> and various artists (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb" title="How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb">How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb</a></i> <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Taking_the_Long_Way" title="Taking the Long Way">Taking the Long Way</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks" title="Dixie Chicks">Dixie Chicks</a> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/River:_The_Joni_Letters" title="River: The Joni Letters">River: The Joni Letters</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Raising_Sand" title="Raising Sand">Raising Sand</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plant" title="Robert Plant">Robert Plant</a> & <a href="/wiki/Alison_Krauss" title="Alison Krauss">Alison Krauss</a> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)" title="Fearless (Taylor Swift album)">Fearless</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suburbs_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Suburbs (album)">The Suburbs</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/21_(Adele_album)" title="21 (Adele album)">21</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Babel_(album)" title="Babel (album)">Babel</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mumford_%26_Sons" title="Mumford & Sons">Mumford & Sons</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memories" title="Random Access Memories">Random Access Memories</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Phase" title="Morning Phase">Morning Phase</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Beck" title="Beck">Beck</a> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/1989_(Taylor_Swift_album)" title="1989 (Taylor Swift album)">1989</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2016)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/25_(Adele_album)" title="25 (Adele album)">25</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a> (2017)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_.282000s.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2000s" title="Template:Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#cedff2;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2000s" title="Template talk:Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#cedff2;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2000s&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#cedff2;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_.282000s.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year" title="Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year">Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year</a> (2000s)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0">
+<tr>
+<td width="50%">"<a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Espinado" title="Corazn Espinado">Corazn Espinado</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a> (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a>, Chester D. Thompson) featuring <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A1" title="Man">Man</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fher_Olvera" title="Fher Olvera">Fher Olvera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)" title="Alex Gonzlez (musician)">Alex Gonzlez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Calleros" title="Juan Calleros">Juan Calleros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Vall%C3%ADn" title="Sergio Valln">Sergio Valln</a>)<br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Benny Faccone, produced by <a href="/wiki/Fher_Olvera" title="Fher Olvera">Fernando Olvera</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._C._Porter" title="K. C. Porter">K. C. Porter</a> (2000)</small></td>
+<td>"El Alma al Aire"* by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Roberto Cantele & Roberto Maccagno; produced by Emanuele Ruffinengo (2001)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Y Solo Me Occur Amarte"* by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Chris Brook & Eric Schilling; produced by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humberto Gatica</a> (2002)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Es_Por_Ti" title="Es Por Ti">Es Por Ti</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Anibal Kerpel & <a href="/wiki/Thom_Russo" title="Thom Russo">Thom Russo</a>; produced by <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolalla" title="Gustavo Santaolalla">Gustavo Santaolalla</a> (2003)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"No Es lo Mismo"* by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by <a href="/wiki/Mick_Guzauski" title="Mick Guzauski">Mick Guzauski</a> & Rafa Sardina; produced by Lulo Prez (2004)</small></td>
+<td>"Tu No Tienes Alma"* by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Carlos Alvarez, Oscar Vinader & Rafa Sardina; produced by Lulo Prez (2005)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/La_Tortura" title="La Tortura">La Tortura</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Gustavo Celis, Kevin Killen & Ron Jabobs, produced by <a href="/wiki/Lester_Mendez" title="Lester Mendez">Lester Mendez</a></small> <small>(2006)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/La_llave_de_mi_coraz%C3%B3n_(song)" title="La llave de mi corazn (song)">La Llave de Mi Corazn</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra" title="Juan Luis Guerra">Juan Luis Guerra</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Luis Mansilla and Ronnie Torres; produced by Allan Leschhorn</small> <small>(2007)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Me_Enamora" title="Me Enamora">Me Enamora</a>"* by <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a><br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Anibal Kerpel and <a href="/wiki/Thom_Russo" title="Thom Russo">Thom Russo</a>; produced by <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolalla" title="Gustavo Santaolalla">Gustavo Santaolalla</a></small> <small>(2008)</small></td>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/No_Hay_Nadie_Como_T%C3%BA" title="No Hay Nadie Como T">No Hay Nadie Como T</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Calle_13_(band)" title="Calle 13 (band)">Calle 13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Residente" title="Residente">Residente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitante" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitante">Visitante</a>) featuring <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba" title="Caf Tacuba">Caf Tacuba</a> (Rubn Albarrn, Emmanuel del Real, Enrique Rangel, Joselo Rangel)<br />
+<small>engineered/mixed by Ivan Gutirrez, Edgardo Matta & Omar Vivoni; produced by Rafael Arcaute (2009)</small></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #cedff2;">
+<div>
+<div class="hlist" style="font-size:smaller">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year" title="Template:Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year">Complete list</a></li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2000s" title="Template:Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s">2000s</a>)</li>
+<li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year_2010s" title="Template:Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2010s">2010s</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Template:Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year">Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2000s</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Amarte_Es_un_Placer_(album)" title="Amarte Es un Placer (album)">Amarte Es un Placer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a> (2000)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Alma_al_Aire" title="El Alma al Aire">El Alma al Aire</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a> (2001)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Alejandro_Sanz_album)" title="MTV Unplugged (Alejandro Sanz album)">Alejandro Sanz MTV Unplugged</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Un_D%C3%ADa_Normal" title="Un Da Normal">Un Da Normal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a> (2003)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Es_lo_Mismo" title="No Es lo Mismo">No Es lo Mismo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz" title="Alejandro Sanz">Alejandro Sanz</a> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantando_Hist%C3%B3rias" title="Cantando Histrias">Cantando Histrias</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lins" title="Ivan Lins">Ivan Lins</a> (2005)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijaci%C3%B3n_Oral,_Vol._1" title="Fijacin Oral, Vol. 1">Fijacin Oral, Vol. 1</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> (2006)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Llave_de_Mi_Coraz%C3%B3n" title="La Llave de Mi Corazn">La Llave de Mi Corazn</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra" title="Juan Luis Guerra">Juan Luis Guerra</a> (2007)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Vida..._Es_un_Ratico" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vida... Es un Ratico">La Vida... Es un Ratico</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_de_Atr%C3%A1s_Vienen_Conmigo" title="Los de Atrs Vienen Conmigo">Los de Atrs Vienen Conmigo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Calle_13_(band)" title="Calle 13 (band)">Calle 13</a> (2009)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2010s</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Son_de_Guerra" title="A Son de Guerra">A Son de Guerra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra" title="Juan Luis Guerra">Juan Luis Guerra</a> (2010)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Entren_Los_Que_Quieran" title="Entren Los Que Quieran">Entren Los Que Quieran</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Calle_13_(band)" title="Calle 13 (band)">Calle 13</a> (2011)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Juanes_MTV_Unplugged" class="mw-redirect" title="Juanes MTV Unplugged">Juanes MTV Unplugged</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vida_(Draco_Rosa_album)" title="Vida (Draco Rosa album)">Vida</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Draco_Rosa" title="Draco Rosa">Draco Rosa</a> (2013)</li>
+<li><i>Cancin Andaluza</i> <a href="/wiki/Paco_de_Luc%C3%ADa" title="Paco de Luca">Paco de Luca</a> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Todo_Tiene_Su_Hora" title="Todo Tiene Su Hora">Todo Tiene Su Hora</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra" title="Juan Luis Guerra">Juan Luis Guerra</a> (2015)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_D%C3%BAo,_Vol._2" title="Los Do, Vol. 2">Los Do, Vol. 2</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gabriel" title="Juan Gabriel">Juan Gabriel</a> (2016)</li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">IEEE Computer Society</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="fn org">IEEE Computer Society</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:IEEE_Computer.png" class="image"><img alt="IEEE Computer.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/IEEE_Computer.png/200px-IEEE_Computer.png" width="200" height="27" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/IEEE_Computer.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="40" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th>
+<td class="note">1946<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th>
+<td>Professional organization</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th>
+<td>Computer and information processing science and technology</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Origins</th>
+<td>Formation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) Subcommittee on Large-Scale Computing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Area served</div>
+</th>
+<td>Worldwide</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Method</th>
+<td>Publications, conferences, technical councils, industry standards, certification and training</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Key people</div>
+</th>
+<td>Roger Fuji (Current President)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Employees</div>
+</th>
+<td>80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org">www<wbr />.computer<wbr />.org</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>IEEE Computer Society</b> (sometimes abbreviated <b>Computer Society</b> or <b>CS</b>) is a professional society of <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. Its purpose and scope is "to advance the theory, practice, and application of computer and information processing science and technology" and the "professional standing of its members."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The CS is the largest of 39 technical societies organized under the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technical_Activities_Board" title="IEEE Technical Activities Board">IEEE Technical Activities Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Computer Society sponsors workshops and conferences, publishes a variety of peer-reviewed literature, operates technical committees, and develops IEEE computing standards.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> It supports more than 200 chapters worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and participates in educational activities at all levels of the profession, including distance learning, accreditation of higher education programs in computer science, and professional certification in software engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The IEEE Computer Society is also a member organization of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Enterprise_Architecture_Professional_Organizations" title="Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations">Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations</a> (a worldwide association of professional organizations which have come together to provide a forum to standardize, professionalize, and otherwise advance the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Architecture">Enterprise Architecture</a>).</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Main_activities"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Main activities</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Education_and_professional_development"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Education and professional development</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Technical_conferences_and_activities"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Technical conferences and activities</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Technical_committees"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Technical committees</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span id="PGEC"></span>History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_Society_HQ.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Computer_Society_HQ.jpg" width="130" height="97" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="97" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_Society_HQ.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+IEEE Computer Society headquarters Office in Washington, D.C.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>IEEE Computer Society traces its origins to the Subcommittee on Large-Scale Computing, established in 1946 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> (<a href="/wiki/AIEE" class="mw-redirect" title="AIEE">AIEE</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> and to the Professional Group on Electronic Computers (PGEC), established in 1951 by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a> (IRE).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> When the AIEE merged with the IRE in 1963 to form the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), these two committees became the IEEE Computer Group.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The group established its own constitution and bylaws in 1971 to become the IEEE Computer Society.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The CS maintains its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and additional offices in California and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_activities">Main activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main activities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg/220px-CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg/330px-CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg/440px-CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="732" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CS_Pubs_Office_-_New.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+IEEE Computer Society publications office in Los Alamitos, California</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Computer Society maintains volunteer boards in six program areas: education, membership, professional activities, publications, standards, and technical and conference activities. In addition, 12 standing committees administer activities such as the CS elections and its awards programs to recognize professional excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_and_professional_development">Education and professional development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and professional development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The Computer Society participates in ongoing development of college computing curricula, jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Other educational activities include software development certification programs<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and online access to e-learning courseware and books.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The Computer Society is a leading publisher of technical material in computing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Its publications include 13 peer-reviewed technical magazines and 20 <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly journal">scholarly journals</a> called <i>Transactions</i>, as well as conference proceedings, books, and a variety of digital products.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Computer Society Digital Library (CSDL) provides subscriber access to all CS publications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In 2008, the Computer Society launched <i>Computing Now,</i> a Web portal featuring free access to a rotation of CSDL articles, along with technical news, CS blogs, and multimedia content.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As most publications were delivered digitally in 2014, the Computer Society launched the complementary monthly digest <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computing_Edge_(Magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computing Edge (Magazine)">Computing Edge</a></i> magazine, which consists of curated articles from its magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Technical_conferences_and_activities">Technical conferences and activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technical conferences and activities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg/220px-SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg/330px-SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg/440px-SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SteveWozniakAtIEEETechIgnite2017.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> relating tales of his television jammer hijinks from college at the first TechIgnite conference</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Computer Society sponsors more than 170 technical conferences each year<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> and coordinates the operation of several technical committees, councils, and task forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The CS also maintains 12 standards committees to develop IEEE standards in various areas of computer and software engineering (e.g., the Design Automation Standards Committee and the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2010 the CS introduced Special Technical Communities (STCs) as a new way for members to develop communities focusing on selected technical areas.<sup id="cite_ref-stc-1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stc-1-22">[22]</a></sup> Current topics include broadening participation, cloud computing, education, eGov, haptics, multicore, operating systems, smart grids, social networking, sustainable computing, systems engineering, and wearable and ubiquitous technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-stc-2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stc-2-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Technical_committees">Technical committees</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical committees">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>IEEE-CS currently has 26 technical committees and two technical councils.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> A technical committee (TC) is an international network of professionals with common interests in computer hardware, software, its applications, and interdisciplinary fields within the umbrella of IEEE-CS. A technical council is essentially a very large technical committee, and a task force is an emerging technical committee. A TC serves as the focal point of the various technical activities within a technical discipline which influences the standards development, conferences, publications, and educational activities of IEEE-CS. Following are the current technical committees and councils:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Technical Committee on Business Informatics and Systems (TCBIS)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Computer Architecture (TCCA)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Computational LIfe Sciences (TCCLS)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Computer Communications (TCCC)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Data Engineering (TCDE)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance (TCFT)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Digital Libraries (TCDL)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Distributed Processing (TCDP)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Intelligent Informatics (TCII)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Internet (TCI)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Learning Technology (TCLT)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Mathematical Foundations of Computing (TCMF)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Microprocessors and Microcomputers (TCMM)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Microprogramming and Microarchitecture (TCuARCH)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Multimedia Computing (TCMC)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Multiple-Valued Logic (TCMVL)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TCPAMI)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Parallel Processing (TCPP)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Real-Time Systems (TCRTS)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Scalable Computing (TCSC)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Security and Privacy (TCSP)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Semantic Computing (TCSEM)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Services Computing (TCSVC)</li>
+<li>Technical Committee on Simulation (TCSIM)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Committee_on_Visualization_and_Graphics" title="Technical Committee on Visualization and Graphics">Technical Committee on Visualization and Graphics</a> (VGTC)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Committee_on_VLSI" title="Technical Committee on VLSI">Technical Committee on VLSI</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Technical Council on Software Engineering (TCSE)</li>
+<li>Technical Council on Test Technology (TTTC)</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The IEEE Computer Society recognizes outstanding work by computer professionals who advance the field in three areas of achievement: Technical Awards (e.g., the Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award or the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Pioneer_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computer Pioneer Award">IEEE Computer Pioneer Award</a>), Education Awards (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Taylor_L._Booth_Education_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor L. Booth Education Award">Taylor L. Booth Education Award</a>), and Service Awards (e.g., Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Information_Technology_Professionals" title="Association of Information Technology Professionals">Association of Information Technology Professionals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Computer_Society" title="Australian Computer Society">Australian Computer Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Information_Processing_Society" title="Canadian Information Processing Society">Canadian Information Processing Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Society_of_India" title="Computer Society of India">Computer Society of India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technical_Activities_Board" title="IEEE Technical Activities Board">IEEE Technical Activities Board</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Analysts_and_Programmers" title="Institution of Analysts and Programmers">Institution of Analysts and Programmers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ISCA_Influential_Paper_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCA Influential Paper Award">ISCA Influential Paper Award</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Computer_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Computer Society">New Zealand Computer Society</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Helen: "Computer Society Celebrates 50 Years," <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>, 17(4):6, 1996</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Computer Society Constitution & Bylaws, art. 1, Sec. 2, 1971</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_the_IEEE_Computer_Society_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/about">"About the IEEE Computer Society"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Eric A., "Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers--Computer Society (IEEE-CS)," <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science,</i> 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2003, p. 881882</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/chapters/">"Professional Chapters"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professional+Chapters&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fchapters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concordia, Charles: "In the Beginning There Was the AIEE Committee on Computing Devices," <i>Computer</i>, 9(12):4244 December 1976</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astrahan, Morton M., "In the Beginning There Was the IRE Professional Group on Electronic Computers," <i>Computer</i>, 9(12):4344, December 1976</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Eric A., "Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers--Computer Society (IEEE-CS)," <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science,</i> 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2003, p. 881</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/about/contact">"IEEE Computer Society Offices"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Computer+Society+Offices&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fabout%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Computer Society Bylaws, Article VIXII, 2011</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ai.stanford.edu/users/sahami/CS2013">"Computing Curriculum: Computer Science 2013 (CS2013)"</a>. ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computing+Curriculum%3A+Computer+Science+2013+%28CS2013%29&rft.pub=ACM%2FIEEE-CS+Joint+Task+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fai.stanford.edu%2Fusers%2Fsahami%2FCS2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/peb">"Professional and Educational Activities Board"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professional+and+Educational+Activities+Board&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fpeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/education/">"e-Learning Campus"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=e-Learning+Campus&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Feducation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Eric A., "Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers--Computer Society (IEEE-CS)," <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science,</i> 4th ed., Nature Publishing Group, 2000, p. 882883</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/publications">"IEEE Computer Society Publications"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Computer+Society+Publications&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fpublications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/csdl">"Digital Library"</a>. IEEE Computer Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Library&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/2008/computing-now">"One Online Source for 14 Technical Magazines"</a> (Press release). IEEE Computer Society. 5 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Online+Source+for+14+Technical+Magazines&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fpressroom%2F2008%2Fcomputing-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1888pressrelease.com/ieee-computer-society-introduces-computing-edge-pr-559629.html">"IEEE Computer Society Introduces Computing Edge"</a>. <i>1888pressrelease.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1888pressrelease.com&rft.atitle=IEEE+Computer+Society+Introduces+Computing+Edge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1888pressrelease.com%2Fieee-computer-society-introduces-computing-edge-pr-559629.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/conferences/calendar/">"Conference Calendar"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conference+Calendar&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fconferences%2Fcalendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/tandc/technical-committees">"Technical Activities"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Activities&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Ftandc%2Ftechnical-committees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/standards/">"Standards Activities Board"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standards+Activities+Board&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fstandards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-stc-1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stc-1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/2011/06/mco2011060084.html">Dejan S. Milojicic, Phil Laplante, "Special Technical Communities," IEEE Computer, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 84-88, June, 2011.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-stc-2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stc-2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/stc/home">IEEE CS STC Web site</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/tandc/">Technical Committees of IEEE-CS</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcvlsi.org/">TCVLSI</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/web/awards">"IEEE Computer Society Awards"</a>. IEEE Computer Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Computer+Society+Awards&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Computer+Society" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Template:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Template talk:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GlobalSpec" title="GlobalSpec">GlobalSpec</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical councils</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Biometrics_Council" title="IEEE Biometrics Council">Biometrics Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Council_on_Electronic_Design_Automation" title="IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation">Council on Electronic Design Automation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Council_on_Superconductivity" title="IEEE Council on Superconductivity">Council on Superconductivity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nanotechnology_Council" title="IEEE Nanotechnology Council">Nanotechnology Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Sensors_Council" title="IEEE Sensors Council">Sensors Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems_Council" title="IEEE Systems Council">Systems Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Committee_on_Earth_Observation" title="IEEE Committee on Earth Observation">Committee on Earth Observation</a></li>
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+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computational_Intelligence_Society" title="IEEE Computational Intelligence Society">Computational Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Engineering_in_Medicine_and_Biology_Society" title="IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society">Engineering in Medicine and Biology</a></li>
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+<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-In_the_Closet rootpage-In_the_Closet vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">In the Closet</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/In_the_closet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="In the closet (disambiguation)">In the closet</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: khaki;">"In the Closet"</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_-_In_the_Closet.png" class="image"><img alt="Michael Jackson - In the Closet.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Michael_Jackson_-_In_the_Closet.png/220px-Michael_Jackson_-_In_the_Closet.png" width="220" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/30/Michael_Jackson_-_In_the_Closet.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a>
+<div>Original album artwork by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ryden" title="Mark Ryden">Mark Ryden</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="description">
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="description">
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: khaki;">from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Released</th>
+<td class="plainlist">April 9, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Format</th>
+<td class="hlist">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/7%22" class="mw-redirect" title="7"">7"</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/12-inch_single" title="12-inch single">12"</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/VHS#Uses_in_marketing" title="VHS">video single</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Recorded</th>
+<td class="plainlist">MarchMay 1991<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th>
+<td class="category hlist"><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Length</th>
+<td class="plainlist">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="duration"><span class="min">6</span>:<span class="s">31</span></span> <small>(album version)</small></li>
+<li>4:49 <small>(single version)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th>
+<td class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter(s)</a></span></th>
+<td class="hlist">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Riley" title="Teddy Riley">Teddy Riley</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Producer(s)</a></span></th>
+<td class="hlist">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson</li>
+<li>Teddy Riley</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> singles chronology</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;display: none;">
+<table style="background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
+<tr style="line-height: 1.4em;">
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;">"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;">"<b>In the Closet</b>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;">"<a href="/wiki/Someone_Put_Your_Hand_Out_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Someone Put Your Hand Out (Michael Jackson song)">Someone Put Your Hand Out</a>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<table style="width:100%; line-height: 1.4em;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;">"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+<td style="width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;">"<b>In the Closet</b>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+<td style="width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;">"<a href="/wiki/Someone_Put_Your_Hand_Out_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Someone Put Your Hand Out (Michael Jackson song)">Someone Put Your Hand Out</a>"<br />
+(1992)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:khaki">Music video</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qLY0vbrT8Q"><span class="plainlinks">"In the Closet"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>"<b>In the Closet</b>" is a song by American recording artist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>. It is the third single from his eighth album, <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i>. The song became the album's third consecutive top ten pop single, reaching number six on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>. It also became its second number one R&B single.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Song_information"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Song information</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Critical_reception"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Critical reception</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Collaboration_with_Madonna"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Collaboration with Madonna</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Music_video"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Music video</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Formats_and_track_listings"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Formats and track listings</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Chart_performance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Chart performance</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Weekly_charts"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Weekly charts</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Year-end_charts"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Year-end charts</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Certifications"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Certifications</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Personnel"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Song_information">Song information</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Song information">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The song, written and composed by Michael Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Riley" title="Teddy Riley">Teddy Riley</a>, is about keeping a relationship secret between lovers. "<a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">In the closet</a>" is an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> idiom used when one is not open about an aspect of their life, particularly in regard to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. Despite the song's suggestive name its lyrics do not allude to hidden sexual orientation but rather a concealed relationship; "Don't hide our love / Woman to man." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> stated, "Only Jackson would use that title for a heterosexual love song..."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The song's female vocal was originally labeled "Mystery Girl" but was later revealed to be <a href="/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Monaco" title="Princess Stphanie of Monaco">Princess Stphanie of Monaco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The song, with its heavy industrial-sounding percussion and uptempo arrangement, is typical of producer Teddy Riley's style. The unique, Eastern-influenced backing vocals, reaching crescendo at middle eight imbue the song with an erotic edge usually missing from Jackson's music. With mostly whispered and subdued vocals, embellished with gasps, moans, and shudders, along with lyrics that include "...And if it's aching, you have to rub it," it is generally considered one of Jackson's most provocative songs.</p>
+<p>The song was not performed during Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a> (however, during his concert in Toulouse, the band played a short instrumental before "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>"), but a short version, with the intro of "She Drives Me Wild," was the third song of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_medleys" title="List of musical medleys">medley</a> including "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>" during the <a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Monaco" title="Princess Stphanie of Monaco">Princess Stphanie</a>'s spoken lines were replaced with Jackson's live speech for the sequence.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> wrote that this song is fine and there's a lot to be said for professional craftsmanship at its peak and he highlighted it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> praised and described: "he's hawking the most credible sex-and-romance of his career. "In the Closet" implores his mystery woman to keep theirget this--"lust" behind closed doors. Soon he's going wild, or fabricating desperate nostalgia for their used-to-be."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Light" title="Alan Light">Alan Light</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> called this song: repressed lust in the titillatingly titled (and determinedly heterosexual)" and he wrote that this song has a "snaky, unexpected bridge."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Collaboration_with_Madonna">Collaboration with Madonna</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collaboration with Madonna">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>"In the Closet" was originally conceived as a duet between Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>. According to a 1992 interview with British journalist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ross" title="Jonathan Ross">Jonathan Ross</a>, Madonna said she worked on some lyrical ideas for the song but when she presented them to Michael, he decided they were too provocative and they decided not to continue with the project.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Music_video">Music video</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music video">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Sepia_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia tone">sepia</a> colored music video was directed by <a href="/wiki/Herb_Ritts" title="Herb Ritts">Herb Ritts</a> and features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a>. The spoken vocals by Princess Stphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video. The clip was filmed in late March 1992 in <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and premiered on April 23, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> It was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece and was even banned in South Africa because of its imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The video is featured on the DVDs <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous:_The_Short_Films" title="Dangerous: The Short Films">Dangerous: The Short Films</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i>. Clips from the music video were used in Jackson's posthumous music video for his song "<a href="/wiki/A_Place_with_No_Name" title="A Place with No Name">A Place with No Name</a>", which was released as the second single from his posthumous compilation album <i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i> in 2014.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Formats_and_track_listings">Formats and track listings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formats and track listings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p><b>In the Closet (U.K. single)</b></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (7" Edit) 4:49</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Mix) 8:00</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Underground Mix) 5:32</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Touch Me Dub) 7:53</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (KI's 12") 6:55</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Promise) 7:18</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet (U.S. CD Single 49K74267)</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Edit) 4:07</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Underground Mix) 5:34</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Promise) 7:20</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Vow) 4:49</li>
+<li>"Remember The Time" (New Jack Jazz 21) 5:06</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet (U.S. Promo CD Single ESK4537)</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Radio Edit) 4:37 <i>(trayliner lists a time of 4:16)</i></li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (7" Edit) 4:49</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Mission Radio Edit) 4:28</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (KI's 12") 7:17 <i>(trayliner lists a time of 6:57)</i></li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Newark Mix) 7:08 <i>(trayliner lists a time of 6:51)</i></li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Freestyle Mix) 6:34 <i>(trayliner lists a time of 6:26)</i></li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Mission) 9:26</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet: Mixes Behind Door #1 (Japanese CD Single ESCA5610)</b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Mix) 8:03</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Underground Mix) 5:40</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Touch Me Dub) 6:42</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (KI's 12") 7:17</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet: Mixes Behind Door #2 (Japanese CD Single ESCA5611)</b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Mission) 9:27</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Freestyle Mix) 6:35</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Mix Of Life) 7:41</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Underground Dub) 6:27</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet: Mixes Behind Door #3 (Japanese CD Single ESCA5622)</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Edit) 4:11</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Newark Mix) 7:09</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Promise) 7:26</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (The Vow) 4:53</li>
+<li>"Remember The Time" (New Jack Jazz 21) 5:06</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet (U.K. PAL <i>Visionary</i> DualDisc Single 82876773342 5)</b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<dl>
+<dt>CD side</dt>
+</dl>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (7" Edit) 4:47</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Mix) 8:02</li>
+</ol>
+<dl>
+<dt>DVD side</dt>
+</dl>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Music video) 6:02</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>In the Closet (U.S. NTSC <i>Visionary</i> DualDisc Single 82876773352 4)</b><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p><b>CD side</b></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (7" Edit) 4:47</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Mix) 8:02</li>
+</ol>
+<p><b>DVD side</b></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Music video) 6:02</li>
+</ol>
+<p>(Note: In the U.S. <i>Visionary</i> was only sold as the complete boxset. Individual DualDiscs were not able to be purchased)</p>
+<p><b>Promo VHS Video (UK Promo PAL VHS Video XPV0010)</b><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Club Mix Music video) 8:02</li>
+<li>"In the Closet" (Music video) 6:02</li>
+<li>Making of "In the Closet"</li>
+</ol>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Chart_performance">Chart performance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chart performance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Weekly_charts">Weekly charts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weekly charts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div>
+<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (1992)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Austria (<a href="/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40" title="3 Austria Top 40">3 Austria Top 40</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Ultratop" title="Ultratop">Ultratop 50</a> Flanders)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson-24">[24]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Canada Dance/Urban (<i><a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)">RPM</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Canadadance__25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Canadadance_-25">[25]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Canada Top Singles (<i><a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)">RPM</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Canadatopsingles__26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-26">[26]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>France (<a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">SNEP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_France_Michael_Jackson-27">[27]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Germany (<a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts" title="GfK Entertainment Charts">Official German Charts</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson-28">[28]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">IRMA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Ireland2__29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-29">[29]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Italy (<i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Top_40" title="Dutch Top 40">Dutch Top 40</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson_-_In_The_Closet_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson_-_In_The_Closet-31">[31]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-32">[32]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson-33">[33]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Norway (<a href="/wiki/VG-lista" title="VG-lista">VG-lista</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson-34">[34]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Msica de Espaa">AFYVE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson-36">[36]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">29</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade" title="Swiss Hitparade">Schweizer Hitparade</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Switzerland_Michael_Jackson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Michael_Jackson-37">[37]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles</a> (Official Charts Company)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_UK__38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_UK_-38">[38]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a><sup id="cite_ref-awards_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-39">[39]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <i>Billboard</i> <a href="/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs">Hot Dance Club Play</a><sup id="cite_ref-awards_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-39">[39]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <i>Billboard</i> <a href="/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Singles_Sales" title="Dance/Electronic Singles Sales">Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales</a><sup id="cite_ref-awards_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-39">[39]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <i>Billboard</i> <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Hot R&B Singles</a><sup id="cite_ref-awards_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-39">[39]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <i><a href="/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)" title="Cashbox (magazine)">Cash Box</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">6</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (2006)</th>
+<th>Peak<br />
+position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">68</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>France (<a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">SNEP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_France_Michael_Jackson-27">[27]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">63</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">IRMA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Ireland2__29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-29">[29]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson-42">[42]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-32">[32]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Msica de Espaa">PROMUSICAE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson-43">[43]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles</a> (Official Charts Company)<sup id="cite_ref-sc_United_Kingdom__44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc_United_Kingdom_-44">[44]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">20</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Year-end_charts">Year-end charts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Year-end charts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>Chart (1992)</th>
+<th>Position</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Australia (<a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Ultratop" title="Ultratop">Ultratop 50</a> Flanders)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">99</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></td>
+<td align="center">66</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Certifications">Certifications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Certifications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col">Region</th>
+<th scope="col">Certification</th>
+<th scope="col" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications" title="List of music recording certifications">Certified units</a>/Sales</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">United States (<a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">RIAA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-United_StatesMichael_JacksonIn_the_ClosetsingleCertRef_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_StatesMichael_JacksonIn_the_ClosetsingleCertRef-49">[49]</a></sup></th>
+<td>Gold</td>
+<td>500,000<sup>^</sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align: center;">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><small><sup>*</sup>sales figures based on certification alone</small><br />
+<small><sup>^</sup>shipments figures based on certification alone</small><br /></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel">Personnel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley</li>
+<li>Produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley</li>
+<li>Recorded and mixed by Bruce Swedien, Teddy Riley, Jean-Marie Horvat and Dave Way</li>
+<li>Vocal duet with Michael Jackson and Mystery Girl (later revealed to be <a href="/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Monaco" title="Princess Stphanie of Monaco">Princess Stphanie of Monaco</a>)</li>
+<li>Michael Jackson: Solo and background vocals</li>
+<li>Rhythm and synthesizer arrangements by Teddy Riley</li>
+<li>Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson</li>
+<li>Teddy Riley: Keyboards and synthesizers</li>
+<li>Wayne Cobham: Sequencing and programming</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_1992_(U.S.)" title="List of number-one dance singles of 1992 (U.S.)">List of number-one dance singles of 1992 (U.S.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_singles_of_1992_(U.S.)" title="List of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)">List of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_videography" title="Michael Jackson videography">Michael Jackson videography</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/In-Closet-Michael-Jackson/dp/B00000DSNN">"In the Closet Single"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=In+the+Closet+%E2%80%93+Single&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Amazon.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FIn-Closet-Michael-Jackson%2Fdp%2FB00000DSNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7D0B9441F782A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Celebrity Buzz Fight against Trump condos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i>. May 15, 1991. p. D/2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.atitle=Celebrity+Buzz+Fight+against+Trump+condos&rft.date=1991-05-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.pages=D%2F2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DAT%26p_theme%3Dat%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB7D0B9441F782A%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byron, Tim (November 29, 2012). <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022180310/http://www.thevine.com.au/music/news/music-dump-rihannas-pitbull-stopped-frank-oceans-new-jack-swing-20121129-249082">"Music Dump: Rihanna's Pitbull Stopped Frank Ocean's New Jack Swing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevine.com.au/music/news/music-dump-rihannas-pitbull-stopped-frank-oceans-new-jack-swing-20121129-249082">the original</a> on October 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Music+Dump%3A+Rihanna%27s+Pitbull+Stopped+Frank+Ocean%27s+New+Jack+Swing&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevine.com.au%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fmusic-dump-rihannas-pitbull-stopped-frank-oceans-new-jack-swing-20121129-249082&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. The Vine. Digital Media.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Powers" title="Ann Powers">Powers, Ann</a> (March 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/10/entertainment/et-american-idol10">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>American Idol' needs to open the closet door"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>. <q>A tight, New Jack Swing track co-produced by Teddy Riley, the song expresses bald lust in the face of a lover's wish to retreat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.atitle=%27American+Idol%27+needs+to+open+the+closet+door&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2009%2Fmar%2F10%2Fentertainment%2Fet-american-idol10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Pareles, Jon</a> (November 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/24/arts/recordings-view-michael-jackson-in-the-electronic-wilderness.html">"RECORDINGS VIEW; Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.atitle=RECORDINGS+VIEW%3B+Michael+Jackson+in+the+Electronic+Wilderness&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.date=1991-11-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F24%2Farts%2Frecordings-view-michael-jackson-in-the-electronic-wilderness.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Whitburn, Joel</a> (2000). <i>The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits</i>. Billboard Books. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7690-1">978-0-8230-7690-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.aulast=Whitburn&rft.btitle=The+Billboard+Book+of+Top+40+Hits&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-7690-1&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/dangerous-mw0000674875">"Michael Jackson Dangerous"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Media_Network" title="All Media Network">All Media Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Dangerous&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fdangerous-mw0000674875&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Christgau, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=2375">"Michael Jackson: Dangerous"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Dangerous&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fget_album.php%3Fid%3D2375&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Light, Alan (January 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/dangerous-19920101">"Michael Jackson Dangerous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Light&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Dangerous&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Fdangerous-19920101&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKlMpM-oKU4">"Madonna speak working with MJ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. July 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Madonna+speak+working+with+MJ&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNKlMpM-oKU4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Landis, David (March 26, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306502069.html">"Asthma Costs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.atitle=Asthma+Costs&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.date=1992-03-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2FUSAToday%2Fdoc%2F306502069.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Scaduto, Anthony; Vaughan, Doug; Stasi, Linda (March 20, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/doc/278485206.html">"Inside New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.atitle=Inside+New+York&rft.au=Stasi%2C+Linda&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Doug&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Scaduto&rft.date=1992-03-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fnewsday%2Fdoc%2F278485206.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation AV-media-notes"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">George, Nelson</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Ultimate_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection">Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection</a></i> (booklet). <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a>. pp. 456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft.aulast=George&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+Ultimate+Collection&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=45-6&rft.pub=Sony+BMG&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=5579">"Michael Jackson In The Closet USA CD single (CD5 / 5")"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+USA+CD+single+%28CD5+%2F+5%22%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D5579&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=6834">"Michael Jackson In The Closet Green USA Promo CD single (CD5 / 5")"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+%E2%80%93+Green+USA+Promo+CD+single+%28CD5+%2F+5%22%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D6834&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=5683">"Michael Jackson In The Closet Mixes Behind Door #1 Japan CD single (CD5 / 5")"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+%E2%80%93+Mixes+Behind+Door+%231+Japan+CD+single+%28CD5+%2F+5%22%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D5683&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=5684">"Michael Jackson In The Closet Mixes Behind Door #2 Japan CD single (CD5 / 5")"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+%E2%80%93+Mixes+Behind+Door+%232+Japan+CD+single+%28CD5+%2F+5%22%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D5684&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=5685">"Michael Jackson In The Closet Mixes Behind Door 3 Japan CD single (CD5 / 5")"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+%E2%80%93+Mixes+Behind+Door+3+Japan+CD+single+%28CD5+%2F+5%22%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D5685&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=349828">"Michael Jackson In The Closet UK Dual Disc"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+UK+Dual+Disc&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D349828&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Visionary-Video-Singles-Michael-Jackson/dp/B000IJ7REA/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1364701949&sr=1-1&keywords=michael+jackson+visionary+the+video+singles">"Visionary: The Video Singles [Box Set, Dual Disc]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Visionary%3A+The+Video+Singles+%5BBox+Set%2C+Dual+Disc%5D&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Amazon.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FVisionary-Video-Singles-Michael-Jackson%2Fdp%2FB000IJ7REA%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fs%3Dmusic%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1364701949%26sr%3D1-1%26keywords%3Dmichael%2Bjackson%2Bvisionary%2Bthe%2Bvideo%2Bsingles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=160700">"Michael Jackson In The Closet UK Promo video (VHS or PAL or NTSC)"</a>. Eil.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+In+The+Closet+UK+Promo+video+%28VHS+or+PAL+or+NTSC%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Eil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feil.com%2Fshop%2Fmoreinfo.asp%3Fcatalogid%3D160700&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Australia_Michael_Jackson_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Australian-charts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Top 50 Singles</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Austria_Michael_Jackson_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Austriancharts.at Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40" title="3 Austria Top 40">3 Austria Top 40</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Flanders_Michael_Jackson_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Ultratop.be Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Ultratop" title="Ultratop">Ultratop 50</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Canadadance_-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Canadadance_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2153&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2153.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2153">Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 2153</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)">RPM</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Canadatopsingles_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2144&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2144.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2144">Top RPM Singles: Issue 2144</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/RPM_(magazine)" title="RPM (magazine)">RPM</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_France_Michael_Jackson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_France_Michael_Jackson_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Lescharts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'dition Phonographique">Les classement single</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ac_Germany2_Michael_Jackson_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-2449">Offiziellecharts.de Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts" title="GfK Entertainment Charts">GfK Entertainment Charts</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Ireland2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Ireland2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&placement%5Btitle%5D=In+the+Closet">The Irish Charts Search Results In the Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=%22italy%22">"Hits of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Vol. 104 no. 32. August 8, 1992. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Hits+of+the+World&rft.date=1992-08-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.pages=43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA43%26dq%3D%2522italy%2522&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson_-_In_The_Closet-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch40_Michael_Jackson_-_In_The_Closet_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top40.nl/zoeken?search=Michael+Jackson+-+In+The+Closet">Nederlandse Top 40 Michael Jackson - In The Closet search results"</a> (in Dutch) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Top_40" title="Dutch Top 40">Dutch Top 40</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Michael_Jackson_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Dutchcharts.nl Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Single_Top_100" title="Single Top 100">Single Top 100</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_New_Zealand_Michael_Jackson_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Charts.org.nz Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">Top 40 Singles</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Norway_Michael_Jackson_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Norwegiancharts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG-lista" title="VG-lista">VG-lista</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (2003). <i>Jacksons Number Ones</i>. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7552-0098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7552-0098-6">978-0-7552-0098-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.au=Cadman%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.btitle=Jacksons+Number+Ones&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7552-0098-6&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Authors+On+Line+Ltd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Sweden_Michael_Jackson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Swedishcharts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Singles Top 100</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Michael_Jackson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Switzerland_Michael_Jackson_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Swisscharts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade" title="Swiss Hitparade">Swiss Singles Chart</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_UK_-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_UK_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19920502/7501/">"Official Singles Chart Top 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-awards-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awards_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awards_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awards_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awards_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/dangerous-mw0000674875/awards">"Dangerous Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Media_Network" title="All Media Network">All Media Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Dangerous+%E2%80%93+Awards&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fdangerous-mw0000674875%2Fawards&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008000452/http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/90s_files/19920613.html">"CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles Week ending JUNE 13, 1992"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/90s_files/19920613.html">the original</a> on October 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=CASH+BOX+Top+100+Pop+Singles+%E2%80%93+Week+ending+JUNE+13%2C+1992&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcashboxmagazine.com%2Farchives%2F90s_files%2F19920613.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)" title="Cashbox (magazine)">Cash Box</a></i>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=26517&pages=">"Forum ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989, part 2"</a>. Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Forum+%E2%80%93+ARIA+Charts%3A+Special+Occasion+Charts+%E2%80%93+CHART+POSITIONS+PRE+1989%2C+part+2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Australian-charts.com.+Hung+Medien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralian-charts.com%2Fforum.asp%3Ftodo%3Dviewthread%26id%3D26517%26pages%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Italy_Michael_Jackson_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Italiancharts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Top Digital Download</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_Spain_Michael_Jackson_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=In+The+Closet&cat=s">Spanishcharts.com Michael Jackson In The Closet"</a> <a href="/wiki/Canciones_Top_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Canciones Top 50">Canciones Top 50</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sc_United_Kingdom_-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc_United_Kingdom_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20060520/7501/">"Official Singles Chart Top 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ryan, Gavin (2011). <i>Australia's Music Charts 19882010</i>. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Music+Charts+1988%E2%80%932010&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Mt.+Martha%2C+VIC%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Moonlight+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1992">"Jaaroverzichten 1992"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Ultratop" title="Ultratop">Ultratop</a>. Hung Medien<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Jaaroverzichten+1992&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ultratop.+Hung+Medien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultratop.be%2Fnl%2Fannual.asp%3Fyear%3D1992&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yends/hpe1992.htm">"I singoli pi venduti del 1992"</a> (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=I+singoli+pi%C3%B9+venduti+del+1992&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Hit+Parade+Italia.+Creative+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitparadeitalia.it%2Fhp_yends%2Fhpe1992.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://longboredsurfer.com/charts/1992">"Top 100 Hits for 1992"</a>. The Longbored Surfer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=Top+100+Hits+for+1992&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Longbored+Surfer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flongboredsurfer.com%2Fcharts%2F1992&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-United_StatesMichael_JacksonIn_the_ClosetsingleCertRef-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_StatesMichael_JacksonIn_the_ClosetsingleCertRef_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Michael+Jackson&ti=In+the+Closet#search_section">"American single certifications Michael Jackson In the Closet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Closet&rft.btitle=American+single+certifications+%E2%80%93+Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+In+the+Closet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgold-platinum%2F%3Ftab_active%3Ddefault-award%26ar%3DMichael%2BJackson%26ti%3DIn%2Bthe%2BCloset%23search_section&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <i>If necessary, click</i> Advanced<i>, then click</i> Format<i>, then select</i> Single<i>, then click</i> SEARCH</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_Jackson_songs" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f0e68c;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Jackson_songs" title="Template:Michael Jackson songs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Jackson_songs" title="Template talk:Michael Jackson songs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michael_Jackson_songs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Michael_Jackson_songs" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">songs</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Discography</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Sunshine" title="Ain't No Sunshine">Ain't No Sunshine</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Where_You_Are" title="I Wanna Be Where You Are">I Wanna Be Where You Are</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There_(song)" title="Got to Be There (song)">Got to Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_Robin_(song)" title="Rockin' Robin (song)">Rockin' Robin</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Is_Here_and_Now_You%27re_Gone" title="Love Is Here and Now You're Gone">Love Is Here and Now You're Gone</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Got_a_Friend" title="You've Got a Friend">You've Got a Friend</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Ben (Michael Jackson album)">Ben</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Ben_(song)" title="Ben (song)">Ben</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Somebody%27s_Fool" title="Everybody's Somebody's Fool">Everybody's Somebody's Fool</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)" title="My Girl (The Temptations song)">My Girl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" title="Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day">Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/With_a_Child%27s_Heart" title="With a Child's Heart">With a Child's Heart</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_the_Things_You_Are" title="All the Things You Are">All the Things You Are</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Happy (Michael Jackson song)">Happy</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Too_Young_(Sidney_Lippman_and_Sylvia_Dee_song)" title="Too Young (Sidney Lippman and Sylvia Dee song)">Too Young</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Doggin%27_Around" title="Doggin' Around">Doggin' Around</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Music_and_Me_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Music and Me (Michael Jackson song)">Music & Me</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We%27re_Almost_There" title="We're Almost There">We're Almost There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_Your_Life_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="One Day in Your Life (Michael Jackson song)">One Day in Your Life</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_a_Little_Bit_of_You" title="Just a Little Bit of You">Just a Little Bit of You</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_%27Til_You_Get_Enough" title="Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough">Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_with_You" title="Rock with You">Rock with You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Working_Day_and_Night" title="Working Day and Night">Workin' Day and Night</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Off the Wall (Michael Jackson song)">Off the Wall</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Girlfriend_(Paul_McCartney_song)" title="Girlfriend (Paul McCartney song)">Girlfriend</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/She%27s_Out_of_My_Life" title="She's Out of My Life">She's Out of My Life</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_the_Falling_in_Love" title="It's the Falling in Love">It's the Falling in Love</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27" title="Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'">Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine" title="The Girl Is Mine">The Girl Is Mine</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Human_Nature_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)">Human Nature</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/P.Y.T._(Pretty_Young_Thing)" title="P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)">P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Bad (Michael Jackson song)">Bad</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel" title="The Way You Make Me Feel">The Way You Make Me Feel</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Speed_Demon_(song)" title="Speed Demon (song)">Speed Demon</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Liberian_Girl" title="Liberian Girl">Liberian Girl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_Good_Friends_(song)" title="Just Good Friends (song)">Just Good Friends</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Another_Part_of_Me" title="Another Part of Me">Another Part of Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You" title="I Just Can't Stop Loving You">I Just Can't Stop Loving You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Diana" title="Dirty Diana">Dirty Diana</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Leave_Me_Alone" title="Leave Me Alone">Leave Me Alone</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Jam_(song)" title="Jam (song)">Jam</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">In the Closet</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Let_Her_Get_Away" title="Can't Let Her Get Away">Can't Let Her Get Away</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World" title="Heal the World">Heal the World</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Who Is It (Michael Jackson song)">Who Is It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_In_to_Me" title="Give In to Me">Give In to Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Will_You_Be_There" title="Will You Be There">Will You Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Gone_Too_Soon" title="Gone Too Soon">Gone Too Soon</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson song)">Dangerous</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_Moscow" title="Stranger in Moscow">Stranger in Moscow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Time_Around_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Time Around (Michael Jackson song)">This Time Around</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/D.S._(song)" title="D.S. (song)">D.S.</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Come_Together" title="Come Together">Come Together</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone" title="You Are Not Alone">You Are Not Alone</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Childhood</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Tabloid_Junkie" title="Tabloid Junkie">Tabloid Junkie</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/HIStory/Ghosts" title="HIStory/Ghosts">HIStory</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Smile_(Charlie_Chaplin_song)#Michael_Jackson_version" title="Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)">Smile</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor_(song)" title="Blood on the Dance Floor (song)">Blood on the Dance Floor</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/HIStory/Ghosts" title="HIStory/Ghosts">Ghosts</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Is_It_Scary" title="Is It Scary">Is It Scary</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Heaven_Can_Wait_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song)">Heaven Can Wait</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Rock_My_World" title="You Rock My World">You Rock My World</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Butterflies (Michael Jackson song)">Butterflies</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Speechless (Michael Jackson song)">Speechless</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Cry (Michael Jackson song)">Cry</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_My_Hand_(Michael_Jackson_and_Akon_song)" title="Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)">Hold My Hand</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Tonight" title="Hollywood Tonight">Hollywood Tonight</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/(I_Like)_The_Way_You_Love_Me" title="(I Like) The Way You Love Me">(I Like) The Way You Love Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Monster_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Monster (Michael Jackson song)">Monster</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Breaking_News_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Breaking News (Michael Jackson song)">Breaking News</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Make_It)_Another_Day" title="(I Can't Make It) Another Day">(I Can't Make It) Another Day</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Behind the Mask (Michael Jackson song)">Behind the Mask</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Never_Felt_So_Good" title="Love Never Felt So Good">Love Never Felt So Good</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Chicago_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Chicago (Michael Jackson song)">Chicago</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Loving_You_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Loving You (Michael Jackson song)">Loving You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Place_with_No_Name" title="A Place with No Name">A Place with No Name</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Slave_to_the_Rhythm_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Slave to the Rhythm (Michael Jackson song)">Slave to the Rhythm</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blue_Gangsta" title="Blue Gangsta">Blue Gangsta</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World" title="We Are the World">We Are the World</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Twenty-Five_Miles" title="Twenty-Five Miles">Twenty-Five Miles</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts#.22On_the_Line.22" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">On the Line</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/What_More_Can_I_Give" title="What More Can I Give">What More Can I Give</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/One_More_Chance_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)">One More Chance</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Cheater_(song)" title="Cheater (song)">Cheater</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Fall_Again" title="Fall Again">Fall Again</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mind_Is_the_Magic:_Anthem_for_the_Las_Vegas_Show" title="Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show">Mind Is the Magic</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Messin%27_%27Round" title="Don't Be Messin' 'Round">Don't Be Messin' 'Round</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Price_of_Fame" title="Price of Fame">Price of Fame</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Featured</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Night_Time_Lover" title="Night Time Lover">Night Time Lover</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Say_Say_Say" title="Say Say Say">Say Say Say</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Somebody%27s_Watching_Me" title="Somebody's Watching Me">Somebody's Watching Me</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_I%27m_Not_Dreamin%27_(Too_Good_to_Be_True)" title="Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)">Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_It_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Get It (Stevie Wonder song)">Get It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street_(song)" title="2300 Jackson Street (song)">2300 Jackson Street</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Do_the_Bartman" title="Do the Bartman">Do the Bartman</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Whatzupwitu" title="Whatzupwitu">Whatzupwitu</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_(3T_song)" title="Why (3T song)">Why</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Need_You_(3T_song)" title="I Need You (3T song)">I Need You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Be_Clubbin%27" title="We Be Clubbin'">We Be Ballin'</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World_25_for_Haiti" title="We Are the World 25 for Haiti">We Are the World 25 for Haiti</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_in_Your_Name" title="All in Your Name">All in Your Name</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/There_Must_Be_More_To_Life_Than_This" title="There Must Be More To Life Than This">There Must Be More To Life Than This</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Category</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Portal</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Michael_Jackson" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Michael Jackson">WikiProject</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&oldid=805322941">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&oldid=805322941</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_songs" title="Category:1991 songs">1991 songs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1992_singles" title="Category:1992 singles">1992 singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Billboard_Dance_Club_Songs_number-one_singles" title="Category:Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles">Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Billboard_Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs_number-one_singles" title="Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles">Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_Records_singles" title="Category:Epic Records singles">Epic Records singles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson_songs" title="Category:Michael Jackson songs">Michael Jackson songs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_videos_directed_by_Herb_Ritts" title="Category:Music videos directed by Herb Ritts">Music videos directed by Herb Ritts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_jack_swing_songs" title="Category:New jack swing songs">New jack swing songs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_about_sexuality" title="Category:Songs about sexuality">Songs about sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Songs written by Michael Jackson">Songs written by Michael Jackson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Teddy_Riley" title="Category:Songs written by Teddy Riley">Songs written by Teddy Riley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Song_recordings_produced_by_Teddy_Riley" title="Category:Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley">Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Song_recordings_produced_by_Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson">Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Australia" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Australia">Singlechart usages for Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Austria" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Austria">Singlechart usages for Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Flanders" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders">Singlechart usages for Flanders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Canadadance" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Canadadance">Singlechart usages for Canadadance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_called_without_artist" title="Category:Singlechart called without artist">Singlechart called without artist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_called_without_song" title="Category:Singlechart called without song">Singlechart called without song</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Canadatopsingles" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles">Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_France" title="Category:Singlechart usages for France">Singlechart usages for France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Germany2" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Germany2">Singlechart usages for Germany2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Ireland2" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Ireland2">Singlechart usages for Ireland2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Dutch40" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch40">Singlechart usages for Dutch40</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Dutch100" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch100">Singlechart usages for Dutch100</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_New_Zealand" title="Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand">Singlechart usages for New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Norway" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Norway">Singlechart usages for Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singlechart_usages_for_Sweden" title="Category:Singlechart usages for Sweden">Singlechart usages for Sweden</a></li><li><a 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+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Internet privacy</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></div>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="image" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" width="150" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a>
+<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">General</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet democracy">Democracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privacy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li>
+<li>
+<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a></div>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Services</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" title="Internet television">Television</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine">search</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Guides</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Internet" title="Book:Internet">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="List-Class article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="image"><img alt="Crystal Clear app linneighborhood.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Internet&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Internet privacy</b> involves the right or mandate of personal <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170329a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170329a-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170329b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170329b-2">[2]</a></sup> Internet privacy is a subset of <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">data privacy</a>. Privacy concerns have been articulated from the beginnings of large scale computer sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Privacy can entail either <i><a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" title="Personally identifiable information">Personally Identifying Information</a></i> (PII) or non-PII information such as a site visitor's behavior on a website. PII refers to any information that can be used to identify an individual. For example, age and physical address alone could identify who an individual is without explicitly disclosing their name, as these two factors are unique enough to typically identify a specific person.</p>
+<p>Some experts such as Steve Rambam, a private investigator specializing in Internet privacy cases, believe that privacy no longer exists; saying, "Privacy is dead get over it".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> In fact, it has been suggested that the "appeal of online services is to broadcast personal information on purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-Pogue_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogue-5">[5]</a></sup> On the other hand, in his essay <i>The Value of Privacy,</i> security expert <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Bruce Schneier</a> says, "Privacy protects us from abuses by those in power, even if we're doing nothing wrong at the time of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27,_(an_internet-browser_addon),_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_(on_141127)-cropped.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27%2C_%28an_internet-browser_addon%29%2C_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_%28on_141127%29-cropped.png/220px-Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27%2C_%28an_internet-browser_addon%29%2C_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_%28on_141127%29-cropped.png" width="220" height="118" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27%2C_%28an_internet-browser_addon%29%2C_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_%28on_141127%29-cropped.png/330px-Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27%2C_%28an_internet-browser_addon%29%2C_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_%28on_141127%29-cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27%2C_%28an_internet-browser_addon%29%2C_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_%28on_141127%29-cropped.png/440px-Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27%2C_%28an_internet-browser_addon%29%2C_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_%28on_141127%29-cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="388" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Screengrab_of_%27Disconnect%27,_(an_internet-browser_addon),_visualizing_the_many_trackers_on_the_website_%27abovetopsecret%27_(on_141127)-cropped.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A visualization of internet trackers</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Levels_of_privacy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Levels of privacy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Risks_to_Internet_privacy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Risks to Internet privacy</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#HTTP_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">HTTP cookies</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Flash_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flash cookies</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Evercookies"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Evercookies</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Anti-fraud_uses"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-fraud uses</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Advertising_uses"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Advertising uses</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Device_fingerprinting"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Device fingerprinting</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sentinel_Advanced_Detection_Analysis_and_Predator_Tracking_.28A.D.A.P.T..29"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sentinel Advanced Detection Analysis and Predator Tracking (A.D.A.P.T.)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Canvas_fingerprinting"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canvas fingerprinting</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Photographs_on_the_Internet"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Photographs on the Internet</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Google_Street_View"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Google Street View</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Search_engines"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Search engines</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Privacy_focused_search_engines.2Fbrowsers"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy focused search engines/browsers</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Privacy_issues_of_social_networking_sites"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy issues of social networking sites</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Internet_service_providers"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Internet service providers</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#HTML5"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">HTML5</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Big_Data"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Big Data</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other_potential_Internet_privacy_risks"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Other potential Internet privacy risks</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reduction_of_risks_to_Internet_privacy"><span class="tocnumber">2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Reduction of risks to Internet privacy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Noise_Society_.E2.80.93_Protection_through_Information_Overflow"><span class="tocnumber">2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Noise Society Protection through Information Overflow</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Public_views"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Public views</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Concerns_of_Internet_privacy_and_real_life_implications"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Concerns of Internet privacy and real life implications</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Laws_and_regulations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Laws and regulations</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Global_privacy_policies"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Global privacy policies</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Data_protection_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Data protection regulation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Internet_privacy_in_China"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Internet privacy in China</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Internet_privacy_in_Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Internet privacy in Sweden</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Internet_privacy_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Internet privacy in the United States</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Legal_threats"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legal threats</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Levels_of_privacy">Levels of privacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Levels of privacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Internet and <a href="/wiki/Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">digital privacy</a> are viewed differently from traditional expectations of privacy. Internet privacy is primarily concerned with protecting user information. Law Professor Jerry Kang explains that the term privacy expresses space, decision, and information.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> In terms of space, individuals have an expectation that their physical spaces (i.e. homes, cars) not be intruded. Privacy within the realm of decision is best illustrated by the landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.</i> Lastly, information privacy is in regards to the collection of user information from a variety of sources, which produces great discussion.</p>
+<p>The 1997 Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF) created under <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a> defined information privacy as "an individual's claim to control the terms under which personal information--information identifiable to the individual--is acquired, disclosed, and used."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229286?origin=crossref">[1]</a> At the end of the 1990s, with the rise of the Internet, it became clear that the internet and companies would need to abide by new rules to protect individual's privacy. With the rise of the internet and mobile networks the salience of internet privacy is a daily concern for users.</p>
+<p>People with only a casual concern for Internet privacy need not achieve total <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a>. Internet users may protect their privacy through controlled disclosure of personal information. The revelation of IP addresses, non-personally-identifiable profiling, and similar information might become acceptable trade-offs for the convenience that users could otherwise lose using the workarounds needed to suppress such details rigorously. On the other hand, some people desire much stronger privacy. In that case, they may try to achieve <i>Internet anonymity</i> to ensure privacy use of the Internet without giving any third parties the ability to link the Internet activities to personally-identifiable information of the Internet user. In order to keep their information private, people need to be careful with what they submit to and look at online. When filling out forms and buying merchandise, that becomes tracked and because the information was not private, some companies are now sending Internet users spam and advertising on similar products.</p>
+<p>There are also several governmental organizations that protect individual's privacy and anonymity on the Internet, to a point. In an article presented by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a>, in October 2011, a number of pointers were brought to attention that helps an individual internet user avoid possible <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a> and other cyber-attacks. Preventing or limiting the usage of Social Security numbers online, being wary and respectful of emails including spam messages, being mindful of personal financial details, creating and managing strong passwords, and intelligent web-browsing behaviours are recommended, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Posting things on the Internet can be harmful or in danger of malicious attack. Some information posted on the Internet is permanent, depending on the terms of service, and <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy policies">privacy policies</a> of particular services offered online. This can include comments written on blogs, pictures, and Internet sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. It is absorbed into cyberspace and once it is posted, anyone can potentially find it and access it. Some employers may research a potential employee by searching online for the details of their online behaviours, possibly affecting the outcome of the success of the candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Risks_to_Internet_privacy">Risks to Internet privacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risks to Internet privacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Companies are hired to watch what internet sites people visit, and then use the information, for instance by sending advertising based on one's browsing history. There are many ways in which people can divulge their personal information, for instance by use of "<a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>" and by sending bank and credit card information to various websites. Moreover, directly observed behaviour, such as browsing logs, search queries, or contents of the Facebook profile can be automatically processed to infer potentially more intrusive details about an individual, such as sexual orientation, political and religious views, race, substance use, intelligence, and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS-V110-I15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-V110-I15-11">[11]</a></sup> Further, even without any historical behavioural data, there are a large number of insights which can be generated solely by tracking onsite user interaction like post code, name and local address.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Those concerned about Internet privacy often cite a number of <i>privacy risks</i> events that can compromise privacy which may be encountered through Internet use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> These range from the gathering of statistics on users to more malicious acts such as the spreading of spyware and the exploitation of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> (software faults).</p>
+<p>Several social networking sites try to protect the personal information of their subscribers. On Facebook, for example, privacy settings are available to all registered users: they can block certain individuals from seeing their profile, they can choose their "friends", and they can limit who has access to one's pictures and videos. Privacy settings are also available on other social networking sites such as Google Plus and Twitter. The user can apply such settings when providing personal information on the internet.</p>
+<p>In late 2007 Facebook launched the Beacon program where user rental records were released on the public for friends to see. Many people were enraged by this breach in privacy, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Lane_v._Facebook,_Inc." title="Lane v. Facebook, Inc.">Lane v. Facebook, Inc.</a></i> case ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Children and adolescents often use the Internet (including social media) in ways which risk their privacy: a cause for growing concern among parents. Young people also may not realise that all their information and browsing can and may be tracked while visiting a particular site, and that it is up to them to protect their own privacy. They must be informed about all these risks. For example, on Twitter, threats include shortened links that lead one to potentially harmful places. In their e-mail inbox, threats include email scams and attachments that get them to install malware and disclose personal information. On Torrent sites, threats include malware hiding in video, music, and software downloads. Even when using a smartphone, threats include geolocation, meaning that one's phone can detect where they are and post it online for all to see. Users can protect themselves by updating virus protection, using security settings, downloading patches, installing a firewall, screening e-mail, shutting down spyware, controlling <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a>, using encryption, fending off browser hijackers, and blocking pop-ups.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<p>However most people have little idea how to go about doing many of these things. How can the average user with no training be expected to know how to run their own network security (especially as things are getting more complicated all the time)? Many businesses hire professionals to take care of these issues, but most individuals can only do their best to learn about all this.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1998, the Federal Trade Commission in the USA considered the lack of privacy for children on the Internet, and created the Children Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). COPPA limits the options which gather information from children and created warning labels if potential harmful information or content was presented. In 2000, Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was developed to implement safe Internet policies such as rules<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and filter software. These laws, awareness campaigns, parental and adult supervision strategies and Internet filters can all help to make the Internet safer for children around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="HTTP_cookies">HTTP cookies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: HTTP cookies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookie</a></div>
+<p>An <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookie</a> is data stored on a user's computer that assists in automated access to websites or web features, or other <a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state</a> information required in complex web sites. It may also be used for user-tracking by storing special usage history data in a cookie, and such cookiesfor example, those used by <a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Google Analytics</a>are called <i>tracking cookies</i>. Cookies are a common concern in the field of <a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Internet privacy</a>. Although website developers most commonly use cookies for legitimate technical purposes, cases of abuse occur. In 2009, two researchers noted that social networking profiles could be connected to cookies, allowing the social networking profile to be connected to browsing habits.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the past, web sites have not generally made the user explicitly aware of the storing of cookies, however <b>tracking cookies</b> and especially <b>third-party tracking cookies</b> are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories a <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy#HTTP_cookies" title="Internet privacy">privacy concern</a> that prompted European and US lawmakers to take action in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-eulaw_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eulaw-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Cookies can also have implications for <a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">computer forensics</a>. In past years, most computer users were not completely aware of cookies, but recently, users have become conscious of possible detrimental effects of Internet cookies: a recent study done has shown that 58% of users have at least once, deleted cookies from their computer, and that 39% of users delete cookies from their computer every month. Since cookies are advertisers' main way of targeting potential customers, and some customers are deleting cookies, some advertisers started to use persistent <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy#Flash_cookies" title="Internet privacy">Flash cookies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zombie_cookies" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie cookies">zombie cookies</a>, but modern browsers and anti-malware software can now block or detect and remove such cookies.</p>
+<p>The original developers of cookies intended that only the website that originally distributed cookies to users could retrieve them, therefore returning only data already possessed by the website. However, in practice programmers can circumvent this restriction. Possible consequences include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the placing of a personally-identifiable tag in a browser to facilitate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_profiling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Web profiling (page does not exist)">web profiling</a> (see below), or,</li>
+<li>use of <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> or other techniques to steal information from a user's cookies.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Cookies do have benefits that many people may not know. One benefit is that for websites that one frequently visits that requires a password, cookies make it so they do not have to sign in every time. A cookie can also track one's preferences to show them websites that might interest them. Cookies make more websites free to use without any type of payment. Some of these benefits are also seen as negative. For example, one of the most common ways of theft is hackers taking one's user name and password that a cookie saves. While a lot of sites are free, they have to make a profit some how so they sell their space to advertisers. These ads, which are personalized to one's likes, can often freeze one's computer or cause annoyance. Cookies are mostly harmless except for third-party cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> These cookies are not made by the website itself, but by web banner advertising companies. These third-party cookies are so dangerous because they take the same information that regular cookies do, such as browsing habits and frequently visited websites, but then they give out this information to other companies.</p>
+<p>Cookies are often associated with pop-up windows because these windows are often, but not always, tailored to a persons preferences. These windows are an irritation because they are often hard to close out of because the close button is strategically hidden in an unlikely part of the screen. In the worst cases, these pop-up ads can take over the screen and while trying to exit out of it, can take one to another unwanted website.</p>
+<p>Cookies are seen so negatively because they are not understood and go unnoticed while someone is simply surfing the Internet. The idea that every move one makes while on the Internet is being watched, would frighten most users.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Some users choose to disable cookies in their web browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Such an action can reduce some privacy risks, but may severely limit or prevent the functionality of many websites. All significant web browsers have this disabling ability built-in, with no external program required. As an alternative, users may frequently delete any stored cookies. Some browsers (such as <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>) offer the option to clear cookies automatically whenever the user closes the browser. A third option involves allowing cookies in general, but preventing their abuse. There are also a host of wrapper applications that will redirect cookies and cache data to some other location. Concerns exist that the privacy benefits of deleting cookies have been over-stated.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The process of <i>profiling</i> (also known as "tracking") assembles and analyzes several events, each attributable to a single originating entity, in order to gain information (especially patterns of activity) relating to the originating entity. Some organizations engage in the profiling of people's web browsing, collecting the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a> of sites visited. The resulting profiles can potentially link with information that personally identifies the individual who did the browsing.</p>
+<p>Some web-oriented marketing-research organizations may use this practice legitimately, for example: in order to construct profiles of 'typical Internet users'. Such profiles, which describe average trends of large groups of Internet users rather than of actual individuals, can then prove useful for <a href="/wiki/Market_analysis" title="Market analysis">market analysis</a>. Although the aggregate data does not constitute a privacy violation, some people believe that the initial profiling does.</p>
+<p>Profiling becomes a more contentious privacy issue when data-matching associates the profile of an individual with personally-identifiable information of the individual.</p>
+<p>Governments and organizations may set up <a href="/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">honeypot</a> websites featuring controversial topics with the purpose of attracting and tracking unwary people. This constitutes a potential danger for individuals.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flash_cookies">Flash cookies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flash cookies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_shared_object" title="Local shared object">Local shared object</a></div>
+<p>When some users choose to disable <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookie</a> to reduce privacy risks as noted, new types of cookies were invented: since cookies are advertisers' main way of targeting potential customers, and some customers were deleting cookies, some advertisers started to use persistent Flash cookies and <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy#Evercookies" title="Internet privacy">zombie cookies</a>. In a 2009 study, Flash cookies were found to be a popular mechanism for storing data on the top 100 most visited sites.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Another 2011 study of social media found that, Of the top 100 web sites, 31 had at least one overlap between HTTP and Flash cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman.2C_R._2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman.2C_R._2011-27">[27]</a></sup> However, modern browsers and anti-malware software can now block or detect and remove such cookies.</p>
+<p>Flash cookies, also known as <a href="/wiki/Local_Shared_Object" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Shared Object">Local Shared Objects</a>, work the same ways as normal cookies and are used by the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> to store information at the user's computer. They exhibit a similar privacy risk as normal cookies, but are not as easily blocked, meaning that the option in most browsers to not accept cookies does not affect Flash cookies. One way to view and control them is with browser extensions or add-ons. Flash cookies are unlike HTTP cookies in a sense that they are not transferred from the client back to the server. Web browsers read and write these cookies and can track any data by web usage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Although browsers such as Internet Explorer 8 and Firefox 3 have added a Privacy Browsing setting, they still allow Flash cookies to track the user and operate fully. However, the Flash player browser plugin can be disabled<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> or uninstalled,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player#Privacy" title="Adobe Flash Player">Flash cookies can be disabled on a per-site or global basis</a>. Adobe's Flash and (PDF) Reader are not the only browser plugins whose past <a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">security</a> defects<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> have allowed <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> to be installed: there have also been problems with Oracle's Java.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Evercookies">Evercookies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evercookies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zombie_cookie" title="Zombie cookie">Zombie cookie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookie</a></div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookies</a>, created by Samy Kamkar,<sup id="cite_ref-evercookie_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evercookie-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> are JavaScript-based applications which produce cookies in a web browser that actively "resist" deletion by redundantly copying themselves in different forms on the user's machine (e.g., Flash Local Shared Objects, various HTML5 storage mechanisms, window.name caching, etc.), and resurrecting copies that are missing or expired. Evercookie accomplishes this by storing the cookie data in several types of storage mechanisms that are available on the local browser. It has the ability to store cookies in over ten types of storage mechanisms so that once they are on one's computer they will never be gone. Additionally, if evercookie has found the user has removed any of the types of cookies in question, it recreates them using each mechanism available.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Evercookies are one type of <a href="/wiki/Zombie_cookie" title="Zombie cookie">zombie cookie</a>. However, modern browsers and anti-malware software can now block or detect and remove such cookies.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-fraud_uses">Anti-fraud uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-fraud uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Some anti-fraud companies have realized the potential of evercookies to protect against and catch cyber criminals. These companies already hide small files in several places on the perpetrator's computer but hackers can usually easily get rid of these. The advantage to evercookies is that they resist deletion and can rebuild themselves.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Advertising_uses">Advertising uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advertising uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>There is controversy over where the line should be drawn on the use of this technology. Cookies store unique identifiers on a person's computer that are used to predict what one wants. Many advertisement companies want to use this technology to track what their customers are looking at online. <a href="/wiki/Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookies</a> enable advertisers to continue to track a customer regardless of if one deletes their cookies or not. Some companies are already using this technology but the ethics are still being widely debated.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Anonymizer nevercookies are part of a free Firefox plugin that protects against evercookies. This plugin extends Firefox's private browsing mode so that users will be completely protected from evercookies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Nevercookies eliminate the entire manual deletion process while keeping the cookies users want like browsing history and saved account information.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Device_fingerprinting">Device fingerprinting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Device fingerprinting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Device_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Device fingerprinting">Device fingerprinting</a> is a fairly new technology that is useful in fraud prevention and safeguarding any information from one's computer. Device fingerprinting uses data from the device and browser sessions to determine the risk of conducting business with the person using the device.<sup id="cite_ref-networkworld.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld.com-37">[37]</a></sup> This technology allows companies to better assess the risks when business is conducted through sites that include, e-commerce sites, social networking and online dating sites and banks and other financial institutions. ThreatMetrix is one of the leading vendors of device fingerprinting. This company employs a number of techniques to prevent fraud. For example, ThreatMetrix will pierce the proxy to determine the true location of a device.<sup id="cite_ref-networkworld.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld.com-37">[37]</a></sup> Due to the growing number of hackers and fraudsters using 'botnets' of millions of computers that are being unknowingly controlled,<sup id="cite_ref-networkworld.com_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld.com-37">[37]</a></sup> this technology will help not only the companies at risk but the people who are unaware their computers are being used.</p>
+<p>It is difficult to surf the web without being tracked by device fingerprinting today. However, for people who do not want device fingerprinting, there are ways to attempt to block fingerprinting. The only ways to stop device fingerprinting cause web browsing to be very slow and websites to display information incorrectly. There are not convenient options for privacy when it comes to device fingerprinting said Peter Eckersely a staff scientist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and privacy-advocacy group. Trying to avoid device fingerprinting is mostly just impractical and inconvenient. Fingerprints are tough to avoid because they are taken from data that are routinely passed from computers to websites automatically. Even if someone changes something slightly, the fingerprinters can still recognize the machine. There is one way to figure out that a device is being fingerprinted. The software JavaScript can be used to collect fingerprinting data. If it asks a browser for specific information, that could be a clue that a fingerprinter is working. Companies that are most known for conducting fingerprinting are advertisers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span id="Sentinel_Advanced_Detection_Analysis_and_Predator_Tracking_(A.D.A.P.T.)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sentinel_Advanced_Detection_Analysis_and_Predator_Tracking_.28A.D.A.P.T..29">Sentinel Advanced Detection Analysis and Predator Tracking (A.D.A.P.T.)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sentinel Advanced Detection Analysis and Predator Tracking (A.D.A.P.T.)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Sentinel Advanced Detection Analysis and Predator Tracking (A.D.A.P.T.) is device fingerprinting software technology that identifies the device (computer, tablet, smartphone, ) being used to access a website. This information in turn can be used to help differentiate legitimate users from those using false identities or those attempting to work anonymously. A.D.A.P.T. uses only HTTP and JavaScript to identify a device and identifies devices without requesting any personal information entered directly by the user. It makes an accurate fingerprint of the device by using many different pieces of information including, operating system, browser, and PC characteristics. A.D.A.P.T. is concealed in that the user of the device has no idea that the device is being fingerprinted and there is no actual tagging of the device.<sup id="cite_ref-ADAPT_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADAPT-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Canvas_fingerprinting">Canvas fingerprinting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canvas fingerprinting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Canvas_fingerprinting" title="Canvas fingerprinting">Canvas fingerprinting</a> is one of a number of browser fingerprinting techniques of tracking online users that allow websites to uniquely identify and track visitors using HTML5 canvas element instead of browser cookies or other similar means.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Photographs_on_the_Internet">Photographs on the Internet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Photographs on the Internet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg/220px-Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg/330px-Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg/440px-Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_impression_nophoto.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+'No photos' tag at <a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Today many people have <a href="/wiki/Digital_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital cameras">digital cameras</a> and post their photographs online, for example <a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">street photography</a> practitioners do so for artistic purposes and <a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">social documentary photography</a> practitioners do so to document the common people in everyday life. The people depicted in these photos might not want to have them appear on the Internet. Police arrest photos, considered public record in many jurisdictions, are often posted on the internet by numerous <a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_publishing_industry" title="Mug shot publishing industry">online mug shot publishing sites</a>.</p>
+<p>Some organizations attempt to respond to this privacy-related concern. For example, the 2005 Wikimania conference required that photographers have the prior permission of the people in their pictures, albeit this made it impossible for photographers to practice <a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">candid photography</a> and doing the same in a public place would violate the photographers' <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> rights. Some people wore a 'no photos' tag to indicate they would prefer not to have their photo taken.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:See_above_photo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:See above photo (page does not exist)">Template:See above photo</a></p>
+<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> published a short piece called "In The Face of Danger: Facial Recognition and Privacy Law", much of it explaining how "privacy law, in its current form, is of no help to those unwillingly tagged."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Any individual can be unwillingly tagged in a photo and displayed in a manner that might violate them personally in some way, and by the time Facebook gets to taking down the photo, many people will have already had the chance to view, share, or distribute it. Furthermore, traditional tort law does not protect people who are captured by a photograph in public because this is not counted as an invasion of privacy. The extensive Facebook privacy policy covers these concerns and much more. For example, the policy states that they reserve the right to disclose member information or share photos with companies, lawyers, courts, government entities, etc. if they feel it absolutely necessary. The policy also informs users that profile pictures are mainly to help friends connect to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> However, these, as well as other pictures, can allow other people to invade a persons privacy by finding out information that can be used to track and locate a certain individual. In an article featured in ABC News, it was stated that two teams of scientists found out that Hollywood stars could be giving up information about their private whereabouts very easily through pictures uploaded to the Internet. Moreover, it was found that pictures taken by some phones and tablets including <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhones</a> automatically attach the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> of the picture taken through <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> unless this function is manually disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Face recognition technology can be used to gain access to a person's private data, according to a new study. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University combined image scanning, cloud computing and public profiles from social network sites to identify individuals in the offline world. Data captured even included a user's social security number.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Experts have warned of the privacy risks faced by the increased merging of our online and offline identities. The researchers have also developed an 'augmented reality' mobile app that can display personal data over a person's image captured on a smartphone screen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Since these technologies are widely available, our future identities may become exposed to anyone with a smartphone and an Internet connection. Researchers believe this could force us to reconsider our future attitudes to privacy.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Google_Street_View">Google Street View</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Google Street View">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a>, released in the U.S. in 2007, is currently the subject of an ongoing debate about possible infringement on individual privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-46">[46]</a></sup> In an article entitled Privacy, Reconsidered: New Representations, Data Practices, and the Geoweb, Sarah Elwood and Agnieszka Leszczynski (2011) argue that Google Street View facilitate[s] identification and disclosure with more immediacy and less abstraction.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-47">[47]</a></sup> The medium through which <a href="/wiki/Street_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Street View">Street View</a> disseminates information, the photograph, is very immediate in the sense that it can potentially provide direct information and evidence about a persons whereabouts, activities, and private property. Moreover, the technologys disclosure of information about a person is less abstract in the sense that, if photographed, a person is represented on Street View in a virtual replication of his or her own real-life appearance. In other words, the technology removes abstractions of a persons appearance or that of his or her personal belongings there is an immediate disclosure of the person and object, as they visually exist in real life. Although Street View began to blur license plates and peoples faces in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-45">[45]</a></sup> the technology is faulty and does not entirely ensure against accidental disclosure of identity and private property.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-46">[46]</a></sup> Elwood and Leszczynski note that many of the concerns leveled at Street View stem from situations where its photograph-like images were treated as definitive evidence of an individuals involvement in particular activities.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-47">[47]</a></sup> In one instance, Ruedi Noser, a Swiss politician, barely avoided public scandal when he was photographed in 2009 on Google Street View walking with a woman who was not his wife the woman was actually his secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-45">[45]</a></sup> Similar situations occur when Street View provides high-resolution photographs and photographs hypothetically offer compelling objective evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-47">[47]</a></sup> But as the case of the Swiss politician illustrates, even supposedly compelling photographic evidence is sometimes subject to gross misinterpretation. This example further suggests that Google Street View may provide opportunities for privacy infringement and harassment through public dissemination of the photographs. Google Street View does, however, blur or remove photographs of individuals and private property from image frames if the individuals request further blurring and/or removal of the images. This request can be submitted, for review, through the report a problem button that is located on the bottom left-hand side of every image window on Google Street View, however, Google has made attempts to report a problem difficult by disabling the "Why are you reporting the street view" icon.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Search_engines">Search engines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Search engines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Search engines have the ability to track a users searches. Personal information can be revealed through searches by the user's computer, account, or IP address being linked to the search terms used. Search engines have claimed a necessity to <a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">retain such information</a> in order to provide better services, protect against security pressure, and protect against fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-privacyrights.org_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-privacyrights.org-48">[48]</a></sup> A search engine takes all of its users and assigns each one a specific ID number. Those in control of the database often keep records of where on the Internet each member has traveled to. AOLs system is one example. AOL has a database 21 million members deep, each with their own specific ID number. The way that AOLSearch is set up, however, allows for AOL to keep records of all the websites visited by any given member. Even though the true identity of the user isnt known, a full profile of a member can be made just by using the information stored by AOLSearch. By keeping records of what people query through AOLSearch, the company is able to learn a great deal about them without knowing their names.<sup id="cite_ref-AOL.27s_disturbing_glimpse_into_users.27_lives_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOL.27s_disturbing_glimpse_into_users.27_lives-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Search engines also are able to retain user information, such as location and time spent using the search engine, for up to ninety days. Most search engine operators use the data to get a sense of which needs must be met in certain areas of their field. People working in the legal field are also allowed to use information collected from these search engine websites. The Google search engine is given as an example of a search engine that retains the information entered for a period of three-fourths of a year before it becomes obsolete for public usage. Yahoo! follows in the footsteps of Google in the sense that it also deletes user information after a period of ninety days. Other search engines such as Ask! search engine has promoted a tool of "AskEraser" which essentially takes away personal information when requested.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Some changes made to Internet search engines included that of Google's search engine. Beginning in 2009, Google began to run a new system where the Google search became personalized. The item that is searched and the results that are shown remembers previous information that pertains to the individual. Google search engine not only seeks what is searched, but also strives to allow the user to feel like the search engine recognizes their interests. This is achieved by using online advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> A system that Google uses to filter advertisements and search results that might interest the user is by having a ranking system that tests relevancy that include observation of the behavior users exude while searching on Google. Another function of search engines is the predictability of location. Search engines are able to predict where one's location is currently by locating IP Addresses and geographical locations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Google had publicly stated on January 24, 2012, that its privacy policy will once again be altered. This new policy will change the following for its users: (1) the privacy policy will become shorter and easier to comprehend and (2) the information that users provide will be used in more ways than it is presently being used. The goal of Google is to make users experiences better than they currently are.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
+<p>This new privacy policy is planned to come into effect on March 1, 2012. Peter Fleischer, the Global Privacy Counselor for Google, has explained that if a person is logged into his/her Google account, and only if he/she is logged in, information will be gathered from multiple Google services in which he/she has used in order to be more accommodating. Googles new privacy policy will combine all data used on Googles search engines (i.e., YouTube and Gmail) in order to work along the lines of a persons interests. A person, in effect, will be able to find what he/she wants at a more efficient rate because all searched information during times of login will help to narrow down new search results.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Googles privacy policy explains information they collect and why they collect it, how they use the information, and how to access and update information. Google will collect information to better service its users such as their language, which ads they find useful or people that are important to them online. Google announces they will use this information to provide, maintain, protect Google and its users. The information Google uses will give users more relevant search results and advertisements. The new privacy policy explains that Google can use shared information on one service in other Google services from people who have a Google account and are logged in. Google will treat a user as a single user across all of their products. Google claims the new privacy policy will benefit its users by being simpler. Google will, for example, be able to correct the spelling of a users friends name in a Google search or notify a user they are late based on their calendar and current location. Even though Google is updating their privacy policy, its core privacy guidelines will not change. For example, Google does not sell personal information or share it externally.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Users and public officials have raised many concerns regarding Googles new privacy policy. The main concern/issue involves the sharing of data from multiple sources. Because this policy gathers all information and data searched from multiple engines when logged into Google, and uses it to help assist users, privacy becomes an important element. Public officials and Google account users are worried about online safety because of all this information being gathered from multiple sources.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Some users do not like the overlapping privacy policy, wishing to keep the service of Google separate. The update to Googles privacy policy has alarmed both public and private sectors. The European Union has asked Google to delay the onset of the new privacy policy in order to ensure that it does not violate E.U. law. This move is in accordance with objections to decreasing online privacy raised in other foreign nations where surveillance is more heavily scrutinized.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> Canada and Germany have both held investigations into the legality of both Facebook, against respective privacy acts, in 2010. The new privacy policy only heightens unresolved concerns regarding user privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>An additional feature of concern to the new Google privacy policy is the nature of the policy. One must accept all features or delete existing Google accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> The update will affect the Google+ social network, therefore making Google+s settings uncustomizable, unlike other customizable social networking sites. Customizing the privacy settings of a social network is a key tactic that many feel is necessary for social networking sites. This update in the system has some Google+ users wary of continuing service.<sup id="cite_ref-Facebook._PIC_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facebook._PIC-61">[61]</a></sup> Additionally, some fear the sharing of data amongst Google services could lead to revelations of identities. Many using pseudonyms are concerned about this possibility, and defend the role of pseudonyms in literature and history.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p>
+<p><br />
+Some solutions to being able to protect user privacy on the Internet can include programs such as "Rapleaf" which is a website that has a search engine that allows users to make all of one's search information and personal information private. Other websites that also give this option to their users are Facebook and Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span id="Privacy_focused_search_engines/browsers"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy_focused_search_engines.2Fbrowsers">Privacy focused search engines/browsers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Privacy focused search engines/browsers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Search engines such as <a href="/wiki/Startpage.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Startpage.com">Startpage.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disconnect_Mobile" title="Disconnect Mobile">Disconnect.me</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroogle" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroogle">Scroogle</a> (defunct since 2012) anonymize Google searches. Some of the most notable Privacy-focused search-engines are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a></b>: DuckDuckGo is a meta-search engine that combines the search results from various search engines (excluding Google) and providing some unique services like using search boxes on various websites and providing instant answers out of the box.</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/MetaGer" title="MetaGer">MetaGer</a></b>: MetaGer is a meta-search engine (obtains results from various sources) and in Germany by far the most popular safe search engine. All servers are stationed in Germany, a plus considering that the German legislation tends to respect privacy rights better than many other European countries.</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ixquick" title="Ixquick">Ixquick</a></b>: IxQuick is a Dutch-based meta-search engine (obtains results from various sources). It commits also to the protection of the privacy of its users. Ixquick uses similar safety features as MetaGer.</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Yacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yacy">Yacy</a></b>: Yacy is a decentralized-search engine developed on the basis of a community project, which started in 2005. The search engine follows a slightly different approach to the two previous ones, using a peer-to-peer principle that does not require any stationary and centralized servers. This has its disadvantages but also the simple advantage of greater privacy when surfing due to basically no possibility of hacking.</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor Browser (The Onion Router)</a></b>: Tor Browser is a free software that provides access to anonymised network that enables anonymous communication. It directs the internet traffic through multiple relays. This encryption method prevents others from tracking a certain user, thus allowing user's IP address and other personal information to be concealed. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy_issues_of_social_networking_sites">Privacy issues of social networking sites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Privacy issues of social networking sites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privacy_issues_of_social_networking_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy issues of social networking sites">Privacy issues of social networking sites</a></div>
+<p>The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> has caused social profiling and is a growing concern for Internet privacy. Web 2.0 is the system that facilitates participatory information sharing and collaboration on the Internet, in <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> media websites like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, Twitter, and <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>. These social networking sites have seen a boom in their popularity starting from the late 2000s. Through these websites many people are giving their personal information out on the internet.</p>
+<p>It has been a topic of discussion of who is held accountable for the collection and distribution of personal information. Some will say that it is the fault of the social networks because they are the ones who are storing the vast amounts of information and data, but others claim that it is the users who are responsible for the issue because it is the users themselves that provide the information in the first place. This relates to the ever-present issue of how society regards social media sites. There is a growing number of people that are discovering the risks of putting their personal information online and trusting a website to keep it private. Yet in a recent study, researchers found that young people are taking measures to keep their posted information on Facebook private to some degree. Examples of such actions include managing their privacy settings so that certain content can be visible to "Only Friends" and ignoring Facebook friend requests from strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2013 a class action lawsuit was filed against Facebook alleging the company scanned user messages for web links, translating them to likes on the users Facebook profile. Data lifted from the private messages was then used for targeted advertising, the plaintiffs claimed. <i>"Facebook's practice of scanning the content of these messages violates the federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA also referred to as the Wiretap Act), as well as California's Invasion of Privacy Act (CIPA), and section 17200 of California's Business and Professions Code,</i>" the plaintiffs said.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.rt.com/usa/217875-facebook-lawsuit-advertising-messages/">[2]</a> This shows that once information is online it is no longer completely private. It is an increasing risk because younger people are having easier internet access than ever before, therefore they put themselves in a position where it is all too easy for them to upload information, but they may not have the caution to consider how difficult it can be to take that information down once it is out in the open. This is becoming a bigger issue now that so much of society interacts online which was not the case fifteen years ago. In addition, because of the quickly evolving digital media arena, people's interpretation of privacy is evolving as well, and it is important to consider that when interacting online. New forms of social networking and digital media such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> may call for new guidelines regarding privacy. What makes this difficult is the wide range of opinions surrounding the topic, so it is left mainly up to our judgement to respect other people's online privacy in some circumstances. Sometimes it may be necessary to take extra precautions in situations where somebody else may have a tighter view on privacy ethics. No matter the situation it is beneficial to know about the potential consequences and issues that can come from careless activity on social networks.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_service_providers">Internet service providers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Internet service providers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Internet users obtain Internet access through an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (ISP). All data transmitted to and from users must pass through the ISP. Thus, an ISP has the potential to observe users' activities on the Internet.</p>
+<p>However, ISPs are usually prohibited from participating in such activities due to legal, ethical, business, or technical reasons.</p>
+<p>Normally ISPs do collect at least <i>some</i> information about the consumers using their services. From a privacy standpoint, ISPs would ideally collect only as much information as they require in order to provide Internet connectivity (IP address, billing information if applicable, etc.).</p>
+<p>Which information an ISP collects, what it does with that information, and whether it informs its consumers, pose significant privacy issues. Beyond the usage of collected information typical of third parties, ISPs sometimes state that they will make their information available to government authorities upon request. In the US and other countries, such a request does not necessarily require a warrant.</p>
+<p>An ISP cannot know the contents of properly-encrypted data passing between its consumers and the Internet. For encrypting <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> traffic, <a href="/wiki/Https" class="mw-redirect" title="Https">https</a> has become the most popular and best-supported standard. Even if users encrypt the data, the ISP still knows the IP addresses of the sender and of the recipient. (However, see the <a href="#IP_addresses">IP addresses</a> section for workarounds.)</p>
+<p>An <a href="/wiki/Anonymizer" title="Anonymizer">Anonymizer</a> such as <a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P The Anonymous Network</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a> can be used for accessing web services without them knowing one's IP address and without one's ISP knowing what the services are that one accesses. Additional software has been developed that may provide more secure and anonymous alternatives to other applications. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage</a> can be used as an alternative for email and <a href="/wiki/Cryptocat" title="Cryptocat">Cryptocat</a> as an alternative for online chat. On the other hand, in addition to End-to-End encryption software, there are web services such as Qlink<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> which provide privacy through a novel security protocol which does not require installing any software.</p>
+<p>While signing up for internet services, each computer contains a unique IP, Internet Protocol address. This particular address will not give away private or personal information, however, a weak link could potentially reveal information from one's ISP.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
+<p>General concerns regarding Internet user privacy have become enough of a concern for a UN agency to issue a report on the dangers of identity fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> held its first annual Data Protection Day on January 28, which has since evolved into the annual <a href="/wiki/Data_Privacy_Day" title="Data Privacy Day">Data Privacy Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dataprivacyday_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dataprivacyday-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile USA</a> doesn't store any information on <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsing">web browsing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon Wireless</a> keeps a record of the websites a subscriber visits for up to a year. <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile" title="Virgin Mobile">Virgin Mobile</a> keeps <a href="/wiki/Text_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Text messages">text messages</a> for three months. Verizon keeps text messages for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep texts of messages at all, but they keep a record of who texted who for over a year. <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a> keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages who and the date and time, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile keeps that data for two to three months.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2015)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="HTML5">HTML5</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: HTML5">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> is the latest version of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Hypertext Markup Language</a> specification. HTML defines how user agents, such as web browsers, are to present websites based upon their underlying code. This new web standard changes the way that users are affected by the internet and their privacy on the internet. HTML5 expands the number of methods given to a website to store information locally on a client as well as the amount of data that can be stored. As such, privacy risks are increased. For instance, merely erasing cookies may not be enough to remove potential tracking methods since data could be mirrored in <a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">web storage</a>, another means of keeping information in a user's web browser.<sup id="cite_ref-PrivacyWHATWG_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivacyWHATWG-71">[71]</a></sup> There are so many sources of data storage that it is challenging for web browsers to present sensible privacy settings. As the power of web standards increases, so do potential misuses.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
+<p>HTML5 also expands access to user media, potentially granting access to a computer's microphone or webcam, a capability previously only possible through the use of plug-ins like <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Flash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-getUserMedia_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getUserMedia-73">[73]</a></sup> It is also possible to find a user's geographical location using the <a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">geolocation API</a>. With this expanded access comes increased potential for abuse as well as more vectors for attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-SophosHTML5_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SophosHTML5-74">[74]</a></sup> If a malicious site was able to gain access to a user's media, it could potentially use recordings to uncover sensitive information thought to be unexposed. However, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, responsible for many web standards, feels that the increased capabilities of the web platform outweigh potential privacy concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-W3CHTML5Privacy_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3CHTML5Privacy-75">[75]</a></sup> They state that by documenting new capabilities in an open standardization process, rather than through closed source plug-ins made by companies, it is easier to spot flaws in specifications and cultivate expert advice.</p>
+<p>Besides elevating privacy concerns, HTML5 also adds a few tools to enhance user privacy. A mechanism is defined whereby user agents can share blacklists of domains that should not be allowed to access web storage.<sup id="cite_ref-PrivacyWHATWG_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivacyWHATWG-71">[71]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Content_Security_Policy" title="Content Security Policy">Content Security Policy</a> is a proposed standard whereby sites may assign privileges to different domains, enforcing harsh limitations on JavaScript use to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> attacks. HTML5 also adds HTML templating and a standard HTML parser which replaces the various parsers of web browser vendors. These new features formalize previously inconsistent implementations, reducing the number of vulnerabilities though not eliminating them entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-HTML5_Security_Realities_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTML5_Security_Realities-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-W3C_HTML_Templates_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C_HTML_Templates-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Big_Data">Big Data</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Big Data">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Big_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Data">Big Data</a> is generally defined as the rapid accumulation and compiling of massive amounts of information that is being exchanged over digital communication systems. The data is large (often exceeding <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a>) and cannot be handled by conventional computer processors, and are instead stored on large server-system databases. This information is assessed by analytic scientists using software programs; which paraphrase this information into multi-layered user trends and demographics. This information is collected from all around the Internet, such as by popular services like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> or <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> systems. Big Data provides companies with the ability to:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Infer detailed psycho-demographic profiles of internet users, even if they were not directly expressed or indicated by users.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS-V110-I15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-V110-I15-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Inspect product availability and optimize prices for maximum profit while clearing inventory.</li>
+<li>Swiftly reconfigure risk portfolios in minutes and understand future opportunities to mitigate risk.</li>
+<li>Mine customer data for insight, and create advertising strategies for customer acquisition and retention.</li>
+<li>Identify customers who matter the most.</li>
+<li>Create retail coupons based on a proportional scale to how much the customer has spent, to ensure a higher redemption rate.</li>
+<li>Send tailored recommendations to mobile devices at just the right time, while customers are in the right location to take advantage of offers.</li>
+<li>Analyze data from social media to detect new market trends and changes in demand.</li>
+<li>Use clickstream analysis and data mining to detect fraudulent behavior.</li>
+<li>Determine root causes of failures, issues and defects by investigating user sessions, network logs and machine sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-SAS_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAS-78">[78]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_potential_Internet_privacy_risks">Other potential Internet privacy risks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other potential Internet privacy risks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> is a term short for "malicious software" and is used to describe software to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network whether that is through the use of a virus, trojan horse, spyware, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx-79">[79]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a> is a piece of software that obtains information from a user's computer without that user's consent.<sup id="cite_ref-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx-79">[79]</a></sup></li>
+<li>A <a href="/wiki/Web_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Web bug">web bug</a> is an object embedded into a web page or email and is usually invisible to the user of the website or reader of the email. It allows checking to see if a person has looked at a particular website or read a specific email message.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> is a criminally fraudulent process of trying to obtain sensitive information such as user names, passwords, credit card or bank information. Phishing is an internet crime in which someone masquerades as a trustworthy entity in some form of electronic communication.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pharming" title="Pharming">Pharming</a> is a hacker's attempt to redirect traffic from a legitimate website to a completely different internet address. Pharming can be conducted by changing the hosts file on a victims computer or by exploiting a vulnerability on the DNS server.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social engineering (computer security)">Social engineering</a> where people are manipulated or tricked into performing actions or divulging confidential information.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_server#Risks_of_using_anonymous_proxy_servers" title="Proxy server">Malicious proxy server</a> (or other "anonymity" services).</li>
+<li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Password_strength" title="Password strength">weak passwords</a> that are short, consist of all numbers, all lowercase or all uppercase letters, or that can be easily guessed such as single words, common phrases, a person's name, a pet's name, the name of a place, an address, a phone number, a social security number, or a birth date.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Using the same login name and/or password for multiple accounts where one compromised account leads to other accounts being compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013-82">[82]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Allowing unused or little used accounts, where unauthorized use is likely to go unnoticed, to remain active.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Using out-of-date software that may contain vulnerabilities that have been fixed in newer more up-to-date versions.<sup id="cite_ref-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013-82">[82]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a> is a protocol which suffers from a serious <a href="/wiki/WebRTC#Concerns" title="WebRTC">security flaw</a> that compromises the privacy of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN-tunnels</a>, by allowing the true <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of the user to be read. It is enabled by default in major browsers such as <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reduction_of_risks_to_Internet_privacy">Reduction of risks to Internet privacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reduction of risks to Internet privacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/Inc._(magazine)" title="Inc. (magazine)">Inc.</a></i> magazine reports that the Internet's biggest corporations have hoarded Internet users' personal data and sold it for large financial profits. The magazine reports on a band of startup companies that are demanding privacy and aiming to overhaul the social-media business, such as <a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a>, a mobile messaging app, described as using peer-to-peer encryption and giving the user the capacity to control what information is retained on the other end;   Ansa, an ephemeral chat application, also described as employing peer-to-peer encryption;   and Omlet, an open mobile social network, described as giving the user control over their data so that if a user does not want their data saved, they are able to delete it from the data repository.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Noise_Society__Protection_through_Information_Overflow"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Noise_Society_.E2.80.93_Protection_through_Information_Overflow">Noise Society Protection through Information Overflow</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Noise Society Protection through Information Overflow">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicklas_Lundblad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicklas Lundblad (page does not exist)">Nicklas Lundblad</a>, another perspective on privacy protection is the assumption that the quickly growing amount of information produced will be beneficial. The reasons for this are that the costs for the surveillance will raise and that there is more noise, noise being understood as anything that interferes the process of a receiver trying to extract private data from a sender.</p>
+<p>In this noise society, the collective expectation of privacy will increase, but the individual expectation of privacy will decrease. In other words, not everyone can be analyzed in detail, but one individual can be. Also, in order to stay unobserved, it can hence be better to blend in with the others than trying to use for example encryption technologies and similar methods. Technologies for this can be called Jante-technologies after the Law of Jante, which states that you are nobody special. This view offers new challenges and perspectives for the privacy discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_views">Public views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Public views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>While internet privacy is widely acknowledged as the top consideration in any online interaction,<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-87">[87]</a></sup> as evinced by the public outcry over SOPA/CISPA, public understanding of online privacy policies is actually being negatively affected by the current trends regarding online privacy statements.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Users have a tendency to skim internet privacy policies for information regarding the distribution of personal information only, and the more legalistic the policies appear, the less likely users are to even read the information.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne.2C_G._R_2004_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne.2C_G._R_2004-89">[89]</a></sup> Coupling this with the increasingly exhaustive license agreements companies require consumers to agree to before using their product, consumers are reading less about their rights.</p>
+<p>Furthermore, if the user has already done business with a company, or is previously familiar with a product, they have a tendency to not read the privacy policies that the company has posted.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne.2C_G._R_2004_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne.2C_G._R_2004-89">[89]</a></sup> As internet companies become more established, their policies may change, but their clients will be less likely to inform themselves of the change.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-87">[87]</a></sup> This tendency is interesting because as consumers become more acquainted with the internet they are also more likely to be interested in online privacy. Finally, consumers have been found to avoid reading the privacy policies if the policies are not in a simple format, and even perceive these policies to be irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne.2C_G._R_2004_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne.2C_G._R_2004-89">[89]</a></sup> The less readily available terms and conditions are, the less likely the public is to inform themselves of their rights regarding the service they are using.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Concerns_of_Internet_privacy_and_real_life_implications">Concerns of Internet privacy and real life implications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Concerns of Internet privacy and real life implications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>While dealing with the issue of internet privacy, one must first be concerned with not only the technological implications such as damaged property, corrupted files, and the like, but also with the potential for implications on their real lives. One such implication, which is rather commonly viewed as being one of the most daunting fears risks of the Internet, is the potential for identity theft. Although it is a typical belief that larger companies and enterprises are the usual focus of identity thefts, rather than individuals, recent reports seem to show a trend opposing this belief. Specifically, it was found in a 2007 Internet Security Threat Report that roughly ninety-three percent of gateway attacks were targeted at unprepared home users. It should be noted that the term gateway attack was used to refer to attack which aimed not at stealing data immediately, but rather at gaining access for future attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Krapf.2C_E._2007_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krapf.2C_E._2007-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<p>But how, one might ask, is this still thriving given the increasing emphasis on internet security? The simple, but unfortunate solution, according to Symantecs Internet Security Threat Report, is that of the expanding underground economy. With more than fifty percent of the supporting servers located in the United States, this underground economy has become a haven for internet thieves, who use the system in order to sell stolen information. These pieces of information can range from generic things such as a user account or email to something as personal as a bank account number and <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krapf.2C_E._2007_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krapf.2C_E._2007-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<p>While the processes these internet thieves use are abundant and unique, one popular trap unsuspecting people fall into is that of online purchasing. This is not to allude to the idea that every purchase one makes online will leave them susceptible to identity theft, but rather that it increases the chances. In fact, in a 2001 article titled Consumer Watch, the popular online site PC World went as far as calling secure e-shopping a myth. Though unlike the gateway attacks mentioned above, these incidents of information being stolen through online purchases generally are more prevalent in medium to large sized e-commerce sites, rather than smaller individualized sites. This is assumed to be a result of the larger consumer population and purchases, which allow for more potential leeway with information.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Ultimately, however, the potential for a violation of one's privacy is typically out of their hands after purchasing from an online e-tailer or store. One of the most common forms in which hackers receive private information from online e-tailers actually comes from an attack placed upon the sites servers responsible for maintaining information about previous transactions. For as experts explain, these e-tailers are not doing nearly enough to maintain or improve their security measures. Even those sites that clearly present a privacy or security policy can be subject to hackers havoc as most policies only rely upon encryption technology which only apply to the actual transfer of a customers data. However, with this being said, most e-tailers have been making improvements, going as far as covering some of the credit card fees if the informations abuse can be tracked back to the sites servers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As one of the largest growing concerns American adults have of current Internet privacy policies, identity and credit theft remain a constant figure in the debate surrounding privacy online. A 1997 study by the Boston Consulting Group showed that participants of the study were most concerned about their privacy on the Internet compared to any other media.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-92">[92]</a></sup> However, it is important to recall that these issues are not the only prevalent concerns our society has. Though some may call it a modern-day version of McCarthyism, another prevalent issue also remains members of our own society sending disconcerting emails to one another. It is for this reason in 2001 that for one of the first times ever the public demonstrated an approval of government intervention in their private lives.<sup id="cite_ref-pewinternet.org_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewinternet.org-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
+<p>With the overall public anxiety regarding the constantly expanding trend of online crimes, in 2001 roughly fifty-four percent of Americans polled showed a general approval for the FBI monitoring those emails deemed suspicious. Thus, it was born the idea for the FBI program: Carnivore, which was going to be used as a searching method, allowing the FBI to hopefully home in on potential criminals. Unlike the overall approval of the FBIs intervention, Carnivore was not met with as much of a majoritys approval. Rather, the public seemed to be divided with forty-five percent siding in its favor, forty-five percent opposed to the idea for its ability to potentially interfere with ordinary citizens messages, and ten percent claiming indifference. While this may seem slightly tangent to the topic of internet privacy, it is important to consider that at the time of this poll, the general populations approval on government actions was declining, reaching thirty-one percent versus the forty-one percent it held a decade prior. This figure in collaboration with the majoritys approval of FBI intervention demonstrates an emerging emphasis on the issue of internet privacy in society and more importantly, the potential implications it may hold on citizens lives.<sup id="cite_ref-pewinternet.org_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewinternet.org-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Online users must seek to protect the information they share with online websites, specifically social media. In today's <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> individuals have become the public producers of personal information.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a></sup> We create our own digital trails that hackers and companies alike capture and utilize for a variety of marketing and advertisement targeting. A recent paper from the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">Rand Corporation</a> claims "privacy is not the opposite of sharing rather, it is control over sharing."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a></sup> Internet privacy concerns arise from our surrender of personal information to engage in a variety of acts, from transactions to commenting in online forums. Protections against invasions of online privacy will require individuals to make an effort informing and protecting themselves via existing software solutions, to pay premiums for such protections or require individuals to place greater pressure on governing institutions to enforce privacy laws and regulations regarding consumer and personal information.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Laws_and_regulations">Laws and regulations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Laws and regulations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy_law" title="Information privacy law">Information privacy law</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_privacy_policies">Global privacy policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Global privacy policies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Google has long been attacked for their lack of privacy in the U.S. as well as abroad. In 2007, however, the tables began to turn. Peter Fleischer, a Google representative, addressed the U.N. in France regarding privacy issues and expressed that the current international privacy policies were not adequately protecting consumers. Instead of continuing to enforce broken and ineffective Internet privacy laws, the Google representative proposed that the United Nations establish a global privacy policy that would efficiently protect consumers privacy while causing the least possible amount of negative impact on web browsers such as Google. At that time, Google was under investigation by the European Union for violating the global privacy policies that were already in place. The greatest issue related to Internet privacy internationally is that of data collection. At this point in time, the U.S. and the European Union had separate sets of privacy policies, making it increasingly difficult for companies such as Google to exist globally without violating such policies. Google is just one example of a large company whose primary goal is to make money by serving their product, web browsing, to consumers. Consumers, however, are concerned with the quality of that product and their privacy. Online data collection by search engines allows Internet businesses to track consumers online roadmap, everything from the sites they visit to the purchases they make. This poses problems globally to those who are web users around the world, especially in a world where there is no overarching privacy policy. The general consensus of this issue regarding international privacy violations at the time of Fleischers U.N. address is that, since the Internet is global, the privacy policies should also be global and unified.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Data_protection_regulation">Data protection regulation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Data protection regulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Currently, as of March 2012, the need for a set of unified privacy policies has been met by the European Union with proposed legislation. The Data Protection Regulation is a proposed set of consistent regulations across the European Union that will protect Internet users from clandestine tracking and unauthorized personal data usage. This regulation will further protect users' privacy rights in two key ways: clearly defining the term personal data and increasing punishments for those who violate users' online privacy. In Article 4(2) of the proposed legislation, the definition of personal data is expanded significantly to include any information online that could be traced to an individual. In Articles 77 and 79 of the proposed legislation, appropriate punishments are outlined for many possible violations of users' privacy rights by controllers and effective enforcement of data protection is guaranteed. The Data Protection Regulation will also hold companies accountable for violations of the regulation by implementing a unified legislation outlining specific repercussions for various types of violations based on severity. The CDT, the Center for Democracy & Technology, has carefully evaluated this proposed legislation in detail and officially issued an analysis on March 28, 2012. The Center for Democracy & Technology is a nonprofit organization that advocates for Internet freedom and online privacy through government public policy. Analyses such as this interpret the governmental propositions for Internet users and promote democracy by allowing all the opportunity to agree or disagree with the proposition prior to its ruling. This analysis is posted publicly on the Internet, in compliance with the mission of CDT, and addresses each section of the Data Protection Regulation and the potential pitfalls of each article. The two major issues the CDT addresses in this analysis of the Data Protection Regulation are the inflexible rules against profiling users based on their Internet usage and the parental consent policy in regards to controlling the online information of children.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_privacy_in_China">Internet privacy in China</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Internet privacy in China">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
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+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>One of the most popular topics of discussion in regards to Internet privacy is China. The main concern with privacy of Internet users in China is the lack thereof. China has a well known policy of censorship when it comes to the spread of information through public media channels. <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the People's Republic of China">Censorship</a> has been prominent in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">communist party</a> gained power in China over 60 years ago. With the development of the Internet, however, privacy became more of a problem for the government. The Chinese Government has been accused of actively limiting and editing the information that flows into the country via various media. The Internet poses a particular set of issues for this type of censorship, especially when search engines are involved. Yahoo! for example, encountered a problem after entering China in the mid-2000s. A Chinese journalist, who was also a Yahoo! user, sent private emails using the Yahoo! server regarding the Chinese government. The Chinese staff of Yahoo! intercepted these emails and sent the journalists reportedly bad impression of the country to the Chinese government, which in turn sentenced the journalist to ten years in prison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These types of occurrences have been reported numerous times and have been criticized by foreign entities such as the creators of the <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor anonymity network</a>, which was designed to circumvent network surveillance in multiple countries. User privacy in China is not as cut-and-dry as it is in other parts of the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> China, reportedly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2013)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>, has a much more invasive policy when Internet activity involves the Chinese government. For this reason, search engines are under constant pressure to conform to Chinese rules and regulations on censorship while still attempting to keep their integrity. Therefore, most search engines operate differently in China than in the other countries, such as the US or Britain, if they operate in China at all. There are two types of intrusions that occur in China regarding the internet: the alleged intrusion of the company providing users with Internet service, and the alleged intrusion of the Chinese government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The intrusion allegations made against companies providing users with Internet service are based upon reports that companies, such as Yahoo! in the previous example, are using their access to the internet users' private information to track and monitor users' Internet activity. The claims made against the Chinese government lies in the fact that the government is forcing Internet-based companies to track users private online data without the user knowing that they are being monitored. Both alleged intrusions are relatively harsh and possibly force foreign Internet service providers to decide if they value the Chinese market over internet privacy. Also, many websites are blocked in China such as Facebook and Twitter. However many Chinese internet users use special methods like a VPN to unblock websites that are blocked.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_privacy_in_Sweden">Internet privacy in Sweden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Internet privacy in Sweden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Sweden is often considered to be at the forefront of Internet use and Internet regulations. On 11 May 1973 Sweden enacted the <a href="/wiki/Data_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Act">Data Act</a> the world's first national data protection law.<sup id="cite_ref-impl_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impl-95">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> They are constantly innovating the way that the Internet is used and how it impacts their people. In 2012, Sweden received a Web Index Score of 100, a score that measures how the Internet significantly influences political, social, and economic impact, placing them first among 61 other nations. Sweden received this score while in the process of exceeding new mandatory implementations from the European Union. Sweden placed more restrictive guidelines on the directive on intellectual property rights enforcement (IPRED) and passed the FRA-law in 2009 that allowed for the legal sanctioning of surveillance of internet traffic by state authorities. The FRA has a history of intercepting radio signals and has stood as the main intelligence agency in Sweden since 1942. Sweden is an interesting topic when discussing Laws and Regulations of Internet Privacy because of mixture of their government's strong push towards implementing policy and their citizens continued perception of a free and neutral Internet. Both of the previously mentioned additions created controversy by critics but they did not change the public perception even though the new FRA-law was brought in front of the European Court of Human Rights for human rights violations. The law was established by the National Defense Radio Establishment (Forsvarets Radio Anstalt - FRA) to eliminate outside threats. However, the law also allowed for authorities to monitor all cross-border communication without a warrant. Sweden's recent emergence into Internet dominance may be explained by their recent climb in users. Only 2% of all Swedes were connected to the Internet in 1995 but at last count in 2012, 89% had broadband access. This was due in large part once again to the active Swedish government introducing regulatory provisions to promote competition among Internet Service Providers. These regulations helped grow web-infrastructure and forced prices below the European average. To add to the intrigue around Sweden's laws and regulations, one must also mention how copyright laws evolved in Sweden. Sweden was the birthplace of the Pirate Bay, an infamous file-sharing website. File sharing has been illegal in Sweden since it was developed, however, there was never any real fear of being persecuted for the crime until 2009 when the Swedish Parliament was the first in the European Union to pass the intellectual property rights directive. This directive persuaded internet service providers to announce the identity of suspected violators. A final piece of legislation worth mentioning when discussing Sweden's regulations is the infamous centralized block list. The list is generated by authorities and was originally crafted to eliminate sites hosting child pornography. However, there is no legal way to appeal a site that ends up on the list and as a result, many non-child pornography sites have been blacklisted. It is important to consider that Sweden's government enjoys a high level of trust from their citizens. Without this trust, many of these regulations would not be possible and thus many of these regulations may only be feasible in the Swedish context.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_privacy_in_the_United_States">Internet privacy in the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Internet privacy in the United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg" width="220" height="310" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="2172" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeff_Flake_official_Senate_photo_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+US Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a> spearheaded an effort to pass legislation allowing ISPs and tech firms to sell private customer information, such as their browsing history, without consent.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>With the <a href="/wiki/Republican_party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican party of the United States">Republicans</a> in control of all three branches of the U.S. government, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobbyists</a> for <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs) and tech firms persuaded lawmakers to dismantle regulations to protect privacy which had been made during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a>. These FCC rules had required ISPs to get "explicit consent" before gathering and selling their private Internet information, such as the consumers' browsing histories, locations of businesses visited and applications used.<sup id="cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsWashPost47447-98">[98]</a></sup> Trade groups wanted to be able to sell this information for profit.<sup id="cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsWashPost47447-98">[98]</a></sup> Lobbyists persuaded Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a> and Republican representative <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> to sponsor legislation to dismantle Internet privacy rules; Flake received $22,700 in donations and Blackburn received $20,500 in donations from these trade groups.<sup id="cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsWashPost47447-98">[98]</a></sup> On March 23, 2017, abolition of these privacy protections passed on a narrow party-line vote.<sup id="cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsWashPost47447-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_threats">Legal threats</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legal threats">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Used by government agencies are array of technologies designed to track and gather Internet users' information are the topic of much debate between privacy advocates, <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> advocates and those who believe such measures are necessary for law enforcement to keep pace with rapidly changing communications technology.</p>
+<p>Specific examples:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Following a decision by the European Unions council of ministers in Brussels, in January 2009, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> adopted a plan to allow police to access the contents of individuals' computers without a warrant. The process, called "remote searching", allows one party, at a remote location, to examine another's hard drive and Internet traffic, including email, browsing history and websites visited. Police across the EU are now permitted to request that the British police conduct a remote search on their behalf. The search can be granted, and the material gleaned turned over and used as evidence, on the basis of a senior officer believing it necessary to prevent a serious crime. Opposition MPs and civil liberties advocates are concerned about this move toward widening surveillance and its possible impact on personal privacy. Says Shami Chakrabarti, director of the human rights group Liberty, The public will want this to be controlled by new legislation and judicial authorisation. Without those safeguards its a devastating blow to any notion of personal privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></li>
+<li>The FBI's <a href="/wiki/Magic_Lantern_(software)" title="Magic Lantern (software)">Magic Lantern</a> software program was the topic of much debate when it was publicized in November, 2001. Magic Lantern is a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan Horse</a> program that logs users' keystrokes, rendering encryption useless to those infected.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#.22See_also.22_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">see also</a>" section <b>may contain an excessive number of suggestions</b>. Please ensure that only the most relevant links are given, that they are not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Red_link" title="Wikipedia:Red link">red links</a>, and that any links are not already in this article. <small><i>(February 2015)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous blogging">Anonymous blogging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_post" title="Anonymous post">Anonymous post</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_remailer" title="Anonymous remailer">Anonymous remailer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_web_browsing" title="Anonymous web browsing">Anonymous web browsing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Articles_Relating_to_Terms_of_Service_and_Privacy_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Articles Relating to Terms of Service and Privacy Policies">Index of Articles Relating to Terms of Service and Privacy Policies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">Internet censorship circumvention</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Internet vigilantism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">Privacy-enhancing technologies</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_Removal_Tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata Removal Tool">Metadata Removal Tool</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_software" title="Privacy software">Privacy software</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy law</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">Right to be forgotten</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_Australian_law" title="Privacy in Australian law">Privacy in Australian law</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_1988" title="Privacy Act 1988">Australian Privacy Act 1988</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Canadian privacy law</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_(Canada)" title="Privacy Act (Canada)">Canadian Privacy Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_and_Electronic_Documents_Act" title="Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act">Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive" title="Data Protection Directive">European Union Data Protection Directive</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/EPrivacy_Regulation_(European_Union)" title="EPrivacy Regulation (European Union)">ePrivacy Regulation (European Union)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">Privacy in English law</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998" title="Data Protection Act 1998">UK Data Protection Act 1998</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_protection_(privacy)_laws_in_Russia" title="Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia">Privacy laws in Russia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Privacy laws of the United States</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Bank secrecy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act</a> (CALEA)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">U.S. Privacy Act of 1974</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2013_mass_surveillance_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 mass surveillance disclosures">2013 mass surveillance disclosures</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance in the United States</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unauthorized_access_in_online_social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Unauthorized access in online social networks">Unauthorized access in online social networks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-NYT-20170329a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170329a_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">The Editorial Board (March 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/opinion/republicans-attack-internet-privacy.html">"Republicans Attack Internet Privacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Republicans+Attack+Internet+Privacy&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft.au=The+Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F29%2Fopinion%2Frepublicans-attack-internet-privacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NYT-20170329b-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170329b_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Wheeler, Tom</a> (March 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/opinion/how-the-republicans-sold-your-privacy-to-internet-providers.html">"How the Republicans Sold Your Privacy to Internet Providers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+Republicans+Sold+Your+Privacy+to+Internet+Providers&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F29%2Fopinion%2Fhow-the-republicans-sold-your-privacy-to-internet-providers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">E. E. David; R. M. Fano (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/fjcc6.html">"Some Thoughts About the Social Implications of Accessible Computing. Proceedings 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Thoughts+About+the+Social+Implications+of+Accessible+Computing.+Proceedings+1965+Fall+Joint+Computer+Conference&rft.date=1965&rft.au=E.+E.+David&rft.au=R.+M.+Fano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Ffjcc6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaYn_PkrfvQ">"Steve Rambam Privacy Is Dead Get Over It at The Next HOPE, July 16-18, 2010 in New York City"</a>. youtube.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steve+Rambam+%E2%80%93+Privacy+Is+Dead+%E2%80%93+Get+Over+It+at+The+Next+HOPE%2C+July+16-18%2C+2010+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=youtube.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDaYn_PkrfvQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pariser, Eli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu/hww/results/getResults.jhtml?_DARGS=/hww/results/results_common.jhtml.35">"The Troubling Future of Internet Search"</a>. The Futurist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Troubling+Future+of+Internet+Search&rft.pub=The+Futurist&rft.aulast=Pariser&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu%2Fhww%2Fresults%2FgetResults.jhtml%3F_DARGS%3D%2Fhww%2Fresults%2Fresults_common.jhtml.35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Blakeman, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu/hww/results/getResults.jhtml?_DARGS=/hww/results/results_common.jhtml.35">"What Search Engines Know About You"</a>. Online (Weston, Connecticut)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Search+Engines+Know+About+You&rft.pub=Online+%28Weston%2C+Connecticut%29&rft.aulast=Blakeman&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu%2Fhww%2Fresults%2FgetResults.jhtml%3F_DARGS%3D%2Fhww%2Fresults%2Fresults_common.jhtml.35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cain Miller, C. (2012, January 25). A New Policy On Privacy From Google. The New York Times, p. B3</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/03/google-privacy-policy_n_1253467.html">Steinhauser, G. (2012, February 3). Google's Privacy Policy Changes Prompt EU Probe. <i>The Huffington Post</i></a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Miller, Claire (January 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/google-to-update-its-privacy-policies-and-terms-of-service/?scp=2&sq=google's%20new%20privacy%20policy&st=cse">"Google To Update Privacy Policy to Cover Wider Data Use"</a>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+To+Update+Privacy+Policy+to+Cover+Wider+Data+Use&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F24%2Fgoogle-to-update-its-privacy-policies-and-terms-of-service%2F%3Fscp%3D2%26sq%3Dgoogle%27s%2520new%2520privacy%2520policy%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-google-defends-change-to-privacy-policies-20120201,0,3821438.story">Reuters. (2012, February 1). Google defends change to privacy policies. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Canter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/technology/eu-backs-delay-in-googles-privacy-policy.html">"E.U. Presses Google to Delay Privacy Policy Changes"</a> 'The New York Times,' February 3, 2012</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Perry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techi.com/2010/05/facebook-vs-canada-its-about-to-get-ugly/">"Facebook vs. Canada. It's about to get ugly."</a> 'Techi,' May 22, 2010</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert McMillan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/197955/google_relents_will_hand_over_european_wifi_data.html">"Google Relents, Will Hand Over European Wi-Fi Data"</a> 'PCWorld,' June 3, 2010</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/google-privacy-policy-is-subject-of-backlash/2012/01/25/gIQAzwZCRQ_story.html">"Google privacy policy is subject of backlash"</a> 'The Washington Post.'</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Facebook._PIC-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Facebook._PIC_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPIC In re Facebook. (n.d.). EPIC Electronic Privacy Information Center. Retrieved January 25, 2011/</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jillian York <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/07/case-pseudonyms">"A Case for Pseudonyms"</a> EFF.org, July 29, 2011</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">World, PC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu/hww/results/getResults.jhtml?_DARGS=/hww/results/results_common.jhtml.35">"People Search Engines: Limit the Information They Can Collect"</a>. PC World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+Search+Engines%3A+Limit+the+Information+They+Can+Collect&rft.pub=PC+World&rft.aulast=World&rft.aufirst=PC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu%2Fhww%2Fresults%2FgetResults.jhtml%3F_DARGS%3D%2Fhww%2Fresults%2Fresults_common.jhtml.35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torstatus.blutmagie.de/">"Tor Status"</a>. <i>Tor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor&rft.atitle=Tor+Status&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorstatus.blutmagie.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Young, Alyson Leigh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.777757">"Privacy Protection Strategies on Facebook"</a>. <i>Information, Communication & Society</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 479500. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F1369118X.2013.777757">10.1080/1369118X.2013.777757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information%2C+Communication+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Privacy+Protection+Strategies+on+Facebook&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=479-500&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369118X.2013.777757&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alyson+Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F1369118X.2013.777757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g68ZC9kY-go">Guillermo Arduino (2014, December 13). A simple Security Protocol which does not require special software <i>CNN Technology CLIXCNN</i>.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs18-cyb.htm">"Online Privacy: Using the Internet Safely | Privacy Rights Clearinghouse"</a>. Privacyrights.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Privacy%3A+Using+the+Internet+Safely+%26%23124%3B+Privacy+Rights+Clearinghouse&rft.pub=Privacyrights.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.privacyrights.org%2Ffs%2Ffs18-cyb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6199372.stm">"UN warns on password 'explosion<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC News. 2006-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+warns+on+password+%27explosion%27&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F6199372.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-dataprivacyday-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dataprivacyday_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Fleischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Fleischer (page does not exist)">Peter Fleischer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Horvath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Horvath (page does not exist)">Jane Horvath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuman_Ghosemajumder" title="Shuman Ghosemajumder">Shuman Ghosemajumder</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/01/celebrating-data-privacy.html">"Celebrating data privacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Blog">Google Blog</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+data+privacy&rft.pub=Google+Blog&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Peter+Fleischer%2C+Jane+Horvath%2C+Shuman+Ghosemajumder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F01%2Fcelebrating-data-privacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=140931876">"Document Shows How Phone Cos. Treat Private Data"</a>. Associated Press. September 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>. <q>T-Mobile USA doesn't keep any information on Web browsing activity. Verizon, on the other hand, keeps some information for up to a year that can be used to ascertain if a particular phone visited a particular Web site. According to the sheet, Sprint Nextel Corp.'s Virgin Mobile brand keeps the text content of text messages for three months. Verizon keeps it for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep texts at all, but they keep records of who texted who for more than a year. The document says AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages whoand when, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile only keeps that data for two to three months.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Document+Shows+How+Phone+Cos.+Treat+Private+Data&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D140931876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-PrivacyWHATWG-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrivacyWHATWG_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrivacyWHATWG_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/webstorage.html#privacy">"Privacy, Web Storage"</a>. WHATWG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Privacy%2C+Web+Storage&rft.pub=WHATWG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatwg.org%2Fspecs%2Fweb-apps%2Fcurrent-work%2Fmultipage%2Fwebstorage.html%23privacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/11/business/media/11privacy.html?adxnnl=1&pagewanted=all">Vega, T. (2010, October 10). New web code draws concern over privacy risks. <i>The New York Times</i></a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-getUserMedia-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-getUserMedia_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/getusermedia/intro/">"Capturing Audio & Video in HTML5"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capturing+Audio+%26+Video+in+HTML5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.html5rocks.com%2Fen%2Ftutorials%2Fgetusermedia%2Fintro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-SophosHTML5-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SophosHTML5_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sophos.com/en-us/security-news-trends/security-trends/html5-and-security.aspx">"HTML5 and Security on the New Web: Promise and problems for privacy and security"</a>. Sophos<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML5+and+Security+on+the+New+Web%3A+Promise+and+problems+for+privacy+and+security&rft.pub=Sophos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fen-us%2Fsecurity-news-trends%2Fsecurity-trends%2Fhtml5-and-security.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-W3CHTML5Privacy-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W3CHTML5Privacy_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/html/wiki/FAQs#What_are_HTML5_Security_and_Privacy_Issues.3F">"What are HTML5 Security and Privacy Issues?"</a>. W3C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+HTML5+Security+and+Privacy+Issues%3F&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2Fhtml%2Fwiki%2FFAQs%23What_are_HTML5_Security_and_Privacy_Issues.3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-HTML5_Security_Realities-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTML5_Security_Realities_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hill, Brad (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slideshare.net/BradHill2/w3-conf-hillhtml5securityrealities">"HTML5 Security Realities"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>Rich web apps are not new, and HTML5 offers big security improvements compared to the proprietary plugin technologies it's actually replacing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML5+Security+Realities&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FBradHill2%2Fw3-conf-hillhtml5securityrealities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-W3C_HTML_Templates-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W3C_HTML_Templates_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/webcomponents/raw-file/tip/spec/templates/index.html">"HTML Templates"</a>. W3C. 23 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML+Templates&rft.pub=W3C&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdvcs.w3.org%2Fhg%2Fwebcomponents%2Fraw-file%2Ftip%2Fspec%2Ftemplates%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-SAS-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAS_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas.com/big-data/index.html">"Big Data What Is It?"</a>. SAS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Data+%E2%80%93+What+Is+It%3F&rft.pub=SAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.com%2Fbig-data%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-https:.2F.2Ftechnet.microsoft.com.2Fen-us.2Flibrary.2Fdd632948.aspx_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://technet.microsoft.com">https://technet.microsoft.com</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Goodchild, Joan (11 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csoonline.com/article/514063/social-engineering-the-basics">"Social Engineering: The Basics"</a>. csoonline<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Social+Engineering%3A+The+Basics&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Goodchild&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csoonline.com%2Farticle%2F514063%2Fsocial-engineering-the-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truste.com/products-and-services/consumer_privacy/privacy_tips#btt">"Protect Your Privacy"</a>. TRUSTe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protect+Your+Privacy&rft.pub=TRUSTe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truste.com%2Fproducts-and-services%2Fconsumer_privacy%2Fprivacy_tips%23btt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DigitalToolstoCurbSnooping-NYT-17July2013_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/technology/personaltech/digital-tools-to-help-curb-online-eavesdropping.html">"Digital Tools to Curb Snooping"</a>, Somini Sengupta, <i>New York Times</i>, 17 July 2013</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=8798">"Top 5 Online Privacy Tips"</a>. Net-Security<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+5+Online+Privacy+Tips&rft.pub=Net-Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.net-security.org%2Fsecworld.php%3Fid%3D8798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/huge-security-flaw-leaks-vpn-users-real-ip-addresses-150130/">Huge Security Flaw Leaks VPN Users Real IP-addresses</a> TorrentFreak.com (2015-01-30). Retrieved on 2015-02-21.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inc.com/magazine/201407/ceo-of-wickr-leads-social-media-resistance-movement.html">The Revolution Will Not Be Monetized</a>, in the JulyAugust 2014 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Inc._(magazine)" title="Inc. (magazine)">Inc. magazine</a></i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lundblad, Nicklas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/47-16.pdf">"Privacy in the Noise Society"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stockholm Institute for Scandianvian Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+Institute+for+Scandianvian+Law&rft.atitle=Privacy+in+the+Noise+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lundblad&rft.aufirst=Nicklas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scandinavianlaw.se%2Fpdf%2F47-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Miyazaki, A. D.; Fernandez, A. (2001). "Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks for Online Shopping". <i>Journal of Consumer Affairs</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 3839. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x">10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Affairs&rft.atitle=Consumer+Perceptions+of+Privacy+and+Security+Risks+for+Online+Shopping&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-39&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x&rft.aulast=Miyazaki&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/19/us-data-collection-idUSTRE81I0AP20120219">Menn, J. (Feb. 19, 2012), Data Collection Arms Race Feeds Privacy Fears. <i>Reuters</i></a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Milne.2C_G._R_2004-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milne.2C_G._R_2004_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milne.2C_G._R_2004_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milne.2C_G._R_2004_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Milne, G. R.; Culnan, M. J. (2004). "Strategies for reducing online privacy risks: Why consumers read (or don't read) online privacy notices". <i>J. Interactive Mark</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 2425. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fdir.20009">10.1002/dir.20009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Interactive+Mark.&rft.atitle=Strategies+for+reducing+online+privacy+risks%3A+Why+consumers+read+%28or+don%27t+read%29+online+privacy+notices&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdir.20009&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft.au=Culnan%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Krapf.2C_E._2007-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krapf.2C_E._2007_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krapf.2C_E._2007_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krapf, E. (2007). A Perspective On Internet Security. Business Communications Review, 37(6), 1012.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandra.2C_Anne_2001.2C_PC_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kandra, Anne. (2001, July). The myth of secure e-shopping. PC World, 19(7), 2932.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Langford-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langford_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langford, D. (Ed.). (2000). Internet Ethics. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pewinternet.org-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewinternet.org_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewinternet.org_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org">"Pew Research -"</a>. <i>pewinternet.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewinternet.org&rft.atitle=Pew+Research+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:0-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">de Cornire, Alexandre; de Nijs, Romain (2016-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1756-2171.12118/abstract">"Online advertising and privacy"</a>. <i>The RAND Journal of Economics</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 4872. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2F1756-2171.12118">10.1111/1756-2171.12118</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-2171">1756-2171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RAND+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Online+advertising+and+privacy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-72&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1756-2171.12118&rft.issn=1756-2171&rft.aulast=de+Corni%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=de+Nijs%2C+Romain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1756-2171.12118%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-impl-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-impl_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">man, Sren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/47-18.pdf">"Implementing Data Protection in Law"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementing+Data+Protection+in+Law&rft.aulast=%C3%96man&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scandinavianlaw.se%2Fpdf%2F47-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/sweden.php">"Online Privacy Law: Sweden"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. Law Library of Congress. 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Online+Privacy+Law%3A+Sweden&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fonline-privacy-law%2Fsweden.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/do-swedes-do-internet-policy-and-regulation-sweden-%E2%80%93-snapshot">Do as the Swedes do? Internet policy and regulation in Sweden a snapshot | Internet Policy Review</a>. Policyreview.info. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-twsWashPost47447-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsWashPost47447_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimberly Kindy, May 30, 2017, Washington Post, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-congress-dismantled-federal-internet-privacy-rules/2017/05/29/7ad06e14-2f5b-11e7-8674-437ddb6e813e_story.html?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1">How Congress dismantled federal Internet privacy rules</a>, Retrieved May 30, 2017</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5439604.ece">"Police set to step up hacking of home PCs"</a>. London: Timesonline.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-25</span></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; color:#555">(Subscription required (<span title="The site requires a paid subscription to access this page." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</span>))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+set+to+step+up+hacking+of+home+PCs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle5439604.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rumormillnews.com/cgi-bin/archive.cgi?noframes;read=15391">"FBI 'Lantern' Software Does Log Keystrokes"</a>. Rumormillnews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+%27Lantern%27+Software+Does+Log+Keystrokes&rft.pub=Rumormillnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rumormillnews.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farchive.cgi%3Fnoframes%3Bread%3D15391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+privacy" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Lohr, Steve, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/17/technology/17privacy.html?scp=1&sq=how%20privacy%20can%20vanish%20steve%20lohr&st=cse">"How Privacy Can Vanish Online, a Bit at a Time"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, Wednesday, March 17, 2010</li>
+<li>Gazaleh, Mark (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/31116853/Online_trust_and_perceived_utility_for_consumers_of_web_privacy_statements">Online trust and perceived utility for consumers of web privacy statements Overview</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wbsarchive.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/online-trust-and-perceived-utility-for-consumers-of-web-privacy-statements/">WBS</a></i>, 35pp.</li>
+<li>Federal Trade Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftc.gov/os/2010/12/101201privacyreport.pdf">Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change: A Proposed Framework for Businesses and Policymakers</a>, December 2010</li>
+<li>Topolsky, J. (2012, February 16). "Tempted by cool apps, users should see Apples privacy issues as a wake-up call". <i>Washington Post</i>, p. A15.</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017033653/http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-hallambaker-prismproof-req-00.txt">PRISM-Proof Security Considerations</a>, Internet-Draft, Phillip Hallam-Baker, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 11 September 2013.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_privacy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fried.com/privacy/">Ultimate Guide To Online Privacy</a> - A very thorough and constantly updated guide to online privacy.</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.privacytools.io/">PrivacyTools.io</a> - Provides knowledge and tools to protect your privacy against global mass surveillance</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activist.co.za/privacy">Activist Net Privacy</a> - Curated list of interviews of individuals at the forefront of the privacy debate</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eff.org/">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> - an organization devoted to privacy and intellectual freedom advocacy</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawdex.com/docs/Bourke_v_Nissan.pdf">Expectation of privacy for company email not deemed objectively reasonable <i>Bourke v. Nissan</i></a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo28200">Internet Privacy: The Views of the FTC, the FCC, and NTIA: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade and the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, July 14, 2011</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Privacy" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Privacy" title="Template:Privacy"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Privacy" title="Template talk:Privacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Privacy&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Privacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy" title="Expectation of privacy">Expectation of privacy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy laws</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_Australian_law" title="Privacy in Australian law">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Canada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law_in_Denmark" title="Privacy law in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">England</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive" title="Data Protection Directive">European Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bundesdatenschutzgesetz" title="Bundesdatenschutzgesetz">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act,_2012" title="Data Protection Act, 2012">Ghana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy_in_New_Zealand" title="Right to privacy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Data_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Act on Data Protection">Switzerland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">USA</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_data_protection_authority" title="National data protection authority">Data protection authorities</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Australian_Information_Commissioner" title="Office of the Australian Information Commissioner">Australia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Danish Data Protection Agency">Denmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Article_29_Data_Protection_Working_Party" title="Article 29 Data Protection Working Party">working group</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Commission_nationale_de_l%27informatique_et_des_libert%C3%A9s" title="Commission nationale de l'informatique et des liberts">France</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Commissioner_for_Data_Protection_and_Freedom_of_Information" title="Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information">Germany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Data Protection Commissioner">Ireland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="Office of the Data Protection Supervisor">Isle of Man</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Privacy_Commission_(Philippines)" title="National Privacy Commission (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Spanish Data Protection Agency">Spain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Swedish Data Protection Authority">Sweden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">United Kingdom</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">Medical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Workplace</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy_law" title="Information privacy law">Law</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_privacy" title="Financial privacy">Financial</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political privacy">Political</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" title="Personally identifiable information">Personally identifiable information</a> (<a href="/wiki/Personal_identifier" title="Personal identifier">Personal identifiers</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">Privacy-enhancing technologies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Social networking services</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy engineering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy<br />
+organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Professionals_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility">Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Privacy_Forum" title="Future of Privacy Forum">Future of Privacy Forum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Rights_Clearinghouse" title="Privacy Rights Clearinghouse">Privacy Rights Clearinghouse</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cellphone_surveillance" title="Cellphone surveillance">Cellphone surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">Panopticon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personality_rights" title="Personality rights">Personality rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">Search warrant</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">en masse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveillance state">state</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">global</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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diff --git a/small_wiki/Jackson 5 Christmas Album - Wikipedia.html b/small_wiki/Jackson 5 Christmas Album - Wikipedia.html
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+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><i>Jackson 5 Christmas Album</i></h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vevent haudio" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary album" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg/220px-Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg" width="220" height="229" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg/330px-Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Jackson5-ChristmasAlbum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="364" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue"><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Studio album</a> by <span class="contributor"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Released</th>
+<td class="published">October 15, 1970</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Recorded</th>
+<td class="plainlist">1970</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th>
+<td class="category hlist"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Length</th>
+<td><span class="duration"><span class="min">34</span>:<span class="s">13</span></span><br />
+56:15 (2009 Re-release)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th>
+<td class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a><br />
+<small>MS 713</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Producer</a></th>
+<td class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="description" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a> chronology</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<table style="background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
+<tr style="line-height: 1.4em;">
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i><br />
+(1970)<span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a>1970</span></td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em"><i><b>Jackson 5 Christmas Album</b></i><br />
+(1970)</td>
+<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i><br />
+(1971)<span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a>1971</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: lightsteelblue">Alternative cover</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:J5-ultimate-xmas.jpg" class="image" title="2009 remaster"><img alt="2009 remaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/J5-ultimate-xmas.jpg/220px-J5-ultimate-xmas.jpg" width="220" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/J5-ultimate-xmas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a>
+<div>2009 remaster</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: lightsteelblue"><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Singles</a> from <i>Jackson 5 Christmas Album</i></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<div style="text-align:left">
+<ol>
+<li><span class="item"><span class="fn">"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"</span><br />
+Released: November 1970</span></li>
+<li><span class="item"><span class="fn">"Give Love On Christmas Day"</span><br />
+Released: 1986</span></li>
+<li><span class="item"><span class="fn">"Up on the House Top"</span><br />
+Released: 1987</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="font-size:120%">Professional ratings</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d1dbdf;font-size:120%">Review scores</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col">Source</th>
+<th scope="col">Rating</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Allmusic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="white-space:nowrap" title="4.5/5 stars"><img alt="4.5/5 stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" title="4.5/5 stars" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Star_half.svg/11px-Star_half.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Star_half.svg/17px-Star_half.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Star_half.svg/22px-Star_half.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span><sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide" title="The Rolling Stone Album Guide">The Rolling Stone Album Guide</a></i></td>
+<td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="white-space:nowrap" title="3/5 stars"><img alt="3/5 stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" title="3/5 stars" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/11px-Star_empty.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/17px-Star_empty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/22px-Star_empty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/11px-Star_empty.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/17px-Star_empty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/22px-Star_empty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i><b>Jackson 5 Christmas Album</b></i> was the fourth <a href="/wiki/Studio_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio album">studio album</a> (and only <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holiday</a> album) by <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> family quintet <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a>, released in October 1970. Included on the <i>Christmas Album</i> is the Jackson 5's hit single version of "<a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Coming to Town</a>". The Jackson 5's versions of "<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus" title="I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus">I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus</a>" and "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" remain frequent radio requests during the Christmas season<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The album spent all four weeks at the number one position on <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine's special Christmas Albums chart that the magazine published in December 1970, making it the best-selling Christmas album of that year. It has sold over 3.5 million copies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2003, Universal Motown re-released the album with "Little Christmas Tree" (from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Motown_Christmas" title="A Motown Christmas">A Motown Christmas</a></i>).</p>
+<p>In 2009, this configuration was released as <i><b>Ultimate Christmas Collection</b></i> with Christmas messages, remixes, and a Christmas medley, and again as <i><b>Merry Christmas Jackson 5</b></i>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Jackson_5_in_1970"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Jackson 5 in 1970</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Track_listing"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Track listing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Personnel"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Jackson_5_in_1970">Jackson 5 in 1970</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_5_Christmas_Album&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jackson 5 in 1970">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The release of <i>Jackson 5 Christmas Album</i> in October 1970 marked the end of a successful year for the band. Three albums were released by the group, with <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i> in May and <i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i> in September. Motown would have the Jacksons recreate a similar feat the following year, with <i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i> hitting record stores in April, the <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i> soundtrack in September, and a <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">greatest hits</a> collection in December. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s solo debut single "<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There_(song)" title="Got to Be There (song)">Got to Be There</a>", also hit the music stands in October, with <a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">the complete album of the same name</a> coming out in January 1972.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Track_listing">Track listing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_5_Christmas_Album&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Track listing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="tracklist" style="display:block;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:collapse;padding:4px">
+<tr>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:2em;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:60%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Title</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:40%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Writer(s)</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:4em;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee">Length</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">1.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas" title="Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas">Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bernard" title="Felix Bernard">Felix Bernard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Blane" title="Ralph Blane">Ralph Blane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Martin" title="Hugh Martin">Hugh Martin</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">5:19</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Coots" title="John Frederick Coots">J. Fred Coots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haven_Gillespie" title="Haven Gillespie">Haven Gillespie</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/The_Christmas_Song" title="The Christmas Song">The Christmas Song</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wells_(songwriter)" title="Robert Wells (songwriter)">Robert Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Torm">Mel Torm</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:45</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">4.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/Up_on_the_Housetop" class="mw-redirect" title="Up on the Housetop">Up on the House Top</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Traditional; arranged and adapted by The Corporation</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">5.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman" title="Frosty the Snowman">Frosty the Snowman</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(songwriter)" title="Steve Nelson (songwriter)">Steve Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Rollins" title="Walter E. Rollins">Jack Rollins</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:39</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">6.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Drummer_Boy" title="The Little Drummer Boy">The Little Drummer Boy</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Kennicott_Davis" title="Katherine Kennicott Davis">K.K. Davis</a>, Henry Onorati, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Simeone" title="Harry Simeone">Harry Simeone</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">7.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(song)" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Marks" title="Johnny Marks">Johnny Marks</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">8.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Christmas Won't Be the Same This Year"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a>, LaVerne Ware</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:31</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">9.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/Give_Love_on_Christmas_Day" title="Give Love on Christmas Day">Give Love on Christmas Day</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fonce_Mizell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonce Mizell">Fonce Mizell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Perren" title="Freddie Perren">Freddie Perren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deke_Richards" title="Deke Richards">Deke Richards</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">10.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Someday at Christmas"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Miller_(songwriter)" title="Ron Miller (songwriter)">Ron Miller</a>, Bryan Wells</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">11.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus" title="I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus">I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus</a>"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Tommie_Connor" title="Tommie Connor">Tommie Connor</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:01</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<dl>
+<dt>2003 remaster</dt>
+</dl>
+<table class="tracklist" style="display:block;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:collapse;padding:4px">
+<tr>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:2em;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:60%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Title</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:40%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Writer(s)</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:4em;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee">Length</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">12.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Little Christmas Tree"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Art Wayne, <a href="/wiki/Artie_Wayne" title="Artie Wayne">Artie Wayne</a></td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:37</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<dl>
+<dt>2009 <i>Ultimate Christmas Collection</i> bonus tracks</dt>
+</dl>
+<table class="tracklist" style="display:block;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:collapse;padding:4px">
+<tr>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:2em;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:60%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Title</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:40%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Writer(s)</th>
+<th class="tlheader" scope="col" style="width:4em;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;background-color:#eee">Length</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">12.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Season's Greetings from Michael Jackson"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"> </td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">0:09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">13.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Little Christmas Tree"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Art Wayne, Artie Wayne</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">14.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Season's Greetings from Tito Jackson"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"> </td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">0:06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">15.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Up On the Housetop (DJ Spinna Re-Edit)"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Traditional</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">5:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">16.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Season's Greetings from Jackie Jackson"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"> </td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">0:07</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">17.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (Stripped Mix)"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Johnny Marks</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">18.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Season's Greetings from Jermaine Jackson"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"> </td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">0:07</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">19.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Someday At Christmas (Stripped Mix)"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Ron Miller, Bryan Wells</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">2:44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#fff">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">20.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"Give Love On Christmas Day (Group A Cappella Version)"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">Berry Gordy, Jr., Fonce Mizell, Freddie Perren, Deke Richards</td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="background-color:#f7f7f7">
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">21.</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top">"J5 Christmas Medley"</td>
+<td style="vertical-align:top"> </td>
+<td style="padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">3:51</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel">Personnel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_5_Christmas_Album&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>Technical</dt>
+</dl>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Carmichael" title="James Anthony Carmichael">James Anthony Carmichael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Page" title="Gene Page">Gene Page</a> - arrangements</li>
+<li>Adam Abrams - production coordinator</li>
+<li>Harry Weinger - supervisor</li>
+<li>Vartan - art direction</li>
+<li>Alana Coghlan, Katherine Marking - design</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_5_Christmas_Album&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-allmusic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r9998">https://www.allmusic.com/album/r9998</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&pg=PA410&dq=rolling+stone+jackson+5+album+guide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PM_5ULSXDafs0QGOroDwCg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rolling%20stone%20jackson%205%20album%20guide&f=false">[1]</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chery, Carl: <i>XXL: Michael Jackson Special Collectors Edition</i>, page 99. American Press.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5" title="Template:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Randy Jackson</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jackson 5</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jacksons</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Live albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">The Jackson 5 in Japan</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(Jackson_5_Album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie (Jackson 5 Album)">Boogie</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5:_The_Ultimate_Collection" title="Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection">Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Jacksons" title="The Essential Jacksons">The Essential Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_The_Jacksons" title="The Very Best of The Jacksons">The Very Best of The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_First_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 First National Tour">First National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Second_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 Second National Tour">Second National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_World_Tour" title="Destiny World Tour">Destiny World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Tour" title="Triumph Tour">Triumph Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Tour_(The_Jacksons_tour)" title="Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)">Victory Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Tour" title="Unity Tour">Unity Tour</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5ive_(TV_series)" title="The Jackson 5ive (TV series)">The Jackson 5ive</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(TV_series)" title="The Jacksons (TV series)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream" title="The Jacksons: An American Dream">The Jacksons: An American Dream</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_A_Family_Dynasty" title="The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty">The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related articles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography" title="The Jackson 5 discography">Discography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5" title="List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Jackson_5_band_members" title="List of The Jackson 5 band members">Chronology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Jackson_5" title="Category:The Jackson 5">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons_singles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5_singles" title="Template:The Jackson 5 singles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5_singles" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5 singles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5_singles&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons_singles" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography#Singles" title="The Jackson 5 discography">singles</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Singles on <a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(song)" title="Big Boy (song)">Big Boy</a>"</li>
+<li>"We Don't Have to Be Over 21 (To Fall in Love)"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 song)">ABC</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>" / "I Found That Girl"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Had_a_Dream_Come_True_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Never Had a Dream Come True (Stevie Wonder song)">Never Had a Dream Come True</a>"</li>
+<li>"I'll Bet You"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_Why" title="I Don't Know Why">Don't Know Why I Love You</a>"</li>
+<li>" <a href="/wiki/La-La_(Means_I_Love_You)" title="La-La (Means I Love You)">La La (Means I Love You)</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Be_There_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)">I'll Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Pearl" title="Mama's Pearl">Mama's Pearl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_I_Saw_in_You_Was_Just_a_Mirage" title="The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage">The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Coming to Town</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus" title="I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus">I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Love_on_Christmas_Day" title="Give Love on Christmas Day">Give Love on Christmas Day</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye" title="Never Can Say Goodbye">Never Can Say Goodbye</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song)">Maybe Tomorrow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/16_Candles_(song)" title="16 Candles (song)">16 Candles</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Daddy_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Sugar Daddy (The Jackson 5 song)">Sugar Daddy</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Bitty_Pretty_One" title="Little Bitty Pretty One">Little Bitty Pretty One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows_(song)" title="Lookin' Through the Windows (song)">Lookin' Through the Windows</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Doctor_My_Eyes" title="Doctor My Eyes">Doctor My Eyes</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Corner of the Sky"</li>
+<li>"Hallelujah Day"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Skywriter_(song)" title="Skywriter (song)">Skywriter</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_It_Together_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Get It Together (The Jackson 5 song)">Get It Together</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</li>
+<li>"The Life of the Party"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Am_Love_(song)" title="I Am Love (song)">I Am Love</a>"</li>
+<li>"Whatever You Got, I Want"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Came_Today" title="Forever Came Today">Forever Came Today</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_I_Do_Is_Think_of_You" title="All I Do Is Think of You">All I Do Is Think of You</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Enjoy Yourself (The Jacksons song)">Enjoy Yourself</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Show_You_the_Way_to_Go" title="Show You the Way to Go">Show You the Way to Go</a>"</li>
+<li>"Dreamer"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Goin' Places"</li>
+<li>"Even Though You're Gone"</li>
+<li>"Different Kind of Lady"</li>
+<li>"Music's Taking Over"</li>
+<li>"Find Me a Girl"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Boogie" title="Blame It on the Boogie">Blame It on the Boogie</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>"</li>
+<li>"Destiny"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lovely_One" title="Lovely One">Lovely One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Place_Hotel" title="This Place Hotel">This Place Hotel</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Can_You_Feel_It_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)">Can You Feel It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Walk_Right_Now" title="Walk Right Now">Walk Right Now</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Things I Do for You" <small>(Live)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/State_of_Shock_(song)" title="State of Shock (song)">State of Shock</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Torture_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Torture (The Jacksons song)">Torture</a>"</li>
+<li>"Body"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothin%27_(That_Compares_2_U)" title="Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)">Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street_(song)" title="2300 Jackson Street (song)">2300 Jackson Street</a>"</li>
+<li>"Art of Madness"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Notable collaborations and album tracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Lovin%27_You" title="Who's Lovin' You">Who's Lovin' You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hum_Along_and_Dance" title="Hum Along and Dance">Hum Along and Dance</a>"</li>
+<li>"Time Out for the Burglar"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Feelin%27_Alright%3F" title="Feelin' Alright?">Feelin' Alright</a>"</li>
+<li>"That's How Love Is"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Jackson_5" title="Category:The Jackson 5">Category</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">Portal</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2160249-0!canonical and timestamp 20171028230730 and revision id 793626461
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+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_5_Christmas_Album&oldid=793626461">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_5_Christmas_Album&oldid=793626461</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970_Christmas_albums" title="Category:1970 Christmas albums">1970 Christmas albums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_albums_by_American_artists" title="Category:Christmas albums by American artists">Christmas albums by American artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Jackson_5_albums" title="Category:The Jackson 5 albums">The Jackson 5 albums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motown_albums" title="Category:Motown albums">Motown albums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_albums" title="Category:English-language albums">English-language albums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albums_arranged_by_Gene_Page" title="Category:Albums arranged by Gene Page">Albums arranged by Gene Page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Berry_Gordy" title="Category:Albums produced by Berry Gordy">Albums produced by Berry Gordy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Alphonzo_Mizell" title="Category:Albums produced by Alphonzo Mizell">Albums produced by Alphonzo Mizell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Deke_Richards" title="Category:Albums produced by Deke Richards">Albums produced by Deke Richards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Freddie_Perren" title="Category:Albums produced by Freddie Perren">Albums produced by Freddie Perren</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_the_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="Category:Albums produced by the Corporation (record production team)">Albums produced by the Corporation (record production team)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pop_Christmas_albums" title="Category:Pop Christmas albums">Pop Christmas albums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhythm_and_blues_Christmas_albums" title="Category:Rhythm and blues Christmas albums">Rhythm and blues Christmas albums</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_which_use_infobox_templates_with_no_data_rows" title="Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows">Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_infoboxes_with_deprecated_parameters" title="Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters">Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_listings_with_deprecated_parameters" title="Category:Track listings with deprecated parameters">Track listings with deprecated parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Jeb Bush</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 130%;"><span class="fn">Jeb Bush</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Jeb Bush by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/220px-Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" width="220" height="279" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/330px-Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/440px-Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2467" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">43rd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+January 5, 1999  January 2, 2007</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brogan" title="Frank Brogan">Frank Brogan</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Toni_Jennings" title="Toni Jennings">Toni Jennings</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">Buddy MacKay</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Secretary of Commerce of Florida</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+January 6, 1987  September 9, 1988</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Governor</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Mixson" title="Wayne Mixson">Wayne Mixson</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td>Bill Sutton</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Personal details</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span class="nickname">John Ellis Bush</span><br />
+<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1953-02-11</span>)</span> February 11, 1953 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 64)</span><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>, U.S.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Political party</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Spouse(s)</th>
+<td><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb Bush"><a href="/wiki/Columba_Bush" title="Columba Bush">Columba Gallo</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <abbr title="February 23, 1974">1974</abbr>)</span></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Children</th>
+<td>3, including <a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Parents</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Pierce</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Relatives</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <small>(brother)</small><br />
+<i>See <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Education</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas, Austin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Signature</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg" class="image" title="Jeb Bush's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg/125px-Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg.png" width="125" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg/188px-Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg/250px-Jeb_Bush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="288" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>John Ellis</b> "<b>Jeb</b>" <b>Bush Sr.</b> (born February 11, 1953) is an American businessman and politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">43rd Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> from 1999 to 2007.</p>
+<p>Bush, who grew up in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, is the second son of former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a>, and a younger brother of former President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, and attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>, where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs. In 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a>, and in 1986 became Florida's Secretary of Commerce until 1988. At that time, he joined his father's <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">successful campaign</a> for the Presidency.</p>
+<p>In <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1994" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1994">1994</a>, Bush made his first run for office, losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>. Bush ran again in <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1998" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1998">1998</a> and defeated Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">Buddy MacKay</a> with 55 percent of the vote. He ran for reelection in <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_2002" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 2002">2002</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Bill_McBride_(politician)" title="Bill McBride (politician)">Bill McBride</a> and winning with 56 percent, to become Florida's first two-term Republican governor. During his eight years as governor, Bush pushed an ambitious <a href="/wiki/Everglades_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Everglades conservation">Everglades conservation</a> plan, supported <a href="/wiki/Non-economic_damages_caps" title="Non-economic damages caps">caps</a> for <a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">medical malpractice</a> litigation, launched a <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> pilot program, and instituted reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a>.</p>
+<p>Bush announced <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jeb Bush presidential campaign, 2016">his presidential candidacy</a> on June 15, 2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20, 2016, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina,_2016" title="United States presidential election in South Carolina, 2016">South Carolina primary</a> and endorsed Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> on March 23, 2016. Bush later made headlines by joining a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who opposed Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee</a> for president, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Business_career_before_entering_politics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Business career before entering politics</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_political_career"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Early political career</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Governor_of_Florida"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Governor of Florida</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1998_gubernatorial_election"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">1998 gubernatorial election</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Economic_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Education_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Health_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Health policy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_policies"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other policies</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Veto_of_high_speed_rail_and_other_vetoes"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Veto of high speed rail and other vetoes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#2002_gubernatorial_re-election"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">2002 gubernatorial re-election</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Post-governorship"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Post-governorship</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Impact_on_political_party"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Impact on political party</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Political_interests"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Political interests</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Business_activities"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Business activities</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#2016_presidential_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">2016 presidential campaign</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Political_positions"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Political positions</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Domestic_issues"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic issues</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economic_issues"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic issues</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#International_relations_and_security"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">International relations and security</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Civic_and_charitable_activities"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Civic and charitable activities</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Electoral_history"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral history</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Entire_Bush_family.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg/220px-Entire_Bush_family.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg/330px-Entire_Bush_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg/440px-Entire_Bush_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="481" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Entire_Bush_family.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jeb Bush, front right, with family, early 1960s</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jeb Bush was born on February 11, 1953 in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>. When he was six years old, the family relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood,_Houston" title="Tanglewood, Houston">Tanglewood</a> neighborhood<sup id="cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1">[1]</a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGA-2">[2]</a></sup> The nickname "Jeb" is composed of his initials J.E.B. (John Ellis Bush).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>He grew up with two younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin</a>, one younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy</a>, and one older brother, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George</a>, who is seven years older. Jeb Bush initially attended Grady Elementary School in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Following in the footsteps of his father and older brother George, at the age of 14 years in late 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1">[1]</a></sup> Bush began attending high school at the <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a> boarding school <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy, Andover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boston050314_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston050314-5">[5]</a></sup> Bush completed ninth grade in Houston, but was advised to repeat it at Andover, and was nearly expelled due to poor grades.<sup id="cite_ref-MKranish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MKranish-6">[6]</a></sup> Bush recreationally used <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>, and cigarettes during his high school years, although he made the <a href="/wiki/Honors_student" title="Honors student">honor roll</a> by the end of his senior year and served as captain of the tennis team.<sup id="cite_ref-MKranish_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MKranish-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<p>At the age of 17, Bush taught English as a second language and assisted in the building of a school in Ibarrilla, a small village outside of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="Len, Guanajuato">Len, Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> as part of Andover's student exchange summer program.<sup id="cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastroOcalaStar99-8">[8]</a></sup> While in Mexico, he met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Columba_Bush" title="Columba Bush">Columba Garnica Gallo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastroOcalaStar99-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-style_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-style-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush, who had largely avoided criticizing or supporting the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, registered for the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> after his graduation from high school in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-MKranish_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MKranish-6">[6]</a></sup> In the fourth and final draft lottery drawing, on February 2, 1972, for men born in 1953 and to be inducted during 1973, Bush received a draft number of 26 on a calendar-based scale that went to 365. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> because the U.S. changed to an all-volunteer military beginning in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Though many in his family had attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, Bush chose to attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, beginning in September 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1">[1]</a></sup> He played on the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns" title="Texas Longhorns">Texas Longhorns</a> varsity tennis team in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1">[1]</a></sup> He graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a> from the University of Texas at Austin with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> He completed his coursework in two and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Business_career_before_entering_politics">Business career before entering politics</span></h2>
+<p>In 1974, Bush went to work in an entry-level position in the international division of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Commerce_Bank" title="Texas Commerce Bank">Texas Commerce Bank</a>, which was founded by the family of <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> In November 1977, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, to open a new operation for the bank, where he served as branch manager and vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Following the 1980 presidential election, Bush and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County, Florida</a>. He took a job in real estate with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armando_Codina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armando Codina (page does not exist)">Armando Codina</a>, a 32-year-old <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> immigrant and self-made millionaire. Codina had made a fortune in a computer business, and then formed a new company, The Codina Group, to pursue opportunities in <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> During his time with the company, Bush focused on finding tenants for commercial developments.<sup id="cite_ref-AMacGillis_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMacGillis-17">[17]</a></sup> Codina eventually made Bush his partner in a new development business, which quickly became one of South Florida's leading real estate development firms. As a partner, Bush received 40% of the firm's profits.<sup id="cite_ref-Swasy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swasy-18">[18]</a></sup> In 1983, Bush said of his move from Houston to Miami: "On the personal side, my mother-in-law and sister-in-law were already living here", and on the professional side, "I want to be very wealthy, and I'll be glad to tell you when I've accomplished that goal."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During Bush's years in Miami, he was involved in many different <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurial</a> pursuits, including working for a mobile phone company, serving on the board of a <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a>-owned company that sold fire equipment to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a>, becoming a minority owner of the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars" title="Jacksonville Jaguars">Jacksonville Jaguars</a>, buying a shoe company that sold footwear in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and getting involved in a project selling water pumps in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Miguel Recarey, who ran International Medical Centres (IMC), employed Bush as a real estate consultant and paid him a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>75,000 fee for finding the company a new location, although the move never took place. Bush did, however, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> vigorously and successfully on behalf of Recarey and IMC.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_political_career">Early political career</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg/170px-Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg" width="170" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg/255px-Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg/340px-Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="859" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_as_Florida_Secretary_of_Commerce.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jeb Bush as Florida Secretary of Commerce</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Bush volunteered for his father's campaigns in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a>. During the 1980 campaign, Bush worked as an unpaid volunteer, and expressed great admiration for his father.<sup id="cite_ref-kpendergast_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpendergast-21">[21]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s, Bush got his start in Florida politics as the Chairman of the Dade County Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kpendergast_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpendergast-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Date_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Date-22">[22]</a></sup> Dade County played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1986" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1986">1986 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a> to the Governor's office. In return, Martinez appointed Bush as Florida's Secretary of Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-Date_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Date-22">[22]</a></sup> He served in that role in 1987 and 1988, before resigning to work on his father's presidential campaign.</p>
+<p>Bush frequently communicated with his father's staff from 1981 through 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-seder_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seder-23">[23]</a></sup> The younger Bush recommended <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Lehtinen" title="Dexter Lehtinen">Dexter Lehtinen</a> for the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida">U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida</a> and set up a meeting between the Bush Administration and <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-seder_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seder-23">[23]</a></sup> He also advocated for <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a> living in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, and supported the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">Cuban embargo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-seder_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seder-23">[23]</a></sup> In 1990, Bush urged his father to pardon <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bosch" title="Orlando Bosch">Orlando Bosch</a>, a Cuban exile who had been convicted of firing a rocket into a Polish ship which was on passage to Cuba. Bosch was released from prison and granted residency in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1989, Bush was the campaign manager of <a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ileana Ros-Lehtinen</a>, the first Cuban-American to serve in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-24">[24]</a></sup> In 1994, Bush launched an <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1994" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1994">unsuccessful bid</a> for the Governor's office against incumbent <a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Democratic</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-24">[24]</a></sup> Bush ran that year as a conservative. At one point, he was asked what he would do for <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>, and Bush responded: "Its time to strive for a society where theres equality of opportunity, not equality of results. So Im going to answer your question by saying: probably nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a></sup> Bush lost the election by only 63,940 votes out of 4,206,076 that were cast for the major party candidates (2,135,008; 51% to 2,071,068; 49%). In the same election year, his older brother, George, was elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a>. Following his election loss, Bush joined the board of <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> and continued to work with Codina Partners.<sup id="cite_ref-AMacGillis_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMacGillis-17">[17]</a></sup> Alongside T. William Fair, the president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">Urban League's</a> Miami affiliate, Bush helped to establish Florida's first <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMacGillis_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMacGillis-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governor_of_Florida">Governor of Florida</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg/220px-Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg/330px-Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg/440px-Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="388" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_ceremony_of_Jeb_Bush.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Inauguration ceremony of Jeb Bush, January 5, 1999</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gov_Jeb_Bush.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gov_Jeb_Bush.jpg/220px-Gov_Jeb_Bush.jpg" width="220" height="326" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gov_Jeb_Bush.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="444" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gov_Jeb_Bush.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Official photo of Bush as Governor of Florida</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Bush ran again for governor in <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1998" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1998">1998</a>, defeating Democrat <a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">Buddy MacKay</a>, who was lieutenant governor. Bush ran for reelection in <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_2002" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 2002">2002</a> to become Florida's first two-term Republican governor.<sup id="cite_ref-history_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-27">[27]</a></sup> During his eight years as governor, Bush was credited with initiating environmental improvements, such as conservation in the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> supporting <a href="/wiki/Non-economic_damages_caps" title="Non-economic damages caps">caps for medical malpractice litigation</a>, moving <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">medicaid</a> recipients to private systems, and instituting reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-30">[30]</a></sup> Bush was governor when his brother George won an intensely fought <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida,_2000" title="United States presidential election in Florida, 2000">election recount in Florida</a> to become president. Bush recused himself from any official role in the recount.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1998_gubernatorial_election">1998 gubernatorial election</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1998" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1998">Florida gubernatorial election, 1998</a></div>
+<p>In 1998, Bush defeated his Democratic opponent, Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay, by over 418,000 votes (2,191,105; 55% to 1,773,054; 45%) to become <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a>. He campaigned as a "consensus-building pragmatist".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a></sup> Simultaneously, his brother, George W. Bush won a re-election victory for a second term as Governor of Texas, and they became the first siblings to govern two states simultaneously since <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a> governed <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> from 1967 to 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the 1998 election, Bush garnered 61% of the Hispanic vote and 14% of the African American vote.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</span></h3>
+<p>While governor, Bush presided over a state government that reduced taxes by <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>19 billion and he vetoed <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>2 billion in new spending, according to <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup> An analysis conducted by economist Martin Sullivan, which eliminated the effects of the federal estate tax repeal (which did not require legislative action to go into effect) and inflation, estimated the cumulative reduction in taxes by the state at closer to <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>13 billion during Bush's tenure, resulting in tax savings by 2006 of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>140 per person, per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Politifact.taxes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politifact.taxes-35">[35]</a></sup> A substantial amount of the tax savings in the higher estimate came from the phasing out of the federal estate tax law implemented in 2001 under <a href="/wiki/President_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="President George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a>, for a total tax savings of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>848 million per year; Jeb Bush did not push for a replacement with a state tax.<sup id="cite_ref-Politifact.taxes_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politifact.taxes-35">[35]</a></sup> The biggest reduction in taxes was due to the elimination of the state's Intangible Personal Property Tax, which applied to holdings of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and money market funds.<sup id="cite_ref-MacManusCSM_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManusCSM-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During Bush's tenure, the state also increased its reserves from <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1.3 billion to <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>9.8 billion, which coincided with Florida receiving the highest possible bond rating for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup> According to Kurt Wenner, VP of research at Florida Tax Watch, Bush was governor during one of the strongest revenue periods for the state of Florida, due in part to the boom in property values, so that revenue grew despite the tax cuts he implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNMoney.Bush_tax_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNMoney.Bush_tax-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush reduced the state's government workforce by 11 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPo.Jeb_Bush_era_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo.Jeb_Bush_era-39">[39]</a></sup> In May 2006, as part of a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>448.7 million <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">line-item veto</a> of state funding, he cut a total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>5.8 million in grants to <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public libraries</a>, pilot projects for library homework help and web-based high-school texts, and funding for a joint-use library in Tampa.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As Governor of Florida, Bush received grades of B in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> A in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> B in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> and C in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's governors.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_policy">Education policy</span></h3>
+<p>Bush's administration emphasized public education reform. His "A+ Plan" established heightened standards, required testing of all students, and graded all Florida schools. From 1998 to 2005, reading scores of 4th grade students in Florida on the <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">National Assessment of Educational Progress</a> increased 11 points, compared to 2.5 points nationally, according to the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Heritage_Policy_Center" title="Maine Heritage Policy Center">Maine Heritage Policy Center</a>, a conservative think tank which opposes standardized testing.<sup id="cite_ref-policy_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush has been a proponent of <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a>, especially in areas of the state with failing public schools, although to date very few schools have received failing grades from the state. He established the McKay Scholarship Program which provides vouchers for students with learning disabilities to attend a school of their choice. He also established the A+ Opportunity Scholarship Program which provided vouchers to students. This program was struck down by the Florida Supreme Court in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush helped create the Corporate Income Tax Credit Scholarship which provides corporations with tax credits for donations to Scholarship Funding Organizations. Those organizations must spend 100% of the donations on scholarships for low income students.<sup id="cite_ref-policy_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush declined to raise taxes for education, which led him to oppose a ballot initiative to amend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Florida" title="Constitution of Florida">Florida Constitution</a> so as to cap growing school class sizes. Bush said he had "a couple of devious plans if this thing passes".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> Despite his opposition, the amendment passed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In higher education, Bush approved three new medical schools during his tenure and also put forth the "One Florida" proposal, an initiative that had the effect of ending <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> admissions programs at state universities.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> These moves were among the concerns that led to the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> to deny Bush an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a>, while the University of Florida Alumni Association made him an <a href="/wiki/Alumni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumni">honorary alumnus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_policy">Health policy</span></h3>
+<p>As governor, Bush proposed and passed into law major reform to the medical liability system. The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Senate" title="Florida Senate">Florida Senate</a>, a majority of which were Republican, opposed Bush's proposed caps on non-economic damages for injury and <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrongful death">wrongful death</a>. Bush insisted, and called the legislature into five special sessions. The contentious debate even included a senior Bush staffer calling for primary opposition to Republicans who disagreed with the Governor on the reforms. Eventually, the legislature agreed to the caps and Bush's reforms passed. In 2014, after Bush left office, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Supreme Court">Florida Supreme Court</a> ruled the damage cap - the "centerpiece" of the 2003 legislation that Bush had pushed for - to be a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Constitution">state Constitution's</a> <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a>, discriminating against "those who are most grievously injured, those who sustain the greatest damage and loss, and multiple claimants."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush passed a reform to Florida's Medicaid system that moved recipients into private managed care systems.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case">Terri Schiavo case</a>, involving a woman with massive <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>, who was on a feeding tube for over 15 years, and whose husband and legal guardian, Michael Schiavo, wished to remove the tube. This move was opposed by Terri Schiavo's parents in the courts. Bush signed "<a href="/wiki/Government_involvement_in_the_Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Government involvement in the Terri Schiavo case">Terri's Law</a>", legislation passed by the Florida legislature that authorized him, as governor, to keep Schiavo on <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> The law was ruled unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Florida Supreme Court</a> on September 23, 2004. That decision was <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appealed</a> to the federal courts. On January 24, 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> declined to hear the case, thus allowing the Florida court's ruling to stand.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>While Governor of Florida, Bush was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> He supported a law requiring parental notification for teen abortions and requested that the courts appoint a guardian for the unborn child of a mentally disabled woman who had been raped.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Choose_Life_license_plates" title="Choose Life license plates">Choose Life</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">pro-life</a> <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Ocala,_Florida" title="Ocala, Florida">Ocala, Florida</a>, submitted a specialty license plate applicationpreviously vetoed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>which passed both houses and was signed into law by Bush on June 8, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_policies">Other policies</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg/220px-Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg" width="220" height="229" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg/330px-Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg/440px-Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="468" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_Earth_Day_Rookery_Bay_2004.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Bush at Rookery Bay participating in Earth Day activities in 2004</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Bush signed legislation to restore the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> in 2000 as part of an <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>8 billion project in conjunction with the federal government. He also set aside over one million acres of land for conservation as part of a land purchase program.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2001, Bush eliminated civil service protection for over 16,000 state jobs, which had the effect of making it easier to fire employees in those positions. In addition, he issued an executive order which removed racial preferences in state contracting.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2004, Bush supported an unsuccessful bill to allow illegal immigrants to be issued drivers licenses by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush supported more than a dozen new protections for gun owners.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup> In 2005, Bush signed into law Florida's <a href="/wiki/Stand-your-ground_law" title="Stand-your-ground law">stand-your-ground law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-syg_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syg-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-syg2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syg2-66">[66]</a></sup> which was the first such state law in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush is an advocate of capital punishment and 21 prisoners were executed during his term.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> After the execution of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Nieves_D%C3%ADaz" title="ngel Nieves Daz">ngel Nieves Daz</a> was seemingly botched the execution took 37 minutes to complete, and required a second injection of the lethal chemicals he suspended all executions in Florida on December 15, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During Bush's tenure, the racial and gender diversity of the state's judicial bench increased. However, according to the <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, Democrats criticized some of Bush's judicial appointments as being "overtly partisan and political".<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Veto_of_high_speed_rail_and_other_vetoes">Veto of high speed rail and other vetoes</span></h3>
+<p>Bush often used the <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">line-item veto</a> to limit state spending.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> He exercised his veto to stop other legislation as well (such as a bill about "<a href="/wiki/Parenting_coordinator" title="Parenting coordinator">parenting coordinators</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-bush_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bush-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1995, the Florida state legislature created the <a href="/wiki/Florida_high_speed_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida high speed rail">High Speed Rail Authority</a> (HSRA) and came up with a public-private partnership model. Government would build the system leveraging state dollars with federal funds and tax-free bonding. The private sector was to invest money in the project, help design and build the network, and be given the franchise to operate the trains (known as <a href="/wiki/Project_delivery_method#Types_of_Project_Delivery_Methods" title="Project delivery method">design-build-maintain-operate, or DBOM</a>). Trains would be privately owned, similar to how the airline industry operates in a publicly financed airport.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_Bullet_Train_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida_Bullet_Train-73">[73]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The rail system and its planning was estimated to cost $7$8 billion. The Florida HSRA and the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Transportation" title="Florida Department of Transportation">Florida Department of Transportation</a> (FDOT) reached an agreement with a consortium that included the <a href="/wiki/Fluor_Corporation" title="Fluor Corporation">Fluor Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a>. The consortium agreed to invest $300 million and utilize the DBOM functionality. The state of Florida would float state bonds, and FDOT would commit $70 million annually (increasing three percent yearly to account for inflation) to service the bonds for the next thirty years. Federal monies would pay for the interest on the bonds, and the state monies would satisfy the principal. When the high-speed railroad was running, operating surpluses would also be applied to the debt.<sup id="cite_ref-wait_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wait-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The high-speed rail project nearly came to fruition until Bush became governor in 1999 and ended the project his second day in office,<sup id="cite_ref-wait_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wait-74">[74]</a></sup> stating that the venture posed too much risk and cost for Florida taxpayers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> State legislators reacted by adding the project on the 2000 ballot as a constitutional amendment which was ultimately passed by voters. The amendment directed Bush and legislature to start building the railroad system by 2003. Bush vetoed funding for both the project and the board, and led a high-profile campaign to repeal the constitutional requirement that mandated the construction of the high-speed system.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_Bullet_Train_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida_Bullet_Train-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wait_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wait-74">[74]</a></sup> Voters repealed the constitutional amendment. Many who voted believed they were supporting the train, though in fact a "yes" vote was to approve the repeal.<sup id="cite_ref-wait_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wait-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<p>FDOT spokesperson Nazih Haddah commented that "the rhetoric was inflammatory and misleading. It was really exaggerating tactics that were used to defeat this. The financing and the project were sound. It really squandered a great opportunity for this state."<sup id="cite_ref-wait_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wait-74">[74]</a></sup> Other public officials stated that Bush's underhanded tactics were emblematic of his willingness to protect moneyed interests including developers, energy producers and highway builders who opposed a shift toward mass transit and helped fund the repeal effort. "It's that arrogance of kind of the 1%," said Orlando transportation engineer Ian Lockwood.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2002_gubernatorial_re-election">2002 gubernatorial re-election</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_2002" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 2002">Florida gubernatorial election, 2002</a></div>
+<p>Bush was unopposed in the 2002 Republican gubernatorial primary, and in the general election he faced Democratic challenger <a href="/wiki/Bill_McBride_(politician)" title="Bill McBride (politician)">Bill McBride</a>. They met for two debates, in the most expensive Florida gubernatorial election yet.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-final_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popularity_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popularity-79">[79]</a></sup> Voting went smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-surge_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surge-80">[80]</a></sup> Bush defeated McBride 56% to 43%, a greater margin of victory than in 1998.</p>
+<p>Bush won 44% of the state's Jewish vote in the 2002 race.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> Bush also won the white female vote in the swing-voting battleground of Central Florida's <a href="/wiki/Interstate_4" title="Interstate 4">I-4 corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> However, he was not able to replicate the same success with African American voters (like he had earlier in 1998), winning only 8% of the African American vote. He became the first Republican governor of Florida to win re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-history_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-governorship">Post-governorship</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact_on_political_party">Impact on political party</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush,_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall,_Adams_Opera_House,_Derry,_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush%2C_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall%2C_Adams_Opera_House%2C_Derry%2C_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg/220px-Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush%2C_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall%2C_Adams_Opera_House%2C_Derry%2C_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg" width="220" height="295" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush%2C_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall%2C_Adams_Opera_House%2C_Derry%2C_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg/330px-Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush%2C_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall%2C_Adams_Opera_House%2C_Derry%2C_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush%2C_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall%2C_Adams_Opera_House%2C_Derry%2C_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg/440px-Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush%2C_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall%2C_Adams_Opera_House%2C_Derry%2C_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3685" data-file-height="4933" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_of_Florida_Jeb_Bush,_Announcement_Tour_and_Town_Hall,_Adams_Opera_House,_Derry,_New_Hampshire_by_Michael_Vadon_07.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+In <a href="/wiki/Derry,_New_Hampshire" title="Derry, New Hampshire">Derry, New Hampshire</a> on June 16, 2015</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>According to political scientist Susan MacManus from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a>, "In Florida, [Bush is] still perceived as conservative, especially on fiscal issues and even on social issues."<sup id="cite_ref-MacManusCSM_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManusCSM-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Outside of Florida, fellow Republican leaders throughout the country have sought Bush's aid both on and off the campaign trail. Bush's out-of-state campaign visits include <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, where Republican challenger <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Fletcher" title="Ernie Fletcher">Ernie Fletcher</a> appeared with Bush and won that state's governorship in 2003, ending a 32-year streak of Democratic governors.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> In the first few months of 2014, Bush campaigned for New Mexico Gov. <a href="/wiki/Susana_Martinez" title="Susana Martinez">Susana Martinez</a>, Nevada Gov. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sandoval" title="Brian Sandoval">Brian Sandoval</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a> (Tenn.), and <a href="/wiki/David_Jolly" title="David Jolly">David Jolly</a> who won a special congressional election in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush has been criticized by some in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> as not being sufficiently conservative, as he supports positions on immigration and Common Core that are unpopular with some conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> Bush publicly criticized the national Republican party for its adherence to "an orthodoxy that doesn't allow for disagreement" on June 11, 2012. In comments shared with <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg View">Bloomberg View</a>, Bush suggested that former Republican Presidents <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> would "have had a hard time" finding support in the contemporary GOP.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In October 2013, Bush called for passage of immigration reform.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> In April 2014, Bush said of illegal immigration: "It's an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Love_(political_statement_and_advertisement)" title="Act of Love (political statement and advertisement)">act of love</a>. It's an act of commitment to your family. I honestly think that that is a different kind of crime. There should be a price paid, but it shouldn't rile people up that people are actually coming to this country to provide for their families."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_interests">Political interests</span></h3>
+<p>From 2004 to 2007, Bush served as a Board Member for the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Created by Congress, the board's purpose is to establish policy on reports examining K-12 students' academic progress in America's public and private schools. Since then Bush's education foundation has advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative" title="Common Core State Standards Initiative">Common Core State Standards Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> In October 2013, referring to opponents of the standards, Bush said that while "criticisms and conspiracy theories are easy attention grabbers", he instead wanted to hear their solutions to the problems in American education.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In May 2006, Bush was approached to become the next commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> The outgoing commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue" title="Paul Tagliabue">Paul Tagliabue</a>, was searching for replacements. In response, Bush said on May 24, 2006 that "I'm Governor of the state of Florida and I intend to be Governor until I leavewhich is January 2007."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a> eventually became the new NFL commissioner.</p>
+<p>In April 2013, Bush authored a cover story for <i><a href="/wiki/Newsmax" title="Newsmax">Newsmax</a></i> magazine, warning that America's entitlement system risked collapse unless there was a course correction in U.S. public policy. Bush touted a six-point plan that addressed taxes, education, immigration, energy, regulatory policy, and the family unit.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Business_activities">Business activities</span></h3>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeb_Bush&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(September 2015)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>According to Fox Business, Bush earned nearly half of the <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>29 million he earned between 2007 and when he decided to run for Republican presidential nomination in December 2014, from <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> banks and companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FoxBusiness.Lehman_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxBusiness.Lehman-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2007, Bush joined <a href="/wiki/Tenet_Healthcare" title="Tenet Healthcare">Tenet Healthcare</a>'s board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> The following August, Bush joined investment bank, <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>, as an adviser in its <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> Bush has also served on the board of <a href="/wiki/InnoVida" title="InnoVida">InnoVida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swisher_Hygiene" title="Swisher Hygiene">Swisher Hygiene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rayonier" title="Rayonier">Rayonier</a> and has served as an adviser to <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbaro_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-98">[98]</a></sup> Bush would later return <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>270,000 in consultancy fees he had been paid by InnoVida after they declared bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As of 2014, Bush had received more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>2 million from his work for Tenet, a company that expected to receive <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>100 million in new earnings in 2014 because of the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) and that "aggressively encouraged Americans to sign up for insurance under the program...."<sup id="cite_ref-Barbaro_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-98">[98]</a></sup> Bush has reportedly objected to the ACA at company meetings, but has kept his personal views separate from what is best for Tenet.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbaro_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="2016_presidential_campaign">2016 presidential campaign</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jeb Bush presidential campaign, 2016">Jeb Bush presidential campaign, 2016</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/250px-Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" width="250" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/375px-Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/500px-Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Bush speaking at <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a> in Washington D.C., 2015</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Bush had been considered a potential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016 presidential election</a> since the end of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2016_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2016-100">[100]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On October 2, 2014, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> said that his brother "wants to be President".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On December 16, 2014, Bush announced via <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> that he would be "actively exploring" a 2016 run to become President of the United States and at the end of the year resigned several corporate boards.<sup id="cite_ref-actively_exploring_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actively_exploring-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In February 2015, Bush released several thousand emails from his time as governor online. Most of the emails are in the public record under Florida's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_legislation_(Florida)" title="Freedom of information legislation (Florida)">Sunshine Laws</a>. However, Bush created controversy by releasing some emails that included some personal details such as social security numbers, names, and addresses, as well as the contents of the messages.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendoza_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendoza-104">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> Bush's campaign team subsequently redacted the personal information.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_(22709849565).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jeb_Bush_%2822709849565%29.jpg/250px-Jeb_Bush_%2822709849565%29.jpg" width="250" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jeb_Bush_%2822709849565%29.jpg/375px-Jeb_Bush_%2822709849565%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jeb_Bush_%2822709849565%29.jpg/500px-Jeb_Bush_%2822709849565%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeb_Bush_(22709849565).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Bush speaking in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, 2016</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>By extending the exploration mode of his potential candidacy to a six-month period (his scheduled announcement came one day short of six months into his exploratory phase), Bush used his time to get acquainted with the press, court donors, and prepare a strategy. In doing this, he navigated several <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">campaign finance laws</a> which limit donations and prohibit coordination with Super PACs.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> In May 2015, it was reported that Bush had been raising money since January 2015, estimated to be close to <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>100 million, for his <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee#Super_PACs" title="Political action committee">super PAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Rise" title="Right to Rise">Right to Rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush announced his <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jeb Bush presidential campaign, 2016">candidacy</a> on June 15, 2015, at a multicultural campus of <a href="/wiki/Miami_Dade_College" title="Miami Dade College">Miami Dade College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj.com_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-111">[111]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>, Bush characterized himself as a moderate Republican who still has conservative principles; he promised immigration reform, spoke fluent Spanish, mentioned his wife's Mexican origins, and criticized <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-strikes_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strikes-112">[112]</a></sup> David Yepsen, director of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_Public_Policy_Institute" title="Paul Simon Public Policy Institute">Paul Simon Public Policy Institute</a>, said: "It's pretty hard for [Republicans] to win the White House if current Hispanic voting trends continue. (Bush) has some unique abilities to appeal to those voters and hes going to maximize them."<sup id="cite_ref-strikes_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strikes-112">[112]</a></sup></p>
+<p>After a series of poor results in Iowa and New Hampshire, Bush spent his remaining money and campaign effort on the South Carolina primary. He placed fourth with under 8% of the vote. That night, Bush suspended his campaign, ending his presidential bid, and subsequently endorsed <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> In an analysis of what went wrong, <i>POLITICO</i> argues that:"His slow, awkward stumble from August through October encapsulates everything that caused the operation viewed as "Jeb!, Inc." to fail. Bush was on the wrong side of the most galvanizing issues for Republican primary voters, he himself was a rusty and maladroit campaigner and his campaign was riven by internal disagreements and a crippling fear that left them paralyzed and unable to react to Trump."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_positions">Political positions</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeb_Bush" title="Political positions of Jeb Bush">Political positions of Jeb Bush</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JebBush.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JebBush.jpg/170px-JebBush.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JebBush.jpg/255px-JebBush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JebBush.jpg/340px-JebBush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:JebBush.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jeb Bush at FITN, the First In Nation Republican Leadership Summit, Nashua, New Hampshire on April 17, 2015</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Bush has addressed myriad political issues over the course of his career, many of them during his governorship as already described. In conjunction with his 2015 bid for the presidency, he has revisited many issues that he addressed before, as well as discussing many new ones.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_issues">Domestic issues</span></h3>
+<p>Bush believes abortions should only be legal in the case of rape or incest or if the life of the mother is in danger. He does not support public funding for abortion clinics.<sup id="cite_ref-VoteSmart_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoteSmart-119">[119]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush has questioned the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific opinion on climate change</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WPwaldman_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPwaldman-120">[120]</a></sup> while stating "I think global warming may be real", and "It is not unanimous among scientists that it is disproportionately manmade. What I get a little tired of on the left is this idea that somehow science has decided all this so you can't have a view."<sup id="cite_ref-WPwaldman_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPwaldman-120">[120]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a></i> wrote that Bush "does not acknowledge the scientific consensus that human activity drives climate change".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush supports offshore drilling outside of Florida. He says that he supports the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL">Keystone XL</a> oil pipeline as well as <a href="/wiki/Fracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fracking">fracking</a>. According to his spokeswoman, "As governor he worked to strike a balance between our nation's energy needs and the economic and environmental interests of Florida. He believes states should have a role in decisions that impact their coastline. Expanding domestic energy production is key to ensuring America's energy security."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush favors repealing the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA or "Obamacare") and replacing it with a "market-oriented" alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bobic_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobic-124">[124]</a></sup> Bush has called the current law a "monstrosity"<sup id="cite_ref-Bobic_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobic-124">[124]</a></sup> that is "flawed to its core."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> Bush has proposed some sort of state- or local-government funded "<a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_illness" title="Catastrophic illness">catastrophic coverage</a>" system, in which "if you have a hardship that goes way beyond your means of paying for it, ... the government is there or an entity is there to help you deal with that."<sup id="cite_ref-Bobic_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobic-124">[124]</a></sup> After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ACA in <i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Burwell" title="King v. Burwell">King v. Burwell</a></i> in June 2015, Bush stated that the decision was "not the end of the fight" against the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferris_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferris-126">[126]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2015, Bush took the position that people in the United States illegally should have a path to legal status, but not a path to citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup> and said that legal status and avoiding deportation should require immigrants to pay fines, get work permits, pay taxes, not receive government assistance, learn English, and not commit crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullany_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullany-127">[127]</a></sup> He supports tougher enforcement of immigration laws, including prosecution of businesses that try to hire illegal aliens.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullany_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullany-127">[127]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush, an opponent of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, disagreed with the <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decision<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> and believes that the issue should be decided by the states rather than by the federal government<sup id="cite_ref-Healy_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy-129">[129]</a></sup> and that it is not a constitutional right.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gambino_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambino-131">[131]</a></sup> He holds that businesses should have the right to refuse to provide services for same-sex couples on religious grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambino_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambino-131">[131]</a></sup> In July 2015, Bush said he supported lifting the military's ban on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military">allowing transgender people to openly serve in the military</a>, so long as "the military's comfortable with this" and it did not impact morale.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Overall, Bush is for expanding gun owners' rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush admitted smoking marijuana in his teenage years. "Forty years ago I smoked marijuana and I admitted it," said Bush. "I'm sure other people did it and didn't want to admit it in front of 40 million people."<sup id="cite_ref-Wing_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wing-133">[133]</a></sup> He also agreed that his decision to take marijuana was stupid and wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Kranish_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kranish-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ram_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ram-135">[135]</a></sup> Bush believes each state should be allowed to decide whether it is appropriate to legalize marijuana or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush opposes <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_issues">Economic issues</span></h3>
+<p>Bush supports a decrease in capital gains taxes and property taxes. He supports cutting taxes for all Americans and believes they do better with less government interference. Bush also is a supporter of welfare restrictions. He supports the following: a four-year limit of benefits, a requirement that able-bodied recipients participate in work-related activities in order to receive benefits, and limiting benefits given to recipients if they have additional children while on welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-137">[137]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush favors gradually raising the <a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">retirement age</a> (i.e., the age for collecting <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> retirement benefits) from 65 to 68 or 70.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrenfreund_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrenfreund-138">[138]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush is a frequent critic of the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="DoddFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">DoddFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations_and_security">International relations and security</span></h3>
+<p>In May 2015, Bush stated that he would have ordered the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> had he been president at the time: I would have [authorized the invasion], and so would have Hillary Clinton, just to remind everybody. And so would almost everybody that was confronted with the intelligence they got." He also indicated that the lack of focus on post-invasion security was a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> He later stated that "knowing what we know now, ...I would not have engaged". "I would not have gone into Iraq", he said. He also argued that the invasionthough perhaps inspired by faulty intelligencehad been beneficial, saying the world was "significantly safer" without Saddam Hussein in power.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2015, Bush said that he does not support a further major commitment of U.S. troops in Iraq to fight the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS or ISIL), saying that such a deployment is not needed to defeat ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-WelnaIraq_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WelnaIraq-143">[143]</a></sup> He has not, however, ruled out such a deployment in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-WelnaIraq_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WelnaIraq-143">[143]</a></sup> Bush favors building a new U.S. base in Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Al-Anbar_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anbar province">al-Anbar province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup> and has said that some U.S. troops ought to be embedded with Iraqi armed forces to help train them and identify targets as <a href="/wiki/Joint_terminal_attack_controller" title="Joint terminal attack controller">joint terminal attack controllers</a> (JTACs).<sup id="cite_ref-Mullany_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullany-127">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WelnaIraq_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WelnaIraq-143">[143]</a></sup> Bush has not commented on adding to the approximately 3,500 U.S. troops in Iraq now.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In a speech, Bush said his brother, former President George W. Bush, was his main adviser on policy with the Middle East. Bush later clarified that he was referring to policy on <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, rather than on the Middle East as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush supports the continued <a href="/wiki/MAINWAY" title="MAINWAY">collection of metadata of phone calls</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> He also supports the <a href="/wiki/USA_Patriot_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a>, and criticized efforts by Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> and others to stop its reauthorization. Bush stated that Paul was "wrong" about the Patriot Act and stated that: "The Patriot Act has kept us safe, plain and simple. The metadata program has kept us safe, plain and simple. There's been no violation of civil liberties."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush has called for increased military spending, expressing the belief that 2.5% of GDP is an insufficient amount.<sup id="cite_ref-Bandow_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandow-148">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush has called the April 2015 <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Iran nuclear deal framework</a> a "horrific deal" and said he would likely terminate any final agreement should he become president.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullany_127-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullany-127">[127]</a></sup> He has argued that the deal would put Iran into a position where it could intimidate the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellford_123-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellford-123">[123]</a></sup> Bush condemned the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">July 2015 final nuclear agreement</a> between Iran and the <a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a> world powers, calling it "<a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> However, Bush stated that he would not seek to revoke the agreement on his first day in office.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Civic_and_charitable_activities">Civic and charitable activities</span></h2>
+<p>After losing a 1994 election for Governor of Florida against Lawton Chiles, Bush pursued policy and charitable interests. He "volunteered time to assist the Miami Children's Hospital, the <a href="/wiki/United_Way_of_America" title="United Way of America">United Way</a> of Dade County and the Dade County Homeless Trust".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush served from 2012<sup id="cite_ref-USAtoday20140305_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAtoday20140305-153">[153]</a></sup> to 2015 as co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_Foundation_for_Family_Literacy" title="Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy">Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> He has also worked with The <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a> (JMI), a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> public policy <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>. He helped the institute in numerous ways and still has his think tank working in conjunction with it. In June 2008, Bush's <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Excellence_in_Education" title="Foundation for Excellence in Education">Foundation for Excellence in Education</a> partnered with JMI to hold a summit called Excellence in Action: A National Summit on Education Reform.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1996, The Foundation For Florida's Future published a book that Bush had co-written, <i>Profiles in Character</i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9650912-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9650912-0-1">0-9650912-0-1</a>), a clear parallel to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s 1955 book <i><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></i>. The foundation also published and distributed policy papers, such as "A New Lease on Learning: Florida's First Charter School", which Bush co-wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> Bush subsequently wrote the foreword to another book, published by the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a> and written by Nina Shokraii Rees, <i>School Choice 2000: What's Happening in the States</i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89195-089-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89195-089-3">0-89195-089-3</a>).</p>
+<p>Bush co-founded the first <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a> in the State of Florida: Liberty City Charter School, a grades K-6 elementary school.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup> in a Miami neighborhood that, in 1980, was the site of the first major <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights">Civil Rights</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup> The school's co-founder, working alongside Bush, was T. Willard Fair, a local black activist and head of the Greater Miami Urban League. The Liberty City Charter School was closed in 2008 after falling more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 million in debt.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2000, Bush established the Points of Light program to recognize an "exemplary volunteer, organization, or person".<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bush is the honorary chairman of the Annual AT&T Jeb Bush Florida Golf Classic, a fundraiser that benefits the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation" title="Cystic Fibrosis Foundation">Cystic Fibrosis Foundation</a>. He first became involved in the benefit after meeting with committee member Lawson Dutton, whose child suffered from cystic fibrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup> Supporters raised more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>722,000 in 2014 at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miami.eventful.com/events/golf-tournament-19th-annual-att-jeb-bush-fl-/E0-001-070656699-5">19th annual Jeb Bush Florida Classic</a>, exceeding their goals in attendance and revenues raised.<sup id="cite_ref-jebcf_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jebcf-162">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> Since the events inception 19 years ago, the total revenue netted has reached over <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>7.478 million.<sup id="cite_ref-jebcf_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jebcf-162">[162]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2>
+<p>In the city of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="Len, Guanajuato">Len</a>, Mexico, where he was teaching <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> during 1970 as part of a <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">foreign exchange</a> program, Bush met <a href="/wiki/Columba_Bush" title="Columba Bush">Columba Garnica Gallo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastroOcalaStar99-8">[8]</a></sup> They were married on February 23, 1974, in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastroOcalaStar99-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> As of 2014, the family residence is in <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral Gables">Coral Gables</a>, Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> Bush is fluent in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Bushes have three children: <a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George Prescott</a> (born April 24, 1976, in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-WashPostAP07202013_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPostAP07202013-168">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> went to <a href="/wiki/Gulliver_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulliver Preparatory School">Gulliver Preparatory School</a>, studied at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, and earned a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law" title="University of Texas School of Law">University of Texas School of Law</a>. In the 2014 election, he was elected Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_General_Land_Office" title="Texas General Land Office">Texas General Land Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPostAP07202013_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPostAP07202013-168">[168]</a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noelle_Lucila_Bush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noelle Lucila Bush (page does not exist)">Noelle Lucila Bush</a> (born 1977), his only daughter, Jeb Bush, Jr., who attended <a href="/wiki/Bolles_School" title="Bolles School">Bolles School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastroOcalaStar99-8">[8]</a></sup> works for a <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, commercial real estate firm. Bush has four grandchildren, two through his elder son, and two through his younger son.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> In November 2015, while campaigning in New Hampshire, Bush detailed Noelle's struggles with drug abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1995, Bush converted from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Episcopalianism</a> to Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> In 2004, he became a Fourth Degree <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knight of Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> Bush, a member of Father Hugon Council 3521 in Tallahassee, has joined the Father Hugon Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</span></h2>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em"><a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1994" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1994">Florida gubernatorial election, 1994</a></caption>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a> (incumbent)</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,135,008</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">51</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Jeb Bush</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,071,068</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">49</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em"><a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1998" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1998">Florida gubernatorial election, 1998</a></caption>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Jeb Bush</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,191,105</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">55</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">Buddy MacKay</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,773,054</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">45</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em"><a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_2002" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 2002">Florida gubernatorial election, 2002</a></caption>
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%</th>
+<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+<td class="fn">Jeb Bush (incumbent)</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,856,845</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">56</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="vcard">
+<td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"></td>
+<td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
+<td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bill_McBride_(candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill McBride (candidate)">Bill McBride</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,201,427</td>
+<td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">43</td>
+<td style="background: ; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Bush, Jeb; Yablonski, Brian (1996). <i>Profiles in Character</i>. Foundation for Floridas Future. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0965091206" title="Special:BookSources/978-0965091206">978-0965091206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Yablonski%2C+Brian&rft.aufirst=Jeb&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Character&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0965091206&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Floridas+Future&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Bolick, Clint; Bush, Jeb (2013). <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Wars:_Forging_an_American_Solution" title="Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution">Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution</a></i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476713465" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476713465">978-1476713465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Bush%2C+Jeb&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft.aulast=Bolick&rft.btitle=Immigration+Wars%3A+Forging+an+American+Solution&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1476713465&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush Family">Bush Family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_candidates,_2016" title="Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016">Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMcCrimTXTrib03172015_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McCrimmon, Ryan (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texastribune.org/2015/03/17/jeb-bush-texas-years/">"In Texas, a Focused Jeb Bush Stood Out From the Crowd"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Tribune">Texas Tribune</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=In+Texas%2C+a+Focused+Jeb+Bush+Stood+Out+From+the+Crowd&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.aulast=McCrimmon&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2015%2F03%2F17%2Fjeb-bush-texas-years%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NGA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_florida/col2-content/main-content-list/title_bush_jeb.html">"Florida Governor Jeb Bush"</a>. National Governors Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Florida+Governor+Jeb+Bush&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Governors+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.org%2Fcms%2Fhome%2Fgovernors%2Fpast-governors-bios%2Fpage_florida%2Fcol2-content%2Fmain-content-list%2Ftitle_bush_jeb.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-weigant/jeb-bushs-pros-and-cons_b_6330710.html">"Jeb Bush's Pros and Cons"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%27s+Pros+and+Cons&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fchris-weigant%2Fjeb-bushs-pros-and-cons_b_6330710.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F640A5D0899F681&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Long-held values shape Public Life of Jeb Bush</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i>. September 22, 2002. Retrieved on October 15, 2012. "Bush attended public Grady Elementary School in Houston for several years[...]"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-boston050314-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boston050314_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/names/2012/10/03/jeb-bush-gives-andover-kids-republic-insight/Au73DySj6enp0gbU4F68oL/story.html">"Jeb Bush gives Andover kids Republic insight"</a>. Boston.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+gives+Andover+kids+Republic+insight&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Boston.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnames%2F2012%2F10%2F03%2Fjeb-bush-gives-andover-kids-republic-insight%2FAu73DySj6enp0gbU4F68oL%2Fstory.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MKranish-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MKranish_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MKranish_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MKranish_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kranish, Michael (February 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2015/02/01/tumultuous-four-years-phillips-academy-helped-shape-jeb-bush/q6ccyHNOtP1n6kqDokMBfK/story.html?rss_id=Top-GNP&google_editors_picks=true">"Jeb Bush shaped by troubled Phillips Academy years"</a>. Boston Globe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+shaped+by+troubled+Phillips+Academy+years&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Kranish&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F02%2F01%2Ftumultuous-four-years-phillips-academy-helped-shape-jeb-bush%2Fq6ccyHNOtP1n6kqDokMBfK%2Fstory.html%3Frss_id%3DTop-GNP%26google_editors_picks%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kruse, Michael (May 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2015/05/andover-mexico-and-the-making-of-jeb-bush/002218-031750.html#.VWHF1U_BzGc">"Andover, Mexico and the Making of Jeb Bush"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Before the Andover boys and teacher John J. Patrick helped build the two-room schoolhouse in Ibarrilla, outside of Len, in their two-month trip in 1971, the village had no school at allonly a local woman who volunteered to teach the children who were interested in learning rudimentary reading and math skills.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Andover%2C+Mexico+and+the+Making+of+Jeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fgallery%2F2015%2F05%2Fandover-mexico-and-the-making-of-jeb-bush%2F002218-031750.html%23.VWHF1U_BzGc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CastroOcalaStar99-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CastroOcalaStar99_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Guevara-Castro, Lillian (May 5, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19990505&id=CEAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7QgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6802,1531897&hl=en">"Florida's First Lady: Columba Bush settles into life in the governor's mansion"</a>. <i>Ocala Star-Banner</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ocala,_Florida" title="Ocala, Florida">Ocala, Florida</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Columba Garnica Gallo was 16 and John Ellis "Jeb" Bush was 17 when they met in the central Mexican town of Len. Jeb was teaching English and helping to build a school as an exchange student from Phillips Academy, a prestigious prep school in Andover, Mass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Florida%27s+First+Lady%3A+Columba+Bush+settles+into+life+in+the+governor%27s+mansion&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.aulast=Guevara-Castro&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocala+Star-Banner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1356%26dat%3D19990505%26id%3DCEAxAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D7QgEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6802%2C1531897%26hl%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-style-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-style_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/hispanic-consciousness-lends-weight-to-jeb-bush-as-gop-eyes-2016-presidential-race/2013/04/24/ed830402-aa9a-11e2-b6fd-ba6f5f26d70e_story.html">"Hispanic consciousness lends weight to Jeb Bush as GOP eyes 2016 presidential race"</a>. The Washington Post. April 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Hispanic+consciousness+lends+weight+to+Jeb+Bush+as+GOP+eyes+2016+presidential+race&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fhispanic-consciousness-lends-weight-to-jeb-bush-as-gop-eyes-2016-presidential-race%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2Fed830402-aa9a-11e2-b6fd-ba6f5f26d70e_story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210195612/http://www.sss.gov/lotter4.htm">"Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1973"</a>. Selective Service System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/lotter4.htm">the original</a> on February 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Results+from+Lottery+Drawing+-+Vietnam+Era+-+1973&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Selective+Service+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2Flotter4.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janowitz, Morris and Charles C. Moskos, Jr. Five Years of the All-Volunteer Force: 1973-1978. <i>Armed Forces & Society</i>, Jan 1979; vol. 5: pp. 171218. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171">http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/us/politics/jeb-bush-gives-party-something-to-think-about.html">"Jeb Bush Gives Party Something to Think About"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+Gives+Party+Something+to+Think+About&rft.date=2014-05-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F25%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-gives-party-something-to-think-about.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelley, Kitty. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i>, p. 404 (Doubleday, 2004).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/State/92098/Make_The_Money_and_Ru.html">"Jeb Bush followed the family game plan: Earn your fortune, then run for public office. A vast network of deals made it possible."</a>. St. Petersburg Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+followed+the+family+game+plan%3A+Earn+your+fortune%2C+then+run+for+public+office.+A+vast+network+of+deals+made+it+possible.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2FState%2F92098%2FMake_The_Money_and_Ru.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Manuel-Roig Franzia (April 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/hispanic-consciousness-lends-weight-to-jeb-bush-as-gop-eyes-2016-presidential-race/2013/04/24/ed830402-aa9a-11e2-b6fd-ba6f5f26d70e_story.html">"Hispanic consciousness lends weight to Jeb Bush"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Manuel-Roig+Franzia&rft.btitle=Hispanic+consciousness+lends+weight+to+Jeb+Bush&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fhispanic-consciousness-lends-weight-to-jeb-bush-as-gop-eyes-2016-presidential-race%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2Fed830402-aa9a-11e2-b6fd-ba6f5f26d70e_story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zweigenhaft, Richard and Domhoff, G. William. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ1tAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">Diversity in the Power Elite: How it Happened, Why it Matters</a></i>, p. 149 (Rowman & Littlefield 2006).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AMacGillis-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMacGillis_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMacGillis_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMacGillis_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">MacGillis, Alec (January 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/testing-time">"Testing Time: Jeb Bush's Educational Experiment"</a>. New Yorker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Testing+Time%3A+Jeb+Bush%27s+Educational+Experiment&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.aulast=MacGillis&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F01%2F26%2Ftesting-time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Swasy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swasy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swasy, Alecia and Trigaux, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/State/92098/Make_The_Money_and_Ru.html">"Make the Money and Run"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i> (September 20, 1998).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, Jefferson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miaminewtimes.com/1991-02-27/news/dirty-money/2/">"Dirty Money"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_New_Times" title="Miami New Times">Miami New Times</a></i> (February 27, 1991).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Campbell-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Duncan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/02/usa.books">"The Bush dynasty and the Cuban criminals."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (December 2, 2002). Retrieved September 9, 2010.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-kpendergast-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kpendergast_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kpendergast_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kyle Pendergast (November 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2008/11/where-are-they-now-jeb-bush/">"Where are they now? Jeb Bush"</a>. Houston Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Kyle+Pendergast&rft.btitle=Where+are+they+now%3F+Jeb+Bush&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.chron.com%2Ftxpotomac%2F2008%2F11%2Fwhere-are-they-now-jeb-bush%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Date-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Date_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Date_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Date, S.V. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWJ1luD57cC&pg=PT223">Jeb</a></i>, p. 223 (Penguin, 2007).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-seder-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seder_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seder_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seder_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Eder, Steve; Barbaro, Michael (February 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/us/politics/as-dynastys-son-jeb-bush-used-his-connections-freely.html">"As Dynastys Son, Jeb Bush Used His Connections Freely"</a>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=As+Dynasty%E2%80%99s+Son%2C+Jeb+Bush+Used+His+Connections+Freely&rft.au=Barbaro%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fas-dynastys-son-jeb-bush-used-his-connections-freely.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Adams-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, David and Simon, Stephanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/25/usa-bush-jeb-idUSL2E8HMDT820120625">"Jeb Bush: Party elder statesman or 2016 candidate?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> (June 25, 2012).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aberbach, Joel and Peele, Gillian. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QE7U4-Ion7kC&pg=PA189">Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush</a></i>, p. 189 (Oxford University Press, 2011).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/172303">"Listening Jeb Bush"</a>. The Economist. October 15, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Listening+Jeb+Bush&rft.date=1998-10-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F172303&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-history-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/04/politics/main527998.shtml">"Jeb Bush Makes History In Florida"</a>. CBS News. November 5, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+Makes+History+In+Florida&rft.date=2002-11-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2002%2F11%2F04%2Fpolitics%2Fmain527998.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grunwald" title="Michael Grunwald">Michael Grunwald</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/03/jeb-bush-everglades-115655.html">Jeb in the Wilderness: The time Florida's Republican governor took on the biggest environmental restoration project in American history</a>, <i>Politico Magazine</i> (March/April 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-auto-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Associated, The (December 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/121406/D8M0RQ0G1.shtml">"Gov. Jeb Bush's environmental legacy during eight years in office"</a>. Jacksonville.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=The&rft.aulast=Associated&rft.btitle=Gov.+Jeb+Bush%27s+environmental+legacy+during+eight+years+in+office&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Jacksonville.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjacksonville.com%2Fapnews%2Fstories%2F121406%2FD8M0RQ0G1.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-auto1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/tag/jeb-bush/">"Jeb Bush | StateImpact Florida"</a>. Stateimpact.npr.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+%26%23124%3B+StateImpact+Florida&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Stateimpact.npr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstateimpact.npr.org%2Fflorida%2Ftag%2Fjeb-bush%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Getter, Lisa. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/14/news/mn-22362">Jeb Bush's Recount Role Examined</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</i> July 14, 2001. Retrieved 2014-12-06.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard L. Berke (November 19, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/19/us/bush-brothers-provide-light-to-republicans-after-a-dreary-election.html">"Bush Brothers Provide Light to Republicans After a Dreary Election"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Richard+L.+Berke&rft.btitle=Bush+Brothers+Provide+Light+to+Republicans+After+a+Dreary+Election&rft.date=1998-11-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F11%2F19%2Fus%2Fbush-brothers-provide-light-to-republicans-after-a-dreary-election.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nia-Malika Henderson (December 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/12/15/jeb-bush-did-really-well-with-latinos-in-florida-it-probably-doesnt-mean-much-for-2016/">"Jeb Bush did really well with Latinos in Florida"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Nia-Malika+Henderson&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+did+really+well+with+Latinos+in+Florida&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F12%2F15%2Fjeb-bush-did-really-well-with-latinos-in-florida-it-probably-doesnt-mean-much-for-2016%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-wsj-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Reinhard, Beth (February 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeb-bushs-record-offers-cover-from-the-right-1424316603">"Jeb Bush's Record Offers Cover From the Right"</a>. Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%27s+Record+Offers+Cover+From+the+Right&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjeb-bushs-record-offers-cover-from-the-right-1424316603&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Politifact.taxes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politifact.taxes_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politifact.taxes_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gillin, Joshua (June 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/jun/11/jeb-bush/Jeb-Bush-says-he-cut-Florida-taxes-by-19-billion/">"Jeb Bush says he cut Florida taxes by <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>19 billion, but did he really?"</a>. PolitiFact.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+says+he+cut+Florida+taxes+by+%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3A+nowrap%22%3EUS%24%3C%2Fspan%3E19+billion%2C+but+did+he+really%3F&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.aulast=Gillin&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fflorida%2Fstatements%2F2015%2Fjun%2F11%2Fjeb-bush%2FJeb-Bush-says-he-cut-Florida-taxes-by-19-billion%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MacManusCSM-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacManusCSM_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacManusCSM_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Feldmann, Linda (June 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2015/0615/Is-Jeb-Bush-a-real-conservative-Six-things-to-know-about-his-record.-video">"Is Jeb Bush a real conservative? Six things to know about his record."</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Is+Jeb+Bush+a+real+conservative%3F+Six+things+to+know+about+his+record.&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2015%2F0615%2FIs-Jeb-Bush-a-real-conservative-Six-things-to-know-about-his-record.-video&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CNNMoney.Bush_tax-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNNMoney.Bush_tax_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/12/17/pf/taxes/jeb-bush-taxes/">"The Other Bush on Taxes"</a>. CNN Money<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=The+Other+Bush+on+Taxes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CNN+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fpf%2Ftaxes%2Fjeb-bush-taxes%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-auto2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/jun/09/jeb-bush/jeb-bush-says-he-cut-13000-state-workforce-jobs-go/">"Jeb Bush says he cut 13,000 state workforce jobs as governor"</a>. PolitiFact<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+says+he+cut+13%2C000+state+workforce+jobs+as+governor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=PolitiFact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fflorida%2Fstatements%2F2015%2Fjun%2F09%2Fjeb-bush%2Fjeb-bush-says-he-cut-13000-state-workforce-jobs-go%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WaPo.Jeb_Bush_era-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo.Jeb_Bush_era_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kleindienst, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010502156.html">"The Jeb Bush Era Ends in Florida"</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.aulast=Kleindienst&rft.btitle=The+Jeb+Bush+Era+Ends+in+Florida&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F05%2FAR2007010502156.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/currentnews/newsarchive/2006abc/may2006ab/bushveto.cfm">"American Libraries Gov. Jeb Bush Vetoes Florida Library Appropriations"</a>. ALA. May 26, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=American+Libraries+%E2%80%93+Gov.+Jeb+Bush+Vetoes+Florida+Library+Appropriations&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ALA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fala%2Falonline%2Fcurrentnews%2Fnewsarchive%2F2006abc%2Fmay2006ab%2Fbushveto.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Stephen; Slivinski, Stephen (February 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa391.pdf">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2000"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Analysis No. 391</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2000&rft.au=Slivinski%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.date=2001-02-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Analysis+No.+391&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fpa391.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Stephen; Slivinski, Stephen (February 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/fiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2000">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Slivinski%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2000&rft.date=2001-02-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Ffiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Stephen; Slivinski, Stephen (September 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa454.pdf">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2002"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Analysis No. 454</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2002&rft.au=Slivinski%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Analysis+No.+454&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fpa454.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Stephen; Slivinski, Stephen (September 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904142858/http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-454es.html">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2002"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-454es.html">the original</a> on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Slivinski%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2002&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpas%2Fpa-454es.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Stephen; Slivinski, Stephen (March 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa537.pdf">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2004"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Analysis No. 537</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2004&rft.au=Slivinski%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Analysis+No.+537&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fpa537.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Stephen; Slivinski, Stephen (March 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/fiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2004">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Slivinski%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2004&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Ffiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Slivinski, Stephen (October 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa581.pdf">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2006"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Analysis No. 581</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2006&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Slivinski&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Analysis+No.+581&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fpa581.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Slivinski, Stephen (October 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/fiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2006">"Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Slivinski&rft.btitle=Fiscal+Policy+Report+Card+on+America%27s+Governors%3A+2006&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Ffiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-policy-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-policy_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-policy_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpolicy.org/sites/default/files/PN2007-15.pdf">"Governor Jeb Bush: A Record of Leadership and Policy Accomplishment"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Policy_Center" title="Washington Policy Center">Washington Policy Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Governor+Jeb+Bush%3A++A+Record+of+Leadership+and+Policy+Accomplishment&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Washington+Policy+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpolicy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPN2007-15.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtyE_O4XMDkC&pg=PA167">God in the Classroom: Religion and America's Public Schools</a></i>, p. 167 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021008041532/http://www.floridacapitalnews.com/campaign/stories/1003classsize.htm">"Bush would seek to kill class-size amendment"</a>. Archived from the original on October 8, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Bush+would+seek+to+kill+class-size+amendment&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridacapitalnews.com%2Fcampaign%2Fstories%2F1003classsize.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021008041532/http://www.floridacapitalnews.com/campaign/sound/classsize2.mp3">"Audio File"</a>. Archived from the original on October 8, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Audio+File&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridacapitalnews.com%2Fcampaign%2Fsound%2Fclasssize2.mp3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Mode=Constitution&Submenu=3&Tab=statutes#A09S01">"Statutes & Constitution :Constitution : Online Sunshine"</a>. Leg.state.fl.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Statutes+%26+Constitution+%3AConstitution+%3A+Online+Sunshine&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Leg.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2FStatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FMode%3DConstitution%26Submenu%3D3%26Tab%3Dstatutes%23A09S01&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, Joni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/2007/03/18/Business/Jeb_Bush_on_One_Flori.shtml">Jeb Bush on One Florida</a>, <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>, March 18, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17768626/">"Jeb Bush denied one honor, wins another Politics MSNBC.com"</a>. MSNBC. March 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+denied+one+honor%2C+wins+another+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+MSNBC.com&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F17768626%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Ellen Klas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/article1961331.html">Fla. Supreme Court rejects damage caps on medical malpractice</a>, <i>Miami Herald</i> (March 13, 2014).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/10/flor-o31.html">[1]</a> Florida Governor Jeb Bush intervenes in "right-to-die" case: A cruel pandering to the religious right, October 31, 2003, Joseph Kay</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/campaign-spot/393856/eventually-jeb-bush-will-need-claim-hes-conservative-candidate-jim-geraghty">[2]</a>"Eventually, Jeb Bush Will Need to Claim Hes the Conservative Candidate" National Review Online Jim Geraghty December 3, 2014</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A62695-2005Mar24.html">[3]</a> "Justices Decline Schiavo Case" March 25, 2005, Washington Post</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John, Arit. January 13, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-01-13/which-bush-is-most-conservative-you-might-be-surprised">Which Bush is Most Conservative? You Might Be Surprised</a>. <i>Bloomberg.</i> Retrieved: April 11, 2015.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scott Conroy (April 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/04/08/could_jeb_bush_win_over_the_christian_right_in_16.html">"Could Jeb Bush Win Over the Christian Right in '16?"</a>. RealClearPolitics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.au=Scott+Conroy&rft.btitle=Could+Jeb+Bush+Win+Over+the+Christian+Right+in+%2716%3F&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RealClearPolitics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F04%2F08%2Fcould_jeb_bush_win_over_the_christian_right_in_16.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19991124/ai_n10558203">"Florida approves 'Choose Life' license plate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810101605/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19991124/ai_n10558203">Archived</a> August 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 24, 1999</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olszonowicz, Deborah: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20070927210150/http://www.ncsl.org/programs/transportation/tranrm_p.htm">"Motor Vehicle Registration and License Plates"</a> x, September 1999</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapin, Timothy et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ8YW6uw2JQC&pg=PA246">Growth Management in Florida: Planning for Paradise</a></i>, p. 246 (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-syg-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syg_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jeffers, Jr., Groomer (March 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/arlington/headlines/20120323-in-arlington-jeb-bush-says-stand-your-ground-invalid-in-trayvon-martin-case.ece">"In Arlington, Jeb Bush says stand your ground invalid in Trayvon Martin case"</a>. The Dallas Morning News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=In+Arlington%2C+Jeb+Bush+says+%E2%80%98stand+your+ground%E2%80%99+invalid+in+Trayvon+Martin+case&rft.aufirst=Groomer&rft.aulast=Jeffers%2C+Jr.&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fnews%2Fcommunity-news%2Farlington%2Fheadlines%2F20120323-in-arlington-jeb-bush-says-stand-your-ground-invalid-in-trayvon-martin-case.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-syg2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syg2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Meckler, Laura (December 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeb-bush-built-conservative-record-as-florida-governor-1418761689">"What Kind of Republican is Bush? His Time as Governor Offers Clues"</a>. Wall Street Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=What+Kind+of+Republican+is+Bush%3F+His+Time+as+Governor+Offers+Clues&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.aulast=Meckler&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjeb-bush-built-conservative-record-as-florida-governor-1418761689&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-law-basics/states-that-have-stand-your-ground-laws.html">"States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws"</a>. <i>FindLaw</i>. Thomson Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=States+That+Have+Stand+Your+Ground+Laws&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FindLaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriminal.findlaw.com%2Fcriminal-law-basics%2Fstates-that-have-stand-your-ground-laws.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncronline.org/news/politics/pope-francis-takes-dim-view-death-penalty-not-all-catholics-are-convinced">"Pope Francis takes a dim view of the death penalty, but not all Catholics are convinced"</a>. National Catholic Reporter. March 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+takes+a+dim+view+of+the+death+penalty%2C+but+not+all+Catholics+are+convinced&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpope-francis-takes-dim-view-death-penalty-not-all-catholics-are-convinced&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16241245/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/botched-execution-likely-painful-doctors-say/">"Botched execution likely painful, doctors say"</a>. Associated Press. December 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Botched+execution+likely+painful%2C+doctors+say&rft.date=2006-12-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F16241245%2Fns%2Fus_news-crime_and_courts%2Ft%2Fbotched-execution-likely-painful-doctors-say%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillin, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/elections-2016/jeb-bush/article22713531.html">PolitiFact Florida: When Jeb Bush was known as Veto Corleone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a> (May 30, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crew, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0m-gMZ6E9ooC&pg=PA48">Jeb Bush: Aggressive Conservatism in Florida</a>, p. 48 (University Press of America, 2009).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-bush-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bush_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelizlibrary.org/parenting-coordination/bush-veto.pdf">"Bush veto dated June 18, 2004"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Bush+veto+dated+June+18%2C+2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelizlibrary.org%2Fparenting-coordination%2Fbush-veto.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Florida_Bullet_Train-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_Bullet_Train_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_Bullet_Train_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridabullettrain.org/fhsra/1_overview.html">Florida High Speed Rail - Overview</a>. Florida Bullet Train.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-09.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-wait-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wait_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wait_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wait_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wait_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wait_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McCommons, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelseagreen.com/bookstore/item/waiting_on_a_train:paperback/"><i>Waiting on a Train</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont" title="White River Junction, Vermont">White River Junction, Vermont</a>: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp. 258259. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-064-9">978-1-60358-064-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=McCommons&rft.btitle=Waiting+on+a+Train&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-064-9&rft.pages=258-259&rft.place=White+River+Junction%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelseagreen.com%2Fbookstore%2Fitem%2Fwaiting_on_a_train%3Apaperback%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-01-14/news/9901140221_1_jeb-bush-bullet-train-overland-express">"Bullet train hits a big obstacle - Jeb Bush"</a>. <i>Orlando Sentinel</i>. January 14, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Bullet+train+hits+a+big+obstacle+-+Jeb+Bush&rft.date=1999-01-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.orlandosentinel.com%2F1999-01-14%2Fnews%2F9901140221_1_jeb-bush-bullet-train-overland-express&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bierman, Noah (May 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-jeb-bush-high-speed-rail-20150510-story.html">"Jeb Bush's war against Florida high-speed rail shows his governing style"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%27s+war+against+Florida+high-speed+rail+shows+his+governing+style&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-jeb-bush-high-speed-rail-20150510-story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-debate-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debate_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/27/State/Bush__McBride_debate_.shtml">"Bush, McBride debate tonight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. September 27, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Bush%2C+McBride+debate+tonight&rft.date=2002-09-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27St.+Petersburg+Times%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2F2002%2F09%2F27%2FState%2FBush__McBride_debate_.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-final-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-final_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbc6.net/news/1733655/detail.html">"Bush, McBride Face Off In Final Debate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. October 22, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Bush%2C+McBride+Face+Off+In+Final+Debate&rft.date=2002-10-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Associated+Press%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbc6.net%2Fnews%2F1733655%2Fdetail.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-popularity-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popularity_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A11040-2002Nov5?language=printer">"Bush Bets His Popularity And Scores a Big Victory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. November 6, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Bush+Bets+His+Popularity+And+Scores+a+Big+Victory&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA11040-2002Nov5%3Flanguage%3Dprinter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-surge-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-surge_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Canedy, Dana (November 6, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DF113EF935A35752C1A9649C8B63">"THE 2002 ELECTIONS: THE FLORIDA VOTE; Bush Wins 2nd Term With Surge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=THE+2002+ELECTIONS%3A+THE+FLORIDA+VOTE%3B+Bush+Wins+2nd+Term+With+Surge&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.aulast=Canedy&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE6DF113EF935A35752C1A9649C8B63&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russstewart.com/4-16-03.htm">Will Iraqi Victory convert Jews to GOP?</a>, <i>Russ Stewart</i>, April 16, 2003. Retrieved June 14, 2008.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/259yvdec.asp?pg=2">"The (Finally) Emerging Republican Majority"</a>. Weeklystandard.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=The+%28Finally%29+Emerging+Republican+Majority&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Weeklystandard.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F003%2F259yvdec.asp%3Fpg%3D2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2003/11/05/loc_kygovernor05k.html">"As Ky. governor, Fletcher vows to 'clean up mess<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>enquirer.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=As+Ky.+governor%2C+Fletcher+vows+to+%27clean+up+mess%27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enquirer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enquirer.com%2Feditions%2F2003%2F11%2F05%2Floc_kygovernor05k.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rucker, Philip and Costa, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/influential-republicans-working-to-draft-jeb-bush-into-2016-presidential-race/2014/03/29/11e33b06-b5f2-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html">Influential Republicans working to draft Jeb Bush into 2016 presidential race</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> (March 29, 2014).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collinson, Stephen and Reston, Maeve (January 28, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/28/politics/bush-politics-analysis/">"Jeb Bush's Conservative Evolution"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Retrieved January 28, 2015.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rutenberg, Jim (June 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/us/politics/jeb-bush-takes-aim-at-fellow-republicans.html">"Jeb Bush Takes Aim at Fellow Republicans"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+Takes+Aim+at+Fellow+Republicans&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Rutenberg&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-takes-aim-at-fellow-republicans.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kopan, Tal (October 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/jeb-bush-republicans-agenda-98461.html">"Jeb Bush says GOP needs 'agenda<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+says+GOP+needs+%27agenda%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.2em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft.aulast=Kopan&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F10%2Fjeb-bush-republicans-agenda-98461.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/06/jeb-bush-decide-republican-presidential-run">"Jeb Bush to decide on Republican presidential run by end of year"</a>. <i>www.theguardian.com</i>. Guardian News and Media Limited. April 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+to+decide+on+Republican+presidential+run+by+end+of+year&rft.date=2014-04-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theguardian.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fapr%2F06%2Fjeb-bush-decide-republican-presidential-run&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nagb.org/who-we-are/members.html#former">"Who We Are Board Members"</a>. National Assessment Governing Board<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are+%E2%80%93+Board+Members&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Assessment+Governing+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nagb.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Fmembers.html%23former&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Caputo, Marc A. (September 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2013/09/read-rick-scotts-common-core-letters-order-a-jeb-bush-dis-will-legislature-abide.html">"Read Rick Scott's Common Core letters, order. A Jeb Bush dis? Not quite. Will Legislature abide? Yes"</a>. <i>The Miami Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Read+Rick+Scott%27s+Common+Core+letters%2C+order.+A+Jeb+Bush+dis%3F+Not+quite.+Will+Legislature+abide%3F+Yes&rft.aufirst=Marc+A.&rft.aulast=Caputo&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiamiherald.typepad.com%2Fnakedpolitics%2F2013%2F09%2Fread-rick-scotts-common-core-letters-order-a-jeb-bush-dis-will-legislature-abide.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leary, Alex (October 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/jeb-bush-to-common-core-opponents-conspiracy-theories-are-easy-attention/2147666">"Jeb Bush to Common Core opponents: 'conspiracy theories are easy attention grabbers<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+to+Common+Core+opponents%3A+%27conspiracy+theories+are+easy+attention+grabbers%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.2em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-buzz-florida-politics%2Fjeb-bush-to-common-core-opponents-conspiracy-theories-are-easy-attention%2F2147666&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,196801,00.html">"Governor Jeb Bush Confirms Discussing His Interest in NFL Commissioner Job"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Governor+Jeb+Bush+Confirms+Discussing+His+Interest+in+NFL+Commissioner+Job&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C196801%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-24-bush-tagliabue_x.htm">"Jeb Bush quashes NFL speculation"</a>. Usatoday.Com. May 25, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+quashes+NFL+speculation&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2006-05-24-bush-tagliabue_x.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bush, Jeb (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmax.com/jeb_bush_coverstory">"We Can Be Great Again"</a>. <i>Newsmax</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=We+Can+Be+Great+Again&rft.aufirst=Jeb&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.date=2013-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsmax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmax.com%2Fjeb_bush_coverstory&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FoxBusiness.Lehman-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FoxBusiness.Lehman_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gasparino, Charlie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/2015/07/09/jeb/">"Exclusive: Why Doesn't Jeb Want to Talk About Lehman Bros?"</a>. Fox Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft.aulast=Gasparino&rft.btitle=Exclusive%3A+Why+Doesn%27t+Jeb+Want+to+Talk+About+Lehman+Bros%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Fox+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxbusiness.com%2Fbusiness-leaders%2F2015%2F07%2F09%2Fjeb%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koenig, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-05-10-3254091799_x.htm">Jeb Bush joins Tenet Healthcare's board</a>, <i>USA Today</i>, May 10, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wilchins, Dan (August 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/fundsFundsNews/idUSN3046902620070830">"Lehman hires Jeb Bush as private equity advisor"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Lehman+hires+Jeb+Bush+as+private+equity+advisor&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Wilchins&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FfundsFundsNews%2FidUSN3046902620070830&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Barbaro-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Barbaro, Michael (April 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/us/politics/jeb-bushs-rush-to-make-money-may-be-hurdle.html?hp&_r=1">"Jeb Bushs Rush to Make Money May Be Hurdle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. pp. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%E2%80%99s+Rush+to+Make+Money+May+Be+Hurdle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Barbaro&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bushs-rush-to-make-money-may-be-hurdle.html%3Fhp%26_r%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gold, Matea (January 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/01/19/timeline-jeb-bush-and-innovida/">"Timeline: Jeb Bush and InnoVida"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i>. The Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Jeb+Bush+and+InnoVida&rft.aufirst=Matea&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F19%2Ftimeline-jeb-bush-and-innovida%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NYT2016-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT2016_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rutenberg, Jim; Jeff Zeleny (November 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/23/us/politics/jeb-bush-in-2016-its-not-too-early-for-chatter.html">"Jeb Bush in 2016? Not Too Early for Chatter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+in+2016%3F+Not+Too+Early+for+Chatter&rft.au=Jeff+Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Rutenberg&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-in-2016-its-not-too-early-for-chatter.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall Breitman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/george-w-bush-jeb-bush-president-111550.html">George W. Bush: I think Jeb wants it</a>. <i>Politico</i>, 10/2/14.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-actively_exploring-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-actively_exploring_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/jeb-bush/a-note-from-jeb-bush/619074134888300">"A Note from Jeb Bush"</a>. <i>facebook.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=A+Note+from+Jeb+Bush&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=facebook.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnotes%2Fjeb-bush%2Fa-note-from-jeb-bush%2F619074134888300&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Roberts, Dan (January 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/01/jeb-bush-sheds-corporate-commitments-2016-presidential-run">"Jeb Bush sheds corporate commitments to help 2016 presidential run"</a>. <i>www.theguardian.com</i>. Guardian News & Media Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+sheds+corporate+commitments+to+help+2016+presidential+run&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.theguardian.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Fjan%2F01%2Fjeb-bush-sheds-corporate-commitments-2016-presidential-run&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Mendoza-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mendoza_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mendoza, Jessica (February 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0210/Jeb-Bush-releases-eight-years-worth-of-emails-Is-that-legal">"Jeb Bush releases eight years' worth of emails: Is that legal?"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+releases+eight+years%27+worth+of+emails%3A+Is+that+legal%3F&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+Jessica&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FUSA-Update%2F2015%2F0210%2FJeb-Bush-releases-eight-years-worth-of-emails-Is-that-legal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/jeb-bush-emails-released-florida-115077.html">Jeb Bush camp blames Florida for unredacted emails</a> Kendall Breitman, Politico, February 10, 2015</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-31427228">"Jeb Bush redacts correspondents' leaked information"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. February 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+redacts+correspondents%27+leaked+information&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-31427228&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frumin, Aliyah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/jeb-bush-exploits-huge-loophole-campaign-money-rule">"Jeb Bush exploits major loophole in campaign finance rule"</a>, MSNBC (May 2, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frumin, Aliyah. May 2, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/jeb-bush-exploits-huge-loophole-campaign-money-rule">Jeb Bush exploits major loophole in campaign finance rule</a>. <i>MSNBC.</i> Retrieved: May 3, 2015.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Diamond-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diamond_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Diamond, Jeremy (June 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/04/politics/jeb-bush-2016-announcement/">"Jeb Bush to announce candidacy June 15"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+to+announce+candidacy+June+15&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F04%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-2016-announcement%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-wsj.com-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj.com_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tau, Byron (June 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeb-bush-formally-announces-hell-seek-gop-presidential-nomination-1434388382">"Jeb Bush Files Paperwork to Run for President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+Files+Paperwork+to+Run+for+President&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft.aulast=Tau&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjeb-bush-formally-announces-hell-seek-gop-presidential-nomination-1434388382&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-reuters.com-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Holland, Steve (June 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/video/2015/06/15/jeb-bush-vows-to-fix-washington-as-he-st?videoId=364597312">"Jeb Bush vows to fix Washington as he starts White House run"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+vows+to+fix+Washington+as+he+starts+White+House+run&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fvideo%2F2015%2F06%2F15%2Fjeb-bush-vows-to-fix-washington-as-he-st%3FvideoId%3D364597312&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-strikes-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strikes_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strikes_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/15/us-usa-election-bush-idUSKBN0OV0CW20150615">"Jeb Bush strikes softer tone at start of White House run"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> (June 15, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktar.com/story/922052/jeb-bush-drops-out-gop-presidential-race-south-carolina/">"Jeb Bush drops out of GOP race in South Carolina"</a>. <i>KTAR.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+drops+out+of+GOP+race+in+South+Carolina&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KTAR.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fktar.com%2Fstory%2F922052%2Fjeb-bush-drops-out-gop-presidential-race-south-carolina%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, M. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/09/politics/donald-trump-jeb-bush-iowa/">"Donald Trump and Jeb Bush aren't on the same planet"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i> (October 9, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">CNN, Mark Preston and Theodore Schleifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/23/politics/jeb-bush-ted-cruz-endorsement/index.html">"Jeb Bush backs Ted Cruz for president"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=Mark+Preston+and+Theodore+Schleifer&rft.aulast=CNN&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush+backs+Ted+Cruz+for+president&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F23%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-ted-cruz-endorsement%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Staff, TIME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/4231664/jeb-bush-drops-out-president/">"Jeb Bush Drops Out of Presidential Race"</a>. <i>TIME.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+Drops+Out+of+Presidential+Race&rft.aufirst=TIME&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TIME.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4231664%2Fjeb-bush-drops-out-president%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eli Stokols, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/02/jeb-bush-dropping-out-set-up-to-fail-213662#ixzz40mOUaaHu">"Inside Jeb Bush's $150 Million Failure His closest aides failed to predict Trump and never changed course, guiding a flawed candidate into a corner he couldnt escape."</a> February 20, 2016.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dann, Carrie (May 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/graham-i-cannot-good-conscience-support-donald-trump-n569511">"Jeb Bush: 'I Will Not Vote for Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush%3A+%27I+Will+Not+Vote+for+Donald+Trump+or+Hillary+Clinton%27&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016-election%2Fgraham-i-cannot-good-conscience-support-donald-trump-n569511&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-VoteSmart-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VoteSmart_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://votesmart.org/candidate/political-courage-test/17340/jeb-bush/#.VSqsVfnF9bU">"Jeb Bush's Issue Positions"</a>. <i>VoteSmart</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%27s+Issue+Positions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoteSmart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvotesmart.org%2Fcandidate%2Fpolitical-courage-test%2F17340%2Fjeb-bush%2F%23.VSqsVfnF9bU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WPwaldman-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPwaldman_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPwaldman_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Waldman, Paul (May 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/05/12/where-the-2016-gop-contenders-stand-on-climate-change/">"Where the 2016 GOP contenders stand on climate change"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Where+the+2016+GOP+contenders+stand+on+climate+change&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Paul&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fplum-line%2Fwp%2F2014%2F05%2F12%2Fwhere-the-2016-gop-contenders-stand-on-climate-change%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clare Foran, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/2016-elections/jeb-bush-climate-change-20150522">Jeb Bush is All Over the Place on Climate Change: The 2016 hopeful is "concerned" about global warming. Will he do anything to fight it?</a>, <i>National Journal</i> (May 22, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/offshore-drilling-Florida-Jeb-Bush/2015/03/10/id/629312/">"Politico: Jeb Bush and His Anti-Drilling Stance"</a>. <i>Newsmax</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Politico%3A+Jeb+Bush+and+His+Anti-Drilling+Stance&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsmax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmax.com%2FPolitics%2Foffshore-drilling-Florida-Jeb-Bush%2F2015%2F03%2F10%2Fid%2F629312%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Wellford-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellford_123-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Wellford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/jeb-bush-believe-candidate-stands-11-issues/">What does Jeb Bush believe? Where the candidate stands on 11 issues</a>, PBS (June 15, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bobic-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bobic_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobic_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobic_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Igor Bobic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/07/jeb-bush-obamacare_n_6822942.html">Jeb Bush: Replace 'Monstrosity' of Obamacare</a>, <i>Huffington Post</i> (March 8, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Glauber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/barack-obamas-healthcare-law-is-flawed-gops-jeb-bush-says-b99135203z1-230581971.html">Obamacare is flawed, Jeb Bush says at Milwaukee event</a>, <i>Journal Sentinel</i> (November 4, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ferris-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferris_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/246426-jeb-bush-court-ruling-is-not-the-end-of-the-fight-against-obamacare">Jeb: Ruling is 'not the end of the fight' against ObamaCare</a>, <i>The Hill</i> (June 29, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Mullany-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullany_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullany_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullany_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullany_127-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullany, Gerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/us/politics/jeb-bush-on-the-issues.html?_r=0">Jeb Bush on the Issues</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (June 5, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, Seth (June 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/26/jeb-bush-states-should-decide-same-sex-marriage/">Jeb Bush: Same-sex marriage should have been decided by states.</a> <i>The Washington Times.</i> Retrieved: 17 September 2015: "Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush restated his support of traditional marriage in response to the Supreme Court opening the door to same-sex marriage across the country."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Healy-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Healy_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Healy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/05/17/jeb-bush-takes-tougher-stance-against-same-sex-marriage/">Jeb Bush Takes Tougher Stance Against Same-Sex Marriage</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (May 17, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Jaffe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/18/politics/jeb-bush-gay-marriage-opposition/">Jeb Bush stands by opposition to same-sex marriage</a>, CNN (May 18, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gambino-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gambino_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gambino_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gambino, Lauren (May 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/18/jeb-bush-same-sex-marriage-not-constitutional-right">"Jeb Bush says same-sex marriage should not be a constitutional right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+says+same-sex+marriage+should+not+be+a+constitutional+right&rft.au=Gambino%2C+Lauren&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Fmay%2F18%2Fjeb-bush-same-sex-marriage-not-constitutional-right&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Ward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/politics/jeb-bush-supports-pentagon-move-to-allow-124273897331.html">Jeb Bush supports Pentagon move to allow transgender military service</a>, Yahoo Politics (July 16, 2016).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Wing-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wing_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Wing, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeb-bush-marijuana_us_55fa259de4b0fde8b0ccf674">Jeb Bush Sheepishly Talks About Smoking Weed 40 Years Ago</a>, HuffingtonPost (September 16, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Kranish-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kranish_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kranish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2015/02/01/tumultuous-four-years-phillips-academy-helped-shape-jeb-bush/q6ccyHNOtP1n6kqDokMBfK/story.html">Jeb Bush shaped by troubled Phillips Academy years</a>, The Boston Globe (February 01, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ram-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ram_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Ram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marijuanareform.org/jeb-bush-legalization-marijuana-us/">Jeb Bush on marijuana legalization</a>, Marijuana Reform (February 23, 2016).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeke J. Miller. (March 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/3736443/net-neutrality-fcc-jeb-bush/">"Jeb Bush: Net Neutrality Decision Is 'Crazy<span style="padding-right:.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-votesmart.org-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://votesmart.org/candidate/political-courage-test/17340/jeb-bush/#.VVY0TynOXzJ">"Jeb Bush's Issue Positions (Political Courage Test) - The Voter's Self Defense System - Vote Smart"</a>. <i>Project Vote Smart</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%27s+Issue+Positions+%28Political+Courage+Test%29+-+The+Voter%27s+Self+Defense+System+-+Vote+Smart&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Vote+Smart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvotesmart.org%2Fcandidate%2Fpolitical-courage-test%2F17340%2Fjeb-bush%2F%23.VVY0TynOXzJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ehrenfreund-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrenfreund_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Ehrenfreund, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/06/04/this-presidential-election-could-totally-change-when-you-can-retire/">"This presidential election could totally change when you can retire"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. (June 4, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alejandro Lazo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeb-bush-attacks-obama-policies-says-gop-needs-hopeful-message-in-2016-1422065926">Jeb Bush Attacks Obama Policies, Says GOP Needs 'Hopeful' Message in 2016</a>, <i>Wall Street Journal</i> (January 23, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/09/usa-election-bush-banks-idUSL1N0YV1XK20150609">Jeb Bush says U.S. bank rules may have contributed to systemic risks</a>, Reuters (June 9, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tumulty, Karen (May 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/05/10/jeb-bush-says-he-would-have-invaded-iraq/">"Jeb Bush says he would have invaded Iraq"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i>. The Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+says+he+would+have+invaded+Iraq&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.aulast=Tumulty&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F05%2F10%2Fjeb-bush-says-he-would-have-invaded-iraq%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sara Murray and Maeve Reston, CNN (May 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/13/politics/jeb-bush-iraq-2016/">"Jeb Bush: 'I would not have gone into Iraq' - CNNPolitics.com"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%3A+%27I+would+not+have+gone+into+Iraq%27+-+CNNPolitics.com&rft.au=Sara+Murray+and+Maeve+Reston%2C+CNN&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F05%2F13%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-iraq-2016%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WelnaIraq-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WelnaIraq_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WelnaIraq_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WelnaIraq_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Welna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/2015/08/15/432356617/jeb-bush-offers-his-perscription-for-iraq">Jeb Bush Offers His Prescription For Iraq</a>, NPR <i>Weekend Edition Saturday</i> (August 15, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Costa, Robert; Gold, Matea (May 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/one-of-jeb-bushs-top-advisers-on-israel-george-w-bush/2015/05/07/920fec8e-f4da-11e4-bcc4-e8141e5eb0c9_story.html">"One of Jeb Bushs top advisers on Israel: George W. Bush"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i>. The Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=One+of+Jeb+Bush%E2%80%99s+top+advisers+on+Israel%3A+George+W.+Bush&rft.au=Gold%2C+Matea&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fone-of-jeb-bushs-top-advisers-on-israel-george-w-bush%2F2015%2F05%2F07%2F920fec8e-f4da-11e4-bcc4-e8141e5eb0c9_story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Murray, Sara (May 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/07/politics/jeb-george-w-bush-adviser/">"Jeb: George W. Bush is a top foreign policy adviser"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb%3A+George+W.+Bush+is+a+top+foreign+policy+adviser&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F05%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-george-w-bush-adviser%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Keefe, Ed (April 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/04/21/bush-credits-obama-for-continuing-nsas-metadata-program/">"Bush credits Obama for continuing NSAs metadata program"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i>. The Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Bush+credits+Obama+for+continuing+NSA%E2%80%99s+metadata+program&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F04%2F21%2Fbush-credits-obama-for-continuing-nsas-metadata-program%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Schelzig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/jeb-bush-says-rand-paul-wrong-ending-surveillance-013355059--election.html">Jeb Bush says Rand Paul 'wrong' on ending surveillance laws</a>, Associated Press (May 31, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bandow-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bandow_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doug Bandow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/blog/jeb-bush-abandons-mainstream-finds-inner-neocon">Jeb Bush Abandons Mainstream, Finds Inner Neocon</a>, Cato Institute (August 18, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Bowen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/02/19/Jeb-Bush-his-own-man-but-with-some-familiar-foreign-policy-ideas.aspx">Jeb Bush his 'own man', but with some familiar foreign policy ideas</a>, <i>The Interpreter</i> (Lowy Institute for International Policy) (February 19, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Jacobs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/14/jeb-bush-iran-nuclear-deal-appeasement">Jeb Bush denounces Iran nuclear deal as appeasement</a>, <i>Guardian</i> (July 14, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eli Stokols, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/jeb-bush-new-hampshire-repeal-iran-deal-day-one-120301.html">Jeb Bush: I wouldn't roll back Obama's Iran deal on Day One</a>, <i>Politico</i> (July 17, 2015).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160208055022/http://www.oneflorida.org/myflorida/government/go%5Bhttp%3A//www.barbarabushfoundation.com/site/c.jhLSK2PALmF/b.4344531/k.BD31/Home.htm">"Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneflorida.org/myflorida/government/go%5Bhttp://www.barbarabushfoundation.com/site/c.jhLSK2PALmF/b.4344531/k.BD31/Home.htm">the original</a> on February 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Barbara+Bush+Foundation+for+Family+Literacy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneflorida.org%2Fmyflorida%2Fgovernment%2Fgo%255Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbarabushfoundation.com%2Fsite%2Fc.jhLSK2PALmF%2Fb.4344531%2Fk.BD31%2FHome.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-USAtoday20140305-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USAtoday20140305_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bello, Marisol (March 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/05/barbara-bush-foundation-25-years-anniversary/6084981/">"Bush foundation celebrates 25 years of family literacy"</a>. USA Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Bush+foundation+celebrates+25+years+of+family+literacy&rft.aufirst=Marisol&rft.aulast=Bello&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2Fbarbara-bush-foundation-25-years-anniversary%2F6084981%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Larson, Leslie (January 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/jeb-bush-resigns-boards-article-1.2062765">"Jeb Bush resigns from corporate, nonprofit boards to start 2015 afresh"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+resigns+from+corporate%2C+nonprofit+boards+to+start+2015+afresh&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjeb-bush-resigns-boards-article-1.2062765&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.excelined.org/Program/ViewPage.aspx?pr=4&pc=21">"Cato on "Excellence in Action: A National Summit on Education Reform<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <i>Foundation for Excellence in Education</i>. Foundation for Excellence in Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Cato+on+%22Excellence+in+Action%3A+A+National+Summit+on+Education+Reform%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Excellence+in+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.excelined.org%2FProgram%2FViewPage.aspx%3Fpr%3D4%26pc%3D21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000824141829/http://www.heartland.org/pdf/21111f.pdf">"A New Lease on Learning:Florida's First Charter School (PDF)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on August 24, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=A+New+Lease+on+Learning%3AFlorida%27s+First+Charter+School+%28PDF%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heartland.org%2Fpdf%2F21111f.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404104958/http://www.dadeschools.net/schools/liberty_charter.htm">"Liberty City Charter School"</a>. Archived from the original on April 4, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Liberty+City+Charter+School&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dadeschools.net%2Fschools%2Fliberty_charter.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611153658/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/895/Riot_erupts_in_Liberty_City">"African American Registry: Riot erupts in Liberty City!"</a>. Aaregistry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/895/Riot_erupts_in_Liberty_City">the original</a> on June 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=African+American+Registry%3A+Riot+erupts+in+Liberty+City%21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Aaregistry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaregistry.com%2Fafrican_american_history%2F895%2FRiot_erupts_in_Liberty_City&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McGrory, Kathleen; Hiaasen, Scott (December 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/12/16/2548465_p4/charters-schools-enrolling-low.html">"Charter schools enrolling low number of poor students"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Charter+schools+enrolling+low+number+of+poor+students&rft.au=Hiaasen%2C+Scott&rft.au=McGrory%2C+Kathleen&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2F2011%2F12%2F16%2F2548465_p4%2Fcharters-schools-enrolling-low.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Berrios, Jerry (August 20, 2003). "Hero in the Spotlight". <i>The Miami Herald</i>. p. 1B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Hero+in+the+Spotlight&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.aulast=Berrios&rft.date=2003-08-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.pages=1B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Golf Tournament 19th Annual AT&T Jeb Bush Florida Classic Sponsored By The Wasie Foundation Event Time & Tickets." Eventful. Eventful, Inc November 14, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miami.eventful.com/events/golf-tournament-19th-annual-att-jeb-bush-fl-/E0-001-070656699-5">19th annual Jeb Bush Florida Classic</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-jebcf-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jebcf_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jebcf_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jebcf.org/about-the-event/event-history">Jeb Bush Florida Classic History</a>. Retrieved March 19, 2015.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fort-lauderdale/fl-cn-beachbash-1214-20141217-story.html">Fundraiser help fight cystic fibrosis</a> <i>Sun Sentinel</i>, December 17, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2015.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gedda, George (February 14, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007142035/http://airwolf.lmtonline.com/news/archive/021401/pagea8.pdf">"Bush has hemisphere on brain"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Laredo_Morning_Times" title="Laredo Morning Times">Laredo Morning Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airwolf.lmtonline.com/news/archive/021401/pagea8.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on October 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Bush+has+hemisphere+on+brain&rft.au=Gedda%2C+George&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairwolf.lmtonline.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F021401%2Fpagea8.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2013-06-13/jeb-bushs-latin-lover-r-rated/">"Jeb Bush's Latin 'Lover:' R-Rated Bloomberg"</a>. <i>Political Capital</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%27s+Latin+%27Lover%3A%27+R-Rated+%E2%80%93+Bloomberg&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+Capital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.bloomberg.com%2Fpolitical-capital%2F2013-06-13%2Fjeb-bushs-latin-lover-r-rated%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bush, Jeb (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfshorelife.com/August-2014/jeb-bush-loves-florida-florida-state-miami-football/">"Jeb Bush: The Things I Really Love About Florida"</a>. <i>Gulfshore Life</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush%3A+The+Things+I+Really+Love+About+Florida&rft.aufirst=Jeb&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.date=2014-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulfshore+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulfshorelife.com%2FAugust-2014%2Fjeb-bush-loves-florida-florida-state-miami-football%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Giroux, Greg (October 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2014-10-07/jeb-bush-speaks-fluent-gop-in-spanishlanguage-ads">"Jeb Bush Speaks Fluent GOP in Spanish-Language Ads"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+Speaks+Fluent+GOP+in+Spanish-Language+Ads&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.aulast=Giroux&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2014-10-07%2Fjeb-bush-speaks-fluent-gop-in-spanishlanguage-ads&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WashPostAP07202013-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WashPostAP07202013_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashPostAP07202013_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/george-p-bush-starts-small-amid-high-expectations-0">"George P. Bush starts small, shuns idea his name, Hispanic heritage can save GOP in Texas"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. July 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=George+P.+Bush+starts+small%2C+shuns+idea+his+name%2C+Hispanic+heritage+can+save+GOP+in+Texas&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fgeorge-p-bush-starts-small-amid-high-expectations-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/20902?SubmitSearch.x=0&SubmitSearch.y=0&11_month=0&first=George%20Prescott&last=Bush&spelling=Exact&c=search&11_day=0&offset=20">"Texas Births, 19261995"</a>. Familytreelegends.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Texas+Births%2C+1926%E2%80%931995&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Familytreelegends.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familytreelegends.com%2Frecords%2F20902%3FSubmitSearch.x%3D0%26SubmitSearch.y%3D0%2611_month%3D0%26first%3DGeorge%2520Prescott%26last%3DBush%26spelling%3DExact%26c%3Dsearch%2611_day%3D0%26offset%3D20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/jeb-bush-granddaughter_n_4532711.html">"Jeb Bush Welcomes Birth Of New Granddaughter, Vivian Alexandra Columba"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+Welcomes+Birth+Of+New+Granddaughter%2C+Vivian+Alexandra+Columba&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F01%2F02%2Fjeb-bush-granddaughter_n_4532711.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/jeb-bush-daughter-drug-addiction/index.html">http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/jeb-bush-daughter-drug-addiction/index.html</a> CNN</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905224016/http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=34357">"Jeb Bush, Catholic Convert. Will His Brother Convert?"</a>. Catholic.org. September 2, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=34357">the original</a> on September 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=Jeb+Bush%2C+Catholic+Convert.+Will+His+Brother+Convert%3F&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Catholic.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fnational%2Fnational_story.php%3Fid%3D34357&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faq.acf.hhs.gov/app/answers/detail/a_id/1556/~/acf-messenger-archive%3A-president-discusses-compassionate-conservative-agenda-in">"President Discusses Compassionate Conservative Agenda in Dallas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=President+Discusses+Compassionate+Conservative+Agenda+in+Dallas&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaq.acf.hhs.gov%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Fdetail%2Fa_id%2F1556%2F~%2Facf-messenger-archive%253A-president-discusses-compassionate-conservative-agenda-in&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since August 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108175150/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/knightsinaction/detail/226718.html">"KofC: Southeast - Florida"</a>. Knights of Columbus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kofc.org/un/en/knightsinaction/detail/226718.html">the original</a> on January 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.btitle=KofC%3A+Southeast+-+Florida&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Knights+of+Columbus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kofc.org%2Fun%2Fen%2Fknightsinaction%2Fdetail%2F226718.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
+<div class="refbegin" style="">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Barnes_(journalist)" title="Fred Barnes (journalist)">Barnes, Fred</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/293ppytu.asp">"Governor in Chief: Jeb Bush's remarkable eight years of achievement in Florida."</a> <i>The Weekly Standard</i>, June 12, 2006.</li>
+<li>Freedberg, Sydney P. "Jeb Bush: The Son Rises Away from Dad's Shadow." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i>, August 15, 1994.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington, Arianna</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/col/huff/2002/09/16/war_on_drugs/">"The latest Bush hypocrisy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>, September 16, 2002.</li>
+<li>Viglucci, Andres and Alfonso Chardy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miami.com/mld/miami/4221945.htm">"Bush and business: Fast success, brushes with mystery"</a>. <i>The Miami Herald</i>, October 5, 2002.</li>
+<li>Yardley, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/state/4124298.htm">"Jeb Bush: His early values shape his politics."</a> <i>The Miami Herald</i>, September 22, 2002.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
+<div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<b style="display:block;">Jeb Bush</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
+<ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;">
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jeb_Bush" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Jeb Bush">Media</a> from Commons</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jeb_Bush" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jeb Bush">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeb2016.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoffloridahistory.com/resources/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=50">Official governor's portrait and biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Florida_History" title="Museum of Florida History">Museum of Florida History</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/jeb-bush-201294">Jeb Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biography.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography.com">Biography.com</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?jebbush">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
+<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/17340">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart" title="Project Vote Smart">Project Vote Smart</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/jeb-bush/">Jeb Bush's file</a> at <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact.com" class="mw-redirect" title="PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact.com</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/elections-2016/jeb-bush/">Jeb Bush</a> collected news and commentary at the <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/topics/people/jeb-bush.page">Jeb Bush</a> collected news and commentary at the <i><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a></i></li>
+<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/jeb_bush/index.html">"Jeb Bush collected news and commentary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeb+Bush&rft.atitle=Jeb+Bush+collected+news+and+commentary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fb%2Fjeb_bush%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmoztools.net/Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Candidates_and_Campaigns/President/Candidates/Jeb_Bush">Jeb Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
+</ul>
+<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></b><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1994" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_1998" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 1998">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_gubernatorial_election,_2002" title="Florida gubernatorial election, 2002">2002</a></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">Buddy MacKay</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></b><br />
+19992007</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby=".282012_.E2.86.90.29_.C2.A0.C2.A0_United_States_presidential_election.2C_2016_.C2.A0.C2.A0_.28.E2.86.92_2020.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Template:United States presidential election, 2016"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Template talk:United States presidential election, 2016"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2016&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id=".282012_.E2.86.90.29_.C2.A0.C2.A0_United_States_presidential_election.2C_2016_.C2.A0.C2.A0_.28.E2.86.92_2020.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012 </a>)    <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">United States presidential election, 2016</a>    ( <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2020" title="United States presidential election, 2020">2020</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2016" title="United States elections, 2016">United States elections, 2016</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Fundraising in the United States presidential election, 2016">Fundraising</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_political_affiliation,_2016" title="Political positions of the United States presidential candidates by political affiliation, 2016">Political positions</a></li>
+<li>Polls
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016">national</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_presidential_election_by_demographics,_2016" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election by demographics, 2016">demographically</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016">statewide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="International opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016">international</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Social media in the United States presidential election, 2016">Social media</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016_timeline" title="United States presidential election, 2016 timeline">Timeline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates,_2016" title="United States presidential debates, 2016">General election debates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election, 2016">Newspaper endorsements</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_United_States_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential primaries, 2016">primary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Vote pairing in the United States presidential election, 2016">Vote pairing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_recounts" title="2016 United States presidential election recounts">Recounts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016">Faithless electors</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Democratic Party</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates,_2016" title="Political positions of the Democratic Party presidential primary candidates, 2016">Political positions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_for_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Endorsements for the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">Endorsements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums,_2016" title="Democratic Party presidential debates and forums, 2016">Debates and forums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">Primaries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Results of the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">Results</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_superdelegates,_2016" title="List of Democratic Party superdelegates, 2016">Superdelegates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li>
+<li>Polls
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_Democratic_Party_2016_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the Democratic Party 2016 presidential primaries">national</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Statewide opinion polling for the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">statewide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Straw polls for the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">straw</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates,_2016" title="Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016">Candidates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection,_2016" title="Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 2016">VP</a>)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Nominee</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd>endorsements
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016">political</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign non-political endorsements, 2016">non-political</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Democrats who opposed Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">Democratic opposition</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>Other candidates</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Braun" title="Harry Braun">Harry Braun</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Lincoln Chafee presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Rocky De La Fuente presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Farrell_Jr." title="Paul T. Farrell Jr.">Paul T. Farrell Jr.</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Judd" title="Keith Judd">Keith Judd</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Lawrence Lessig presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Martin O'Malley presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Bernie Sanders presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Michael Steinberg</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jim Webb presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilson_(businessman)" title="Willie Wilson (businessman)">Willie Wilson</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/John_Wolfe_Jr." title="John Wolfe Jr.">John Wolfe Jr.</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republican Party</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums,_2016" title="Republican Party presidential debates and forums, 2016">Debates and forums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_for_the_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Endorsements for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">Endorsements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">Primaries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Results of the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">Results</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li>
+<li>Polls
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_Republican_Party_2016_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the Republican Party 2016 presidential primaries">national</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Statewide opinion polling for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">statewide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Straw polls for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">straw</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_candidates,_2016" title="Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016">Candidates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection,_2016" title="Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 2016">VP</a>)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Nominee</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Donald Trump presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Donald Trump presidential campaign primary endorsements, 2016">primary</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#Protests_during_Trump.27s_campaign" title="Protests against Donald Trump">protests</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">Republican opposition</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>Other candidates</dt>
+<dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeb Bush</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jeb Bush presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeb_Bush" title="Political positions of Jeb Bush">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Ben Carson presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Chris Christie presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Ted Cruz presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ted_Cruz_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Ted Cruz presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Cruz" title="Political positions of Ted Cruz">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Everson" title="Mark Everson">Mark Everson</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Carly Fiorina presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jim Gilmore presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Lindsey Graham presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Mike Huckabee presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Bobby Jindal presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="John Kasich presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_Kasich_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of John Kasich presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Josue_Larose" title="Josue Larose">Josue Larose</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Michael_Lynch" title="Dennis Michael Lynch">Dennis Michael Lynch</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="George Pataki presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Rand Paul presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rand_Paul" title="Political positions of Rand Paul">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Rick Perry presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Marco Rubio presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marco_Rubio" title="Political positions of Marco Rubio">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Rick Santorum presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)" title="Scott Walker (politician)">Scott Walker</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Libertarian Party</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums,_2016" title="Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums, 2016">Debates and forums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Libertarian Party presidential primaries, 2016">Primaries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Nominee</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gary_Johnson_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Gary Johnson presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Gary_Johnson" title="Political positions of Gary Johnson">positions</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>Other candidates</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Austin_Petersen" title="Austin Petersen">Austin Petersen</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_David_Steele" title="Robert David Steele">Robert David Steele</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Green Party</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums,_2016" title="Green Party presidential debates and forums, 2016">Debates and forums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Green Party presidential primaries, 2016">Primaries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Nominee</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Jill Stein presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jill_Stein_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Jill Stein presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a></dd>
+<dt>Other candidates</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Darryl_Cherney" title="Darryl Cherney">Darryl Cherney</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Constitution Party</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" title="Constitution Party presidential primaries, 2016">Primaries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention#2016_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>Nominee</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Castle" title="Darrell Castle">Darrell Castle</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Castle_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Darrell Castle presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bradley_(politician)" title="Scott Bradley (politician)">Scott Bradley</a></dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>Other candidates</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Independent</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Better_for_America" title="Better for America">Better for America</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Evan McMullin presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Evan_McMullin_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016" title="List of Evan McMullin presidential campaign endorsements, 2016">endorsements</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mindy_Finn" title="Mindy Finn">Mindy Finn</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/United_States_third-party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_2016" title="United States third-party and independent presidential candidates, 2016">third-party and independent candidates</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<dl>
+<dt>American Delta Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Rocky De La Fuente presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Michael Steinberg</a></dd>
+<dt>American Party of South Carolina</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Skewes" title="Peter Skewes">Peter Skewes</a></dd>
+<dt>American Solidarity Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Maturen" title="Mike Maturen">Mike Maturen</a></dd>
+<dt>America's Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd>
+<dt>Nutrition Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rod_Silva_(businessman)" title="Rod Silva (businessman)">Rod Silva</a></dd>
+<dt>Party for Socialism and Liberation</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a>*</dd>
+<dt>Peace and Freedom Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Banks" title="Dennis Banks">Dennis Banks</a></dd>
+<dd>Other candidates</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></dd>
+<dt>Prohibition Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></dd>
+<dt>Reform Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Rocky De La Fuente presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Michael Steinberg</a></dd>
+<dd>Other candidates</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Darcy_Richardson" title="Darcy Richardson">Darcy Richardson</a></dd>
+<dt>Socialist Equality Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></dd>
+<dt>Socialist Party USA</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik" title="Mimi Soltysik">Mimi Soltysik</a>
+<dl>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Mimi Soltysik presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Nicole Walker</a></dd>
+<dt>Socialist Workers Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></dd>
+<dd><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Hart" title="Osborne Hart">Osborne Hart</a></dd>
+<dt>United States Pacifist Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></dd>
+<dt>Veterans Party of America</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Keniston" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Keniston">Chris Keniston</a></dd>
+<dt>Workers World Party</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></dd>
+<dt>Independent candidates</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></dd>
+<dt>Not on any ballots</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bilzerian" title="Dan Bilzerian">Dan Bilzerian</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Waka_Flocka_Flame" title="Waka Flocka Flame">Waka Flocka Flame</a>*</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)" title="Terry Jones (pastor)">Terry Jones</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Deez_Nuts_(politician)" title="Deez Nuts (politician)">Deez Nuts</a>*</dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Guy_Schwartz" title="Guy Schwartz">Guy Schwartz</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_White" title="Ron White">Ron White</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams_(voice-over_artist)" title="Ted Williams (voice-over artist)">Ted Williams</a></dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dd>* <small>These candidates are constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.</small></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Florida" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Florida" title="Template:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Florida" title="Template talk:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Governors_of_Florida&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Governors_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governors of Florida</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military <span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1821)</small></span></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Florida.svg" class="image" title="Seal of Florida"><img alt="Seal of Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/75px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png" width="75" height="75" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/113px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/150px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Territorial <span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(182245)</small></span></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Pope_Duval" title="William Pope Duval">Duval</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reid" title="Robert R. Reid">Reid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(since 1845)</small></span></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunn_Moseley" title="William Dunn Moseley">Moseley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(Florida_politician)" title="Thomas Brown (Florida politician)">Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Broome" title="James E. Broome">Broome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Madison_S._Perry" title="Madison S. Perry">Perry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(Florida_politician)" title="John Milton (Florida politician)">Milton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_K._Allison" title="Abraham K. Allison">Allison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Marvin" title="William Marvin">Marvin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walker" title="David S. Walker">Walker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Reed_(politician)" title="Harrison Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ossian_B._Hart" title="Ossian B. Hart">Hart</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Stearns" title="Marcellus Stearns">Stearns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Franklin_Drew" title="George Franklin Drew">Drew</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Perry" title="Edward A. Perry">Perry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Fleming" title="Francis P. Fleming">Fleming</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Mitchell" title="Henry L. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_Jennings" title="William Sherman Jennings">Jennings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_B._Broward" title="Napoleon B. Broward">Broward</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Gilchrist" title="Albert W. Gilchrist">Gilchrist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Catts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cary_A._Hardee" title="Cary A. Hardee">Hardee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Martin" title="John W. Martin">Martin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_E._Carlton" title="Doyle E. Carlton">Carlton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Sholtz" title="David Sholtz">Sholtz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Cone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Holland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Millard_F._Caldwell" title="Millard F. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Warren" title="Fuller Warren">Warren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._McCarty" title="Daniel T. McCarty">McCarty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Johns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Collins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C._Farris_Bryant" title="C. Farris Bryant">Bryant</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/W._Haydon_Burns" title="W. Haydon Burns">Burns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Kirk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Graham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Mixson" title="Wayne Mixson">Mixson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Martinez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">MacKay</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Crist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Scott</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party_nominees_for_Governor_of_Florida_.28since_1953.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RepNomFlGov" title="Template:RepNomFlGov"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RepNomFlGov" title="Template talk:RepNomFlGov"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:RepNomFlGov&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Republican_Party_nominees_for_Governor_of_Florida_.28since_1953.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/US_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="US Republican Party">Republican Party</a> nominees for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a> (since 1953)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Swan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Swan (page does not exist)">Swan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Thomas_Watson" title="J. Thomas Watson">Watson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Washburne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Washburne (page does not exist)">Washburne</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Petersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Petersen (page does not exist)">Petersen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_R._Holley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles R. Holley (page does not exist)">Holley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Kirk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Thomas_(Florida)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Thomas (Florida) (page does not exist)">Thomas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Eckerd" title="Jack Eckerd">Eckerd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skip_Bafalis" title="Skip Bafalis">Bafalis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Martinez</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Crist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Scott</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Florida.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Florida.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/50px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" width="50" height="33" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/75px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/100px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby=".281996_.E2.86.90.29_United_States_presidential_election.2C_2000_.28.E2.86.92_2004.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template:United States presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template talk:United States presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2000&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id=".281996_.E2.86.90.29_United_States_presidential_election.2C_2000_.28.E2.86.92_2004.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996" title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996 </a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">United States presidential election, 2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004"> 2004</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">General election results</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida,_2000" title="United States presidential election in Florida, 2000">Florida results</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000">Primaries</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Bauer" title="Gary Bauer">Gary Bauer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Pat Buchanan presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="John Kasich presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="John McCain presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Bob Smith (American politician)">Bob Smith</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2000">Primaries</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Bill Bradley presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(politician)" title="Howard Phillips (politician)">Howard Phillips</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Frazier" title="Curtis Frazier">Curtis Frazier</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Titus" title="Herbert Titus">Herb Titus</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin" title="Stephen Gaskin">Stephen Gaskin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kovel" title="Joel Kovel">Joel Kovel</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Harry Browne presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> Jacob Hornberger</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Hess">Barry Hess</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Reform Party presidential primaries, 2000">Primaries</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Pat Buchanan presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Ezola_Foster" title="Ezola Foster">Ezola B. Foster</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Candidates <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber" title="Nat Goldhaber">Nat Goldhaber</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Watkins" title="Dean Watkins">W. Dean Watkins</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cal_Hollis" title="Mary Cal Hollis">Mary Cal Hollis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Margaret Trowe</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Gordon_Brown" title="Cathy Gordon Brown">Cathy Gordon Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Collins" title="Charles E. Collins">Charles E. Collins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div id="Florida_election_recount_and_legal_proceedings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount and legal proceedings</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeb Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Boies" title="David Boies">David Boies</a></li>
+<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whouley" title="Michael Whouley">Michael Whouley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ginsberg_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Ginsberg (lawyer)">Benjamin Ginsberg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Butterworth" title="Bob Butterworth">Bob Butterworth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Stipanovich" title="Mac Stipanovich">Mac Stipanovich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Waters" title="Craig Waters">Craig Waters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_LePore" title="Theresa LePore">Theresa LePore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Roberts" title="Carol Roberts">Carol Roberts</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election day</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Central_Voter_File" title="Florida Central Voter File">Florida Central Voter File</a> (scrub list)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Volusia_error" title="Volusia error">Volusia error</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">Chad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ballot#Design" title="Ballot">Butterfly ballot</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath and<br />
+legal proceedings</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Brothers_riot" title="Brooks Brothers riot">Brooks Brothers riot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board_v._Harris_(Harris_I)" title="Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)"><i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris</i> (Harris I)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore"><i>Gore v. Harris</i> (Harris II)</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Recount_(film)" title="Recount (film)">Recount</a></i> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_Family_Fortunes:_The_Best_Democracy_Money_Can_Buy" title="Bush Family Fortunes: The Best Democracy Money Can Buy">Bush Family Fortunes</a></i> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Unprecedented:_The_2000_Presidential_Election" title="Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election">Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election</a></i> (2002)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<dl>
+<dt><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_elections,_2000" title="Template:United States elections, 2000">Other 2000 elections</a></dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2000" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 2000">House</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_2000" title="United States Senate elections, 2000">Senate</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_gubernatorial_elections,_2000" title="United States gubernatorial elections, 2000">Gubernatorial</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bush_family" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bush_family" title="Template:Bush family"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bush_family" title="Template talk:Bush family"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Bush_family&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Bush_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Walker_family_political_line" title="BushDavisWalker family political line">BushDavisWalker family political line</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_(surname)" title="Bush (surname)">Bush (surname)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prescott Bush ancestors</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel Prescott Bush</a> (18631948)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (18251889)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Newcomb Bush</a> (17971851)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samuel P. Bush & Flora Sheldon</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Sheldon Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prescott Bush (18951972)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Prescott Bush Jr.">Prescott Bush Jr.</a> (19222010)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George Herbert Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Pierce</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan James Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William Henry Trotter Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">George H. W. Bush (1924)<br />
+Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (1926)<br />
+Jonathan Bush (1931)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Lane Welch</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeb Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Columba_Bush" title="Columba Bush">Columba Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Mallon Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Pierce Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Koch" title="Bobby Koch">Robert P. Koch</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott_Ellis" title="John Prescott Ellis">John Prescott Ellis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ellis_III" title="Alexander Ellis III">Alexander Ellis III</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ellis" title="Joe Ellis">Josiah Wear Ellis</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bush" title="Billy Bush">Billy Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_S._Bush" title="Jonathan S. Bush">Jonathan S. Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">George W. Bush (1946)<br />
+Jeb Bush (1953)<br />
+Neil Bush (1955)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Welch Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George Prescott Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/David_Lauren" title="David Lauren">David Lauren</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_compound" title="Bush compound">The Bush Compound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Steel_Castings" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckeye Steel Castings">Buckeye Steel Castings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Walker_%26_Co." title="G. H. Walker & Co.">G. H. Walker & Co.</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Walker_family_political_line" title="BushDavisWalker family political line">Political line</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W.</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:George_H._W._Bush&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="George_H._W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (19891993)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (19811989)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (19761977)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (19711973)</span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX-7</a> (19671971)</span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Presidential_Library" title="George Bush Presidential Library">Presidential Library</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bush School of Government and Public Service">The Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_compound" title="Bush compound">Bush compound</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait cropped.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg" width="100" height="136" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1741" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_.281989.E2.80.931993.29" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">1989 Malta Summit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">1990 Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush.27s_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Domestic_policy" title="George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1990</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev speech</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1964" title="United States Senate elections, 1964">United States Senate elections, 1964</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1970" title="United States Senate elections, 1970">1970</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1966" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1966">United States House of Representatives elections, 1966</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1968" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1968">1968</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1980" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980">Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1988" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988">1988</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1992" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1992">1992</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1980</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">United States presidential election, 1980</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984" title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992" title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2: The Smell of Fear</a></i> (1991)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a></i> (1993)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a></i> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i> (2009)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a></i> (1998)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a></i> (1999)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> <small>(wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <small>(son</small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</small></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeb Bush</a> <small>(son)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> <small>(son)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_P._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin P. Bush">Marvin P. Bush</a> <small>(son)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> <small>(grandson)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> <small>(father)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> <small>(sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> <small>(brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> <small>(brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> <small>(grandfather)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> <small>(grandfather)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> <small>(family dog)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"> Ronald Reagan</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton </a></b></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:George_H._W._Bush" title="Book:George H. W. Bush">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:George_W._Bush&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (20012009)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas" title="List of Governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (19952000)</li>
+<li>Born July 6, 1946</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">First inauguration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">Second inauguration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush%27s_first_term_as_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush's first term as President of the United States">First term</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush%27s_second_term_as_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush's second term as President of the United States">Second term</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (20012014)">War in Afghanistan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_and_the_Iraq_War" title="George W. Bush and the Iraq War">Iraq War</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">"War on Terror"</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="George-W-Bush.jpeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" width="100" height="132" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_compound" title="Bush compound">Bush compound</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1978" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1978">United States House of Representatives elections, 1978</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_gubernatorial_election,_1994" title="Texas gubernatorial election, 1994">Texas gubernatorial election 1994</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_gubernatorial_election,_1998" title="Texas gubernatorial election, 1998">1998</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000">Presidential campaign 2000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_presidential_campaign,_2004" title="George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2004">2004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000">Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2004" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2004">2004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention 2000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">United States presidential election, 2000</a>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004">United States presidential election, 2004</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep"><i>A Charge to Keep</i> <small>(1999)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points"><i>Decision Points</i> <small>(2010)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father"><i>41: A Portrait of My Father</i> <small>(2014)</small></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage"><i>Portraits of Courage</i> <small>(2017)</small></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> <small>(wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <small>(father</small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">presidency</a>)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> <small>(mother)</small></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeb Bush</a> <small>(brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> <small>(brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> <small>(brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> <small>(sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> <small>(grandfather)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> <small>(dog)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley_(dog)" title="Miss Beazley (dog)">Miss Beazley</a> <small>(dog)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> <small>(cat)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> <small>(dog)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton"> Bill Clinton</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama </a></b></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:George_W._Bush" title="Book:George W. Bush">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<table class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left; margin:1em auto">
+<tr>
+<th class="navbox-title" style="background: none;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whitney_family_of_Connecticut" title="Template:Whitney family of Connecticut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Whitney_family_of_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Whitney family of Connecticut (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Whitney_family_of_Connecticut&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Whitney family of Connecticut</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="treeview">
+<ul>
+<li>Henry Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">John Whitney
+<ul>
+<li>Elizabeth Whitney
+<ul>
+<li>Elijah Keeler
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Rebecca Keeler
+<ul>
+<li>Elijah Keeler Bangs
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Mary Ann Bangs
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Martha Adela Beaky
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> 18751953
+<ul>
+<li>Dorothy Walker
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeb Bush</a>
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a>
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bush" title="Billy Bush">Billy Bush</a></li>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_S._Bush" title="Jonathan S. Bush">Jonathan S. Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a></li>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Jr." title="George Herbert Walker Jr.">George Herbert Walker Jr.</a> 19051977
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_III" title="George Herbert Walker III">George Herbert Walker III</a>
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_IV" title="George Herbert Walker IV">George Herbert Walker IV</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Walker" title="John M. Walker">John M. Walker</a> 19091990
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Walker_Jr." title="John M. Walker Jr.">John M. Walker Jr.</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bangs" title="Nathan Bangs">Nathan Bangs</a> 17781862</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline">Elizabeth Keeler
+<ul>
+<li>Abraham Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Runa Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Samuel Darling Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">John William Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Jarvis Waring Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a> 18941978</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline">John Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Elizabeth Rockwell
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Rufus Mead
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Hiram Mead
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a> 18631931</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Henry Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Richard Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Josiah Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Richard Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney" title="James Whitney">James Whitney</a> 18431914</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Joseph Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">David Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Ebenezer Whitney
+<ul>
+<li>Asa Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Whitney" title="Thomas R. Whitney">Thomas R. Whitney</a> 18071858</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline">Lucretia Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fitch" title="Harvey Fitch">Harvey Fitch</a> 18161890</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Josiah Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Henry Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Whitney" title="Stephen Whitney">Stephen Whitney</a> 17761860
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Henry Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Stephen Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Whitney" title="Harry Whitney">Harry Whitney</a> 18731936</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline">Richard Whitney
+<ul>
+<li>Daniel Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Daniel Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Selleck Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Mary Elizabeth Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/William_Alvord" title="William Alvord">William Alvord</a> 18331904</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="lastline">John Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">John Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline">Samuel Whitney
+<ul>
+<li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Whitney" title="Henry Martyn Whitney">Henry Martyn Whitney</a> 18241904</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/73123927">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73123927">73123927</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n96073715">n96073715</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000114477625">0000 0001 1447 7625</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133297098">133297098</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Systme universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/138467013">138467013</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16655596?l=en">DA16655596</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Technology_in_the_Humanities" title="Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities">IATH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6x92nbd">w6x92nbd</a></span></span></li>
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceb_Bu%C5%9F" title="Ceb Bu Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B1_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title=" Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Froyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%AD_%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%9C" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="' Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%91_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEebs_Bu%C5%A1s" title="Debs Bus Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1" title=", Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeb_Bu%C5%A1" title="Deb Bu Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title=" Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C" title=" Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Jehovah's Witnesses</h1>
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+<div id="mw-fr-revisiondetails-wrapper" style="position:relative;"><div id="mw-fr-revisiondetails" class="flaggedrevs_short_details" style="display:none">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses">reviewed</a> on <i>5 November 2017</i>.</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 24em; font-size: 88%; text-align: left;">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Jehovah's Witnesses</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jw_headquart.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Jw headquart.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jw_headquart.jpg/220px-Jw_headquart.jpg" width="220" height="165" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Jw_headquart.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a>
+<div><small>International headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_New_York" title="Warwick, New York">Warwick</a>, New York</small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationist</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">Hierarchical</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th>
+<td>Worldwide</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gale_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th>
+<td>1870s<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_splinter_groups" title="Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups">Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th>
+<td>119,485</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th>
+<td>8.3 million</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org">www<wbr />.jw<wbr />.org</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Statistics from <i>2017 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i><sup id="cite_ref-yb2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2017-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Jehovah's Witnesses</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> beliefs distinct from mainstream <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> The group reports a worldwide membership of more than 8.3 million adherents involved in <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and an annual <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices#Memorial_of_Christ.27s_death" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Memorial</a> attendance of more than 20 million.<sup id="cite_ref-yb2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2017-3">[3]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_New_York" title="Warwick, New York">Warwick</a>, New York, which establishes all doctrines<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> based on its interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-2">[2]</a></sup> They prefer to use their own translation, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other Bible translations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> They believe that the destruction of the present world system at <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> is imminent, and that the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">God's kingdom</a> over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The group emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a>, founded in the late 1870s by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> with significant organizational and doctrinal changes under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The name <i>Jehovah's witnesses</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a></sup> was adopted in 1931 to distinguish themselves from other Bible Student groups and symbolize a break with the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Theology_and_teachings" title="Charles Taze Russell">Russell's traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-name1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name1-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name2-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name3-16">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i>, and refusing <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>. They consider the use of <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">God's name</a> vital for proper worship. They reject <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">inherent immortality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">hellfire</a>, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birthday" title="Birthday">birthdays</a> or other holidays and customs they consider to have <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> origins incompatible with Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> They consider secular <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> to be morally corrupt and under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Congregational disciplinary actions</a> include <i><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_congregational_discipline#Disfellowshipping" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline">disfellowshipping</a></i>, their term for formal expulsion and <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered <i>disassociated</i> and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.<sup id="cite_ref-shepherd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepherd-21">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The group's position regarding <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a> to military service and refusal to <a href="/wiki/Salute" title="Salute">salute</a> national <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a> has brought it into conflict with some governments. Consequently, some Jehovah's Witnesses have been persecuted and their activities are banned or restricted in some countries. Persistent <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" title="Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country">legal challenges by Jehovah's Witnesses</a> have influenced legislation related to <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> in several countries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The organization has <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">received criticism</a> over issues surrounding biblical translation, doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses%27_handling_of_child_sex_abuse" title="Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse">handling of sexual abuse cases</a>, and alleged coercion of its members. The claims are rejected by the group's leaders, and some have been disputed by courts and religious scholars.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background_.281870.E2.80.931916.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background (18701916)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reorganization_.281917.E2.80.931942.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reorganization (19171942)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Continued_development_.281942.E2.80.93present.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Continued development (1942present)</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Publishing"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Funding"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Funding</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Beliefs</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sources_of_doctrine"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources of doctrine</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Jehovah_and_Jesus"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Jehovah and Jesus</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Satan"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Satan</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Life_after_death"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Life after death</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#God.27s_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">God's Kingdom</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Eschatology"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Eschatology</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Practices"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Practices</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Worship"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Worship</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Evangelism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Evangelism</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ethics_and_morality"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ethics and morality</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Disciplinary_action"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Disciplinary action</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Separateness"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Separateness</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Rejection_of_blood_transfusions"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Rejection of blood transfusions</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sociological_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sociological analysis</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Opposition"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Persecution"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Persecution</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Legal_challenges"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legal challenges</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Criticism_and_controversy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism and controversy</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Free_speech_and_thought"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Free speech and thought</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#New_World_Translation"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">New World Translation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Failed_predictions"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Failed predictions</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Handling_of_sexual_abuse_cases"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Handling of sexual abuse cases</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:auto;border:medium solid #96A9B9;">
+<tr>
+<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em;padding-top:0.3em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Category:Jehovah's Witnesses">a series</a> on</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;background:none;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehovah%27s_witnesses_website.png" class="image"><img alt="Jehovah's witnesses website.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jehovah%27s_witnesses_website.png/55px-Jehovah%27s_witnesses_website.png" width="55" height="55" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Jehovah%27s_witnesses_website.png 1.5x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="80" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;;padding:0.5em;background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;">Overview</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">Organizational structure</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body</a></li>
+<li>
+<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible<br />
+and Tract Society</a></div>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Corporations_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses">Corporations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">History</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_presidency_dispute_(1917)" title="Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)">Leadership dispute</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_splinter_groups" title="Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups">Splinter groups</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_doctrine" title="Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine">Doctrinal development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_unfulfilled_predictions" title="Watch Tower Society unfulfilled predictions">Unfulfilled predictions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses">Demographics</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" title="Jehovah's Witnesses by country">By country</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;;padding:0.5em;background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Beliefs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Practices</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">Salvation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">Eschatology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/144000_(number)#Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="144000 (number)">The 144,000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_and_discreet_slave" title="Faithful and discreet slave">Faithful and discreet slave</a></li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom songs">Hymns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">God's name</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_blood_transfusions" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions">Blood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_congregational_discipline" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline">Discipline</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_publications" title="Jehovah's Witnesses publications">Literature</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Watch_Tower_Society_publications" title="List of Watch Tower Society publications">List of publications</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Bibliography of Jehovah's Witnesses">Bibliography</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;">Teaching programs</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_School_of_Gilead" title="Watchtower Bible School of Gilead">Gilead School</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;;padding:0.5em;background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_people" title="Category:Jehovah's Witnesses people">People</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Watch_Tower_Society_presidents" title="Category:Watch Tower Society presidents">Watch Tower presidents</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Conley" title="William Henry Conley">W. H. Conley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">C. T. Russell</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">J. F. Rutherford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr" title="Nathan Homer Knorr">N. H. Knorr</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Franz" title="Frederick William Franz">F. W. Franz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milton_George_Henschel" title="Milton George Henschel">M. G. Henschel</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Don_Alden_Adams" title="Don Alden Adams">D. A. Adams</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;">Formative influences</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grew" title="Henry Grew">Henry Grew</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Storrs" title="George Storrs">George Storrs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">N. H. Barbour</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses">Notable former members</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Franz" title="Raymond Franz">Raymond Franz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olin_R._Moyle" title="Olin R. Moyle">Olin Moyle</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.1em;background:#DBDBDB;;padding:0.5em;background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;">Opposition</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Criticism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" title="Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country">Supreme Court cases<br />
+by country</a></div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Template:Jehovah's Witnesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Template talk:Jehovah's Witnesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">History of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<h3><span id="Background_(18701916)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Background_.281870.E2.80.931916.29">Background (18701916)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background (18701916)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C.T._Russell.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/C.T._Russell.gif/220px-C.T._Russell.gif" width="220" height="287" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/C.T._Russell.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="416" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:C.T._Russell.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> (18521916)</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> and others formed a group in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> to study the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-beckford1874_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckford1874-24">[23]</a></sup> In 1876, Russell met <a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">Nelson H. Barbour</a>; later that year they jointly produced the book <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_(book)" title="Three Worlds (book)">Three Worlds</a>,</i> which combined restitutionist views with <a href="/wiki/End_time" title="End time">end time</a> prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationally</a>, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874<sup id="cite_ref-beckford1874_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckford1874-24">[23]</a></sup> inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times,"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, <i>Herald of the Morning</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holden18_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden18-30">[29]</a></sup> stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<p>From 1879, <i>Watch Tower</i> supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational polity">congregationalist style</a> of church governance.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> In 1881, <i>Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society</i> was presided over by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Conley" title="William Henry Conley">William Henry Conley</a>, and in 1884, Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time <a href="/wiki/Colporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Colporteur">colporteurs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holden18_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden18-30">[29]</a></sup> and was appointing foreign <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named <i>Bethel</i>. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#International_Bible_Students_Association" title="Bible Student movement">International Bible Students Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Reorganization_(19171942)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Reorganization_.281917.E2.80.931942.29">Reorganization (19171942)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reorganization (19171942)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:J.F._Rutherford.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/J.F._Rutherford.gif/220px-J.F._Rutherford.gif" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/J.F._Rutherford.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="461" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:J.F._Rutherford.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph F. Rutherford</a> (18691942)</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a>, was elected as its next president. His <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_presidency_dispute_(1917)" title="Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)">election was disputed</a>, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-crompton101_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton101-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362-50">[49]</a></sup> In June 1917, he released <i>The Finished Mystery</i> as a seventh volume of Russell's <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_the_Scriptures" title="Studies in the Scriptures">Studies in the Scriptures</a> series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup> It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> under the <i><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act</a></i> in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; the directors were released in March 1919 and charges against them were dropped in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007-57">[56]</a></sup> At an international convention held at <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a>, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Hebrew patriarchs (such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">thousand-year earthly Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford1920_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford1920-59">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christian144_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christian144-61">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> Disappointed by the changes and <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_unfulfilled_predictions#1925:_Resurrection_of_the_patriarchs" title="Watch Tower Society unfulfilled predictions">unfulfilled predictions</a>, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gruss2001_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruss2001-66">[65]</a></sup> most of which still exist.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup> By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as three-quarters by the end of the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On July 26, 1931, at a convention in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name<i>Jehovah's witnesses</i>based on Isaiah 43:10: "'You are my witnesses,' declares Jehovah, 'Yes, my servant whom I have chosen, So that you may know and have faith in me And understand that I am the same One. Before me no God was formed, And after me there has been none.'" (New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures 2013 Edition) which was adopted by resolution. The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society, as well as symbolize the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh evangelizing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-name1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name1-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name2-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name3-16">[15]</a></sup> In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938, introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, <i>God-ruled</i>) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007-57">[56]</a></sup></p>
+<p>From 1932, it was taught that the "little flock" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 "anointed" who would be resurrectedor transferred at deathto live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the "great multitude," would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: <i>parousa</i>), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "<a href="/wiki/End_times" class="mw-redirect" title="End times">last days</a>" were each moved to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As their interpretations of the Bible developed, Witness publications decreed that saluting national flags is a form of idolatry, which led to a new outbreak of mob violence and government opposition in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Worldwide membership of Jehovah's Witnesses reached 113,624 in 5,323 congregations by the time of Rutherford's death in January 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Continued_development_(1942present)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Continued_development_.281942.E2.80.93present.29">Continued development (1942present)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continued development (1942present)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_doctrine" title="Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine">Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png" width="128" height="167" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="167" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr" title="Nathan Homer Knorr">Nathan H. Knorr</a> (1905-1977)</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Nathan_H._Knorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan H. Knorr">Nathan Knorr</a> was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</a></i>, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></sup> Knorr's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of <a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">congregational judicial procedures</a> to enforce a strict moral code.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup></p>
+<p>From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975<sup id="cite_ref-Georgie_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgie-82">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup> or shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95-84">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-90">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></sup> Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end,<sup id="cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95-84">[83]</a></sup> but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-92">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></sup> (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup> Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Franz" title="Frederick William Franz">Frederick Franz</a> (19771992) and <a href="/wiki/Milton_George_Henschel" title="Milton George Henschel">Milton Henschel</a> (19922000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Don_A._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Don A. Adams">Don A. Adams</a>, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2010 changed their teaching on the "generation".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organization">Organization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses are organized <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchically</a>, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pentongov_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentongov-102">[101]</a></sup> The organization is led by the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body</a>an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[note 2]</a></sup> all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly lifebased in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup> There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup> Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative<sup id="cite_ref-GB2008_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB2008-107">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup> and "spokesman" for God's "<a href="/wiki/Faithful_and_discreet_slave" title="Faithful and discreet slave">faithful and discreet slave</a> class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation#The_.27anointed.27" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">"anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></sup> At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup> The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities.<sup id="cite_ref-pentongov_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentongov-102">[101]</a></sup> It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a> construction or disaster relief.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches.<sup id="cite_ref-alternative_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternative-113">[111]</a></sup> New elders are appointed by a traveling overseer after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servantsappointed in a similar manner to eldersfulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-pentongov_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentongov-102">[101]</a></sup> Witnesses do not use <i>elder</i> as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup> though elders may employ <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical privilege">ecclesiastical privilege</a> such as confession of sins.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></sup> and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid.<sup id="cite_ref-RFbaptism_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFbaptism-117">[115]</a></sup> Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization,"<sup id="cite_ref-RFbaptism_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFbaptism-117">[115]</a></sup> though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></sup> Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his organization,"<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[note 3]</a></sup> stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing">Publishing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The organization produces a significant amount of literature as part of its evangelism activities.<sup id="cite_ref-pub_titans_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pub_titans-126">[123]</a></sup> The Watch Tower Society has produced over 200 million copies of the <i>New World Translation</i> in whole or in part in over 120 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i> are the most widely distributed magazines in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a></sup> Translation of Witness publications is done by over 2000 volunteers worldwide, producing literature in over 760 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></sup> Publications are also available online at the organization's official website.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding">Funding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Much of their funding is provided by <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donations</a>, primarily from members. There is no <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a> or collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-92">[91]</a></sup> In 2001 <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i> listed the Watch Tower Society as one of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>'s forty richest corporations, with revenues exceeding $950 million.<sup id="cite_ref-pub_titans_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pub_titans-126">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a></sup> The organization reported for the same year that it "spent over 70.9 million dollars in caring for special pioneers, missionaries, and traveling overseers in their field service assignments."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[note 4]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Beliefs">Beliefs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
+<tr>
+<td style="background:lavender;;padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th style="background:lavender;;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="image" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png" width="75" height="105" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/113px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/150px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td>
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+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li>
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+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jehovah's Witness</a></li>
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+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources_of_doctrine">Sources of doctrine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources of doctrine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe their denomination is a restoration of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">first-century Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrines</a> of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body</a>, which assumes responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">interpreting</a> and applying scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362-50">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></sup> The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a></sup> Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a></sup> and that such enlightenment or "new light"<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></sup> results from the application of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">study</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a></sup> the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy spirit">holy spirit</a>, and direction from <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a></sup> The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a></sup> The group's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and <a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">infallibility</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></sup> is said to provide "divine guidance"<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a></sup> through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voice_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voice-148">[144]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The entire Protestant <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon of scripture</a> is considered the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrant</a> word of God.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible#The_Bible_and_science" title="Criticism of the Bible">scientifically</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_history" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible and history">historically</a> accurate and reliable<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a></sup> and interpret much of it <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literally</a>, but accept parts of it as <a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">symbolic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a></sup> They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></sup> although sociologist Andrew Holden's <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> study of the group concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></sup> Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and "private ideas" reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications, and are cautioned against reading other religious literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevindependent_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevindependent-154">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></sup> Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism about what is taught in the Watch Tower Society's literature, and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></sup> The organization makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></sup> and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-w89_0401_1_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w89_0401_1-162">[158]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Jehovah_and_Jesus">Jehovah and Jesus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jehovah and Jesus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize the use of God's name, and they prefer the form <i><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a></i>a vocalization of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>'s name based on the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a></sup> They believe that Jehovah is the only true God, the creator of all things, and the "Universal Sovereign". They believe that all worship should be directed toward him, and that he is not part of a <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></sup> consequently, the group places more emphasis on God than on Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a></sup> They believe that the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> is God's applied power or "active force", rather than a person.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:YHWH.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YHWH.svg/220px-YHWH.svg.png" width="220" height="92" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YHWH.svg/330px-YHWH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YHWH.svg/440px-YHWH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="256" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:YHWH.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created through Christ by means of God's power, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a></sup> Jesus served as a <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redeemer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">ransom sacrifice</a> to pay for the sins of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></sup> They believe Jesus died on a <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">single upright post</a> rather than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></sup> They believe that references in the Bible to the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a> (Apollyon), and <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Logos" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the Logos">the Word</a> all refer to Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></sup> Jesus is considered to be the only <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercessor</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a> between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a></sup> His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></sup></p>
+<div style="clear:left;"></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Satan">Satan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Satan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe that <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a> was originally a perfect <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship. Satan influenced <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> to disobey God, and humanity subsequently became participants in a challenge involving the competing claims of Jehovah and Satan to universal sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-pentonsatan_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentonsatan-177">[173]</a></sup> Other angels who sided with Satan became <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>.</p>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Satan and his demons were cast down to earth from heaven after October 1, 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a></sup> at which point the <a href="/wiki/End_time" title="End time">end times</a> began. They believe that Satan is the ruler of the current world order,<sup id="cite_ref-pentonsatan_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentonsatan-177">[173]</a></sup> that human society is influenced and misled by Satan and his demons, and that they are a cause of human suffering. They also believe that human governments are controlled by Satan,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a></sup> but that he does not directly control each human ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_after_death">Life after death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Life after death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation</a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe death is a state of non-existence with no <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>. There is no <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" title="Christian views on hell">Hell</a> of fiery torment; <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> are understood to refer to the condition of death, termed the <i>common grave</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses consider the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> to be a life or a living body that can die.<sup id="cite_ref-hoeksin_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoeksin-182">[178]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses believe that humanity is in a <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_sin#Protestant_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of sin">sinful</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-hoeksin_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoeksin-182">[178]</a></sup> from which release is only possible by means of Jesus' shed blood as a ransom, or <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">atonement</a>, for the sins of humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">heaven</a>, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> 14:15 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a></sup> They believe that baptism as one of Jehovah's Witnesses is vital for salvation<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></sup> and that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge.<sup id="cite_ref-onlyjw_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlyjw-186">[182]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a></sup> During Christ's <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial reign</a>, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="God's_Kingdom"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="God.27s_Kingdom">God's Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: God's Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe that <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">God's Kingdom</a> is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant".<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a></sup> The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a></sup> It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a></sup> They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a></sup> and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eschatology">Eschatology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eschatology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eschatology_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<p>A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or "system of things", entered the "<a href="/wiki/End_time" title="End time">last days</a>" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a></sup> They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with "<a href="/wiki/Babylon_the_great#Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylon the great">Babylon the Great</a>", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a></sup> and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, which they believe is represented in scripture by the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_the_United_Nations" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and the United Nations">scarlet-colored wild beast</a> of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Great_tribulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Great tribulation">great tribulation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a></sup> Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a></sup> Most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during "judgment day" lasting for <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">one thousand years</a>. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Parousia" title="Parousia">parousia</a></i>usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christas "presence". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the "<a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Practices">Practices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Jehovah's Witnesses practices</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Worship">Worship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg/220px-Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg/330px-Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg/440px-Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuni%C3%A3o_em_Sal%C3%A3o_do_Reino.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Worship at a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Meetings for worship and study are held at <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Halls</a>, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-holdenhall_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holdenhall-207">[203]</a></sup> Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the group's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-holdenhall_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holdenhall-207">[203]</a></sup> Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising four distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (two meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship".<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a></sup> Gatherings are opened and closed with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom songs">kingdom songs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a>) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a "circuit" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices#Memorial_of_Christ.27s_death" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Memorial of Christ's Death</a>" on the date of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a></sup></p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Evangelism">Evangelism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evangelism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_publications" title="Jehovah's Witnesses publications">Jehovah's Witnesses publications</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg/220px-Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg/330px-Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg/440px-Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_outside_the_British_Museum_02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jehovah's Witnesses outside the British Museum, 2017.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a></sup> distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a></sup> The objective is to start a regular "Bible study" with any person who is not already a member,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a></sup> with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group;<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a></sup> Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a></sup> Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a></sup> They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report".<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a></sup> Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders;<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a></sup> those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethics_and_morality">Ethics and morality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ethics and morality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion if the individual is not deemed repentant;<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Watchtower_1998.2C_page_16_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Watchtower_1998.2C_page_16-228">[224]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> activity is considered a serious sin, and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> are forbidden. <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a> is considered <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holdenmorals_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holdenmorals-229">[225]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> is considered to be "self-murder" and a sin against God.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a></sup> Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a>, drunkenness, illegal drugs, and tobacco use are forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a></sup> Drinking of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> is permitted in moderation.<sup id="cite_ref-holdenmorals_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holdenmorals-229">[225]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The family structure is <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a>. The husband is considered to have authority on family decisions, but is encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings, as well as those of his children. Marriages are required to be <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> and legally <a href="/wiki/Civil_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil registry">registered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a></sup> Marrying a non-believer, or endorsing such a union, is strongly discouraged and carries religious sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a> is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, which they refer to as "a scriptural divorce".<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a></sup> If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">sexual immorality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a></sup> Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the denomination terms "absolute endangerment of spirituality" are considered grounds for legal separation.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disciplinary_action">Disciplinary action</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Disciplinary action">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_congregational_discipline" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline">Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline</a></div>
+<p>Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin#Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" title="Mortal sin">serious sin</a>usually cases of sexual misconduct<sup id="cite_ref-alternative_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternative-113">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a></sup> or charges of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> for disputing Jehovah's Witness doctrines<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muramoto_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muramoto-242">[238]</a></sup>a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_congregational_discipline#Disfellowshipping" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline">Disfellowshipping</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a>, is the strongest form of discipline, administered to an offender deemed unrepentant.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a></sup> Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to apply for reinstatement;<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a></sup> formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a></sup> Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to Jehovah."<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a></sup> The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden163_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden163-247">[243]</a></sup> Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as wicked and are also shunned.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a></sup> Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-shepherd_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepherd-21">[20]</a></sup> Reproof is a lesser form of discipline given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or spiritual fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_congregational_discipline#Marking" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline">Marking</a>, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[note 5]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Separateness">Separateness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Separateness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_governments" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and governments">Jehovah's Witnesses and governments</a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a></sup> They believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses represent true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a></sup> Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a></sup> and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-holdensocial_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holdensocial-261">[256]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a></sup> Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a></sup> They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a></sup> Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a></sup></p>
+<p>They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services,<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a></sup> and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a></sup> They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing <a href="/wiki/National_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthems">national anthems</a> or patriotic songs.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a></sup> Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the group's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rejection_of_blood_transfusions">Rejection of blood transfusions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rejection of blood transfusions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_blood_transfusions" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions">Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions</a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses refuse <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a>:28, 29 and other scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a></sup> Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the group.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a></sup> Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation".<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma_fractionation" title="Blood plasma fractionation">blood plasma fractions</a> at their own discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a></sup> The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney#Durable_power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">durable power of attorney</a> documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses have established <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_blood_transfusions#Hospital_Liaison_Committees" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions">Hospital Liaison Committees</a> as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses">Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<div class="floatright"><a href="/wiki/File:JWStats1931-2015.png" class="image"><img alt="JWStats1931-2015.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JWStats1931-2015.png/400px-JWStats1931-2015.png" width="400" height="261" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JWStats1931-2015.png/600px-JWStats1931-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JWStats1931-2015.png/800px-JWStats1931-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="638" /></a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses have an active presence in most countries, but do not form a large part of the population of any country.</p>
+<p>As of August 2016, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 8.13 million <i>publishers</i>the term they use for members actively involved in preachingin 119,485 congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-yb2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2017-3">[3]</a></sup> In 2016, these reports indicated over 1.98 billion hours spent in preaching and "Bible study" activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 8.34 million.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a></sup> In the same year, they conducted Bible studies with over 10.1 million individuals, including those conducted by Witness parents with their children.<sup id="cite_ref-yb2017_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2017-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth rate to be 1.8% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-yb2017_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2017-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry;<sup id="cite_ref-jwmediastats_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwmediastats-296">[291]</a></sup> official statistics do not include <i>inactive</i> and <i>disfellowshipped</i> individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered <i>active</i> by the faith itself.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a></sup> The 2008 US <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life</a> survey found a low retention rate among members of the denomination: about 37% of people raised in the group continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a></sup></p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sociological_analysis">Sociological analysis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sociological analysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Sociological classifications of religious movements</a></div>
+<p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/James_A._Beckford" title="James A. Beckford">James A. Beckford</a>, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the group's organizational structure as <i>Totalizing</i>, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a></sup> Beckford identified the group's chief characteristics as <i>historicism</i> (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), <i>absolutism</i> (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), <i>activism</i> (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), <i>rationalism</i> (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), <i>authoritarianism</i> (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and <i>world indifference</i> (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Bryan_R._Wilson" title="Bryan R. Wilson">Bryan R. Wilson</a>, in his consideration of five religious groups including Jehovah's Witnesses, noted that each of the denominations:<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a></sup></p>
+<ol>
+<li>"exists in a state of tension with the wider society;"</li>
+<li>"imposes tests of merit on would-be members;"</li>
+<li>"exercises stern discipline, regulating the declared beliefs and the life habits of members and prescribing and operating sanctions for those who deviate, including the possibility of expulsion;"</li>
+<li>"demands sustained and total commitment from its members, and the subordination, and perhaps even the exclusion of all other interests."</li>
+</ol>
+<p>A sociological comparative study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition">Opposition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Controversy surrounding various beliefs, doctrines and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses has led to opposition from governments, communities, and religious groups. Religious commentator Ken Jubber wrote that "Viewed globally, this persecution has been so persistent and of such intensity that it would not be inaccurate to regard Jehovah's Witnesses as the most persecuted group of Christians of the twentieth century."<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Persecution">Persecution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Persecution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Triangle.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Purple_Triangle.JPG/220px-Purple_Triangle.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Purple_Triangle.JPG/330px-Purple_Triangle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Purple_Triangle.JPG/440px-Purple_Triangle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Triangle.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jehovah's Witness prisoners were identified by <a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">purple triangle</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp badges">badges in Nazi concentration camps</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to <a href="/wiki/Mob_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob action">mob action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> oppression in various countries. Their stance regarding political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and at other times where <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a> has been compulsory. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and some Islamic states.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a></sup></p>
+<ul>
+<li>In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a></sup> of whom about 10,000 were imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, where they were identified by <a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">purple triangles</a>; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-310">[305]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a></sup></li>
+<li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> during World War II, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a></sup> along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a></sup></li>
+<li>In 1951, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were deported to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation North</a> in April 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-passat_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passat-315">[310]</a></sup></li>
+<li>In April 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a> labeled Jehovah's Witnesses an extremist organization, banned its activities in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and issued an order to confiscate the organization's assets.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Authors including <a href="/wiki/William_J._Whalen" title="William J. Whalen">William Whalen</a>, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grizzuti_Harrison" title="Barbara Grizzuti Harrison">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison</a>, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religious groups by Jehovah's Witnesses. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a></sup> Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should "never seek a controversy" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legal challenges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" title="Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country">Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country</a></div>
+<p>Several cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses have been heard by Supreme Courts throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a></sup> The cases generally relate to their right to practice their religion, displays of patriotism and military service, and blood transfusions.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the United States, legal challenges by Jehovah's Witnesses prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a></sup> Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a></sup> Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_and_controversy">Criticism and controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses have attracted criticism over issues surrounding their Bible translation, doctrines, their handling of sexual abuse cases, and alleged coercion of members. Many of the claims are denied by Jehovah's Witnesses and some have also been disputed by religious scholars.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Free_speech_and_thought">Free speech and thought</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Free speech and thought">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden22_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden22-328">[323]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a></sup> The denomination does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices;<sup id="cite_ref-voice_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voice-148">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_dissent_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford_dissent-332">[327]</a></sup> members who openly disagree with the group's teachings are expelled and shunned.<sup id="cite_ref-Muramoto_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muramoto-242">[238]</a></sup> Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization".<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_dissent_332-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford_dissent-332">[327]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a></sup> It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil"<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a></sup> and would "cause division".<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a></sup> Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".<sup id="cite_ref-Holden163_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden163-247">[243]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Former members Heather and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Gary Botting</a> compare the cultural paradigms of the denomination to <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-four" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteen Eighty-four">Nineteen Eighty-four</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a></sup> and Alan Rogerson describes the group's leadership as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a></sup> Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the group's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience<sup id="cite_ref-Bevindependent_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevindependent-154">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a></sup> in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a></sup> Critics also accuse the group's leaders of exercising "intellectual dominance" over Witnesses,<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a></sup> controlling information<sup id="cite_ref-Muramoto_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muramoto-242">[238]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a></sup> and creating "mental isolation", which former Governing Body member <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Franz" title="Raymond Franz">Raymond Franz</a> argued were all elements of <a href="/wiki/Mind_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind control">mind control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jehovah's Witness publications state that consensus of faith aids unity, and deny that unity restricts individuality or imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a></sup> Historian James Irvin Lichti has rejected the description of the denomination as "totalitarian".<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."<sup id="cite_ref-Stark_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-90">[89]</a></sup> Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a></sup> However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit",<sup id="cite_ref-Holden163_247-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden163-247">[243]</a></sup> and describes the administration as <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden22_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden22-328">[323]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_World_Translation">New World Translation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New World Translation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</a></div>
+<p>Various Bible scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a>, former Professor and Bible editor and translator at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a>, have said that the <i>New World Translation</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s renderings of certain texts are inaccurate and biased in favor of Witness practices and doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-pentonbible_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentonbible-353">[348]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ankerberg_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankerberg-355">[350]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes2001_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes2001-356">[351]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a></sup> Old Testament scholar and Bible editor <a href="/wiki/H._H._Rowley" title="H. H. Rowley">Harold H. Rowley</a>, in a November 1953 review, criticized the first volume as "a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated," adding in a subsequent review that "The second volume shows the same faults as the first."<sup id="cite_ref-Rowley1953_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley1953-358">[353]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gruss1970_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruss1970-359">[354]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bible scholar <a href="/wiki/Jason_BeDuhn" title="Jason BeDuhn">Jason BeDuhn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BeDuhn_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeDuhn-360">[355]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w19980201_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w19980201-361">[356]</a></sup> Professor of Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a>, in a New Testament study wrote: "The NW [New World Translation] emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared." BeDuhn stated that although the general public and "several important biblical scholars" assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators, "Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers." However, he added that the insertion of the name <i>Jehovah</i> in the New Testament "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God".<sup id="cite_ref-BeDuhn_360-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeDuhn-360">[355]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Failed_predictions">Failed predictions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Failed predictions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_unfulfilled_predictions" title="Watch Tower Society unfulfilled predictions">Watch Tower Society unfulfilled predictions</a></div>
+<p>Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a></sup> and has provided advance knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/God%27s_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's kingdom">God's kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a></sup> Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367">[note 6]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Chryssides">George D. Chryssides</a> stated, "while prediction may be part of a biblical prophet's role, the root meaning of prophecy is that of proclaiming God's word." He went on to say that, "Jehovah's Witnesses ... are the recipients of prophecy, who regard themselves as invested with the interpretation of biblical writings."<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[note 7]</a></sup> With these interpretations, Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-WT59_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT59-370">[363]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a></sup> Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a></sup> Some failed predictions had been presented as "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-375">[368]</a></sup> stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible,<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a></sup> and that it has not claimed its predictions were "the words of Jehovah."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_375-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-375">[368]</a></sup> Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology rather than to failed predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgie_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgie-82">[81]</a></sup> Chryssides further states, "it is therefore simplistic and nave to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do."<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a></sup> However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, "Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time."<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Handling_of_sexual_abuse_cases">Handling of sexual abuse cases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Handling of sexual abuse cases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses%27_handling_of_child_sex_abuse" title="Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse">Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse</a></div>
+<p>Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-ousted_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ousted-381">[374]</a></sup> The group has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-sexmedia_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexmedia-382">[375]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a></sup> In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands".<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a></sup> A former member of the headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, "which is an impossibility". Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children."<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-386">[379]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.<sup id="cite_ref-sexmedia_382-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexmedia-382">[375]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387">[380]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The group's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-MediaWales_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MediaWales-389">[382]</a></sup> The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family.<sup id="cite_ref-sexmedia_382-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexmedia-382">[375]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391">[384]</a></sup> The Australian <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</a> found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, "not one was reported by the church to secular authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a></sup> The Royal Commission also found that the Watch Tower Society legal department routinely provided incorrect information to elders based on an incorrect understanding about what constitutes a legal obligation to report crimes in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394">[387]</a></sup> William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the <a href="/wiki/Silentlambs" title="Silentlambs">Silentlambs</a> organization to assist sex abuse victims within the denomination, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its "crime-free" reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-ousted_381-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ousted-381">[374]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395">[388]</a></sup> In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation,<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397">[390]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a></sup> and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_386-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-386">[379]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+43%3A10-12&version=ASV">Isaiah 43:10-12</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twelve members as of September 2005 (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, March 15, 2006, page 26)<br />
+Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, September 15, 2006, page 31)<br />
+Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, January 1, 2007, page 8)<br />
+Barber died April 8, 2007. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, October 15, 2007, page 31)<br />
+Jaracz died June 9, 2010. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, November 15, 2010, page 23)<br />
+Barr died December 4, 2010. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, May 15, 2011, page 6)<br />
+Sanderson appointed September 1, 2012. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 2013, page 26)<br />
+Pierce died March 20, 2014. (See <i>The Watchtower</i>, December 15, 2014, page 3)</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Franz (<i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>, 2007, p.449) cites various Watch Tower Society publications that stress loyalty and obedience to the organization, including: "Following Faithful Shepherds with Life in View", <i>The Watchtower</i>, October 1, 1967, page 591, "Make haste to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every aspect."; <i>The Watchtower</i>, September 1, 2006, pg 15, "Have we formed a loyal attachment to the organization that Jehovah is using today?"; "Your Reminders Are What I Am Fond Of", <i>The Watchtower</i>, June 15, 2006, pg 26, "We too should remain faithful to Jehovah and to his organization regardless of injustices we suffer and regardless of what others do."; "Are You Prepared for Survival?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, May 15, 2006, pg 22, "Just as Noah and his God-fearing family were preserved in the ark, survival of individuals today depends on their faith and their loyal association with the earthly part of Jehovahs universal organization."; <i>Worship The Only True God</i> (Watch Tower Society, 2002), pg 134, "Jehovah is guiding us today by means of his visible organization under Christ. Our attitude toward this arrangement demonstrates how we feel about the issue of sovereignty ... By being loyal to Jehovahs organization, we show that Jehovah is our God and that we are united in worship of him."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>2013 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. p. 178. <q>During the 2012 service year, Jehovahs Witnesses spent over $184 million in caring for special pioneers, missionaries, and traveling overseers in their field service assignments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2013+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A common example given is a baptized Witness who dates a non-Witness; see <i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 1999, p. 30.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Franz cites numerous examples. In <i>Crisis of Conscience</i>, 2002, pg. 173, he quotes from "They Shall Know That a Prophet Was Among Them", (<i>The Watchtower</i>, April 1, 1972,) which states that God had raised Jehovah's Witnesses as a prophet "to warn (people) of dangers and declare things to come" He also cites "Identifying the Right Kind of Messenger" (<i>The Watchtower</i>, May 1, 1997, page 8) which identifies the Witnesses as his "true messengers ... by making the messages he delivers through them come true", in contrast to "false messengers", whose predictions fail. In <i>In Search of Christian Freedom,</i> 2007, he quotes <i>The Nations Shall Know That I Am JehovahHow?</i> (1971, pg 70, 292) which describes Witnesses as the modern Ezekiel class, "a genuine prophet within our generation". The Watch Tower book noted: "Concerning the message faithfully delivered by the Ezekiel class, Jehovah positively states that it 'must come true' ... those who wait undecided until it does 'come true' will also have to know that a prophet himself had proved to be in the midst of them." He also cites "Execution of the Great Harlot Nears", (<i>The Watchtower</i>, October 15, 1980, pg 17) which claims God gives the Witnesses "special knowledge that others do not have ... advance knowledge about this system's end".</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Jehovah's Witnesses Continuity and Change</i> Chryssides states, after discussing the April 1, 1972 <i>Watchtower</i> article, that, "It would be tedious to comment on each passage in which Watch Tower literature explains the Jehovah's Witnesses' position on prophecy. Some of it may lack the precision that its detractors appear to demand, but the Society's position is quite clear. Jehovah's Witnesses do not claim to have any new revelation or people who are designated as prophets. As cessationists, they identify the ability to prophesy as a gift that died out with the first generation of Christians, but prophetic utterances remain in the Bible, which serves as the key source of authority. ... since the Bible is held to contain predictive prophecy, Jehovah's Witnesses claim to see into the future through the Society's interpretation of scripture." pg 225.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ex-jw.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Court-Trial-Testimony-Redwood-City-1-25.pdf">"Court Trial Testimony Redwood City"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Superior Court of the State of California. February 22, 2012. <q>I am general counsel for the National Organization of Jehovah's Witnesses out of Brooklyn, New York. ... We are a hierarchical religion structured just like the Catholic Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+Trial+Testimony+Redwood+City&rft.pub=Superior+Court+of+the+State+of+California&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fex-jw.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2FCourt-Trial-Testimony-Redwood-City-1-25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gale-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kutler" title="Stanley Kutler">Stanley I. Kutler</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/protestant-denominations/jehovahs-witnesses#1G23401802183">"Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American History</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80533-7">978-0-684-80533-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80533-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fchristianity%2Fprotestant-denominations%2Fjehovahs-witnesses%231G23401802183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-yb2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yb2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb2017_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb2017_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/2017-yearbook/2016-grand-totals/"><i>2017 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 2017. pp. 177186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2017+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=177-186&rft.pub=Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2F2017-yearbook%2F2016-grand-totals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources for descriptors:</span>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="reference-text"><i>Millenarian</i>: <cite id="CITEREFBeckford1975" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Beckford" title="James A. Beckford">Beckford, James A.</a> (1975). <i>The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 118119, 151, 200201. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16310-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16310-7">0-631-16310-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trumpet+of+Prophecy%3A+A+Sociological+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=118-119%2C+151%2C+200-201&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-631-16310-7&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li><i>Restorationist</i>: <cite class="citation journal">Stark; Iannaccone, Laurence; et al. (1997). "Why Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application". <i>Journal of Contemporary Religion</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 133157. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F13537909708580796">10.1080/13537909708580796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=Why+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Grow+So+Rapidly%3A+A+Theoretical+Application&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-157&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537909708580796&rft.au=Stark&rft.au=Iannaccone%2C+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><i>Christian</i>: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_defn.htm">"Religious Tolerance.org"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Tolerance.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fchr_defn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study">"Statistics on Religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+on+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Freligious-landscape-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediafire.com/?9hb1xt20rn9zob8"><i>World Almanac and Book of Facts</i></a>. New York, NY: Infobase Learning. 2011. pp. 704705. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60057-133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60057-133-6">978-1-60057-133-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Almanac+and+Book+of+Facts&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=704-705&rft.pub=Infobase+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60057-133-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediafire.com%2F%3F9hb1xt20rn9zob8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><i>Denomination</i>: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/witnesses/ataglance/glance.shtml">"Jehovah's Witnesses at a Glance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+at+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fwitnesses%2Fataglance%2Fglance.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Jehovah's+Witness">"The American Heritage Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FJehovah%27s%2BWitness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/imprisoned-for-their-faith-jehovahs-witnesses-in-auschwitz,351.html">"Memorial and Museum AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+and+Museum+AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauschwitz.org%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fnews%2Fimprisoned-for-their-faith-jehovahs-witnesses-in-auschwitz%2C351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford1975" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Beckford" title="James A. Beckford">Beckford, James A.</a> (1975). <i>The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16310-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16310-7">0-631-16310-7</a>. <q>Doctrine has always emanated from the Society's elite in Brooklyn and has never emerged from discussion among, or suggestion from, rank-and-file Witnesses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trumpet+of+Prophecy%3A+A+Sociological+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-631-16310-7&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edwards, Linda (2001). <i>A Brief Guide to Beliefs</i>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22259-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22259-5">0-664-22259-5</a>. <q>The Jehovah's Witnesses' interpretation of Christianity and their rejection of orthodoxy influenced them to produce their own translation of the Bible, <i>The New World Translation</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Beliefs&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-664-22259-5&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"When Was Ancient Jerusalem Destroyed?Part One". <i>The Watchtower</i>. October 1, 2011. p. 26. <q>Jehovah's Witnesses produce a reliable Bible translation known as the <i>New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</i>. However, if you are not one of Jehovahs Witnesses, you may prefer to use other translations when considering Bible subjects. This article quotes from a number of widely accepted Bible translations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Was+Ancient+Jerusalem+Destroyed%3F%E2%80%94Part+One&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2011-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chryssides, George D. <i>Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, pg. 100 "Although it is the preferred translation by the Witnesses, they remain willing to use other translations in house-to-house ministry and in countries where a NWT has not yet been published".</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Jehovah's Witness". <i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i>. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. 2007. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-293-2">978-1-59339-293-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jehovah%27s+Witness&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-293-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Paul Lagasse, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/protestant-denominations/jehovahs-witnesses#1E1JehovahsW">"Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5">978-0-7876-5015-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5015-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fchristianity%2Fprotestant-denominations%2Fjehovahs-witnesses%231E1JehovahsW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michael Hill, ed. (1972). "The Embryonic State of a Religious Sect's Development: The Jehovah's Witnesses". <i>Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain</i> (5): 1112. <q>Joseph Franklin Rutherford succeeded to Russell's position as President of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, but only at the expense of antagonizing a large proportion of the Watch Towers subscribers. Nevertheless, he persisted in moulding the Society to suit his own programme of activist evangelism under systematic central control, and he succeeded in creating the administrative structure of the present-day sect of Jehovah's Witnesses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Yearbook+of+Religion+in+Britain&rft.atitle=The+Embryonic+State+of+a+Religious+Sect%27s+Development%3A+The+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Leo P. Chall (1978). "Sociological Abstracts". <i>Sociology of Religion</i>. <b>26</b> (13): 193. <q>Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created Jehovah's Witnessesa charismatic offshoot of the Bible student community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Sociological+Abstracts&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Leo+P.+Chall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-name1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. London: Constable. p. 55. <q>In 1931, came an important milestone in the history of the organization. For many years Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918 Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name<i>Jehovah's witnesses</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-name2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Beckford, <i>The Trumpet of Prophecy</i>, 1975, page 30, "The new title symbolized a break with the legacy of Russell's traditions, the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh methods of administering evangelism."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-name3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"A New Name". <i>The Watch Tower</i>. October 1, 1931. p. 291. <q>Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell," "Associated Bible Students," and some by the names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Name&rft.pages=291&rft.date=1931-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. pp. 2745. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8">0-914675-16-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=274-5&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-16-8&rft.au=Franz%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Singelenberg, Richard (1989). "It Separated the Wheat From the Chaff: The 1975 Prophecy and its Impact Among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses". <i>Sociological Analysis</i>. <b>50</b> (Spring 1989): 2340, footnote 8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F3710916">10.2307/3710916</a>. <q>'The Truth' is Witnesses' jargon, meaning the Society's belief system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.atitle=It+Separated+the+Wheat+From+the+Chaff%3A+The+1975+Prophecy+and+its+Impact+Among+Dutch+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=Spring+1989&rft.pages=23-40%2C+footnote+8&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3710916&rft.aulast=Singelenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPenton1997" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_Penton" title="James Penton">Penton, M.J.</a> (1997). <i>Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 280283. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7973-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7973-3">0-8020-7973-3</a>. <q>Most Witnesses tend to think of society outside their own community as decadent and corrupt ... This in turn means to Jehovah's Witnesses that they must keep themselves apart from Satan's "doomed system of things." Thus most tend to socialize largely, although not totally, within the Witness community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Delayed%3A+The+Story+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=280-283&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8020-7973-3&rft.aulast=Penton&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_Chryssides" title="George Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (1999). <i>Exploring New Religions</i>. London: Continuum. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5959-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5959-5">0-8264-5959-5</a>. <q>The Jehovah's Witnesses are well known for their practice of 'disfellowshipping' wayward members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+New+Religions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8264-5959-5&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-shepherd-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shepherd_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shepherd_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Shepherd the Flock of God</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 119. <q>The committee should be careful to allow sufficient time, perhaps many months, a year, or even longer, for the disfellowshipped person to prove that his profession of repentance is genuine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shepherd+the+Flock+of+God&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Gary Botting</a>, <i>Fundamental Freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses</i> (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1993), pg 113.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Constable & Co, London. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0094559400&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-beckford1874-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beckford1874_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beckford1874_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, p. 2</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 3739. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=37-39&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible Examiner</i> October, 1876 "Gentile Times: When Do They End?" pp 278: "The seven times will end in A.D. 1914; when Jerusalem shall be delivered forever ... when Gentile Governments shall have been dashed to pieces; when God shall have poured out of his fury upon the nations and they acknowledge him King of Kings and Lord of Lords."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Studies in the Scriptures</i> volume 4, "The Battle of Armageddon", 1897, pg xii</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. T. Russell, <i>The Time is at Hand</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page 101.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather and Gary Botting, <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984, p. 36.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Holden18-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holden18_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden18_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 18</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>, July 1, 1879, pg 1: "This is the first number of the first volume of "Zion's Watch Tower," and it may not be amiss to state the object of its publication. That we are living "in the last days""the day of the Lord""the end" of the Gospel age, and consequently, in the dawn of a "new" age."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, Watch Tower, pages 3839</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>, September 1884, pp. 78</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Studies in the Scriptures</i> volume 6 "The New Creation" pp. 195272</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.T. Russell, "A Conspiracy Exposed", <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i> Extra edition, April 25, 1894, page 5560, "This is a business association merely ... it has no creed or confession ... it is merely a business convenience in disseminating the truth."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Chryssides">George D. Chryssides</a>, Scarecrow Press, 2008, page xxxiv, "Russell wanted to consolidate the movement he had started. ...In 1880, Bible House, a four-story building in Allegheny, was completed, with printing facilities and meeting accommodation, and it became the organization's headquarters. The next stage of institutionalization was legal incorporation. In 1884, Russell formed the Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, which was incorporated in Pennsylvania... Russell was concerned that his supporters should feel part of a unified movement."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religion in the Twentieth Century</i> by Vergilius Ture Anselm Ferm, Philosophical Library, 1948, page 383, "As the [unincorporated Watch Tower] Society expanded, it became necessary to incorporate it and build a more definite organization. In 1884, a charter was granted recognizing the Society as a religious, non-profit corporation."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 19</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States</i> Greenwood Press: 1996. pg. 35: "Russell is naturally media literate, and the amount of literature he circulates proves staggering. Books, booklets, and tracts are distributed by the hundreds of millions. This is supplemented by well-publicized speaking tours and a masterful press relations effort, which gives him widespread access to general audiences."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 2629</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Overland Monthly</i>, January 1910 pg. 130</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.T. Ellis, <i>The Continent</i>, McCormick Publishing Company, vol. 43, no. 40, October 3, 1912 pg. 1354</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religious Diversity and American Religious History</i> by Walter H. Conser, Sumner B. Twiss, University of Georgia Press, 1997, page 136, "The Jehovah's Witnesses...has maintained a very different attitude toward history. Established initially in the 1870s by Charles Taze Russell under the title International Bible Students Association, this organization has proclaimed..."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New SchaffHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1910, vol 7, pg 374</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 26</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Constable & Co, London. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0094559400&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 53</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.N. Pierson et al, <i>Light After Darkness</i>, 1917, page 4.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-crompton101-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crompton101_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penton_1997_61.E2.80.9362_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 58, 6162</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bible Students Monthly</i>, vol. 9 no. 9, pp 1, 4: "The following article is extracted mainly from Pastor Russell's posthumous volume entitled "THE FINISHED MYSTERY," the 7th in the series of his STUDIES IN THE SCRIPTURES and published subsequent to his death."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawson, John D., <i>American State Trials</i>, vol 13, Thomas Law Book Company, 1921, pg viii: "After his death and after we were in the war they issued a seventh volume of this series, entitled "The Finished Mystery," which, under the guise of being a posthumous work of Pastor Russell, included an attack on the war and an attack on patriotism, which were not written by Pastor Russell and could not have possibly been written by him."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 8485. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>. <q>One of Rutherford's first actions as president ... was, without reference either to his fellow directors or to the editorial committee which Russell had nominated in his will, to commission a seventh volume of <i>Studies in the Scriptures</i>. Responsibility for preparing this volume was given to two of Russell's close associates, George H. Fisher and Clayton J. Woodworth. On the face of it, their brief was to edit for publication the notes left by Russell ... and to draw upon his published writings ... It is obvious ... that it was not in any straightforward sense the result of editing Russell's papers, rather it was in large measure the original work of Woodworth and Fisher at the behest of the new president.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Publisher's Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/finishedmystery/fmtitles.html"><i>The Finished Mystery</i></a>. <q>But the fact is, he did write it. This book may properly be said to be a posthumous publication of Pastor Russell. Why?... This book is chiefly a compilation of things which he wrote and which have been brought together in harmonious style by properly applying the symbols which he explained to the Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Publisher%27s+Preface&rft.btitle=The+Finished+Mystery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strictlygenteel.co.uk%2Ffinishedmystery%2Ffmtitles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 55</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Constable & Co, London. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0094559400&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franz.2C_Raymond_2007_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). "Chapter 4". <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8">0-914675-16-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-16-8&rft.au=Franz%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 7277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%E2%80%94Proclaimers+of+God%27s+Kingdom&rft.pages=72-77&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Rutherford1920-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rutherford1920_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rutherford, Joseph F. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFn7PQJeorwC&pg=PA89"><i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die!</i></a>. Brooklyn, New York: International Bible Students Association. pp. 8990. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-2898-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-2898-4">978-1-4116-2898-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%21&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=International+Bible+Students+Association&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-1-4116-2898-4&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFn7PQJeorwC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/George_Chryssides" title="George Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (2010). "How Prophecy Succeeds: The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Expectations". <i>International Journal for the Study of New Religions</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 39. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1558%2Fijsnr.v1i1.27">10.1558/ijsnr.v1i1.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-952X">2041-952X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Study+of+New+Religions&rft.atitle=How+Prophecy+Succeeds%3A+The+Jehovah%E2%80%99s+Witnesses+and+Prophetic+Expectations&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fijsnr.v1i1.27&rft.issn=2041-952X&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-christian144-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christian144_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8">0-914675-16-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-16-8&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Salvation</i>, Watch Tower Society, 1939, as cited in <i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, page 76</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Constable & Co, London. pp. 39, 52. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=39%2C+52&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0094559400&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert H. Stroup, <i>The Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, Colombia University Press, New York, 1945, pg 14,15: "Following his election the existence of the movement was threatened as never before. Many of those who remembered wistfully the halcyon days of Mr Russell's leadership found that the new incumbent did not fulfill their expectations of a saintly leader. Various elements split off from the parent body, and such fission continued throughout Rutherford's leadership."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_58_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmsdmva7u6kC&id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA58">58</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmsdmva7u6kC&id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA61">61</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gruss2001-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gruss2001_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gruss, Edmond C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA218"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes, and Prophetic Speculation. What Does the Record Show?</i></a>. Xulon Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931232-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931232-30-2">978-1-931232-30-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%3A+Their+Claims%2C+Doctrinal+Changes%2C+and+Prophetic+Speculation.+What+Does+the+Record+Show%3F&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-931232-30-2&rft.aulast=Gruss&rft.aufirst=Edmond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSZL8BWc9KcC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909064529/http://journal.equip.org/articles/whither-the-watchtower-">Whither the Watchtower?</a> <i>Christian Research Journal</i>, Summer 1993, pg 27: "By gradually replacing locally elected elders with his own appointees, he managed to transform a loose collection of semi-autonomous, democratically run congregations into a tight-knit organizational machine controlled from his office. Some local congregations broke away, forming such groups as the Chicago Bible Students, the Dawn Bible Students, and the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, all of which continue to this day."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave</i>, William J. Schnell, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1956, as cited by Rogerson, page 52. Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left, but quotes Rutherford (<i>Jehovah</i>, 1934, page 277) as saying "only a few" who left other religions were then "in God's organization".</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Present Truth and Herald of Christ's Epiphany</i>, P.S.L. Johnson (April 1927, pg 66). Johnson stated that between late 1923 and early 1927, "20,000 to 30,000 Truth people the world over have left the Society."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Wills (<i>A People For His Name</i>, pg. 167) cites <i>The Watch Tower</i> (December 1, 1927, pg 355) in which Rutherford states that "the larger percentage" of original Bible Students had by then departed.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gruss, Edmond C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ApostlesOfDenial/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial#page/n275/mode/1up"><i>Apostles of Denial: An Examination and Expos of the History, Doctrines and Claims of the Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-305-7">978-0-87552-305-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Denial%3A+An+Examination+and+Expos%C3%A9+of+the+History%2C+Doctrines+and+Claims+of+the+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Presbyterian+and+Reformed+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-87552-305-7&rft.aulast=Gruss&rft.aufirst=Edmond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FApostlesOfDenial%2F1970_Apostles_Of_Denial%23page%2Fn275%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, p. 31</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 7172</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 109110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, p. 35</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Garbe, Detlef (2008). <i>Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-20794-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-20794-3">0-299-20794-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Resistance+and+Martyrdom%3A+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-299-20794-3&rft.aulast=Garbe&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>1943 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1942. pp. 221222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1943+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose</i>. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1959. pp. 312313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+in+the+Divine+Purpose&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 4752</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 5255</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 8990</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Georgie-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgie_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgie_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesnur.org/2010/to-chryssides.htm">George Chryssides, <i>They Keep Changing the Dates</i>, A paper presented at the CESNUR 2010 conference in Torino.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesHistorical_Dictionary_of_Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_Chryssides" title="George Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (2008). <i>Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6074-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6074-0">0-8108-6074-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-8108-6074-0&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penton.2C_1997.2C_95_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 95</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botting, Heather; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Gary Botting</a> (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Gary+Botting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Awake!". Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. October 8, 1968. p. 14. <q>Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not specifically state this, no man can say... If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awake%21&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1968-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"How Are You Using Your Life?". <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Kingdom_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Kingdom Ministry">Our Kingdom Ministry</a></i>. May 1974. p. 63. <q>Reports are heard of brothers selling their homes and property and planning to finish out the rest of their days in this old system in the pioneer service. Certainly, this is a fine way to spend the short time remaining before the wicked world's end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Are+You+Using+Your+Life%3F&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1974-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond. "1975The Appropriate Time for God to Act". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031209184316/http://users.volja.net/izobcenec4/coc/9.pdf"><i>Crisis of Conscience</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. pp. 237253. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-23-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-23-0">0-914675-23-0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.volja.net/izobcenec4/coc/9.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 2003-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1975%E2%80%94The+Appropriate+Time+for+God+to+Act&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Conscience&rft.pages=237-253&rft.isbn=0-914675-23-0&rft.au=Franz%2C+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.volja.net%2Fizobcenec4%2Fcoc%2F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSingelenberg.2C_Richard1989" class="citation journal">Singelenberg, Richard (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watchtowerinformationservice.org/index.php/dates/the-1975-prophecy-and-its-impact-among-dutch-jehovahs-witnesses/">"The '1975'-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. <i>Sociological Analysis</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 2340. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F3710916">10.2307/3710916</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3710916">3710916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+%271975%27-prophecy+and+its+impact+among+Dutch+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-40&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3710916&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3710916&rft.au=Singelenberg%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watchtowerinformationservice.org%2Findex.php%2Fdates%2Fthe-1975-prophecy-and-its-impact-among-dutch-jehovahs-witnesses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Notes a nine percent drop in total publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Stark-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStark_and_Iannoccone1997" class="citation journal">Stark and Iannoccone (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotiposti.net/raamattu/jt/doc/study-why-jw-grow-so-rapidly.pdf">"Why the Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i>: 142143<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=Why+the+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Grow+So+Rapidly%3A+A+Theoretical+Application&rft.pages=142-143&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Stark+and+Iannoccone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotiposti.net%2Fraamattu%2Fjt%2Fdoc%2Fstudy-why-jw-grow-so-rapidly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dart, John (January 30, 1982). "Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. B4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Defectors+Feel+%27Witness%27+Wrath%3A+Critics+say+Baptism+Rise+Gives+False+Picture+of+Growth&rft.pages=B4&rft.date=1982-01-30&rft.au=Dart%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from 1971 to 1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Hans-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hans_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hesse, Hans (2001). <i>Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi-Regime</i>. Chicago: Edition Temmen c/o. pp. 296, 298. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-861-08750-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-861-08750-2">3-861-08750-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+and+Resistance+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+During+the+Nazi-Regime&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=296%2C+298&rft.pub=Edition+Temmen+c%2Fo&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-861-08750-2&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"The Watchtower". March 15, 1980. pp. 1718. <q>With the appearance of the book <i>Life Everlastingin Freedom of the Sons of God</i>, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... <i>persons having to do with the publication of the information</i> ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Watchtower&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=1980-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssidesHistorical_Dictionary_of_Jehovah.27s_Witnesses">Chryssides & Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, pp. 32,112</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssidesHistorical_Dictionary_of_Jehovah.27s_Witnesses">Chryssides & Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, p. 64</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_P._Engardio1995" class="citation">Joel P. Engardio (December 18, 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/104359">"Apocalypse Later"</a>, <i>Newsweek</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Apocalypse+Later&rft.date=1995-12-18&rft.au=Joel+P.+Engardio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F104359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 317</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-04/local/me-64883_1_witness-jehovah-sect">John Dart, "Jehovah's Witnesses Abandon Key Tenet", <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, November 4, 1995.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/w20140115/let-your-kingdom-come/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Let Your Kingdom Come"But When? - Study"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Let+Your+Kingdom+Come%22%E2%80%94But+When%3F+-+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmagazines%2Fw20140115%2Flet-your-kingdom-come%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 January 2001. p. 16. <q>Theocratic appointments come from Jehovah through his Son and Gods visible earthly channel, the faithful and discreet slave and its Governing Body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overseers+and+Ministerial+Servants+Theocratically+Appointed&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2001-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, October 1, 1967 pg 59192: "Make haste to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every aspect. We cannot claim to love God, yet deny his Word and channel of communication. Therefore, in submitting to Jehovah's visible theocratic organization, we must be in full and complete agreement with every feature of its apostolic procedure and requirements."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pentongov-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pentongov_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentongov_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentongov_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 211</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. <i>2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. pp. 4, 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2007+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=4%2C+6&rft.au=Watch+Tower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+of+Pennsylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botting, Heather & Gary (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather+%26+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-17-6">0-914675-17-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-17-6&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-GB2008-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GB2008_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, May 15, 2008, page 29</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Seek God's guidance in all things", <i>The Watchtower</i>, April 15, 2008, page 11.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-17-6">0-914675-17-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-17-6&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yearbook</i>, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2010.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/news/events-activities/annual-meeting-report-2012/">"Annual Meeting Report"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Meeting+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fevents-activities%2Fannual-meeting-report-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 101, 233235</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-alternative-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alternative_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alternative_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherAshcraft2006" class="citation">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006), <i>Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America</i>, <b>2</b>, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98712-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98712-4">0-275-98712-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+and+Alternative+Religions+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-98712-4&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft.au=Ashcraft%2C+W.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Taylor, Elizabeth J. (2012). <i>Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses</i>. Springer Publishing Company. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8261-0860-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8261-0860-1">0-8261-0860-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+A+Clinical+Guide+for+Nurses&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=0-8261-0860-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">DuShane, Tony (2012). <i>Confessions of a Teenage Jesus Jerk</i>. ReadHowYouWant. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4587-8357-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4587-8357-X">1-4587-8357-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+a+Teenage+Jesus+Jerk&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=1-4587-8357-X&rft.aulast=DuShane&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoekema1963" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hoekema" title="Anthony A. Hoekema">Hoekema, Anthony A.</a> (1963). <i>The Four Major Cults</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3117-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3117-6">0-8028-3117-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Major+Cults&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8028-3117-6&rft.aulast=Hoekema&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RFbaptism-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFbaptism_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFbaptism_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. pp. 116120. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8">0-914675-16-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=116-120&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-16-8&rft.au=Franz%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssidesHistorical_Dictionary_of_Jehovah.27s_Witnesses">Chryssides & Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, p. 14</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>What Does the Bible Really Teach</i>. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. p. 182. <q>Going beneath the water symbolizes that you have died to your former life course. Being raised up out of the water indicates that you are now alive to do the will of God. Remember, too, that you have made a dedication to Jehovah God himself, not to a work, a cause, other humans, or an organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. pp. 449464. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-16-8">0-914675-16-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=449-464.&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-16-8&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 32, "The structure of the movement and the intense loyalty demanded of each individual at every level demonstrates the characteristics of totalitarianism."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth</i>, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1989, page 255, "It is simply not true that all religions lead to the same goal. (Matthew 7:2123; 24:21) You must be part of Jehovah's organization, doing God's will, in order to receive his blessing of everlasting life."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"You Can Live Forever in Paradise on EarthBut How?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, February 15, 1983, page 12, "Jehovah is using only one organization today to accomplish his will. To receive everlasting life in the earthly Paradise we must identify that organization and serve God as part of it."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Serving Jehovah Loyally", <i>The Watchtower</i>, November 15, 1992, page 21, "I determined to stay by the faithful organization. How else can one get Jehovah's favor and blessing?" There is nowhere else to go for divine favor and life eternal."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pub_titans-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pub_titans_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pub_titans_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Meyers, Jim (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Newsmax/TourDeGardeNewsmax.pdf#page=2">"Jehovah's Witnesses Publishing Titans"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Newsmax</i>. West Palm Beach, FL: Newsmax Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+%26mdash%3B+Publishing+Titans&rft.place=West+Palm+Beach%2C+FL&rft.pub=Newsmax+Media&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FNewsmax%2FTourDeGardeNewsmax.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/">"Online Bible"</a>. Watch Tower Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Bible&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joe Pompeo (30 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-widely-read-magazine-in-the-world-is-the-monthly-pub-of-jehovahs-witnesses-2010-9?IR=T">"Did You Know The Most Widely Circulated Magazine In The World Is The Monthly Publication Of Jehovah's Witnesses?"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know+The+Most+Widely+Circulated+Magazine+In+The+World+Is+The+Monthly+Publication+Of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%3F&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.au=Joe+Pompeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-most-widely-read-magazine-in-the-world-is-the-monthly-pub-of-jehovahs-witnesses-2010-9%3FIR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102014247?q=translators&p=par#h=50">"Tools for PreachingProducing Literature for the Worldwide Field"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tools+for+Preaching%E2%80%94Producing+Literature+for+the+Worldwide+Field&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1102014247%3Fq%3Dtranslators%26p%3Dpar%23h%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/business/technology/at-the-top-nyc-company-profiles-nyc-40-1.365255">"AT THE TOP / NYC COMPANY PROFILES / NYC 40"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AT+THE+TOP+%2F+NYC+COMPANY+PROFILES+%2F+NYC+40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Fat-the-top-nyc-company-profiles-nyc-40-1.365255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yearbook 2002</i>, <a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_and_Tract_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtower Bible and Tract Society">Watchtower Bible and Tract Society</a>, p. 31, 2002</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Van Voorst,Robert E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvNWxEEaf50C&pg=PT303"><i>RELG: World (with Religion CourseMate with eBook Printed Access Card)</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-1117-2620-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-1117-2620-5">1-1117-2620-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RELG%3A+World+%28with+Religion+CourseMate+with+eBook+Printed+Access+Card%29&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=1-1117-2620-5&rft.au=Van+Voorst%2CRobert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvNWxEEaf50C%26pg%3DPT303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Organized to Do Jehovah's Will</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2005, pages 1718.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cooperating With the Governing Body Today,", <i>The Watchtower</i>, March 15, 1990, page 19.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, p. 119</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Focus on the Goodness of Jehovah's Organization". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 July 2006. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+on+the+Goodness+of+Jehovah%27s+Organization&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2006-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Impart God's Progressive Revelation to Mankind", <i>The Watchtower</i>, March 1, 1965, pp. 158159</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 165171</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Flashes of LightGreat and Small", <i>The Watchtower</i>, May 15, 1995, page 15.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Path of the Righteous Does Keep Getting Brighter", <i>The Watchtower</i>, December 1, 1981, pp. 26-31.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 165</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. F. Rutherford, <i>Preparation</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1933, page 64, 67, "Enlightenment proceeds from Jehovah by and through Christ Jesus and is given to the faithful anointed on earth at the temple, and brings great peace and consolation to them. Again Zechariah talked with the angel of the Lord, which shows that the remnant are instructed by the angels of the Lord. The remnant do not hear audible sounds, because such is not necessary. Jehovah has provided his own good way to convey thoughts to the minds of his anointed ones ... Those of the remnant, being honest and true, must say, We do not know; and the Lord enlightens them, sending his angels for that very purpose."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Spirit Searches into the Deep Things of God", <i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 2010, page 23, "When the time comes to clarify a spiritual matter in our day, holy spirit helps responsible representatives of 'the faithful and discreet slave' at world headquarters to discern deep truths that were not previously understood. The Governing Body as a whole considers adjusted explanations. What they learn, they publish for the benefit of all."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Do We Need Help to Understand the Bible?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. February 15, 1981. p. 19. <q>True, the brothers preparing these publications are not infallible. Their writings are not inspired as are those of Paul and the other Bible writers. (2 Tim. 3:16) And so, at times, it has been necessary, as understanding became clearer, to correct views. (Prov. 4:18)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+We+Need+Help+to+Understand+the+Bible%3F&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1981-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Do You See the Evidence of God's Guidance?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, April 15, 2011, pages 35, "How, then, do we react when we receive divine direction? Do we try to apply it right afterward? Or do we continue doing things just as we have been accustomed to doing them? Are we familiar with up-to-date directions, such as those regarding conducting home Bible studies, preaching to foreign speaking people, regularly sharing in family worship, cooperating with Hospital Liaison Committees, and conducting ourselves properly at conventions? ... Do you clearly discern the evidence of divine guidance? Jehovah uses his organization to guide us, his people, through the wilderness during these last days of Satans wicked world."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Unity Identifies True Worship", <i>The Watchtower</i>, September 15, 2010, page 13 par.8 "This spiritual food is based on Gods Word. Thus, what is taught is not from men but from Jehovah."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-voice-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voice_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voice_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Overseers of Jehovahs People", <i>The Watchtower</i>, June 15, 1957, "Let us now unmistakably identify Jehovahs channel of communication for our day, that we may continue in his favor ... It is vital that we appreciate this fact and respond to the directions of the slave as we would to the voice of God, because it is His provision."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 172</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All Scripture is Inspired of God</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 336.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All Scripture is Inspired of God</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 9.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reasoning From The Scriptures</i>|pp. 199208 Jehovah's Witnesses</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 67, "Materials such as <i>The Watchtower</i> are almost as significant to the Witnesses as the Bible, since the information is presented as the inspired work of theologians, and they are, therefore, believed to contain as much truth as biblical texts."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bevindependent-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevindependent_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevindependent_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Beverley, <i>Crisis of Allegiance</i>, Welch Publishing Company, Burlington, Ontario, 1986, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920413-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-920413-37-4">0-920413-37-4</a>, pages 2526, 101, "For every passage in Society literature that urges members to be bold and courageous in critical pursuits, there are many others that warn about independent thinking and the peril of questioning the organization ... Fear of disobedience to the Governing Body keeps Jehovah's Witnesses from carefully checking into biblical doctrine or allegations concerning false prophecy, faulty scholarship, and injustice. Witnesses are told not to read books like this one."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Keep Clear of False Worship!", <i>The Watchtower,</i> 15 March 2006, "True Christians keep clear of false worship, rejecting false religious teachings. This means that we avoid exposure to religious programs on radio and television as well as religious literature that promotes lies about God and his Word."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Questions From ReadersWhy do Jehovah's Witnesses decline to exchange their Bible study aids for the religious literature of people they meet". <i>The Watchtower</i>. May 1, 1984. p. 31. <q>So it would be foolhardy, as well as a waste of valuable time, for Jehovahs Witnesses to accept and expose themselves to false religious literature that is designed to deceive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+From+Readers%E2%80%94Why+do+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+decline+to+exchange+their+Bible+study+aids+for+the+religious+literature+of+people+they+meet&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1984-05-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Question Box, <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>, September 2007, "Throughout the earth, Jehovahs people are receiving ample spiritual instruction and encouragement at congregation meetings, assemblies, and conventions, as well as through the publications of Jehovahs organization. Under the guidance of his holy spirit and on the basis of his Word of truth, Jehovah provides what is needed so that all of Gods people may be fitly united in the same mind and in the same line of thought and remain stabilized in the faith. Surely we are grateful for Jehovahs spiritual provisions in these last days. Thus, the faithful and discreet slave does not endorse any literature, meetings, or Web sites that are not produced or organized under its oversight."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Make Your Advancement Manifest", <i>The Watchtower</i>, August 1, 2001, page 14, "Since oneness is to be observed, a mature Christian must be in unity and full harmony with fellow believers as far as faith and knowledge are concerned. He does not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding. Rather, he has complete confidence in the truth as it is revealed by Jehovah God through his Son, Jesus Christ, and the faithful and discreet slave."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testimony by Fred Franz, Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954. page 123, Q: "Did you imply that the individual member has the right of reading the books and the Bible and forming his own view as to the proper interpretation of Holy Writ? A:" .... No....The Scripture is there given in support of the statement, and therefore the individual when he looks up the Scripture and thereby verifies the statement,...search[es] the Scripture to see whether these things were so."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Do We Need Help to Understand the Bible?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, February 15, 1981, page 19, "Jesus disciples wrote many letters to Christian congregations, to persons who were already in the way of the truth. But nowhere do we read that those brothers first, in a skeptical frame of mind, checked the Scriptures to make certain that those letters had Scriptural backing, that the writers really knew what they were talking about. We can benefit from this consideration. If we have once established what instrument God is using as his 'slave' to dispense spiritual food to his people, surely Jehovah is not pleased if we receive that food as though it might contain something harmful. We should have confidence in the channel God is using."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 84, 89, 92, 119120</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-w89_0401_1-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w89_0401_1_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Questions From Readers", <i>The Watchtower</i> April 1, 1986 pp. 3031.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 24</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRingnesS.C3.B8dal2009" class="citation book">Ringnes, Hege Kristin; Sdal, Helje Kringlebotn, eds. (2009). <i>Jehovas vitner: en flerfaglig studie</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-15-01453-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-15-01453-1">978-82-15-01453-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovas+vitner%3A+en+flerfaglig+studie&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-82-15-01453-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holden, A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/resources/sociology-online-papers/papers/holden-cavorting-with-the-devil.pdf"><i>Cavorting With the Devil: Jehovah's Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK. p. Endnote [i]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavorting+With+the+Devil%3A+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Who+Abandon+Their+Faith&rft.pages=Endnote+i&rft.pub=Department+of+Sociology%2C+Lancaster+University%2C+Lancaster+LA1+4YL%2C+UK&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Holden%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fresources%2Fsociology-online-papers%2Fpapers%2Fholden-cavorting-with-the-devil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alan Rogerson (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>. Constable. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Alan+Rogerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, p. 105</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revelation Its Grand Climax</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, pg 36, "In the songbook produced by Jehovahs people in 1905, there were twice as many songs praising Jesus as there were songs praising Jehovah God. In their 1928 songbook, the number of songs extolling Jesus was about the same as the number extolling Jehovah. But in the latest songbook of 1984, Jehovah is honored by four times as many songs as is Jesus. This is in harmony with Jesus own words: 'The Father is greater than I am.' Love for Jehovah must be preeminent, accompanied by deep love for Jesus and appreciation of his precious sacrifice and office as Gods High Priest and King."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alan Rogerson (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>. Constable. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Alan+Rogerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"What is the Holy Spirit?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. October 1, 2009. p. 5. <q>There is a close connection between the holy spirit and the power of God. The holy spirit is the means by which Jehovah exerts his power. Put simply, the holy spirit is Gods applied power, or his active force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Holy+Spirit%3F&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2009-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, p. 262</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 276277</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 372</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, p. 270</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Stay in the City of Refuge and Live!", <i>The Watchtower</i>, November 15, 1995, page 19</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 188189</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pentonsatan-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pentonsatan_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentonsatan_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 188190</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 298299</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 25</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Identifying the Wild Beast and Its Mark". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 1 April 2004. p. 5. <q>This does not mean, however, that every human ruler is a direct tool of Satan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identifying+the+Wild+Beast+and+Its+Mark&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2004-04-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 322324</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-hoeksin-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoeksin_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoeksin_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 265269</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 186</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 193194</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Young OnesAre You Ready to Get Baptized". <i>The Watchtower</i>. March 2016. p. 4. <q>It is a great privilege to get baptized as one of Jehovah's Witnesses. Moreover, baptism is a requirement for Christians, and it is a vital step toward gaining salvation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Ones%26mdash%3BAre+You+Ready+to+Get+Baptized&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2016-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-onlyjw-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onlyjw_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium", The Watchtower, September 1, 1989, page 19, "Only Jehovah's Witnesses, those of the anointed remnant and the 'great crowd,'as a united organization under the protection of the Supreme Organizer, have any Scriptural hope of surviving the impending end of this doomed system dominated by Satan the Devil."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth,</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pg 255, "Do not conclude that there are different roads, or ways, that you can follow to gain life in God's new system. There is only one ... there will be only one organizationGod's visible organizationthat will survive the fast-approaching 'great tribulation.' It is simply not true that all religions lead to the same goal. You must be part of Jehovah's organization, doing God's will, in order to receive his blessing of everlasting life."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Our Readers Ask: Do Jehovah's Witnesses Believe That They Are the Only Ones Who Will Be Saved?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, November 1, 2008, page 28, "Jehovah's Witnesses hope to be saved. However, they also believe that it is not their job to judge who will be saved. Ultimately, God is the Judge. He decides."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 315319</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Insight on the Scriptures Volume 1 p. 606 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001142">Declare Righteous</a>"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Royal Priesthood to Benefit All Mankind, "The Watchtower", January 15, 2012 pg. 26-30</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 295296</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alan Rogerson (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>. Constable. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Alan+Rogerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"God's KingdomEarth's New Rulership", <i>The Watchtower</i>, October 15, 2000, page 10.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, p. 298</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alan Rogerson (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>. Constable. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Alan+Rogerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, November 1, 1993, pages 89, "In 1914 the appointed times of the nations ended, and the time of the end for this world began. The Davidic Kingdom was restored, not in earthly Jerusalem, but invisibly in the clouds of the heavens. ... Who would represent on earth the restored Davidic Kingdom? ... Without any doubt at all, it was the small body of anointed brothers of Jesus who in 1914 were known as the Bible Students but since 1931 have been identified as Jehovahs Witnesses."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, p. 297</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 286</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Tell Us, When Will These Things Be?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. July 15, 2013. pp. 45. <q>In the larger fulfillment, the "standing" will occur when the United Nations (the modern-day "disgusting thing") attacks Christendom (which is holy in the eyes of nominal Christians) and the rest of Babylon the Great. The same attack is described at Revelation 17:16-18. That event will be the beginning of the great tribulation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tell+Us%2C+When+Will+These+Things+Be%3F&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2013-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"ApocalypseWhen?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. February 15, 1986. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apocalypse%E2%80%94When%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1986-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 180</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, pp. 307321</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Questions From Readers". <i>The Watchtower</i>. November 1, 1952. p. 670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+From+Readers&rft.pages=670&rft.date=1952-11-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 1719</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"The Messiah's Presence and His Rule". <i>The Watchtower</i>. October 1, 1992. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Messiah%27s+Presence+and+His+Rule&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1992-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-holdenhall-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holdenhall_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holdenhall_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, pp. 6469</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2010 Yearbook of Jehovahs Witnesses: p. 6 Highlights of the Past Year "UPBUILDING AND ENJOYABLE FAMILY WORSHIP"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Watchtower 5/15 2011 p. 14 par 13 Christian FamiliesKeep Ready Maintain a Family Worship Evening</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1963">Hoekema 1963</a>, p. 292</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Constable & Co, London. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0094559400&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whalen, William J. (1962). <i>Armageddon Around the Corner: A Report on Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. New York: John Day Company. p. 15,18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon+Around+the+Corner%3A+A+Report+on+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15%2C18&rft.pub=John+Day+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/activities/publishing/global-printing/">"Global PrintingHelping People to Learn About God"</a>. Watch Tower Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Printing%E2%80%94Helping+People+to+Learn+About+God&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fjehovahs-witnesses%2Factivities%2Fpublishing%2Fglobal-printing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRingnesS.C3.B8dal2009">Ringnes & Sdal 2009</a>, p. 43</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Be "Intensely Occupied" With Your Ministry". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. April 2001. p. 5. <q>Your goal is to help the student achieve greater insight into the truth, qualify as an unbaptized publisher, and become a dedicated and baptized Witness of Jehovah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Be+%22Intensely+Occupied%22+With+Your+Ministry&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"18Baptism and Your Relationship With God". <i>What Does the Bible Really Teach?</i>. pp. 174183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18%26mdash%3BBaptism+and+Your+Relationship+With+God&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=174-183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Question Box: How long should a formal Bible study be conducted with an individual in the Knowledge book?". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. October 1996. <q>We want people to receive a basic knowledge of the truth. Yet it is expected that within a relatively short period of time, an effective teacher will be able to assist a sincere average student to acquire sufficient knowledge to make an intelligent decision to serve Jehovah... Appreciation for taking in even a basic knowledge of the truth should motivate the student to attend Christian meetings. This could lead the student to giving some clear evidence of his desire to serve Jehovah. If such spiritual appreciation is not evident after the study in the <i>Knowledge</i> book has been conducted for an extended period, it may be advisable to discontinue the study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+Box%3A+How+long+should+a+formal+Bible+study+be+conducted+with+an+individual+in+the+Knowledge+book%3F&rft.date=1996-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botting, Heather; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Gary Botting</a> (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>. <q>The society states explicitly that all Bible studies should quickly show signs of 'real progress' to be deemed worthy of pursuit ... unless the potential converts are willing to give clear indication that they accept both the doctrines and the consequent responsibilities of attending meetings and going from door to door themselves, the study should be discontinued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Gary+Botting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bearing Thorough Witness About God's Kingdom</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2009, page 63, "Do you obey the command to bear thorough witness, even if the assignment causes you some apprehension?"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Determined to bear thorough witness," <i>The Watchtower</i>, December 15, 2008, page 19, "When the resurrected Jesus spoke to disciples gathered in Galilee, likely 500 of them, he commanded: 'Go therefore and make disciples of people of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the holy spirit, teaching them to observe all the things I have commanded you.' That command applies to all true Christians today."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Gary+Botting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Do You Contribute to an Accurate Report?", <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>, December 2002, page 8, "Jehovahs organization today instructs us to report our field service activity each month ... At the end of the month, the book study overseer makes sure that all in the group have followed through on their responsibility to report their activity."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Regularity in Service Brings Blessings", <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>, May 1984, page 7.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Helping Irregular Publishers". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. December 1987. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helping+Irregular+Publishers&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1987-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Keep the Word of Jehovah Moving Speedily". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. October 1982. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keep+the+Word+of+Jehovah+Moving+Speedily&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1982-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chryssides, G.D. (1999). <i>Exploring New Religions</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33651-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33651-3">0-304-33651-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+New+Religions&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-304-33651-3&rft.au=Chryssides%2C+G.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-The_Watchtower_1998.2C_page_16-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Watchtower_1998.2C_page_16_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Imitate JehovahExercise Justice and Righteousness", <i>The Watchtower</i>, August 1, 1998, page 16.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-holdenmorals-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holdenmorals_229-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holdenmorals_229-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, pp. 2627, 173</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Questions From Readers". <i>The Watchtower</i>. June 15, 2002. pp. 30, 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+From+Readers&rft.pages=30%2C+31&rft.date=2002-06-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 152, 180</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"<i>The Bible's Viewpoint</i> What Does It Mean to Be the Head of the House?". <i>Awake!</i>. July 8, 2004. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible%27s+Viewpoint+What+Does+It+Mean+to+Be+the+Head+of+the+House%3F&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2004-07-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Christian Weddings That Bring Joy". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 April 1984. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Weddings+That+Bring+Joy&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1984-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Shepherd the Flock of God</i>. pp. 3738, 124125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shepherd+the+Flock+of+God&rft.pages=37-38%2C+124-125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"How should individual Christians and the congregation as a whole view the Bible advice to marry "only in the Lord"?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 March 1982. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+should+individual+Christians+and+the+congregation+as+a+whole+view+the+Bible+advice+to+marry+%22only+in+the+Lord%22%3F&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1982-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 110112</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Adultery". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000123"><i>Insight on the Scriptures</i></a>. <b>1</b>. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adultery&rft.btitle=Insight+on+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=53&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1200000123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"MarriageWhy Many Walk Out", <i>Awake!</i>, July 8, 1993, page 6, "A legal divorce or a legal separation may provide a measure of protection from extreme abuse or willful nonsupport."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"When Marital Peace Is Threatened". <i>The Watchtower</i>: 22. 1 November 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=When+Marital+Peace+Is+Threatened&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1988-11-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 5455</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 106108</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Muramoto-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muramoto_242-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muramoto_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muramoto_242-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Osamu Muramoto (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377670">"Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 1. Should bioethical deliberation consider dissidents' views?"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 223230. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.24.4.223">10.1136/jme.24.4.223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377670">1377670</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9752623">9752623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=Bioethics+of+the+refusal+of+blood+by+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%3A+Part+1.+Should+bioethical+deliberation+consider+dissidents%27+views%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=223-230&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1377670&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9752623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.24.4.223&rft.au=Osamu+Muramoto&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1377670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i> April 15, 1988.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. August 2002. pp. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Display+Christian+Loyalty+When+a+Relative+Is+Disfellowshipped&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2002-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Disfellowshipping-How to View It". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 September 1981. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disfellowshipping-How+to+View+It&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1981-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Appendix: How to Treat a Disfellowshipped person". <i>Keep Yourselves in God's Love</i>. Jehovah's Witnesses. 2008. pp. 207209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+How+to+Treat+a+Disfellowshipped+person&rft.btitle=Keep+Yourselves+in+God%27s+Love&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Holden163-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holden163_247-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden163_247-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden163_247-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 163</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"DisfellowshipingHow to View It", <i>The Watchtower</i>, September 15, 1981, page 23.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Do You Hate Lawlessness?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, February 15, 2011, page 31.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Franz, Raymond. <i>Crisis of Conscience</i>. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Conscience&rft.pages=358&rft.au=Franz%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Questions From Readers", <i>The Watchtower</i>, January 1, 1983 pp. 3031.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Should the Religions Unite?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 December 1953. pp. 741742.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+the+Religions+Unite%3F&rft.pages=741-742&rft.date=1953-12-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Is Interfaith God's Way?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 1 February 1952. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Interfaith+God%27s+Way%3F&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1952-02-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, p. 202, "The ideological argument states that, since absolute truth is unitary and exclusive of all relativisation, there can only 'logically' be one human organization to represent it. Consequently, all other religious organizations are in error and are to be strictly avoided. The absolutist view of truth further implies that, since anything less than absolute truth can only corrupt and destroy it, there can be no justification for Jehovah's witnesses having any kind of association with other religionists, however sincere the motivation might be."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"15 Worship That God Approves". <i>What Does The Bible Really Teach?</i>. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15+Worship+That+God+Approves&rft.btitle=What+Does+The+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reasoning From the Scriptures</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pages 435436.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Live a Balanced, Simple Life", <i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 1989, page 11.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 12</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Keep Your Distance When Danger Threatens". <i>The Watchtower</i>. February 15, 1994. p. 23. <q>Steering Clear of Danger ... We must also be on guard against extended association with worldly people. Perhaps it is a neighbor, a school friend, a workmate, or a business associate. ... What are some of the dangers of such a friendship? We could begin to minimize the urgency of the times we live in or take a growing interest in material rather than spiritual things. Perhaps, because of a fear of displeasing our worldly friend, we would even desire to be accepted by the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keep+Your+Distance+When+Danger+Threatens&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1994-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-holdensocial-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holdensocial_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, pp. 109112</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Franz" title="Raymond Franz">Franz, Raymond</a> (2007). <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>. Commentary Press. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914675-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-914675-17-6">0-914675-17-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-914675-17-6&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">""Each One Will Carry His Own Load", <i>The Watchtower</i>, March 15, 2006, page 23.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan R. Wilson, "The Persistence of Sects", <i>Diskus</i>, Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religions, Vol 1, No. 2, 1993, "They have extensive contact with the wider public, [in Britain in 1989, 108,000 publishers undertook 23 million hours of house-calls]. Yet, they remain little affected by that exposurethey confine their contacts to their single-minded purpose and avoid all other occasions for association."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Questions From Readers, <i>The Watchtower</i>, November 1, 1999, p. 28,"As to whether they will personally vote for someone running in an election, each one of Jehovah's Witnesses makes a decision based on his Bible-trained conscience and an understanding of his responsibility to God and to the State."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Questions From Readers, <i>The Watchtower</i>, March 1, 1983, p. 30</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/faq/political-neutrality/">"Why Do Jehovah's Witnesses Maintain Political Neutrality?"</a>. Watch Tower Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Do+Jehovah%E2%80%99s+Witnesses+Maintain+Political+Neutrality%3F&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fjehovahs-witnesses%2Ffaq%2Fpolitical-neutrality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reasoning From The Scriptures</i> p. 178 Holidays</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Watchtower 8/15/09 p. 22 par. 20 Keep Yourselves in Gods Love</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i> 9/15/68 p. 573 par 6 "The Seriousness of It"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i> 10/15/92 p. 18 par. 21 "Work to Preserve Your Family Into Gods New World"</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Worship the Only True God</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, p. 159.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224152134/http://www.jw-media.org/kor/20071004.htm">"Korea government promises to adopt alternative service system for conscientious objectors"</a>. <i>Jehovah's Witnesses Official Media Web Site</i>. Office of Public Information of Jehovahs Witnesses. October 4, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw-media.org/kor/20071004.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Official+Media+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Korea+government+promises+to+adopt+alternative+service+system+for+conscientious+objectors&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw-media.org%2Fkor%2F20071004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Education</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, pp. 2023</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Owens, Gene (September 1997). "Trials of a Jehovah's Witness.(The Faith of Journalists)". <i>Nieman Reports</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nieman+Reports&rft.atitle=Trials+of+a+Jehovah%27s+Witness.%28The+Faith+of+Journalists%29&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Lawson, "Sect-state relations: Accounting for the differing trajectories of Seventh-Day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses", <i>Sociology of Religion</i>, Winter 1995, "The urgency of the Witness's apocalyptic has changed very little over time. The intellectual isolation of the Witness leaders has allowed them to retain their traditional position, and it is they who continue to be the chief purveyors of the radical eschataology ....This commitment (to principle) was bolstered by their organizational isolation, intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline, and considerable persecution."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. i</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reasoning From the Scriptures</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pages 7075.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 91</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMuramoto.2C_O.2001" class="citation journal">Muramoto, O. (January 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119307">"Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>322</b> (7277): 3739. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.322.7277.37">10.1136/bmj.322.7277.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119307">1119307</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141155">11141155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Bioethical+aspects+of+the+recent+changes+in+the+policy+of+refusal+of+blood+by+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=7277&rft.pages=37-39&rft.date=2001-01-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1119307&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11141155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.322.7277.37&rft.au=Muramoto%2C+O.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1119307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 183.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United in Worship of the Only True God</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1983, pages 156160.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bowman, R. M.; <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">Beisner, E. C.</a>; Ehrenborg, T. (1995). <i>Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Zondervan. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-70411-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-70411-1">0-310-70411-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-310-70411-1&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Beisner%2C+E.+C.&rft.au=Ehrenborg%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 2930. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Gary+Botting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>How Blood Can Save Your Life</i>, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, pages 1317</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Questions From ReadersDo Jehovah's Witnesses accept any medical products derived from blood?". <i>The Watchtower</i>. June 15, 2000. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+From+Readers%E2%80%94Do+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+accept+any+medical+products+derived+from+blood%3F&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2000-06-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSniesinskiChenLevySzlam2007" class="citation journal">Sniesinski; Chen, EP; Levy, JH; Szlam, F; Tanaka, KA; et al. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeminds.org/doctrine/sniecinski_analgesia2.pdf">"Coagulopathy After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Jehovah's Witness Patients: Management of Two Cases Using Fractionated Components and Factor VIIa"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anesthesia & Analgesia</i>. <b>104</b> (4): 7635. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1213%2F01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3">10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17377078">17377078</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anesthesia+%26+Analgesia&rft.atitle=Coagulopathy+After+Cardiopulmonary+Bypass+in+Jehovah%27s+Witness+Patients%3A+Management+of+Two+Cases+Using+Fractionated+Components+and+Factor+VIIa&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=763-5&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1213%2F01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17377078&rft.au=Sniesinski&rft.au=Chen%2C+EP&rft.au=Levy%2C+JH&rft.au=Szlam%2C+F&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+KA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeminds.org%2Fdoctrine%2Fsniecinski_analgesia2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"The Real Value of Blood". <i>Awake!</i>. August 2006. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Value+of+Blood&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2006-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Durable Power of Attorney form</i>. Watch Tower Society. January 2001. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Durable+Power+of+Attorney+form&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=2001-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Examples of permitted fractions are: <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Immune_Serum_Globulins">Immune Serum Globulins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">Factor VIII</a>; preparations made from <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">Hemoglobin</a> such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Polyheme">PolyHeme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemopure" title="Hemopure">Hemopure</a>. Examples of permitted procedures involving the medical use of one's own blood include: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Intraoperative_blood_salvage">cell salvage</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Acute_Normovolemic_Hemodilution">hemodilution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_lung_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart lung machine">heart lung machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialysis" title="Dialysis">dialysis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Epidural_Blood_Patch">epidural blood patch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Blood_cell_scintigraphy">blood labeling or tagging</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblood.org/wiki/Platelet_Gel">platelet gel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autologous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autologous">autologous</a>)</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aggelia.be/km_nov2006.pdf">"Our Kingdom Ministry"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. November 2006. pp. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aggelia.be%2Fkm_nov2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Jehovah's Witnesses and Medical Profession Cooperate". <i>Awake!</i>. November 22, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+and+Medical+Profession+Cooperate&rft.date=1993-11-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?articleID=070515_1_A9_hThef38217">Kim Archer, "Jehovah's Witness liaisons help surgeons adapt", <i>Tulsa World</i>, May 15, 2007.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Watch Tower Society. 19962015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1996%2F2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Question BoxShould a family Bible study be reported to the congregation?". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. Watch Tower Society. November 2003. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+Box%26ndash%3BShould+a+family+Bible+study+be+reported+to+the+congregation%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=2003-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Question BoxMay both parents report the time used for the regular family study?". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. September 2008. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+Box%26mdash%3BMay+both+parents+report+the+time+used+for+the+regular+family+study%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-jwmediastats-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jwmediastats_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121204211516/http://www.jw-media.org/aboutjw/article41.htm#membership">"Jehovah's Witnesses Official Media Web Site: Our History and Organization: Membership"</a>. Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw-media.org/aboutjw/article41.htm">the original</a> on 2012-12-04. <q>While other religious groups count their membership by occasional or annual attendance, this figure reflects only those who are actively involved in the public Bible educational work [of Jehovah's Witnesses].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Official+Media+Web+Site%3A+Our+History+and+Organization%3A+Membership&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Information+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw-media.org%2Faboutjw%2Farticle41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"U.S. Religious Landscape Survey Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. February 2008: 9, 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey+Religious+Affiliation%3A+Diverse+and+Dynamic&rft.pages=9%2C+30&rft.date=2008-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1101.asp">"Advent Christian Church- Religious Groups - The Association of Religion Data Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advent+Christian+Church-+Religious+Groups+-+The+Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FDenoms%2FD_1101.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1716987,00.html">David Van Biema, "America's Unfaithful Faithful," <i>Time</i> magazine, February 25, 2008.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/05/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">PEW Forum on Religion and Public Life. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic</a>. The next lowest retention rates, excluding those raised unaffiliated with any church, were Buddhism at 50% and Catholicism at 68%.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 92, 98100</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 196207</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan R. Wilson, "The Persistence of Sects", <i>Diskus</i>, Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religions, Vol 1, No. 2, 1993</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religions.pewforum.org/comparisons#">"Comparisons"</a>. <i>U.S. Religious Landscape Survey</i>. Pew Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey&rft.atitle=Comparisons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fcomparisons%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jubber, Ken (1977). "The Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Southern Africa". <i>Social Compass</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 121134. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F003776867702400108">10.1177/003776867702400108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Persecution+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+in+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-134&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003776867702400108&rft.aulast=Jubber&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, chapter 22, p. 490</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 1991</i>, p. 222.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penton, James (2004). <i>Jehovah's witnesses and the third reich</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802086780" title="Special:BookSources/0802086780">0802086780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+witnesses+and+the+third+reich&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0802086780&rft.aulast=Penton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Garbe, Detlef (2008). <i>Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-20794-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-20794-3">0-299-20794-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Resistance+and+Martyrdom%3A+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-299-20794-3&rft.aulast=Garbe&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Shulman-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulman, William L. <i>A State of Terror: Germany 19331939</i>. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-trc.org/Jehovah.htm">Holocaust Education Foundation website</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hesse, Hans (2001). <i>Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi Regime</i>. Edition Temmen. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86108-750-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-86108-750-2">3-86108-750-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+and+Resistance+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+During+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Edition+Temmen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-86108-750-2&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kaplan, William (1989). <i>State and Salvation</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Salvation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yaffee, Barbara (1984-09-09). "Witnesses Seek Apology for Wartime Persecution". <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Witnesses+Seek+Apology+for+Wartime+Persecution&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1984-09-09&rft.aulast=Yaffee&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-passat-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-passat_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> ." (19401950)". : . Terra, 1994 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-religion-jehovah-s-idUSKBN17M1ZT">"Russian court bans Jehovah's Witnesses as extremist"</a>. delfi.lt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+court+bans+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+as+extremist&rft.pub=delfi.lt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-religion-jehovah-s-idUSKBN17M1ZT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peters, Shawn Francis (2000). <i>Judging Jehovah's Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution</i>. University Press of Kansas. pp. 82, 1169. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1008-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1008-1">0-7006-1008-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%3A+Religious+Persecution+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Rights+Revolution&rft.pages=82%2C+116-9&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7006-1008-1&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Shawn+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, <i>Visions of Glory</i>, 1978, chapter 6.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whalen, William J. (1962). <i>Armageddon Around the Corner: A Report on Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. New York: John Day Company. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon+Around+the+Corner%3A+A+Report+on+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=John+Day+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schnell, William (1971). <i>30 Years a Watchtower Slave</i>. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids. pp. 104106. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-6384-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-6384-1">0-8010-6384-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=30+Years+a+Watchtower+Slave&rft.pages=104-106&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House%2C+Grand+Rapids&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8010-6384-1&rft.aulast=Schnell&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Constable & Co, London. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0094559400&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Advice for Kingdom Publishers</i>(1939), Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, NY, pages 5-6, 14.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Gary Botting</a>, <i>Fundamental Freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses</i> (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1993)</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehovahs WitnessesProclaimers of Gods Kingdom</i>, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 1993, pp. 679701.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Botting, <i>Fundamental Freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, pp. 114; Shawn Francis Peters, <i>Judging Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, University Press of Kansas: 2000, pages 1216.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knocking.org/Jehovahs_Witness_History_Civil_Rights.html">"Jehovah's Witnesses and civil rights"</a>. Knocking.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+and+civil+rights&rft.pub=Knocking.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knocking.org%2FJehovahs_Witness_History_Civil_Rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Botting, <i>Fundamental Freedoms...</i>, pp. 15201</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Holden22-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holden22_328-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden22_328-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 22</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/case-study/636f01a5-50db-4b59-a35e-a24ae07fb0ad/case-study-29,-july-2015,-sydney.aspx">"Case Study 29: Transcript (day 155)", page 6, <i>Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</i>, July 2015.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Following Faithful Shepherds with Life in View", <i>The Watchtower</i>, October 1, 1967, page 591, "Make haste to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every aspect ... in submitting to Jehovah's visible theocratic organization, we must be in full and complete agreement with every feature of its apostolic procedure and requirements."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Loyal to Christ and His Faithful Slave", <i>The Watchtower</i>, April 1, 2007, page 24, "When we loyally submit to the direction of the faithful slave and its Governing Body, we are submitting to Christ, the slave's Master."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Beckford_dissent-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_dissent_332-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_dissent_332-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 89, 95, 103, 120, 204, 221</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Exposing the Devil's Subtle Designs" and "Armed for the Fight Against Wicked Spirits", <i>The Watchtower</i>, January 15, 1983</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Serving Jehovah Shoulder to Shoulder", <i>The Watchtower</i>, August 15, 1981, page 28.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jehovah's Theocratic Organization Today",<i>The Watchtower</i>, February 1, 1952, pages 7981.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Avoid Independent Thinking". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 January 1983. p. 27. <q>From the very outset of his rebellion Satan called into question God's way of doing things. He promoted independent thinking. ... How is such independent thinking manifested? A common way is by questioning the counsel that is provided by God's visible organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avoid+Independent+Thinking&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1983-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Avoid Independent Thinking". <i>The Watchtower</i>. February 15, 1979. p. 20. <q>In a world where people are tossed about by confusing winds of religious doctrine, Jehovah's people need to be stable, full-grown Christians. (Eph. 4:13, 14) Their position must be steadfast, not shifting quickly because of independent thinking or emotional pressures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avoid+Independent+Thinking&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1979-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Building a Firm Foundation in Christ". <i>The Watchtower</i>. May 1, 1964. pp. 277278. <q>It is through the columns of The Watchtower that Jehovah provides direction and constant Scriptural counsel to his people, and it requires careful study and attention to details in order to apply this information, to get a full understanding of the principles involved, and to assure ourselves of right thinking on these matters. It is in this way that we "are thoroughly able to grasp mentally with all the holy ones" the fullness of our commission and of the preaching responsibility that Jehovah has placed on all Christians as footstep followers of his Son. Any other course would produce independent thinking and cause division.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+a+Firm+Foundation+in+Christ&rft.pages=277-278&rft.date=1964-05-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Raymond Franz, <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>, pg. 358.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Will You Heed Jehovahs Clear Warnings?", <i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 2011, page 15, "apostates are 'mentally diseased,' and they seek to infect others with their disloyal teachings. (1 Tim. 6:3, 4)."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984, <i>passim</i>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Rogerson, <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>, Constable, 1969, page 50.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 204, 221, <i>The habit of questioning or qualifying Watch Tower doctrine is not only under-developed among the Witnesses: it is strenuously combated at all organizational levels</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>. <q>Most Witnesses, although <i>capable</i> of intelligent, reasonable thought, have as part of the payment for paradise delegated authority to the organization for directing their lives ... and finally abrogate <i>all</i> responsibility and rights over their personal livesin effect, allowing the society to do their thinking for them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Gary+Botting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Rogerson, <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>, Constable, 1969, page 178, "The newly converted Witness must conform immediately to the doctrines of the Watchtower Society, thus whatever individuality of mind he possessed before conversion is liable to be eradicated if he stays in the movement.".</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Beverley, <i>Crisis of Allegiance</i>, Welch Publishing Company, Burlington, Ontario, 1986, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920413-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-920413-37-4">0-920413-37-4</a>, pages 2526, 101.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 153</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Rogerson, <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>, Constable, 1969, page 2, "In addition to the prevalent ignorance outside the Witness movement, there is much ignorance within it. It will soon become obvious to the reader that the Witnesses are an indoctrinated people whose beliefs and thoughts are shaped by the Watchtower Society."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Franz, "In Search of Christian Freedom", chapter 12</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Maintaining our Christian Oneness". <i>The Watchtower</i>. No. 8/15. August 1988. pp. 2830.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maintaining+our+Christian+Oneness&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=1988-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsrJLASVC3QC&pg=359&Ipg=PA359#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Routledge History of the Holocaust</i>, Routledge, 2010</a>, "Labeling the Jehovah's Witnesses as totalitarian trivializes the term totalitarian and defames the Jehovah's Witnesses."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, pp. x, 7</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-pentonbible-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pentonbible_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmsdmva7u6kC&id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA175">174176</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haas, Samuel S. (December 1955). "Book Review: <i>New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. I</i> by New World Bible Translation Committee". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. <b>74</b> (4): 282283. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F3261681">10.2307/3261681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+New+World+Translation+of+the+Hebrew+Scriptures%2C+Vol.+I+by+New+World+Bible+Translation+Committee&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=282-283&rft.date=1955-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3261681&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> See also <cite class="citation journal">Owens, John Joseph (April 1, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/003463735605300239">"Book Review: New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review & Expositor</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 253254. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F003463735605300239">10.1177/003463735605300239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+%26+Expositor&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+New+World+Translation+of+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-254&rft.date=1956-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003463735605300239&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F003463735605300239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ankerberg-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ankerberg_355-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John Ankerberg; John Weldon; Dillon Burroughs (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLHuulPCiTgC&pg=PA43"><i>The Facts on Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. pp. 4345. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-3907-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-3907-2">978-0-7369-3907-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-3907-2&rft.au=John+Ankerberg&rft.au=John+Weldon&rft.au=Dillon+Burroughs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrLHuulPCiTgC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> See also John Ankerberg and John Weldon, 2003, <i>The New World Translation of the Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, accessible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029043702/http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/ATRI-Bible-School/Fall-Bible-School/fall-bible-school-jw-new-world-translation.htm">online</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Rhodes2001-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes2001_356-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rhodes, Ron (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTcRdkFDzdoC&pg=PA94"><i>The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions: The Essential Guide to Their History, Their Doctrine, and Our Response</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23217-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-23217-1">0-310-23217-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+the+Cults+and+New+Religions%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Their+History%2C+Their+Doctrine%2C+and+Our+Response&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-310-23217-1&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTcRdkFDzdoC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Metzger, Bruce M. (April 1, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/004057365301000110#page=10">"The Jehovah's Witnesses and Jesus Christ"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theology Today</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F004057365301000110">10.1177/004057365301000110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+and+Jesus+Christ&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1953-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004057365301000110&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F004057365301000110%23page%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> See also Metzger, "The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures," <i>The Bible Translator</i> (July 1964).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Rowley1953-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowley1953_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rowley, Harold H. (November 1, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/001452465306500203">"How Not To Translate the Bible"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Expository Times</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 4142. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F001452465306500203">10.1177/001452465306500203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=How+Not+To+Translate+the+Bible&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-42&rft.date=1953-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001452465306500203&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Harold+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F001452465306500203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gruss1970-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gruss1970_359-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gruss, Edmond C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ApostlesOfDenial/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial#page/n222/mode/1up"><i>Apostles of Denial: An Examination and Expos of the History, Doctrines and Claims of the Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. pp. 212213. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-305-7">978-0-87552-305-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Denial%3A+An+Examination+and+Expos%C3%A9+of+the+History%2C+Doctrines+and+Claims+of+the+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Presbyterian+and+Reformed+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-87552-305-7&rft.aulast=Gruss&rft.aufirst=Edmond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FApostlesOfDenial%2F1970_Apostles_Of_Denial%23page%2Fn222%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-BeDuhn-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeDuhn_360-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeDuhn_360-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">BeDuhn, Jason (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgnIp2Bzdi8C&pg=PR9&dq=%22by+training%22"><i>Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament</i></a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. pp. ix, 163, 165. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2556-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2556-8">0-7618-2556-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+in+Translation%3A+Accuracy+and+Bias+in+English+Translations+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=ix%2C+163%2C+165&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7618-2556-8&rft.aulast=BeDuhn&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgnIp2Bzdi8C%26pg%3DPR9%26dq%3D%2522by%2Btraining%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-w19980201-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w19980201_361-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"It Is the Best Interlinear New Testament Available". <i>The Watchtower</i>. February 1, 1998. p. 32. <q>I am a trained scholar of the Bible, familiar with the texts and tools in use in modern biblical studies, and, by the way, not a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+Is+the+Best+Interlinear+New+Testament+Available&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1998-02-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Messengers of Godly Peace Pronounced Happy", <i>The Watchtower</i>, May 1, 1997, page 21</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, Watch Tower Society, 1993, page 708.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Execution of the "Great Harlot" Nears", <i>The Watchtower</i>, October 15, 1980, page 17.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What Jehovahs Day Will Reveal", <i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 2010, page 5.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, July 15, 1960, page 444, "In 1942 the faithful and discreet slave guided by Jehovah's unerring spirit made known that the democracies would win World War II and that there would be a United Nations organization set up ... Once again the faithful and discreet slave has been tipped off ahead of time for the guidance of all lovers of God." (Footnote cites the booklet <i>PeaceCan It Last</i>, 1942, pages 21,22.)</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chryssides, George (2016). <i>Jehovah's Witnesses Continuity and Change</i>. England: Ashgate. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5608-7">978-1-4094-5608-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Continuity+and+Change&rft.place=England&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-5608-7&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WT59-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WT59_370-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, Jan. 15, 1959, pp. 3941</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 9, 115. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=9%2C+115&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom,</i> Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, pages 78, 632.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckford1975">Beckford 1975</a>, pp. 219221</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Beverley, <i>Crisis of Allegiance</i>, Welch Publishing Company, Burlington, Ontario, 1986, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920413-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-920413-37-4">0-920413-37-4</a>, page 8691.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_375-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_375-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Why So Many False Alarms?", <i>Awake!</i>, March 22, 1993, pages 34, footnote.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>RevelationIts Grand Climax</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, page 9.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"False ProphetsHave not Jehovah's Witnesses made errors in their teachings?". <i>Reasoning From the Scriptures</i>. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=False+Prophets%E2%80%94Have+not+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+made+errors+in+their+teachings%3F&rft.btitle=Reasoning+From+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"To Whom Shall We Go but Jesus Christ?". <i>Watchtower</i>. March 1, 1979. p. 23. <q>the faithful and discreet slave has alerted all of Gods people to the sign of the times indicating the nearness of Gods Kingdom rule. In this regard, however, it must be observed that this faithful and discreet slave was never inspired, never perfect. Those writings by certain members of the slave class that came to form the Christian part of Gods Word were inspired and infallible [the bible], but that is not true of other writings since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Whom+Shall+We+Go+but+Jesus+Christ%3F&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1979-03-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">George D. Chryssides (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx6nUwZzeCsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jehovah's+witnesses&hl=en&sa=X&ei=STs9UaWsLufL0wG5vYCwBg&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=simplistic&f=false"><i>Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=xiv&rft.date=2008&rft.au=George+D.+Chryssides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx6nUwZzeCsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Djehovah%27s%2Bwitnesses%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DSTs9UaWsLufL0wG5vYCwBg%26ved%3D0CEAQ6AEwAzgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsimplistic%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolden2002Portrait">Holden, 2002 & Portrait</a>, p. 7</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ousted-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ousted_381-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ousted_381-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Goodstein, Laurie (11 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/11/us/ousted-members-say-jehovah-s-witnesses-policy-on-abuse-hides-offenses.html?pagewanted=print">"Ousted members say Jehovah's Witnesses' policy on abuse hides offenses"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ousted+members+say+Jehovah%E2%80%99s+Witnesses%E2%80%99+policy+on+abuse+hides+offenses&rft.date=2002-08-11&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F08%2F11%2Fus%2Fousted-members-say-jehovah-s-witnesses-policy-on-abuse-hides-offenses.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sexmedia-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sexmedia_382-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sexmedia_382-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sexmedia_382-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123144858/http://www.jw-media.org/aboutjw/article23.htm">"Jehovah's Witnesses and Child Protection"</a>. Jehovah's Witnesses Official Media website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw-media.org/aboutjw/article23.htm">the original</a> on November 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%E2%80%99s+Witnesses+and+Child+Protection&rft.pub=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Official+Media+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw-media.org%2Faboutjw%2Farticle23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/case-study/636f01a5-50db-4b59-a35e-a24ae07fb0ad/case-study-29,-july-2015,-sydney.aspx">"Case Study 29", Day 152 p.67 p.72, <i>Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</i>, July 2015.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/case-study/636f01a5-50db-4b59-a35e-a24ae07fb0ad/case-study-29,-july-2015,-sydney.aspx">"Case Study 29", Day 155 p.44, <i>Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</i>, July 2015.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Shepherd the Flock of God</i>. Brooklyn, New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2010. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shepherd+the+Flock+of+God&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NBC-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_386-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_386-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Myers" title="Lisa Myers">Lisa Myers</a>; Richard Greenberg (21 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21917798/">"New evidence in Jehovah's Witness allegations"</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+evidence+in+Jehovah%27s+Witness+allegations&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.au=Lisa+Myers&rft.au=Richard+Greenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F21917798%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102007362">"How to Protect Your Children"</a>. <i>Awake!</i>: 48. October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awake%21&rft.atitle=How+to+Protect+Your+Children&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F102007362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/downloadfile.ashx?guid=636f01a5-50db-4b59-a35e-a24ae07fb0ad&type=openingaddresspdf&filename=case-study-29,-july-2015,-sydney-opening-address&fileextension=pdf">Opening Address</a>, Royal commission into institutional responses to child sexual abuse p.13 points 65, 66.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MediaWales-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MediaWales_389-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jones, Ciaran (29 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/jehovahs-witnesses-destroyed-documents-showing-7340603">"Jehovah's Witnesses destroyed documents showing child abuse allegations against church elder"</a>. <i>Wales Online</i>. Cardiff, UK: <a href="/wiki/Media_Wales" title="Media Wales">Media Wales</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+destroyed+documents+showing+child+abuse+allegations+against+church+elder&rft.date=2014-06-29&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ciaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fjehovahs-witnesses-destroyed-documents-showing-7340603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/case-study/636f01a5-50db-4b59-a35e-a24ae07fb0ad/case-study-29,-july-2015,-sydney.aspx">"Case Study 29: Transcript (day 152)", page 24-26, <i>Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</i>, July 2015.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Shepherd the Flock of God</i>. Brooklyn, New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2010. pp. 131132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shepherd+the+Flock+of+God&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/case-study/636f01a5-50db-4b59-a35e-a24ae07fb0ad/case-study-29,-july-2015,-sydney.aspx">"Case Study 29", Day 147 p.16, <i>Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</i>, July 2015.</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">Report of Case Study No. 29 (Report). p. 62. <q>The Royal Commission heard evidence that, before the public hearing of this case study, the Jehovah's Witness organisation did not consider that concealment offences were independent of obligations under mandatory reporting laws to report child sexual abuse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+Case+Study+No.+29&rft.pages=62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Case Study 29", Day 153 p.16, 4144, <i>Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</i>, July 2015.]</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cutrer, Corrie (5 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/004/11.23.html">"Witness leaders accused of shielding molesters"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. <q>Paul Carden, executive director for the Centers for Apologetics Research in San Juan Capistrano, California, says this protective attitude is prevalent in the WTBTS. "There is a fortress mentality," Carden says. "The Watchtower Society is loath to admit wrongdoing of any sort. Because they portray themselves as being Jehovah's sole mouthpiece to mankind, they have sought to present themselves as being above question."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Witness+leaders+accused+of+shielding+molesters&rft.date=2001-03-05&rft.aulast=Cutrer&rft.aufirst=Corrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2001%2F004%2F11.23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/mainCaseScreen.cfm?dist=1&doc_id=2025979&doc_no=A136641">"Jane Doe (Candace Conti) v. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York Inc. et al"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Appellate_Court,_California_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="First Appellate Court, California Court of Appeal">First Appellate Court, California Court of Appeal</a>. April 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Doe+%28Candace+Conti%29+v.+The+Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+of+New+York+Inc.+et+al.&rft.pub=First+Appellate+Court%2C+California+Court+of+Appeal&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov%2Fsearch%2Fcase%2FmainCaseScreen.cfm%3Fdist%3D1%26doc_id%3D2025979%26doc_no%3DA136641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/opinions/archive/A136641.PDF">Court of Appeal Opinion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OPcYn4AiwQE?rel=0&autoplay=1">"Former Jehovah's Witness Takes on Church Over Sex Abuse Allegations"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(VIDEO)</span>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a>. March 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Jehovah%27s+Witness+Takes+on+Church+Over+Sex+Abuse+Allegations&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FOPcYn4AiwQE%3Frel%3D0%26autoplay%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33201010">"Jehovah's Witnesses to compensate woman over sex abuse"</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+to+compensate+woman+over+sex+abuse&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-33201010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details on this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Bibliography of Jehovah's Witnesses">Bibliography of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.</div>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Botting, Gary</a> (1993). <i>Fundamental Freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Calgary Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895176-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-895176-06-9">1-895176-06-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Freedoms+and+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-895176-06-9&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Botting" title="Gary Botting">Botting, Heather and Gary</a> (1984). <i>The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6545-7">0-8020-6545-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwellian+World+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-6545-7&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Heather+and+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesHistorical_Dictionary_of_Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_Chryssides" title="George Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (2008). <i>Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6074-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6074-0">0-8108-6074-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-8108-6074-0&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li>Crompton, Robert. <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. James Clarke & Co, Cambridge, 1996. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3">0-227-67939-3</a>
+<ul>
+<li>A detailed examination of the development of Jehovah's Witnesses' eschatology.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><cite id="CITEREFHolden2002Portrait" class="citation book">Holden, Andrew (2002). <i>Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26610-9">978-0-415-26610-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%3A+Portrait+of+a+Contemporary+Religious+Movement&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26610-9&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>
+<ul>
+<li>An academic study on the sociological aspects of Jehovah's Witnesses phenomenon.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Kaplan, William. <i>State and Salvation</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5842-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5842-6">0-8020-5842-6</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Documents the Witnesses' fight for civil rights in Canada and the US amid political persecution during World War II.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><cite id="CITEREFPenton1997" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_Penton" title="James Penton">Penton, M. James</a> (1997). <i>Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7973-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7973-3">0-8020-7973-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Delayed%3A+The+Story+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8020-7973-3&rft.aulast=Penton&rft.aufirst=M.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>
+<ul>
+<li>Penton, professor emeritus of history at University of Lethbridge and a former member of the group, examines the history of Jehovah's Witnesses, and their doctrines.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Rogerson, Alan. <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>. London: Constable & Co, 1969. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094559400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0094559400">978-0094559400</a>
+<ul>
+<li>Detailed history of the Watch Tower movement, particularly its early years, a summary of Witness doctrines and the organizational and personal framework in which Witnesses conduct their lives</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Schulz, B. W. (2014). <i>A Separate Identity: Organizational Identity Among Readers of Zion's Watch Tower: 1870-1887</i>. Fluttering Wings Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1304969408" title="Special:BookSources/978-1304969408">978-1304969408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Separate+Identity%3A+Organizational+Identity+Among+Readers+of+Zion%27s+Watch+Tower%3A+1870-1887&rft.pub=Fluttering+Wings+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1304969408&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJehovah%27s+Witnesses" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>
+<ul>
+<li>Detailed history of the Watch Tower movement's earliest years written to an academic standard. Based on fresh research into original documents of the era. This is volume one of a planned two volume work.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. <i>Jehovah's WitnessesProclaimers of God's Kingdom</i> (1993)
+<ul>
+<li>Official history of Jehovah's Witnesses.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. <i>Faith In Action</i> (2-DVD series), (20102011)
+<ul>
+<li>Official history of Jehovah's Witnesses.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org">Official website</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tv.jw.org">JW Broadcasting</a>Official video streaming site</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/witnesses/">BBC - Religion: Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28166192">Jehovah's Witnesses new method</a> - BBC News Magazine article</li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="image" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png" width="75" height="105" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/113px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/150px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" title="Books of the Bible">Books</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> and<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">tradition</a></div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apostles" title="Apostles">Apostles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="EastWest Schism">EastWest Schism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomi-<br />
+nations</a><br />
+and<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">traditions</a><br />
+(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>)</div>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East ("Nestorian")</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="image"><img alt="P christianity.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:New_Religious_Movements&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="New_religious_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mystical_Order_Rosae_Crucis" title="Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis">Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophical Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azali</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bbism">Bbism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bah' Faith">Bah' Faith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">BAPS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> (<a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Family_International" title="Family International">Family International</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church" title="The New Church">The New Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Ars">Pilgrims of Ars</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Process_Church_of_The_Final_Judgment" title="The Process Church of The Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Ralism">Ralism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism" title="Shambhala Buddhism">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Subh-i-Azal" title="Subh-i-Azal">Subh-i-Azal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Bb">Bb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Bah'u'llh">Bah'u'llh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Quimby" title="Phineas Quimby">Phineas Quimby</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chgyam Trungpa">Chgyam Trungpa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/African_initiated_church" title="African initiated church">African initiated church</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatic Movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Paganism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">Personal development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li>
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+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th>
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+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Bah's">Persecution of Bah's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li>
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah_se_Getuies" title="Jehovah se Getuies Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%96%E1%8B%8B_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title=" Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testigos_de_Xehov%C3%A1" title="Testigos de Xehov Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehov%C3%A1_Diosan_Qhana%C3%B1chirinakapaxa" title="Jehov Diosan Qhanachirinakapaxa Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehovan%C4%B1n_%C5%9Eahidl%C9%99ri" title="Yehovann ahidlri Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80" title=" Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2-h%C3%B4-hoa_Ki%C3%A0n-ch%C3%A8ng-j%C3%AEn" title="I-h-hoa Kin-chng-jn Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witnes_Blong_Jehova" title="Witnes Blong Jehova Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovini_svjedoci" title="Jehovini svjedoci Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonis_de_Jehov%C3%A0" title="Testimonis de Jehov Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Saksi_ni_Heoba" title="Mga Saksi ni Heoba Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Bdkov%C3%A9_Jehovovi" title="Svdkov Jehovovi Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B4akaboni_%C5%B5a_Yehova" title="akaboni a Yehova Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tystion_Jehofa" title="Tystion Jehofa Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovas_Vidner" title="Jehovas Vidner Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" title="Jehovah's Witness Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeugen_Jehovas" title="Zeugen Jehovas German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoova_tunnistajad" title="Jehoova tunnistajad Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%AC" title=" Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testim%C3%B2%E1%B9%85_ad_G%C3%A9uva" title="Testim ad Guva Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emilin e rumagnl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testigos_de_Jehov%C3%A1" title="Testigos de Jehov Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atestantoj_de_Jehovo" title="Atestantoj de Jehovo Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovaren_Lekukoak" title="Jehovaren Lekukoak Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehowa_%C3%90asefowo" title="Yehowa asefowo Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehova_Vitni" title="Jehova Vitni Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Froyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9moins_de_J%C3%A9hovah" title="Tmoins de Jhovah French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehova%27s_Tsj%C3%BBgen" title="Jehova's Tsjgen Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testemonis_di_Jeova" title="Testemonis di Jeova Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testemu%C3%B1as_de_Xehov%C3%A1" title="Testemuas de Xehov Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%ED%98%B8%EC%99%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%A6%9D%EC%9D%B8" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovini_svjedoci" title="Jehovini svjedoci Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testanti_di_Jehovah" title="Testanti di Jehovah Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi-Saksi_Yehuwa" title="Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testes_de_Jehovah" title="Testes de Jehovah Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vottar_Jeh%C3%B3va" title="Vottar Jehva Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimoni_di_Geova" title="Testimoni di Geova Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%94" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustunyoryon_Yehovah" title="Dustunyoryon Yehovah Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashahidi_wa_Yehova" title="Mashahidi wa Yehova Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambangi_ya_Yehowa" title="Bambangi ya Yehowa Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temwen_Jewova" title="Temwen Jewova Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahid%C3%AAn_Yehowa" title="ahidn Yehowa Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kj"><a href="https://kj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eendombwedi_daJehowa" title="Eendombwedi daJehowa Kuanyama" lang="kj" hreflang="kj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kwanyama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testemunyos_de_Djehova" title="Testemunyos de Djehova Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testes_Iehovae" title="Testes Iehovae Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovas_liecinieki" title="Jehovas liecinieki Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeie_vu_Jehova" title="Zeie vu Jehova Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ltzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovos_liudytojai" title="Jehovos liudytojai Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehova%27s_getuige" title="Jehova's getuige Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batatoli_ya_Yehova" title="Batatoli ya Yehova Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingla</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehova_tan%C3%BAi" title="Jehova tani Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavolombelon%27i_Jehovah" title="Vavolombelon'i Jehovah Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga_Kaiwhakaatu_o_Ihowa" title="Nga Kaiwhakaatu o Ihowa Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title=" Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi_Jehovah" title="Saksi Jehovah Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%A7temunhas_de_Jeob%C3%A1" title="Tetemunhas de Jeob Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93mel%C4%81huanimeh_Jehov%C3%A1" title="Tmelhuanimeh Jehov Nhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehova%27s_getuigen" title="Jehova's getuigen Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9B%E3%83%90%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%BC%E4%BA%BA" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovas_vitner" title="Jehovas vitner Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovas_vitne" title="Jehovas vitne Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testim%C3%B2nis_de_Jehov%C3%A0" title="Testimnis de Jehov Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasi_nen_Jehovah" title="Tasi nen Jehovah Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testigunan_di_yehova" title="Testigunan di yehova Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiadkowie_Jehowy" title="wiadkowie Jehowy Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testemunhas_de_Jeov%C3%A1" title="Testemunhas de Jeov Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martorii_lui_Iehova" title="Martorii lui Iehova Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-T%C3%A9moin_ti_J%C3%A9hovah" title="A-Tmoin ti Jhovah Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sng</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipaki_Tsa_Jehova" title="Lipaki Tsa Jehova Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basupi_ba_ga_Jehofa" title="Basupi ba ga Jehofa Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakazi_baJehova" title="Fakazi baJehova Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovovi_svedkovia" title="Jehovovi svedkovia Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovove_pri%C4%8De" title="Jehovove prie Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awjodki_Jehowe" title="wjodki Jehowe Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">lnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%88%DB%95" title=" Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah_Kotoigi" title="Jehovah Kotoigi Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title=" Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovini_svjedoci" title="Jehovini svjedoci Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovan_todistajat" title="Jehovan todistajat Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovas_vittnen" title="Jehovas vittnen Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Saksi_ni_Jehova" title="Mga Saksi ni Jehova Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title=" Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehova%27n%C4%B1n_%C5%9Eahitleri" title="Yehova'nn ahitleri Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dehowany%C5%88_%C5%9Ea%C3%BDatlary" title="ehowany aatlary Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trkmene</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%92_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title=" Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li 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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">KING-FM</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KING-FM&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(August 2010)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:KING-FM_Logo.png" class="image"><img alt="KING-FM Logo.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/KING-FM_Logo.png" width="200" height="80" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="80" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">City</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Broadcast area</th>
+<td class="label">Greater <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Branding</th>
+<td>Classical KING-FM</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a></th>
+<td>98.1 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">First air date</th>
+<td>1948</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">Format</a></th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">ERP</a></th>
+<td>68,000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain" title="Height above average terrain">HAAT</a></th>
+<td>707 meters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes" title="List of North American broadcast station classes">Class</a></th>
+<td class="category">C</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Facility_ID" title="Facility ID">Facility ID</a></th>
+<td>11755</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Callsign meaning</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington"><b>King</b> County</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Owner</th>
+<td>Beethoven, a Nonprofit Corporation<br />
+<small>(Classic Radio, Inc.)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></th>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.king.org/listen/">Listen Live</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.king.org/">king.org</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>KING-FM</b> (98.1 <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a>; "Classical King FM") is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" title="Radio station">radio station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>. Its transmitter is located near <a href="/wiki/Issaquah,_Washington" title="Issaquah, Washington">Issaquah, Washington</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Mountain" title="Tiger Mountain">Tiger Mountain</a>.</p>
+<p>KING-FM broadcasts in <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KING-FM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The station has been a non-profit, listener-supported public radio station since May 2011.</p>
+<p>KING-FM was once co-owned with KING (1090 AM, now <a href="/wiki/KFNQ" title="KFNQ">KFNQ</a>) and <a href="/wiki/KING-TV" title="KING-TV">KING-TV</a> (channel 5), but was donated to a non-profit partnership (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Opera" title="Seattle Opera">Seattle Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Symphony" title="Seattle Symphony">Seattle Symphony</a>, and ArtsFund) by <a href="/wiki/King_Broadcasting_Company" title="King Broadcasting Company">King Broadcasting</a> upon that companys sale to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Providence_Journal" title="The Providence Journal">The Providence Journal</a></i> Company in <a href="/wiki/1992_in_radio" title="1992 in radio">1992</a>. Even after the sale, the radio station was long co-located with the television operation. KING-FM moved to an office building several blocks away in 1999.</p>
+<p>KING-FM began broadcasting in Seattle in <a href="/wiki/1948_in_radio" title="1948 in radio">1948</a>, originally at FM 94.9, owned by King Broadcasting co-owner <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bullitt" title="Dorothy Bullitt">Dorothy Bullitt</a>. The year before, Bullitt had bought KEVR and changed it to <a href="/wiki/KFNQ" title="KFNQ">KING</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KRSC-historylink_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRSC-historylink-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sea-times-1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea-times-1990-3">[3]</a></sup> (Seattle is located in <a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County</a>, for which its <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call letters</a> were chosen.) Bullitt also owned KRSC-FM, which had gone on the air around 1947 at FM 98.1 under different ownership and been acquired by Bullitt in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-KRSC-historylink_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRSC-historylink-2">[2]</a></sup> The classical-music station KING-FM moved from 94.9 to 98.1 MHz in 1958, replacing KRSC-FM. The 94.9 transmitter was donated to Edison Vocational School, who used it to begin broadcasting <a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">KUOW-FM</a> on that frequency.</p>
+<p>During the late 1970s, KING-FM carried syndicated concert broadcasts by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> (usually under direction of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a>), the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Symphony">Boston Symphony</a>. Many of the syndicated concert programs featured well-known instrumentalists and conductors performing works which they never recorded commercially - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> conducting the New York Philharmonic in a highly memorable 1976 reading of <a href="/wiki/Bruckner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruckner">Bruckner</a>'s Sixth Symphony in A major.</p>
+<p>In the mid-1970s, KING-FM's schedule also included specialized programs showcasing Quadraphonic LP recordings and historical recordings. In 1983, KING-FM was the first station in the Seattle area to utilize <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> technology for its recordings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>In <a href="/wiki/1993_in_radio" title="1993 in radio">1993</a>, KING-FM relocated its transmitter from Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne,_Seattle" title="Queen Anne, Seattle">Queen Anne Hill</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Mountain" title="Tiger Mountain">Tiger Mountain</a> near Issaquah. This higher-altitude transmitter location provided a vast improvement in the reception quality of KING-FM's signal throughout the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> area, and the Cascades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>KING-FM was also one of the first radio stations to broadcast its programming online, becoming one of the first <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet radio</a> stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>Although KING-FM is owned by a non-profit entity, the station had continued to operate on a commercial basis. However, on March 23, 2010, KING-FM announced that it would transition to a <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a> station in July 2011, citing reduced advertising revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-psbj-kingfmpubcaster_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psbj-kingfmpubcaster-4">[4]</a></sup> Successful fundraising efforts led the station to announce on April 7, 2011, that the transition will instead take place on May 2, two months ahead of schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-spi-kingnoncommay_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spi-kingnoncommay-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2011, Classical KING FM 98.1 made the successful transition from a commercial to a non-commercial public radio station. Now as a listener-supported station, Classical KING FM 98.1 has added new programming and increased on-air music.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KING-FM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdradio.com/station_guides/widget.php?id=11">http://hdradio.com/station_guides/widget.php?id=11</a> HD Radio Guide for Seattle-Tacoma</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-KRSC-historylink-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KRSC-historylink_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRSC-historylink_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Blecha, Peter (March 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9342">"KRSC: Seattle's Radio and TV Pioneers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HistoryLink" title="HistoryLink">HistoryLink</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryLink&rft.atitle=KRSC%3A+Seattle%27s+Radio+and+TV+Pioneers&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft.aulast=Blecha&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Findex.cfm%3FDisplayPage%3Doutput.cfm%26file_id%3D9342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKING-FM" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sea-times-1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sea-times-1990_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Duncan, Don (August 22, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19900822&slug=1089112">"Pioneers In Broadcasting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Pioneers+In+Broadcasting&rft.date=1990-08-22&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19900822%26slug%3D1089112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKING-FM" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-psbj-kingfmpubcaster-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psbj-kingfmpubcaster_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2010/03/22/daily16.html">"Classic-music KING FM to rely on listeners"</a>. <i>Puget Sound Business Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals" title="American City Business Journals">American City Business Journals</a>. March 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Puget+Sound+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Classic-music+KING+FM+to+rely+on+listeners&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fseattle%2Fstories%2F2010%2F03%2F22%2Fdaily16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKING-FM" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-spi-kingnoncommay-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spi-kingnoncommay_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rolph, Amy (April 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/KING-FM-will-become-listener-supported-sooner-1327856.php">"KING FM will become listener-supported sooner than thought"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=KING+FM+will+become+listener-supported+sooner+than+thought&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.aulast=Rolph&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FKING-FM-will-become-listener-supported-sooner-1327856.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKING-FM" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KING-FM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.king.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KING-FM">Query the FCC's FM station database for KING-FM</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio-locator.com/info/KING-FM-FM">Radio-Locator information on KING-FM</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=FA17&band=fm&callLetter=KING-FM">Query Nielsen Audio's FM station database for KING-FM</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_stations_in_the_Seattle.E2.80.93Tacoma_market" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seattle_Radio" title="Template:Seattle Radio"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seattle_Radio" title="Template talk:Seattle Radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Seattle_Radio&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Radio_stations_in_the_Seattle.E2.80.93Tacoma_market" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio stations in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> market</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM frequency</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNCL518" class="mw-redirect" title="KNCL518">530</a><sup>1</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVI" title="KVI">570</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KCIS" title="KCIS">630</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KIRO_(AM)" title="KIRO (AM)">710</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KTTH" title="KTTH">770</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGNW" title="KGNW">820</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHHO" title="KHHO">850</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KIXI" title="KIXI">880</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KJR_(AM)" title="KJR (AM)">950</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO_(AM)" title="KOMO (AM)">1000</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBLE" title="KBLE">1050</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KFNQ" title="KFNQ">1090</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKNW" title="KKNW">1150</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KLAY" title="KLAY">1180</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KMIA_(AM)" title="KMIA (AM)">1210</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KWYZ" title="KWYZ">1230</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKDZ" title="KKDZ">1250</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKOL_(AM)" title="KKOL (AM)">1300</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGRG_(AM)" title="KGRG (AM)">1330</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKMO" title="KKMO">1360</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRKO" title="KRKO">1380</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KITZ" title="KITZ">1400</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRIZ" title="KRIZ">1420</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KSUH" title="KSUH">1450</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KARR_(AM)" title="KARR (AM)">1460</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNTB" class="mw-redirect" title="KNTB">1480</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBRO" title="KBRO">1490</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKXA" title="KKXA">1520</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KXPA" title="KXPA">1540</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KZIZ" title="KZIZ">1560</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KLFE" title="KLFE">1590</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KYIZ" title="KYIZ">1620</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNTS_(AM)" title="KNTS (AM)">1680</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM frequency</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEFX" title="KEFX">88.1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">88.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KMIH" title="KMIH">88.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KQXI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KQXI (page does not exist)">89.1</a> (Issaquah)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">89.1</a> (Bremerton)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGRG-FM" title="KGRG-FM">89.3</a> (Sumner/Lake Tapps)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGHP" title="KGHP">89.3</a> (Gig Harbor)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNHC" title="KNHC">89.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KWFJ" title="KWFJ">89.7</a> (Roy)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">89.7</a> (Olympia)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KASB" title="KASB">89.9</a> (Bellevue)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGRG-FM" title="KGRG-FM">89.9</a> (Auburn)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGHP" title="KGHP">89.9</a> (Gig Harbor)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KXIR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KXIR (page does not exist)">89.9</a> (Freeland)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUPS" title="KUPS">90.1</a> (Tacoma)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPLI" class="mw-redirect" title="KPLI">90.1</a> (Olympia)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEXP-FM" title="KEXP-FM">90.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KSER" title="KSER">90.7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVTI" title="KVTI">90.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBCS" title="KBCS">91.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WUFM" title="WUFM">91.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KYFQ" title="KYFQ">91.7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">92.1</a> (West Seattle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNTB" class="mw-redirect" title="KNTB">92.1</a> (Tacoma)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KQMV" title="KQMV">92.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KNLI-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KNLI-LP (page does not exist)">92.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPWK" title="KPWK">93.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KMPS-FM" title="KMPS-FM">94.1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KTTH" title="KTTH">94.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">94.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KZIZ" title="KZIZ">95.3</a> (Kent)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRKO" title="KRKO">95.3</a> (Everett)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KJR-FM" title="KJR-FM">95.7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KXXO" title="KXXO">96.1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KJAQ" title="KJAQ">96.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KIRO-FM" title="KIRO-FM">97.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO-FM" title="KOMO-FM">97.7</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">98.1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KARR_(AM)" title="KARR (AM)">98.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVRQ" title="KVRQ">98.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KDDS-FM" title="KDDS-FM">99.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KISW" title="KISW">99.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KYFQ" title="KYFQ">100.3</a> (Tacoma)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KHUH-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KHUH-LP (page does not exist)">100.3</a> (Seattle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBLE" title="KBLE">100.3</a> (Shoreline)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KUCP-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KUCP-LP (page does not exist)">100.3</a> (Kent)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKWF" title="KKWF">100.7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KXDP-LP" title="KXDP-LP">101.1</a> (Seattle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKXA" title="KKXA">101.1</a> (Snohomish)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPLZ-FM" title="KPLZ-FM">101.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KQES-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KQES-LP (page does not exist)">101.9</a> (Bellevue)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KVSH-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KVSH-LP (page does not exist)">101.9</a> (Vashon)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KCSC-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KCSC-LP (page does not exist)">101.9</a> (Mukilteo)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO-FM" title="KOMO-FM">102.1</a> (Auburn)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KXSU-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KXSU-LP (page does not exist)">102.1</a> (Seattle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KZOK-FM" title="KZOK-FM">102.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KFOO" title="KFOO">102.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KAPY-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KAPY-LP (page does not exist)">103.1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHTP" title="KHTP">103.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHTP" title="KHTP">103.7</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGNW" title="KGNW">104.1</a> (Seattle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHTP" title="KHTP">104.1</a> (Olympia)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAFE" title="KAFE">104.1</a> (Bellingham)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WXJC-FM" title="WXJC-FM">104.1</a> (Lakewood)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KLSW" title="KLSW">104.5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUBE_(FM)" title="KUBE (FM)">104.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KCMS" title="KCMS">105.3</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGHP" title="KGHP">105.7</a> (Gig Harbor)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">105.7</a> (Orting)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVRU-LP" title="KVRU-LP">105.7</a> (Seattle)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBKS-FM" title="KBKS-FM">106.1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WUFM" title="WUFM">106.5</a> (Granite Falls)</li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KQWZ-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KQWZ-LP (page does not exist)">106.5</a> (SeaTac)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRWM" title="KRWM">106.9</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">107.3</a> (Greenwater)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KWJZ-LP" title="KWJZ-LP">107.3</a> (High Rock)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNDD" title="KNDD">107.7</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a><br />
+frequency</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WWG24" class="mw-redirect" title="WWG24">162.425</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WXM62" title="WXM62">162.475</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHB60" title="KHB60">162.55</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America" title="Call signs in North America">callsign</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEFX" title="KEFX">K201EN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEFX" title="KEFX">K205DF</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WUFM" title="WUFM">K206CJ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">K206DM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGRG-FM" title="KGRG-FM">K207AP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGHP" title="KGHP">K207AZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">K209FO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">K209FQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEFX" title="KEFX">K211FH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNTB" class="mw-redirect" title="KNTB">K221FJ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">K221FR</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KTTH" title="KTTH">K233BU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRKO" title="KRKO">K237GN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO-FM" title="KOMO-FM">K249DX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KARR_(AM)" title="KARR (AM)">K253CG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KYFQ" title="KYFQ">K262CI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KZIZ" title="KZIZ">K263BJ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKXA" title="KKXA">K266CJ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO-FM" title="KOMO-FM">K271BS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHTP" title="KHTP">K277AE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHTP" title="KHTP">K281AD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WXJC-FM" title="WXJC-FM">K281CI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGNW" title="KGNW">K281CQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">K289AK</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGHP" title="KGHP">K289BZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WRUM" title="WRUM">K293AY</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KAWZ" class="mw-redirect" title="KAWZ">K297BD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBLE" title="KBLE">K300CU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KAPY-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KAPY-LP (page does not exist)">KAPY-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KARR_(AM)" title="KARR (AM)">KARR</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KASB" title="KASB">KASB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBCS" title="KBCS">KBCS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBKS-FM" title="KBKS-FM">KBKS-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBLE" title="KBLE">KBLE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KBRO" title="KBRO">KBRO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KCIS" title="KCIS">KCIS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KCMS" title="KCMS">KCMS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KCSC-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KCSC-LP (page does not exist)">KCSC-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KDDS-FM" title="KDDS-FM">KDDS-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEXP-FM" title="KEXP-FM">KEXP-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KFNQ" title="KFNQ">KFNQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KFOO" title="KFOO">KFOO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGHP" title="KGHP">KGHP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGNW" title="KGNW">KGNW</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGRG_(AM)" title="KGRG (AM)">KGRG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KGRG-FM" title="KGRG-FM">KGRG-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHB60" title="KHB60">KHB60</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHHO" title="KHHO">KHHO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KHTP" title="KHTP">KHTP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KHUH-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KHUH-LP (page does not exist)">KHUH-LP</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KING-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KIRO_(AM)" title="KIRO (AM)">KIRO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KIRO-FM" title="KIRO-FM">KIRO-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KISW" title="KISW">KISW</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KITZ" title="KITZ">KITZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNCL518" class="mw-redirect" title="KNCL518">KNCL518</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KLFE" title="KLFE">KLFE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KIXI" title="KIXI">KIXI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KJAQ" title="KJAQ">KJAQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KJR_(AM)" title="KJR (AM)">KJR</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KJR-FM" title="KJR-FM">KJR-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKDZ" title="KKDZ">KKDZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKMO" title="KKMO">KKMO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKNW" title="KKNW">KKNW</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKOL_(AM)" title="KKOL (AM)">KKOL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKWF" title="KKWF">KKWF</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KKXA" title="KKXA">KKXA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KLAY" title="KLAY">KLAY</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KLSW" title="KLSW">KLSW</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KMIA_(AM)" title="KMIA (AM)">KMIA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KMIH" title="KMIH">KMIH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KMPS-FM" title="KMPS-FM">KMPS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNDD" title="KNDD">KNDD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNHC" title="KNHC">KNHC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">KNKX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KNLI-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KNLI-LP (page does not exist)">KNLI-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNTB" class="mw-redirect" title="KNTB">KNTB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNTS_(AM)" title="KNTS (AM)">KNTS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO_(AM)" title="KOMO (AM)">KOMO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KOMO-FM" title="KOMO-FM">KOMO-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPLI" class="mw-redirect" title="KPLI">KPLI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPLZ-FM" title="KPLZ-FM">KPLZ-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPWK" title="KPWK">KPWK</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KQES-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KQES-LP (page does not exist)">KQES-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KQMV" title="KQMV">KQMV</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KQWZ-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KQWZ-LP (page does not exist)">KQWZ-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRIZ" title="KRIZ">KRIZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRKO" title="KRKO">KRKO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KRWM" title="KRWM">KRWM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KSER" title="KSER">KSER</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KSUH" title="KSUH">KSUH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KTTH" title="KTTH">KTTH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUBE_(FM)" title="KUBE (FM)">KUBE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KUCP-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KUCP-LP (page does not exist)">KUCP-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">KUOW-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUPS" title="KUPS">KUPS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVI" title="KVI">KVI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVRQ" title="KVRQ">KVRQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVRU-LP" title="KVRU-LP">KVRU-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KVSH-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KVSH-LP (page does not exist)">KVSH-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KVTI" title="KVTI">KVTI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KWJZ-LP" title="KWJZ-LP">KWJZ-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KWYZ" title="KWYZ">KWYZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KXPA" title="KXPA">KXPA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KXSU-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KXSU-LP (page does not exist)">KXSU-LP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KXXO" title="KXXO">KXXO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KYFQ" title="KYFQ">KYFQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KYIZ" title="KYIZ">KYIZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KZIZ" title="KZIZ">KZIZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KZOK-FM" title="KZOK-FM">KZOK-FM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WWG24" class="mw-redirect" title="WWG24">WWG24</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WXM62" title="WXM62">WXM62</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Travelers%27_information_station" title="Travelers' information station">Travelers' information station</a> for <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="Washington State Department of Transportation">WSDOT</a>
+<div class="hlist" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller">
+<dl>
+<dt>Satellite radio local traffic/weather</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Channel 221</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Channel 156</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<dl>
+<dt>Nearby radio markets</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Washington_Radio" title="Template:Northwest Washington Radio">Northwest Washington</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Portland,_Oregon_Radio" title="Template:Portland, Oregon Radio">Portland</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Vancouver_Radio" title="Template:Vancouver Radio">Vancouver, BC</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Vancouver_Island_Radio" title="Template:Vancouver Island Radio">Victoria & Mid Island</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Wenatchee_Radio" title="Template:Wenatchee Radio">Wenatchee</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Yakima_Radio" title="Template:Yakima Radio">Yakima</a></dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>See also</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Washington" title="List of radio stations in Washington">List of radio stations in Washington</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NPR_member_stations_and_other_Public_radio_stations_in_the_state_of_Washington" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NPR_Washington" title="Template:NPR Washington"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NPR_Washington" title="Template talk:NPR Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:NPR_Washington&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="NPR_member_stations_and_other_Public_radio_stations_in_the_state_of_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> member stations and other <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public radio stations</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Public_Radio" title="Northwest Public Radio">Northwest Public Radio</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>Bellingham KZAZ</li>
+<li>Clarkston KNWV</li>
+<li>Ellensburg KNWR</li>
+<li>Moses Lake KLWS</li>
+<li>Mount Vernon KMWS</li>
+<li>Omak KQWS</li>
+<li>Port Angeles KNWP</li>
+<li>Pullman KWSU/KRFA</li>
+<li>Richland KFAE</li>
+<li>Tacoma KVTI</li>
+<li>Walla Walla KWWS</li>
+<li>Yakima KNWY</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friends of 88.5</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">Olympia KPLI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">Seattle/Tacoma KNKX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNKX" title="KNKX">Port Angeles KVIX</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated with University of Washington</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KEXP-FM" title="KEXP-FM">Seattle KEXP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">Seattle KUOW</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spokane Public Radio</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPBX-FM" title="KPBX-FM">Spokane KPBX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KPBZ" title="KPBZ">Spokane KPBZ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KSFC" title="KSFC">Spokane KSFC</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other stations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seattle KING</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_NPR_stations" title="List of NPR stations">List of NPR stations</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<div class="hlist" style="font-size:smaller; font-weight:bold">
+<dl>
+<dt>See also</dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Adult_Contemporary_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Adult Contemporary Radio Stations in Washington">adult contemporary</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Classic_Hits_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Classic Hits Radio Stations in Washington">classic hits</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_college_radio" title="Template:Washington college radio">college</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Country_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Country Radio Stations in Washington">country</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:News/Talk_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:News/Talk Radio Stations in Washington">news/talk</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:NPR_Washington" title="Template:NPR Washington">NPR</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Oldies_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Oldies Radio Stations in Washington">oldies</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Religious Radio Stations in Washington">religious</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Sports_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Sports Radio Stations in Washington">sports</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Contemporary_Hit_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Contemporary Hit Radio Stations in Washington">top 40</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" title="Urban contemporary">urban</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Radio_Stations_in_Washington" title="Template:Spanish Radio Stations in Washington">other</a> radio stations in Washington</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=KING-FM&params=47.504_N_121.976_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">473014N</span> <span class="longitude">1215834W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.504N 121.976W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.504; -121.976</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
+
+
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For specific light rail systems, many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a>.</div>
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+<a href="/wiki/Transportation_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation of Los Angeles">Los Angeles' expansion of mass transit</a> has been driven in large part by light rail.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b>Light rail</b>, <b>light rail transit</b> (<b>LRT</b>), or <b>fast tram</b> is urban <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> using <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> similar to a <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramway</a>, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg/220px-Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg/330px-Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg/440px-Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_line_Trax_at_Gallivan_Plaza.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Utah_Transit_Authority" title="Utah Transit Authority">Utah Transit Authority</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TRAX_(light_rail)" title="TRAX (light rail)">TRAX</a> is one of the fastest growing light rail systems in the United States.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg/220px-Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg/330px-Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg/440px-Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5230" data-file-height="3487" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_8_under_Longwood_Avenue_bridge.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+With nearly a quarter million riders served each day, <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston's</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)" title="Green Line (MBTA)">MBTA Green Line</a> is the busiest light rail system in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>There is no standard definition, but in the United States (where the terminology was devised in the 1970s from the engineering term <i><a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railway</a></i>), light rail operates primarily along exclusive <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights-of-way</a> and uses either individual tramcars or multiple units coupled to form a train that is lower capacity and lower speed than a long heavy <a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger train">passenger train</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-APTA-def_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA-def-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTA-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WILRT.3F_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WILRT.3F-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A few light rail networks tend to have characteristics closer to <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> or even commuter rail; some of these heavier rapid transit-like systems are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">light metros</a>. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets. Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been especially popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs and increased reliability compared with heavy rail systems.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Lower_capacity"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lower capacity</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Higher_capacity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Higher capacity</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Mixed_systems"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mixed systems</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Speed_and_stop_frequency"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Speed and stop frequency</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#System-wide_considerations"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">System-wide considerations</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Track_gauge"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Track gauge</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison to other rail transit modes</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Typical_rolling_stock"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Typical rolling stock</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Train_operation"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Train operation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Floor_height"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Floor height</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Power_sources"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Power sources</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tram_and_other_light_rail_transit_systems_worldwide"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Tram and other light rail transit systems worldwide</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Capacity"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Capacity</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Efficiency"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Efficiency</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Comparison_with_high_capacity_roads"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison with high capacity roads</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Practical_considerations"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Practical considerations</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Safety"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Safety</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Health_impact_of_light_rail"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Health impact of light rail</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Integration_with_bicycles"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Integration with bicycles</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Construction_and_operation_costs"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Construction and operation costs</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Variations"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Variations</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Trams_operating_on_mainline_railways"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trams operating on mainline railways</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Third-rail_power_for_trams"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Third-rail power for trams</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Trams">History of Trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_North_America" title="Light rail in North America">Light rail in North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car (railway)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StreetCarSRM.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StreetCarSRM.jpg/220px-StreetCarSRM.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StreetCarSRM.jpg/330px-StreetCarSRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StreetCarSRM.jpg/440px-StreetCarSRM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:StreetCarSRM.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Streetcar built by <a href="/wiki/Preston_Car_Company" title="Preston Car Company">Preston Car Company</a> in Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-SRM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRM-6">[6]</a></sup></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Many original tram and streetcar systems in the United Kingdom, United States, and elsewhere were decommissioned starting in the 1950s as the popularity of the automobile increased. Britain abandoned its last tram system, except for <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool tramway">Blackpool</a>, by 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Although some traditional trolley or tram systems exist to this day, the term "light rail" has come to mean a different type of rail system. Modern light rail technology has primarily West German origins, since an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Vertol">Boeing Vertol</a> to introduce a new American light rail vehicle was a technical failure. After World War II, the Germans retained many of their streetcar networks and evolved them into model light rail systems (<i>Stadtbahnen</i>). Except for <a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg, Germany">Hamburg</a>, all large and most medium-sized German cities maintain light rail networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottoms_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottoms-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The basic concepts of light rail were put forward by H. Dean Quinby in 1962 in an article in <i>Traffic Quarterly</i> called "Major Urban Corridor Facilities: A New Concept". Quinby distinguished this new concept in rail transportation from historic streetcar or tram systems as:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>having the capacity to carry more passengers</li>
+<li>appearing like a train, with more than one car connected together</li>
+<li>having more doors to facilitate full utilization of the space</li>
+<li>faster and quieter in operation</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The term <b>light rail transit</b> (LRT) was introduced in North America in 1972 to describe this new concept of rail transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The first of the new light rail systems in North America began operation in 1978 when the Canadian city of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</a>, adopted the German <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Duewag_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens-Duewag U2">Siemens-Duewag U2</a> system, followed three years later by <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>. The concept proved popular, and although Canada has few cities big enough for light rail, there are now at least 30 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_light_rail_systems_by_ridership" title="List of United States light rail systems by ridership">light rail systems in the United States</a>.</p>
+<p>Britain began replacing its run-down local railways with light rail in the 1980s, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a> and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> (DLR) in London. The historic term <a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railway</a> was used because it dated from the British <a href="/wiki/Light_Railways_Act_1896" title="Light Railways Act 1896">Light Railways Act 1896</a>, although the technology used in the DLR system was at the high end of what Americans considered to be <i>light rail</i>. The trend to light rail in the United Kingdom was firmly established with the success of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> system in 1992.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition">Definition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lrt7770.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lrt7770.JPG/220px-Lrt7770.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lrt7770.JPG/330px-Lrt7770.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lrt7770.JPG/440px-Lrt7770.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lrt7770.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Light_Rail_Transit" title="Edmonton Light Rail Transit">Edmonton Light Rail Transit</a> in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, was the first modern LRT line in North America</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Metrolink_light_rail_@_Central_West.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Metrolink_light_rail_%40_Central_West.jpg/220px-Metrolink_light_rail_%40_Central_West.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Metrolink_light_rail_%40_Central_West.jpg/330px-Metrolink_light_rail_%40_Central_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Metrolink_light_rail_%40_Central_West.jpg/440px-Metrolink_light_rail_%40_Central_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1874" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Metrolink_light_rail_@_Central_West.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/MetroLink_(St._Louis)" title="MetroLink (St. Louis)">MetroLink</a> light rail in St. Louis, Missouri, United States</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg/220px-PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg" width="220" height="280" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg/330px-PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg/440px-PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1201" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PreMetro_at_Plaza_de_los_Virreyes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Premetro_(Buenos_Aires)" title="Premetro (Buenos Aires)">Buenos Aires Premetro</a>, built in 1987</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The term <i>light rail</i> was coined in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>) to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">Stadtbahn</a></i> (to be distinguished from <i><a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></i>, which stands for <i>Stadtschnellbahn</i>) was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, which is <i>city rail</i> (the Norwegian term, <i>bybane</i>, means the same). However, UMTA finally adopted the term <i>light rail</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> <i>Light</i> in this context is used in the sense of "intended for light loads and fast movement", rather than referring to physical weight. The infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system.</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a> (Transportation Systems Center) defined "light rail" in 1977 as "a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved but not necessarily grade-separated rights-of-way. Electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a wide range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs."</p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a> (APTA), in its Glossary of Transit Terminology, defines light rail as:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>...a mode of transit service (also called streetcar, tramway, or trolley) operating passenger rail cars singly (or in short, usually two-car or three-car, trains) on fixed rails in right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic for part or much of the way. Light rail vehicles are typically driven electrically with power being drawn from an overhead electric line via a <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley [pole]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a>; driven by an operator on board the vehicle; and may have either high platform loading or low level boarding using steps."<sup id="cite_ref-APTA-def_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA-def-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>However, some diesel-powered transit is designated light rail, such as the <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada, the <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(NJ_Transit)" title="River Line (NJ Transit)">River Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(light_rail)" title="Sprinter (light rail)">Sprinter</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States, which use <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple unit (DMU)</a> cars.</p>
+<p><i>Light rail</i> is similar to the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railway</a></i>, long-used to distinguish railway operations carried out under a less rigorous set of regulation using lighter equipment at lower speeds from mainline railways. <i>Light rail</i> is a generic <a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">international English</a> phrase for these types of rail systems, which means more or less the same thing throughout the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>.</p>
+<p>The use of the generic term <i>light rail</i> avoids some serious incompatibilities between <a href="/wiki/List_of_words_having_different_meanings_in_British_and_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of words having different meanings in British and American English">British and American English</a>. The word <i>tram</i>, for instance, is generally used in the UK and many former British colonies to refer to what is known in North America as a <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a>, but in North America <i>tram</i> can instead refer to an <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">aerial tramway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Disneyland (disambiguation)">the Disney amusement parks</a>, even a <a href="/wiki/Land_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Land train">land train</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> (The usual British term for an aerial tramway is <i>cable car</i>, which in the US usually refers to a <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">ground-level car pulled along by subterranean cables</a>.) The word <a href="/wiki/Trolley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trolley (disambiguation)">trolley</a> is often used as a synonym for <i>streetcar</i> in the United States, but is usually taken to mean a cart, particularly a shopping cart, in the UK and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Many North American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_transportation_Planner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional transportation Planner (page does not exist)">transportation planners</a> reserve <i>streetcar</i> for traditional vehicles that operate exclusively in mixed traffic on city streets, while they use <i>light rail</i> to refer to more modern vehicles operating mostly in exclusive rights of way, since they may operate both side-by-side targeted at different passenger groups.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The difference between British English and American English terminology arose in the late 19th century when Americans adopted the term "street railway", rather than "tramway", with the vehicles being called "streetcars" rather than "trams". Some have suggested that the Americans' preference for the term "street railway" at that time was influenced by German emigrants to the United States<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> (who were more numerous than British immigrants in the industrialized Northeast), as it is the same as the German term for the mode, <i>Straenbahn</i> (meaning "street railway"). A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its <i>trams</i> except <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool tramway">Blackpool</a> after World War II, seven major North American cities (<a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston-area_streetcar_lines" title="Boston-area streetcar lines">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Subway-Surface_Trolley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA Subway-Surface Trolley Lines">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Railway" title="San Francisco Municipal Railway">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Light_Rail" title="Pittsburgh Light Rail">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newark_Light_Rail" title="Newark Light Rail">Newark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">New Orleans</a>) continued to operate large <i>streetcar</i> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> When these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it <i>light rail</i> to differentiate it from their existing <i>streetcars</i> since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Since the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, has built all three types of system: a high-capacity <a href="/wiki/MAX_Light_Rail" title="MAX Light Rail">light rail system</a> in dedicated lanes and rights-of-way, a low-capacity <a href="/wiki/Portland_Streetcar" title="Portland Streetcar">streetcar system</a> integrated with street traffic, and an <a href="/wiki/Portland_Aerial_Tram" title="Portland Aerial Tram">aerial tram system</a>.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg/220px-SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg/330px-SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg/440px-SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1169" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SEPTA_Light_Rail.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>'s 101 trolley pulling into <a href="/wiki/69th_Street_Transportation_Center" title="69th Street Transportation Center">69th Street Terminal</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The opposite phrase <i>heavy rail</i>, used for higher-capacity, higher-speed systems, also avoids some incompatibilities in terminology between British and American English, as for instance in comparing the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>. Conventional rail technologies including <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed</a>, freight, <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">commuter/regional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro/subway/elevated</a> urban transit systems are considered "heavy rail". <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People movers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">personal rapid transit</a> are even "lighter," at least in terms of capacity. <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a> is a separate technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg/220px-Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg/330px-Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg/440px-Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2814" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Metrolink_tram_at_Lower_Moseley_Street..jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Metrolink</a> in Manchester city centre, England, is an example of street-level light rail</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG/220px-Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG/330px-Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG/440px-Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenwich_DLR_west.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> in London, England, is an example of light rail separated from road traffic.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg/220px-Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg/330px-Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg/440px-Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="786" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tranv%C3%ADa_de_Tenerife1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Like most light rail systems, the <a href="/wiki/Tranvia_de_Tenerife" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranvia de Tenerife">Tranvia de Tenerife</a> (Tenerife, Spain) includes some operation at street level, but separated from other traffic</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail. A system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called "light rail" are in fact very similar to <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>; in recent years, new terms such as <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">light metro</a> have been used to describe these medium-capacity systems. Some "light rail" systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(light_rail)" title="Sprinter (light rail)">Sprinter</a>, bear little similarity to urban rail, and could alternatively be classified as commuter rail or even inter-city rail. In the United States, "light rail" has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems.</p>
+<p>There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit. Tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lower_capacity">Lower capacity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lower capacity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar or tram systems. There is a significant amount of overlap between the technologies, many of the same vehicles can be used for either, and it is common to classify streetcars or trams as a subcategory of light rail rather than as a distinct type of transportation. The two general versions are:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>The traditional type, where tracks and trains run along the streets and share space with road traffic. Stops tend to be very frequent, but little effort is made to set up special stations. Because space is shared, the tracks are usually visually unobtrusive.</li>
+<li>A more modern variation, where the trains tend to run along their own <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (railroad)">right-of-way</a>, separated from road traffic. Stops are generally less frequent, and the vehicles are often boarded from a platform. Tracks are highly visible, and in some cases significant effort is expended to keep traffic away through the use of special signaling, <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossings</a> with gate arms, or even a complete separation with non-level crossings.</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_capacity">Higher capacity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Higher capacity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg/220px-Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg/330px-Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg/440px-Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="940" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Light_Rail_Glebe_Tunnel_Entrance.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Hill_Line" title="Dulwich Hill Line">Dulwich Hill Line</a> is a line consisting of both conventional track and a short on-street section</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>At the highest degree of separation, it can be difficult to draw the line between light rail and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metros</a>, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Schwebebahn_Wuppertal" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwebebahn Wuppertal">Schwebebahn</a> hanging rail system, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_%22D%22_Branch" title="Green Line "D" Branch">"D" Branch of Boston's Green Line</a>, or London's <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a>, which would likely not be considered "light" were it not for the contrast between it and the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. These may be considered to be <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_transport_system" title="Medium-capacity rail transport system">light metro lines</a> rather than "light rail" lines. In Europe, however, the term <i>light rail</i> is increasingly used to describe any rapid transit system with a fairly low frequency or short trains compared to heavier mass rapid systems such as the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> or Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Mass Rapid Transit</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System_Line_1" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1">LRT-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila_Metro_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Metro Rail Transit System">MRT-3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> are often referred to as "light rail", despite being fully segregated, mostly elevated railways. This phenomenon is quite common in Chinese cities, where elevated light metro lines in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Metro" title="Wuhan Metro">Wuhan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Metro" title="Dalian Metro">Dalian</a> are called light rail lines. In North America, such systems are not considered light rail.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mixed_systems">Mixed systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mixed systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Many systems have mixed characteristics. Indeed, with proper engineering, a rail line could run along a street, then go underground, and then run along an elevated viaduct. For example, the Los Angeles <a href="/wiki/Metro_Rail_(Los_Angeles_County)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Rail (Los Angeles County)">Metro Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gold_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)" title="Gold Line (Los Angeles Metro)">Gold Line</a> "light rail" has sections that could alternatively be described as a tramway, a light metro, and, in a narrow sense, rapid transit. This is especially common in the United States, where there is not a popularly perceived distinction between these different types of urban rail systems.</p>
+<p>It is even possible to have high-floor rapid transit cars run along a street, like a tram; this is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Street_running" title="Street running">street running</a></i>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Speed_and_stop_frequency">Speed and stop frequency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Speed and stop frequency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In some areas, "light rail" may also refer to any rail line with frequent low speeds or many stops in a short distance. This inherits the old definition of <a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railway</a> in the UK. Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Rail (Hong Kong)">Light Rail</a> is an example of this, although it is also called "light rail" because it is a lower-scale system than the rest of the MTR. Sprinter in the San Diego area uses DMUs and is targeted towards a commuter rail audience; however, because of the large number of stops along the line, it is called light rail.</p>
+<p>Reference speed from major light rail systems, including station stop time, is shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>System</th>
+<th>Average speed (mph)</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Baltimore</td>
+<td>24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dallas (Red Line)</td>
+<td>21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dallas (Blue Line)</td>
+<td>19</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Denver (Alameda-Littleton)</td>
+<td>38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Denver (Downtown-Littleton)</td>
+<td>26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Los Angeles (Blue Line)</td>
+<td>24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Los Angeles (Green Line)</td>
+<td>38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Salt Lake City</td>
+<td>24</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>However, low top speed is not always a differentiating characteristic between light rail and other systems. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_S70" title="Siemens S70">Siemens S70</a> LRVs used in the <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> <a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> and other North American LRT systems have a top speed of 106 kilometres per hour (66 mph) while the trains on the all-underground <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a> can only reach a top speed of 72 kilometres per hour (45 mph). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Metro">Los Angeles Metro</a> light rail vehicles have higher top and average speeds than Montreal Metro or <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> trains.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The main difference is that Montreal Metro and New York City Subway trains carry far more passengers than any North American LRT system, and the trains have faster acceleration, making station-to-station times relatively short in their densely populated urban areas. Most light rail systems serve less densely populated cities and suburbs where passenger traffic is not high, but low cost combined with high top speed may be important to compete with automobiles.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="System-wide_considerations">System-wide considerations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: System-wide considerations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Many light rail systemseven fairly old oneshave a combination of both on- and off-road sections. In some countries (especially in Europe), only the latter is described as light rail. In those places, trams running on mixed rights-of-way are not regarded as light rail, but considered distinctly as streetcars or trams. However, the requirement for saying that a rail line is "separated" can be quite lowsometimes just with concrete "buttons" to discourage automobile drivers from getting onto the tracks. Some systems such as <a href="/wiki/Link_light_rail" title="Link light rail">Seattle's Link</a> are truly mixed but closed to traffic, with light rail vehicles and traditional buses both operating along a common right-of-way.</p>
+<p>Some systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK">AirTrain JFK</a> in New York City, the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">DLR</a> in London, and <a href="/wiki/Kelana_Jaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelana Jaya Line">Kelana Jaya Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia, have dispensed with the need for an operator. The <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> <a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a> was an early adopter of driverless vehicles, while the <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough RT">Scarborough rapid transit</a> operates the same trains as Vancouver, but uses drivers. In most discussions and comparisons, these specialized systems are generally not considered light rail.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Track_gauge">Track gauge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Track gauge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a> has had considerable variations, with <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways">narrow gauge</a> common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottoms_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottoms-8">[8]</a></sup> Older standard-gauge vehicles could not negotiate sharp turns as easily as narrow-gauge ones, but modern light rail systems achieve tighter turning radii by using <a href="/wiki/Articulated_car" title="Articulated car">articulated cars</a>. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be moved around, conveniently using the same tracks as freight railways. Another factor favoring standard gauge is that <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> laws are making <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_tram" title="Low-floor tram">low-floor trams</a> mandatory, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow-gauge layout. Furthermore, standard-gauge rolling stock can be switched between networks either temporarily or permanently and both newly built and used standard-gauge rolling stock tends to be cheaper to buy, as more companies offer such vehicles.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_to_other_rail_transit_modes">Comparison to other rail transit modes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison to other rail transit modes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>With its mix of right-of-way types and train control technologies, LRT offers the widest range of latitude of any rail system in the design, engineering, and operating practices. The challenge in designing light rail systems is to realize the potential of LRT to provide fast, comfortable service while avoiding the tendency to overdesign that results in excessive capital costs beyond what is necessary to meet the public's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th style="width:15%;">Alternative</th>
+<th>Differences</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></td>
+<td>Light rail vehicles (LRVs) are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid rail transit</a> (RRT) vehicles by their capability for operation in mixed traffic, generally resulting in a narrower car body and articulation in order to operate in a street traffic environment. With their large size, large turning radius, and often an electrified <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>, RRT vehicles cannot operate in the street. Since LRT systems can operate in existing streets, they can often avoid the cost of expensive <a href="/wiki/Grade-separated" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade-separated">grade-separated</a> subway and elevated segments that would be required with RRT.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Streetcars or trams</a></td>
+<td>Conversely, LRVs generally outperform traditional streetcars in terms of capacity and top-end speed, and almost all modern LRVs are capable of <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-unit operation">multiple-unit operation</a>. The latest generation of LRVs is considerably larger and faster, typically 29 metres (95 ft) long with a maximum speed of around 105 kilometres per hour (65 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcars</a></td>
+<td>A variation considered by many cities is to use historic or replica cars on their streetcar systems instead of modern LRVs. A heritage streetcar may not have the capacity and speed of an LRV, but it will add to the ambiance and historic character of its location.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Medium_capacity_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium capacity system">Light metro</a></td>
+<td>A derivative of LRT is light rail rapid transit (LRRT), also referred to as <i>light metro.</i> Such railways are characterized by exclusive rights of way, advanced train control systems, short headway capability, and floor-level boarding. These systems approach the passenger capacity of full metro systems, but can be cheaper to construct due to LRVs generally being smaller in size, turning tighter curves and climbing steeper grades than standard RRT vehicles, and having a smaller station size.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurbans</a></td>
+<td>The term <i>interurban</i> mainly refers to rail cars that run through streets like ordinary streetcars (trams), but also between cities or towns, often through rural environments. In the period 19001930, interurbans were very common in the US, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>. Some of them, like the <a href="/wiki/Red_Devil_(interurban)" title="Red Devil (interurban)">Red Devils</a>, the J. G. Brill <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(interurban)" title="Bullet (interurban)">Bullets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Electroliner" title="Electroliner">Electroliners</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railcars</a> of their time, with an in-service speed of up to about 145 km/h (90 mph). In Europe interurbans are making a comeback as "<a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-trains</a>" (locally known under different names) that operate on both railway and light rail tracks, often with different voltage. The <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn" title="Karlsruhe Stadtbahn">Karlsruhe Stadtbahn</a> is one well known example.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Typical_rolling_stock">Typical rolling stock</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Typical rolling stock">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/BART" class="mw-redirect" title="BART">BART</a> railcar in the following chart is <i>not</i> generally considered to be a "light rail" vehicle (it is actually a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a> vehicle), and is only included for comparison purposes.</p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Type</th>
+<td>Rapid transit (heavy rail)</td>
+<td>Light rail</td>
+<td>Tram, or streetcar</td>
+<td>Heritage streetcar</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Manufacturer</th>
+<td>Rohr</td>
+<td>Siemens</td>
+<td>Skoda</td>
+<td>Gomaco Trolley Co.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Model</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit_rolling_stock#A_and_B_series" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit rolling stock">BART A-Car</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Siemens_S70" title="Siemens S70">S70</a></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_10_T" title="koda 10 T">10T</a></td>
+<td>Replica Birney</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Width</th>
+<td>3.2 metres (10 ft)</td>
+<td>2.7 metres (8.9 ft)</td>
+<td>2.6 metres (8.53 ft)</td>
+<td>2.62 metres (8.6 ft)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Length</th>
+<td>22.9 metres (75 ft)</td>
+<td>27.7 metres (91 ft) <a href="/wiki/Articulated_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulated tram">articulated</a></td>
+<td>20.13 metres (66.0 ft) articulated</td>
+<td>15.16 metres (49.7 ft)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Weight (empty)</th>
+<td>TBD</td>
+<td>48.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>t<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[21]</a></sup></td>
+<td>28.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>t</td>
+<td>23.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>t<sup id="cite_ref-Gomaco_Trolley_Company_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomaco_Trolley_Company-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Capacity</th>
+<td>150 max.</td>
+<td>72 seats, 220 max.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[21]</a></sup></td>
+<td>30 seats, 157 max.</td>
+<td>40 seats, 50 max.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomaco_Trolley_Company_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomaco_Trolley_Company-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Top speed</th>
+<td>125 km/h (78 mph)</td>
+<td>106 km/h (66 mph)</td>
+<td>70 km/h (43 mph)</td>
+<td>48 km/h (30 mph)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Typical consist</th>
+<td>410 vehicles</td>
+<td>25 vehicles</td>
+<td>1 vehicle</td>
+<td>1 vehicle</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Train_operation">Train operation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Train operation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details on this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation</a>.</div>
+<p>An important factor crucial to LRT is the train operator. Unlike rail rapid transit, which can travel unattended under automatic train operation (ATO), safe, high-quality LRT operation relies on a human operator as a key element. The reason that the operator is so important is because the train tracks often share the streets with automobiles, other vehicles, and pedestrians. If trains were fully automated on roads, nobody would be there to stop the train if a car pulled in front of it. Light rail trains are actually very sturdily built for passenger safety, and to reduce damage from impacts with cars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Floor_height">Floor height</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Floor height">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details on this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Low_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low floor">Low floor</a>.</div>
+<p>The latest generation of LRVs has the advantage of partially or fully low-floor design, with the floor of the vehicles only 300 to 360 mm (11.8 to 14.2 in) above the top of the rail, a feature not found in either rapid rail transit vehicles or streetcars. This allows them to load passengers, including those in wheelchairs or strollers, directly from low-rise platforms that are little more than raised sidewalks. This satisfies requirements to provide access to disabled passengers without using expensive and delay-inducing wheelchair lifts, while also making boarding faster and easier for other passengers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Power_sources">Power sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Power sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">Overhead lines</a> supply electricity to the vast majority of light rail systems. This avoids the danger of passengers stepping on an electrified <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> uses an inverted third rail for its electrical power, which allows the electrified rail to be covered and the power drawn from the underside. Trams in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_tramway" title="Bordeaux tramway">Bordeaux</a>, France, use a <a href="/wiki/Ground_level_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground level power supply">special third-rail configuration</a> where the power is only switched on beneath the trams, making it safe on city streets. Several systems in Europe and a few recently opened systems in North America use <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a>-powered trains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tram_and_other_light_rail_transit_systems_worldwide">Tram and other light rail transit systems worldwide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tram and other light rail transit systems worldwide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trendelacosta.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trendelacosta.JPG/220px-Trendelacosta.JPG" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trendelacosta.JPG/330px-Trendelacosta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trendelacosta.JPG/440px-Trendelacosta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="371" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trendelacosta.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Tren_de_la_Costa" title="Tren de la Costa">Tren de la Costa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Greater Buenos Aires</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="Tram and light rail transit systems">Tram and light rail transit systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a></div>
+<p>Around the world there are many tram and streetcar systems. Some date from the beginning of the 20th century or earlier, but many of the original tram and streetcar systems were closed down in the mid-20th century, with the exceptions of many Eastern Europe countries. Even though many systems closed down over the years, there are still a number of tram systems that have been operating much as they did when they were first built over a century ago. Some cities (such as Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a>) that once closed down their streetcar networks are now restoring, or have already rebuilt, at least some of their former streetcar/tram systems. Most light rail services are currently committed to articulated vehicles like modern LRVs, i.e. trams, with the exception of large underground metro or rapid transit systems.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KRMetrotram.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KRMetrotram.jpg/220px-KRMetrotram.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KRMetrotram.jpg/330px-KRMetrotram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KRMetrotram.jpg/440px-KRMetrotram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="800" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KRMetrotram.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Metrotram in Kryvyi Rih (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Capacity">Capacity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Capacity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg/220px-A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg/330px-A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg/440px-A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="3936" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Crystal_Mover_LRT_train_on_boarding.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Mover" title="Crystal Mover">Crystal Mover</a> LRT train on boarding</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Efficiency">Efficiency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Efficiency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The table below illustrates the capacity of a light rail train (the Siemens S70) compared to that of a standard car with five seats. The average length of a standard five-seat car is about 4.74 metres. The length of a Siemens S70 light rail vehicle is 27.7 meters, approximately the same length as 5.8 cars. The maximum occupancy of a five-seat automobile car is five people. The maximum capacity of the Siemens S70 is 220 people. This means that one metre in a car has a capacity of one person and one metre in a light rail vehicle has a capacity of almost eight persons, so the capacity of light rail is about eight times as high as that of an average consumer car, if only the length of the vehicles is taken into consideration. The average width of an automobile is about 1.77 metres, while the average width of the Siemens S70 is about 2.7 metres. The area of an average consumer car is about 8.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>m, while the area taken up by a light rail car is about 74.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>m. In an automobile car, each square metre has room for only 0.6 persons, while each square metre in a light rail car has room for 2.9 persons. This means that a light rail vehicle is significantly more capacity-effective than a consumer car is. Height is not taken into consideration, because it is not normally a problem given minimum-clearance regulations for underpasses.</p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th></th>
+<th>Length</th>
+<th>Width</th>
+<th>Area</th>
+<th>Maximum passengers</th>
+<th>Passenger density</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Car</td>
+<td>4.74 m</td>
+<td>1.77 m</td>
+<td>8.4 m</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>0.6/m</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Siemens S70</td>
+<td>27.7 m</td>
+<td>2.7 m</td>
+<td>74.8 m</td>
+<td>220</td>
+<td>2.9/m</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation#Trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency in transportation">Energy efficiency</a> for light rail may be 120 passenger miles per gallon of fuel (or equivalent), but variation is great, depending on circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_with_high_capacity_roads">Comparison with high capacity roads</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparison with high capacity roads">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>While the table above compares the maximum capacity of each mode, the <i>average</i> use of a lane might be quite different, based on a number of factors. One line of light rail (requires 25' Right of Way) has a theoretical capacity of up to 8 times more than one 12' lane of freeway (not counting buses) during peak times. Roads have ultimate capacity limits that can be determined by <a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">traffic engineering</a>. They usually experience a chaotic breakdown in flow and a dramatic drop in speed (colloquially known as a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic jam">traffic jam</a>) if they exceed about 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane (each car roughly <a href="/wiki/Two-second_rule_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-second rule (road)">two seconds</a> behind another).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Since most people who drive to work or on business trips do so alone, studies show that the average car occupancy on many roads carrying commuters is only about 1.5 people per car during the high-demand <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a> periods of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> This combination of factors limits roads carrying only automobile commuters to a maximum observed capacity of about 3,000 passengers per hour per lane. The problem can be mitigated by introducing high-occupancy vehicle (<a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">HOV</a>) lanes and <a href="/wiki/Ride-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ride-sharing">ride-sharing</a> programs, but in most cases the solution adopted has been to add more lanes to the roads.</p>
+<p>By contrast, light rail vehicles can travel in multi-car trains carrying a theoretical ridership up to 20,000 passengers per hour in much narrower <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights-of-way</a>, not much more than two car lanes wide for a <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> They can often be run through <a href="/wiki/Tramway_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramway tracks">existing city streets and parks</a>, or placed in the <a href="/wiki/Median_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Median (road)">medians of roads</a>. If run in streets, trains are usually limited by city block lengths to about four 180-passenger vehicles (720 passengers). Operating on two-minute headways using traffic signal progression, a well-designed two-track system can handle up to 30 trains per hour per track, achieving peak rates of over 20,000 passengers per hour in each direction. More advanced systems with separate rights-of-way using <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">moving block signalling</a> can exceed 25,000 passengers per hour per track.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Practical_considerations">Practical considerations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Practical considerations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Most light rail systems in the United States are limited by demand rather than capacity (by and large, most North American LRT systems carry fewer than 4,000 persons per hour per direction), but Boston's and San Francisco's light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour per track during rush hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson_2004-28">[28]</a></sup> Elsewhere in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> <a href="/wiki/C-Train" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Train">C-Train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metro" title="Monterrey Metro">Monterrey Metro</a> have higher light rail ridership than Boston or San Francisco. Systems outside North America often have much higher passenger volumes. The <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System">Manila Light Rail Transit System</a> is one of the highest capacity ones, having been upgraded in a series of expansions to handle 40,000 passengers per hour per direction, and having carried as many as 582,989 passengers in a single day on its <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System_Line_1" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1">Line 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> It achieves this volume by running four-car trains with a capacity of up to 1,350 passengers each at a frequency of up to 30 trains per hour. However, the Manila light rail system has full grade separation and as a result has many of the operating characteristics of a metro system rather than a light rail system. A capacity of 1,350 passengers per train is more similar to heavy rail than light rail.</p>
+<p>A <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) system using dedicated lanes can have a theoretical capacity of 3,600 passengers per hour per direction (30 buses per direction, 120 passengers in <a href="/wiki/Articulated_bus" title="Articulated bus">articulated buses</a>). BRT is an alternative to LRT, at least if very high capacity is not needed. Using buses, roads can achieve a much higher commuter capacity than is achievable with passenger cars. To have 30 buses per direction an hour, buses must have priority at traffic lights and have their own dedicated lanes. Buses can travel closer to each other than rail vehicles because of better braking capability. However, each bus vehicle requires a single driver, whereas a light rail train may have three to four cars of much larger capacity in one train under the control of one driver, or no driver at all in fully automated systems, increasing the labor costs of high-traffic BRT systems compared to LRT systems.</p>
+<p>The peak passenger capacity per lane per hour depends on which types of vehicles are allowed at the roads. Typically roadways have 1,900 passenger cars per lane per hour (pcplph).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> If only cars are allowed, the capacity will be less and will not increase when the traffic volume increases.</p>
+<p>When there is a bus driving on this route, the capacity of the lane will be more and will increase when the traffic level increases. And because the capacity of a light rail system is higher than that of a bus, there will be even more capacity when there is a combination of cars and light rail. Table 3 shows an example of peak passenger capacity.</p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th></th>
+<th>Car</th>
+<th>Car + bus</th>
+<th>Car + light rail</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Low volume</td>
+<td>900</td>
+<td>1,650</td>
+<td>2,250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Medium volume</td>
+<td>900</td>
+<td>2,350</td>
+<td>3,250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>High volume</td>
+<td>900</td>
+<td>3,400</td>
+<td>4,600</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>(Edson & Tennyson, 2003)</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Safety">Safety</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>While many claim that light rail is safe, research by car bloggers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest otherwise. For example, an analysis of data from the 505-page National Transportation Statistics report <sup id="cite_ref-auto1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-31">[31]</a></sup> published by the US Department of Transportation shows that light rail fatalities are higher than all other forms of transportation except motorcycle travel (31.5 fatalities per 100 million miles).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
+<p>However, the National Transportation Statistics report <sup id="cite_ref-auto1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-31">[31]</a></sup> published by the US Department of Transportation states that "Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular, Rail and Transit fatalities include incident-related (as distinct from accident-related) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes."</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_impact_of_light_rail">Health impact of light rail</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health impact of light rail">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_impact_of_light_rail_systems" title="Health impact of light rail systems">Health impact of light rail systems</a></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Integration_with_bicycles">Integration with bicycles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Integration with bicycles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Light rail lines have various policies on bicycles.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Some fleets restrict bicycles on trains during peak hours. Some light rail systems, such as the St. Louis MetroLink, allow bicycles on the trains, but only in the rear sections of cars. Some light rail lines, like San Francisco's, allow only <a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">folding bicycles</a> on board.<sup id="cite_ref-sfmuni_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfmuni-34">[34]</a></sup> In some systems dedicated bike parking is available at select stations and others are integrated with local <a href="/wiki/Bike_share" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike share">bike share</a> systems.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_and_operation_costs">Construction and operation costs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Construction and operation costs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The cost of light rail construction varies widely, largely depending on the amount of tunneling and elevated structures required. A survey of North American light rail projects<sup id="cite_ref-LRNOW_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRNOW-35">[35]</a></sup> shows that costs of most LRT systems range from $15 million to over $100 million per mile. <a href="/wiki/Link_Light_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Light Rail">Seattle's new light rail system</a> is by far the most expensive in the US, at $179 million per mile, since it includes extensive tunneling in poor soil conditions, elevated sections, and stations as deep as 180 feet (55 m) below ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> This results in costs more typical of subways or rapid transit systems than light rail. At the other end of the scale, four systems (Baltimore, Maryland; Camden, New Jersey; Sacramento, California; and Salt Lake City, Utah) incurred construction costs of less than $20 million per mile. Over the US as a whole, excluding Seattle, new light rail construction costs average about $35 million per mile.<sup id="cite_ref-LRNOW_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRNOW-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>By comparison, a freeway lane expansion typically costs $1.0 million to $8.5 million per <a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lane</a> mile for two directions, with an average of $2.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> However, freeways are frequently built in suburbs or rural areas, whereas light rail tends to be concentrated in urban areas, where right of way and property acquisition is expensive. Similarly, the most expensive US highway expansion project was the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a>" in Boston, Massachusetts, which cost $200 million per lane mile for a total cost of $14.6 billion. Since a light rail track can carry up to 20,000 people per hour as compared with 2,0002,200 vehicles per hour for one freeway lane,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> light rail is comparable in construction cost to freeways on a per passenger-mile basis. For example, in Boston and San Francisco, light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour, respectively, in the peak direction during rush hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson_2004-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Combining highway expansion with LRT construction can save costs by doing both highway improvements and rail construction at the same time. As an example, Denver's <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Expansion_Project" title="Transportation Expansion Project">Transportation Expansion Project</a> rebuilt interstate highways 25 and 225 and added a light rail expansion for a total cost of $1.67 billion over five years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> The cost of 17 miles (27 km) of highway improvements and 19 miles (31 km) of double-track light rail worked out to $19.3 million per highway lane-mile and $27.6 million per LRT track-mile. The project came in under budget and 22 months ahead of schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<p>LRT cost efficiency improves dramatically as ridership increases, as can be seen from the numbers above: the same rail line, with similar capital and operating costs, is far more efficient if it is carrying 20,000 people per hour than if it is carrying 2,400. The <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta, <a href="/wiki/C-Train" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Train">C-Train</a> used many common light rail techniques to keep costs low, including minimizing underground and elevated trackage, sharing transit malls with buses, leasing rights-of-way from freight railroads, and combining LRT construction with freeway expansion. As a result, Calgary ranks toward the less expensive end of the scale with capital costs of around $24 million per mile.<sup id="cite_ref-McKendrick_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKendrick-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<p>However, Calgary's LRT ridership is much higher than any comparable US light rail system, at 300,000 passengers per weekday, and as a result its capital efficiency is also much higher. Its capital costs were one-third those of the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Trolley" title="San Diego Trolley">San Diego Trolley</a>, a comparably sized US system built at the same time, while by 2009 its ridership was approximately three times as high. Thus, Calgary's capital cost per passenger was much lower than that of San Diego. Its operating cost per passenger was also much lower because of its higher ridership. A typical C-Train vehicle costs only <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>163</span> (equivalent to $192 in 2016) per hour to operate, and since it averages 600 passengers per operating hour,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Calgary Transit estimates that its LRT operating costs are only 27 cents per ride, versus $1.50 per ride on its buses.<sup id="cite_ref-McKendrick_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKendrick-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Compared to buses, costs can be lower due to lower labor costs per passenger mile, higher ridership (observations show that light rail attracts more ridership than a comparable bus service)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and faster average speed (reducing the number of vehicles needed for the same service frequency). While light rail vehicles are more expensive to buy, they have a longer useful life than buses, sometimes making for lower life-cycle costs.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Variations">Variations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trams_operating_on_mainline_railways">Trams operating on mainline railways</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trams operating on mainline railways">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_model" title="Karlsruhe model">Karlsruhe model</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg/220px-Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg/330px-Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg/440px-Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappel_Stadtbahn02_2005-12-30.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+On the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn" title="Karlsruhe Stadtbahn">Karlsruhe Stadtbahn</a>, trams sometimes share mainline tracks with heavy rail trains</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Around <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrcken">Saarbrcken</a> in Germany, dual-voltage light rail trains partly use mainline railroad tracks, sharing these tracks with heavy rail trains. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, this concept was first applied on the <a href="/wiki/RijnGouweLijn" title="RijnGouweLijn">RijnGouweLijn</a>. This allows commuters to ride directly into the city centre, rather than taking a mainline train only as far as a central station and then having change to a tram. In France, similar <a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-trains</a> are planned for Paris, <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>; further projects exist. In some cases, tram-trains use previously abandoned or lightly used heavy rail lines in addition to or instead of still in use mainline tracks.</p>
+<p>Some of the issues involved in such schemes are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>compatibility of the safety systems</li>
+<li>power supply of the track in relation to the power used by the vehicles (frequently different voltages, rarely third rail vs overhead wires)</li>
+<li>width of the vehicles in relation to the position of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">platforms</a></li>
+<li>height of the platforms</li>
+</ul>
+<p>There is a history of what would now be considered light rail vehicles operating on heavy rail <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> tracks in the US, especially in the case of <a href="/wiki/Interurban_streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Interurban streetcar">interurban streetcars</a>. Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehigh Valley Transit">Lehigh Valley Transit</a> trains running on the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Western_Railroad" title="Philadelphia and Western Railroad">Philadelphia and Western Railroad</a> high-speed third rail line (now the <a href="/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line" title="Norristown High Speed Line">Norristown High Speed Line</a>). Such arrangements are almost impossible now, due to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> refusing (for crash safety reasons) to allow non-FRA compliant railcars (i.e., subway and light rail vehicles) to run on the same tracks at the same times as compliant railcars, which includes locomotives and standard railroad passenger and freight equipment. Notable exceptions in the US are the <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(New_Jersey_Transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Line (New Jersey Transit)">River Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a> and Austin's <a href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</a>, which have received exemptions to the provision that light rail operations occur only during daytime hours and <a href="/wiki/Bordentown_Secondary#Today" title="Bordentown Secondary">Conrail</a> freight service only at night, with several hours separating one operation from the other. The <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in Ottawa also has freight service at certain hours.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Third-rail_power_for_trams">Third-rail power for trams</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Third-rail power for trams">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a></div>
+<p>When electric streetcars were introduced in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">conduit current collection</a> was one of the first ways of supplying power, but it proved to be much more expensive, complicated, and trouble-prone than <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wires">overhead wires</a>. When electric street railways became ubiquitous, conduit power was used in those cities that did not permit overhead wires. In Europe, it was used in London, Paris, Berlin, Marseille, Budapest, and Prague. In the United States, it was used in parts of New York City and Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">Third rail</a> technology was investigated for use on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a> of Australia for the <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">G:link</a> light rail,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> though power from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a> was ultimately utilized for that system.</p>
+<p>In the French city of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_tramway" title="Bordeaux tramway">tramway network</a> is powered by a <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">third rail</a> in the city centre, where the tracks are not always segregated from pedestrians and cars.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> The third rail (actually two closely spaced rails) is placed in the middle of the track and divided into eight-metre sections, each of which is powered only while it is completely covered by a tram. This minimises the risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. In outer areas, the trams switch to conventional <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wires</a>. The Bordeaux power system costs about three times as much as a conventional overhead wire system, and took 24 months to achieve acceptable levels of reliability, requiring replacement of all the main cables and power supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Operating and maintenance costs of the innovative power system still remain high. However, despite numerous service outages, the system was a success with the public, gaining up to 190,000 passengers per day.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated guideway transit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cater_MetroTrolley" title="Cater MetroTrolley">Cater MetroTrolley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capa_vehicle" title="Capa vehicle">Capa vehicle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_streetcar_conspiracy" title="General Motors streetcar conspiracy">General Motors streetcar conspiracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/H-Bahn" title="H-Bahn">H-Bahn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_North_America" title="Light rail in North America">Light rail in North America</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Association" title="Light Rail Transit Association">Light Rail Transit Association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_light_rail_systems_by_ridership" title="List of North American light rail systems by ridership">List of North American light rail systems by ridership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rail_transit_systems_in_the_United_States" title="List of rail transit systems in the United States">List of rail transit systems in the United States</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems" title="List of town tramway systems">List of town tramway systems</a> (all-time lists)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a><br />
+(operational systems <i>only</i>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_light_rail_systems_by_ridership" title="List of United States light rail systems by ridership">List of United States light rail systems by ridership</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_transport_system" title="Medium-capacity rail transport system">Medium-capacity rail transport system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_trams" title="Rubber-tyred trams">Rubber-tyred trams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_North_America" title="Streetcars in North America">Streetcars in North America</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="Tram and light rail transit systems">Tram and light rail transit systems</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-APTA-def-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APTA-def_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APTA-def_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/glossary.aspx#8">"Fact Book Glossary - Mode of Service Definitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Fact+Book+Glossary+-+Mode+of+Service+Definitions&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Public+Transportation+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apta.com%2Fresources%2Fstatistics%2FPages%2Fglossary.aspx%238&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-FTA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/Glossary.htm">"National Transit Database Glossary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>. 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=National+Transit+Database+Glossary&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation+Federal+Transit+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntdprogram.gov%2Fntdprogram%2FGlossary.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013161641/http://www.uitp.org/Public-Transport/light-rail/index.cfm">"What is light rail?"</a>. <i>Public transport A-Z</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Public_Transport" title="International Association of Public Transport">International Association of Public Transport</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uitp.org/Public-Transport/light-rail/index.cfm">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.atitle=What+is+light+rail%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+transport+A-Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uitp.org%2FPublic-Transport%2Flight-rail%2Findex.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WILRT.3F-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WILRT.3F_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/light_rail_bro.pdf">"This Is Light Rail Transit"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Transportation Research Board. pp. 79<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=This+Is+Light+Rail+Transit&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apta.com%2Fresources%2Freportsandpublications%2FDocuments%2Flight_rail_bro.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Parkinson and Ian Fisher (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrc40.nas.edu/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2603"><i>Rail Transit Capacity</i></a>, Transportation Research Board.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2326"><i>Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual</i></a>, Transportation Research Board.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Hanson_2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_2004_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_2004_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hanson, Susan; Giuliano, Genevieve (2004). <i>The geography of urban transportation</i>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59385-055-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59385-055-7">1-59385-055-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+Genevieve&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.btitle=The+geography+of+urban+transportation&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59385-055-7&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326064515/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/press_release/press_release_090112_25yrRecordHigh.htm">"LRT-1 sets 25-year high record ridership"</a>. Manilla Light Rail Transit Authority. 12 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrta.gov.ph/press_release/press_release_090112_25yrRecordHigh.htm">the original</a> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=LRT-1+sets+25-year+high+record+ridership&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Manilla+Light+Rail+Transit+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrta.gov.ph%2Fpress_release%2Fpress_release_090112_25yrRecordHigh.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_599.pdf#page=13">"NCHRP Report 599: Default Values for Highway Capacity and Level of Service Analyses"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=NCHRP+Report+599%3A+Default+Values+for+Highway+Capacity+and+Level+of+Service+Analyses&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NATIONAL+COOPERATIVE+HIGHWAY+RESEARCH+PROGRAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fnchrp%2Fnchrp_rpt_599.pdf%23page%3D13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-auto1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/NTS_Entire_13Q4.pdf">"National Transportation Statistics 2013"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Transportation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=National+Transportation+Statistics+2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rita.dot.gov%2Fbts%2Fsites%2Frita.dot.gov.bts%2Ffiles%2FNTS_Entire_13Q4.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caranddriver.com/features/howre-ya-dying-fatality-data-from-various-types-of-transportation-feature">"Dissected: How're Ya Dying? Charting transportation mayhem in its many gory varieties"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Dissected%3A+How%27re+Ya+Dying%3F+Charting+transportation+mayhem+in+its+many+gory+varieties&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhowre-ya-dying-fatality-data-from-various-types-of-transportation-feature&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_syn_62.pdf">http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_syn_62.pdf</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sfmuni-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfmuni_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/bicycling/bikes-muni">"Bikes on Muni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Transportation_Agency" title="San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency">San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Bikes+on+Muni&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Municipal+Transportation+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmta.com%2Fgetting-around%2Fbicycling%2Fbikes-muni&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LRNOW-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LRNOW_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRNOW_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightrail.com/projects.htm">"Status of North American Light Rail Projects"</a>. Light Rail Now. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Status+of+North+American+Light+Rail+Projects&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Light+Rail+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightrail.com%2Fprojects.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117033414/http://www.soundtransit.org/x1171.xml">"Link Light Rail Projects"</a>. Sound Transit (Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority). 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundtransit.org/x1171.xml">the original</a> on 2006-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Link+Light+Rail+Projects&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sound+Transit+%28Central+Puget+Sound+Regional+Transit+Authority%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundtransit.org%2Fx1171.xml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905215838/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/biz/construction/pdf/I-C_Const_Cost.pdf">"Highway Construction Cost Comparison Survey Final Report"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Washington State Department of Transportation. April 2002. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/biz/construction/pdf/I-C_Const_Cost.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 2009-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Highway+Construction+Cost+Comparison+Survey+Final+Report&rft.date=2002-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Washington+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsdot.wa.gov%2Fbiz%2Fconstruction%2Fpdf%2FI-C_Const_Cost.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traffic and Highway Engineering By Nicholas J. Garber, Lester A. Hoel, p. 37</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shaw, Mark (MayJune 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019180438/http://constructor.construction.com/coverStories/archives/2006-05.asp">"Reinventing a Corridor: Denver's T-REX project nears completion after five years"</a>. <i>Constructor</i>. McGraw-Hill Construction. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constructor.construction.com/coverStories/archives/2006-05.asp">the original</a> on 19 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.atitle=Reinventing+a+Corridor%3A+Denver%27s+T-REX+project+nears+completion+after+five+years&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.date=2006-05%2F2006-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constructor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructor.construction.com%2FcoverStories%2Farchives%2F2006-05.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Flynn, Kevin (17 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=1593&topicId=21355&docId=l:532872610">"T-REX trains ready to roll"</a>. <i>Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.atitle=T-REX+trains+ready+to+roll&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocky+Mountain+News+%28Denver%2C+CO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.lexisnexis.com%2Fpublisher%2FEndUser%3FAction%3DUserDisplayFullDocument%26orgId%3D1593%26topicId%3D21355%26docId%3Dl%3A532872610&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-McKendrick-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKendrick_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKendrick_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McKendrick; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calgarytransit.com/pdf/calgary_ctrain_effective_capital_utilization_TRB_paper.pdf">"Calgary's C-Train Effective Capital Utilization"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Joint International Light Rail Conference, St. Louis, Missouri. Calgary Transit<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.atitle=Calgary%27s+C-Train+%E2%80%93+Effective+Capital+Utilization&rft.au=McKendrick&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calgarytransit.com%2Fpdf%2Fcalgary_ctrain_effective_capital_utilization_TRB_paper.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061023084723/http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/technical_information.html">"LRT technical data"</a>. Calgary Transit. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/technical_information.html">the original</a> on 2006-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=LRT+technical+data&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Calgary+Transit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calgarytransit.com%2Fhtml%2Ftechnical_information.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Post, Robert C. (2007). <i>Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 4547. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33916-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33916-3">0-313-33916-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.aulast=Post&rft.btitle=Urban+Mass+Transit%3A+The+Life+Story+of+a+Technology&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-33916-3&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030319223746/http://www.pb.com.au/gclightrail/">"Gold Coast Light Rail Feasibility Study"</a>. Commonwealth Government, Gold Coast City Council & Queensland Government Queensland Transport. 23 December 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pb.com.au/gclightrail">the original</a> on 19 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Gold+Coast+Light+Rail+Feasibility+Study&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Government%2C+Gold+Coast+City+Council+%26+Queensland+Government+Queensland+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pb.com.au%2Fgclightrail&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201155854/http://www.apta.com/services/intnatl/intfocus/bordeaux.cfm">"Bordeaux Light Rail Route Will Operate Without Overhead Lines"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apta.com/services/intnatl/intfocus/bordeaux.cfm">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.btitle=Bordeaux+Light+Rail+Route+Will+Operate+Without+Overhead+Lines&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Public+Transportation+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apta.com%2Fservices%2Fintnatl%2Fintfocus%2Fbordeaux.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613175705/http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/suburban/alstom/press17.html">"99% AVAILABILITY AND EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH PASSENGER LEVELS : THE BORDEAUX URBAN TRAMWAY IS A RESOUNDING SUCCESS"</a>. <i>Railway-Technology.com</i>. Net Resources International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/suburban/alstom/press17.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+rail&rft.atitle=99%25+AVAILABILITY+AND+EXCEPTIONALLY+HIGH+PASSENGER+LEVELS+%3A+THE+BORDEAUX+URBAN+TRAMWAY+IS+A+RESOUNDING+SUCCESS&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway-Technology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fcontractors%2Fsuburban%2Falstom%2Fpress17.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Light_rail" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Light rail">Light rail</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trblrt.lctr.org/trblrt/home.html">Light Rail Transit Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a> (US)</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrta.org/">Light Rail Transit Association</a> (UK-based, international organization)</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightrailnow.org/">Light Rail Now!</a> (US) A pro-light rail web site, opposing monorails, Bus Rapid Transit (busways), and other less common transportation systems</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightrail.nl/">Light Rail Netherlands</a> (NL) in English, Nederlands, , Deutsch, Franais, Espaol</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/light_rail_bro.pdf">"This Is Light Rail Transit"</a> (PDF) brochure by the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a> (APTA) (2000; updated 2003)</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tramwaysdumonde.net/">Photo gallery of the world's light rail</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_transport" title="Template:Public transport"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport" title="Template talk:Public transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Public_transport&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Public_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buses" title="List of buses">list</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_driver" title="Intercity bus driver">driver</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">Heavy rail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Light rail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_transport_system" title="Medium-capacity rail transport system">Medium-capacity rail transport system</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Street_running" title="Street running">Street running</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles for hire</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boda-boda" class="mw-redirect" title="Boda-boda">Boda-boda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_ridesharing" title="Real-time ridesharing">Real-time ridesharing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">Ship</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other transport</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage (bus depot)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_terminus" title="Bus terminus">Bus terminus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab_stand" title="Taxicab stand">Taxicab stand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smart_cards" title="List of smart cards">Smart cards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network" title="Transport network">Transport network</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prohibited_activities_on_public_transport" title="Prohibited activities on public transport">Prohibited activities</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&oldid=807762096">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&oldid=807762096</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Light_rail" title="Category:Light rail">Light rail</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_urban_planning" title="Category:Sustainable urban planning">Sustainable urban planning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tram_transport" title="Category:Tram transport">Tram transport</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2012" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012">Use dmy dates from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2016">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div>
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diff --git a/small_wiki/List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5 - Wikipedia.html b/small_wiki/List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5 - Wikipedia.html
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/small_wiki/List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5 - Wikipedia.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4456 @@
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+<title>List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5 - Wikipedia</title>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5</h1>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a> was an American music group, formed in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a> brothers <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito</a>. The quintet's first singles were recorded at <a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a>, a local label in their hometown of <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>. Songs recorded at Steeltown included "You've Changed", "We Don't Have To Be Over 21 (to Fall in Love)" and "<a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(The_Jackson_5_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Boy (The Jackson 5 song)">Big Boy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup> According to music journalist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a>, Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5's "real" recording history did not begin until their move to <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup> The then <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>-based company, led by <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>, housed established recording artists such as <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, as well as a producing-writing team known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a>". Jackson 5 hit singles such as "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>", "<a href="/wiki/ABC_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (song)">ABC</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>" were written by the Motown team, and aided the five brothers in becoming the first black teen idols.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The success of The Jackson 5 continued throughout the early 1970s, as "Jackson mania" emerged due to the fan frenzy caused by American teens.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup> A notable hit single for the group at this time was "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>", a dance song produced by <a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a>, which also contained elements of the emerging disco sound. Despite the success of the single and their overall success at Motown, four of the Jackson brothers decided to part with the company in 1976, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a>. The group left behind brother Jermaine and the "5" at the end of their name, as they established themselves as "The Jacksons" with the addition of younger sibling <a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Randy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup> At Epic, the five entered into a two-album collaboration with songwriters <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Gamble" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenny Gamble">Kenny Gamble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Huff" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Huff">Leon Huff</a>, who produced "<a href="/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Enjoy Yourself (The Jacksons song)">Enjoy Yourself</a>", the biggest success from the partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As Michael Jackson achieved solo success with the studio albums <i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off the Wall (album)">Off the Wall</a></i> (1979) and <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i> (1982), his musical artistry matured on collaborations with his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup> The Jacksons' "<a href="/wiki/This_Place_Hotel" title="This Place Hotel">This Place Hotel</a>"from the siblings' <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i> (1980)contained the singer's first use of sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger to listeners. The song preceded similar large-scale solo productions, such as "<a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27" title="Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'">Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1">[1]</a></sup> The singing efforts of Michael and his brothers led to the group being inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in 1997 and the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame" title="Vocal Group Hall of Fame">Vocal Group Hall of Fame</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_5051_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_5051-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Music_muse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_muse-3">[3]</a></sup> Two of the band's recordings ("ABC" and "I Want You Back") are among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "<a href="/wiki/The_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame%27s_500_Songs_that_Shaped_Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll">500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll</a>", with the latter track also included in the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Grammy Hall of Fame">Grammy Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_5051_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_George_5051-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-500_songs_that_shaped_rock_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500_songs_that_shaped_rock-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Featured_songs">Featured songs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Featured songs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="wikitable" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span id="09"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="0.E2.80.939">09</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 09">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div style="text-align:center;">
+<div role="navigation" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents </span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"2-4-6-8"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Jones" title="Gloria Jones">Gloria Jones</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Candles_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixteen Candles (song)">16 Candles</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"2300 Jackson Street"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hall_(singer)" title="Aaron Hall (singer)">Aaron Hall</a><br />
+Gene Griffin<br />
+Jackie Jackson<br />
+Jermaine Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>The song featured backing vocals by "The Jackson Family and Children", which included Michael, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Rebbie</a> and <a href="/wiki/3T" title="3T">3T</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-halstead_5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halstead_5-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="A">A</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/A_Change_Is_Gonna_Come_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Change Is Gonna Come (song)">A Change Is Gonna Come</a>"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>Two versions of this song were released; the original 1960s recording and an over-dubbed extended remix<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/A_Fool_for_You" title="A Fool for You">A Fool for You</a></td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/ABC_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (song)">ABC</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Originally titled "1-2-3" and "ABCD"; demo versions of these are known to exist<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"After You Leave Girl"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Bobby Taylor</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Nothing_Like_the_Real_Thing" title="Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing">Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson" title="Ashford & Simpson">Ashford & Simpson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_That_Peculiar" title="Ain't That Peculiar">Ain't That Peculiar</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">In Japan!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Tarplin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Tarplin">Marvin Tarplin</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Ronald_White" title="Ronald White">Ronald White</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Live</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/All_I_Do_Is_Think_of_You" title="All I Do Is Think of You">All I Do Is Think of You</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holland,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Holland, Jr.">Edward Holland, Jr.</a><br />
+Michael Lovesmith</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"All Night Dancin'"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Alright With Me"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td>Attala Zane Giles<br />
+Jackie Jackson<br />
+Jermaine Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Art of Madness"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sudano" title="Bruce Sudano">Bruce Sudano</a><br />
+Jermaine Jackson<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Michael_Omartian" title="Michael Omartian">Michael Omartian</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ask_the_Lonely" title="Ask the Lonely">Ask the Lonely</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland-Dozier-Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland-Dozier-Holland">Holland-Dozier-Holland</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>A remixed version of this song was released on the 1983 compilation album <i>Motown Superstars Sing Motown Superstars</i>, prior to the inclusion of the original 1970 recording being featured on <i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i> in 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="B">B</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: B">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Baby, You Don't Have to Go"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reed" title="Jimmy Reed">Jimmy Reed</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>An extended four-minute version of this song was included on the 2005 download compilation <i>Soul Masters</i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Be Not Always"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td>Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(The_Jackson_5_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Boy (The Jackson 5 song)">Big Boy</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Ed Silver</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>The Jackson 5's first ever single<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Boogie" title="Blame It on the Boogie">Blame It on the Boogie</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Mick_Jackson_(singer)" title="Mick Jackson (singer)">Mick Jackson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Bless His Soul"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Blues Away"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson and La'Kisha Nila Billie Sade</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Body"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td>Marlon Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Body Language (Do the Love Dance)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td>Don Fletcher<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Born to Love You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter" title="Ivy Jo Hunter">Ivy Jo Hunter</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Boys and Girls, We Are The Jackson Five"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Sam Wibourn</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>Also known as "Jam Session (Part 2)"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Brand New Thing"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Breezy"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td>Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water_(song)" title="Bridge over Troubled Water (song)">Bridge over Troubled Water</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Buttercup"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Cover version of Stevie Wonder's track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C">C</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: C">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Call of the Wild"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td>Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Can I See You in the Morning"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Deke_Richards" title="Deke Richards">Deke Richards</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Can_You_Feel_It_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)">Can You Feel It</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Can You Remember"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Thom_Bell" title="Thom Bell">Thom Bell</a><br />
+William Hart</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Can't Get Ready for Losing You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td>Richard Hutch<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Chained"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilson_(musician)" title="Frank Wilson (musician)">Frank Wilson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Children of the Light"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Randall</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Christmas Won't Be the Same This Year"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td>Laverne Ware<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Come And Get It (Love's On The Fire)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Deke Richards
+<p>Freddie Perren</p>
+<p>Alphonzo Mizell</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/(Come_%27Round_Here)_I%27m_the_One_You_Need" title="(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need">(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Coming Home"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Demo version also known to exist<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_58_72-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Corner of the Sky"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(composer)" title="Stephen Schwartz (composer)">Stephen Schwartz</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Cupid"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Clay Drayton
+<p>Tamy Smith</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="D">D</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: D">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td>Dean Parks<br />
+Don Fletcher<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Darling Dear"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td>George Gordy<br />
+Rosemary Gordy</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Destiny"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Different Kind of Lady"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Different version featured on the <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i> picture disc, with opening horns removed<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Do What You Wanna"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Doctor_My_Eyes" title="Doctor My Eyes">Doctor My Eyes</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Browne" title="Jackson Browne">Jackson Browne</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Don't Know Why I Love You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td>Don Hunter<br />
+Lula Hardaway<br />
+Paul Riser<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Don't Let Your Baby Catch You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Don't Say Goodbye Again"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td>Laverne Ware<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Don't Want to See Tomorrow"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td>Hal Davis<br />
+Joyce Chambers<br />
+Stephen Bowden<br />
+Terri McFadden</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Dreamer"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="E">E</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: E">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"E-Ne-Me-Ne-Mi-Ne-Moe (The Choice is Yours to Pull)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td>David Jones<br />
+John Bristol<br />
+Wade Brown</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Enjoy Yourself (The Jacksons song)">Enjoy Yourself</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Alternative version featured on the 2004 compilations <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Jacksons" title="The Essential Jacksons">The Essential Jacksons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_The_Jacksons" title="The Very Best of The Jacksons">The Very Best of The Jacksons</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_103_106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_103_106-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Even Though You're Gone"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td>Gamble and Huff</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Everybody"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Mike McKinney<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Everybody_Is_a_Star" title="Everybody Is a Star">Everybody Is a Star</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Lead vocal shared by Jackie, Jermaine, Michael and Tito<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_103_106_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_103_106-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="F">F</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: F">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Feelin%27_Alright%3F" title="Feelin' Alright?">Feelin' Alright</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mason" title="Dave Mason">Dave Mason</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live recording<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_110_112_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_110_112-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Studio version issued on <i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Find Me A Girl"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Came_Today" title="Forever Came Today">Forever Came Today</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman" title="Frosty the Snowman">Frosty the Snowman</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(songwriter)" title="Steve Nelson (songwriter)">Steve Nelson</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Rollins" title="Walter E. Rollins">Walter E. Rollins</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="G">G</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: G">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Get_It_Together_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Get It Together (The Jackson 5 song)">Get It Together</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a><br />
+Don Fletcher<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a><br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Alternative version featured on the 1986 <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_116_130_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_116_130-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Give It Up"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Love_on_Christmas_Day" title="Give Love on Christmas Day">Give Love on Christmas Day</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Goin' Back to Indiana"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live version featured on <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_116_130_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_116_130-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Goin' Places"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Going My Way"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Donald Daniels
+<p>Theresa McFaddin</p>
+<p>Richard Hutch</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Good Times"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td>Gamble and Huff</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Guess Who's Making Whoopee With Your Girlfriend"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>The song evolved into "<a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Pearl" title="Mama's Pearl">Mama's Pearl</a>", as <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> felt that the original lyrics were unsuitable for The Jackson 5's "wholesome" image. Bootleg recordings are known to exist.</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="H">H</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: H">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Hallelujah Day"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td>Christine Yarian<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Freddie_Perren" title="Freddie Perren">Freddie Perren</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>The first single on which Michael Jackson's voice can be heard breaking<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas" title="Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas">Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Martin" title="Hugh Martin">Hugh Martin</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Blane" title="Ralph Blane">Ralph Blane</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/This_Place_Hotel" title="This Place Hotel">Heartbreak Hotel</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Featured an opening scream provided by the brothers' sister <a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya</a><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Later retitled "This Place Hotel" to avoid confusion with <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel" title="Heartbreak Hotel">Heartbreak Hotel</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Heaven Knows I Love You, Girl"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Honey_Chile" title="Honey Chile">Honey Chile</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td>Richard Morris<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Moy" title="Sylvia Moy">Sylvia Moy</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Honey Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Holland" title="Brian Holland">Brian Holland</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Edward_Holland,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Holland, Jr.">Edward Holland, Jr.</a><br />
+Michael Lee Smith</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"How Funky Is Your Chicken"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td>Lester Lee Carr<br />
+Richard Hutch<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Hum_Along_and_Dance" title="Hum Along and Dance">Hum Along and Dance</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Lead vocals, of which there were few, shared by Jackie and Tito<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Uncut 15 minute version featured on <i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="I">I</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: I">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Ain't Gonna Eat My Heart Out Anymore"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td>Laurie Burton<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Am_Love_(The_Jackson_5_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Am Love (The Jackson 5 song)">I Am Love</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Don Fenceton<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson<br />
+Roderick Fancifer</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Can Only Give You Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td>Richard Hutch<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Can't Get Enough Of You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Eddie Horan</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Can't Quit Your Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Wakefield" title="Kathleen Wakefield">Kathy Wakefield</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Caston,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Caston, Jr.">Leonard Caston, Jr.</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Found a Love"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Curtis Mayfield</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Found That Girl"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Got A Sure Thing"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>William Bell
+<p>Booker T. Jones</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Hear_a_Symphony" title="I Hear a Symphony">I Hear a Symphony</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>A version with an alternative vocal take was featured on the 1995 album <i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/(I_Know)_I%27m_Losing_You" title="(I Know) I'm Losing You">(I Know) I'm Losing You</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Grant" title="Cornelius Grant">Cornelius Grant</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Edward_Holland,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Holland, Jr.">Edward Holland, Jr.</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Like You the Way You Are (Don't Change Your Love On Me)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></td>
+<td>Willie Hutch</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus" title="I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus">I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Tommie_Connor" title="Tommie Connor">Tommie Connor</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Take_You_Higher" title="I Want to Take You Higher">I Want to Take You Higher</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live version with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Smothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Smothers">Tommy Smothers</a> included on <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Was_Made_to_Love_Her_(song)" title="I Was Made to Love Her (song)">I Was Made to Love Her</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cosby" title="Henry Cosby">Henry Cosby</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Lula_Mae_Hardaway" title="Lula Mae Hardaway">Lula Mae Hardaway</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Moy" title="Sylvia Moy">Sylvia Moy</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Alternative version featured on the 1986 compilations <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Will Find a Way"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Iddinit"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"If I Can't Nobody Can"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Freddie Perren
+<p>Christine Yarian</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>A prototype of sorts for "Do It Baby"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"If I Don't Love You This Way"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Leon Ware<br />
+Pam Sawyer</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson had originally recorded the song for a solo album, but it was included on <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i> instead<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"If I Have to Move a Mountain"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Long version issued on <i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"If The Shoe Don't Fit"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"If You Want Heaven"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Kathy Wakefield
+<p>Annette Tucker</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/If_You%27d_Only_Believe" title="If You'd Only Believe">If You'd Only Believe</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Billie_Hughes" title="Billie Hughes">Billie Hughes</a><br />
+Jermaine Jackson<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Seeman" title="Roxanne Seeman">Roxanne Seeman</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Be_There_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)">I'll Be There</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td>Berry Gordy<br />
+Bob West<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a><br />
+Willie Hutch</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I'll Bet You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(musician)" title="George Clinton (musician)">George Clinton</a><br />
+Patrick Lindsey<br />
+Sidney Barnes</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I'll Try You'll Try (Maybe We'll All Get By)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td>David Jones Jr.
+<p>Wade Brown Jr.</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bristol" title="Johnny Bristol">Johnny Bristol</a></p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I'm Glad It Rained"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td>Allen Levinsky<br />
+Arthur Stokes<br />
+Dana Meyers<br />
+Floyd Weatherspoon</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I'm So Happy"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Alphonzo Mizell<br />
+Berry Gordy<br />
+Deke Richards<br />
+Frederick Perren</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>B-side of "Sugar Daddy"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I'm Your Sunny One (He's My Sunny Boy)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>William Robinson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>A <a href="/wiki/Supremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremes">Supremes</a> cover</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"It All Begins and Ends With Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Don Fecelon<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>The only song to feature all 5 brothers singing lead in their natural voices.</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"It's Great to Be Here"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"It's Too Late to Change the Time"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td>Leon Ware<br />
+Pam Sawyer</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Your_Thing" title="It's Your Thing">It's Your Thing</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/O%27Kelly_Isley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="O'Kelly Isley, Jr.">O'Kelly Isley, Jr.</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Ronald_Isley" title="Ronald Isley">Ronald Isley</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Isley" title="Rudolph Isley">Rudolph Isley</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="J">J</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: J">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Jam Session"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Sam Wibourn</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>Also known as "Jam Session (Part 1)"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Jamie"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Joyful Jukebox Music"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Tom Bee<br />
+Michael Edward Campbell</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Jumbo Sam"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Mel Larson
+<p>Joe Marcellino</p>
+<p>Don Fenceton</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Jump for Joy"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td>Cynthia Biggs<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Dexter_Wansel" title="Dexter Wansel">Dexter Wansel</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Just a Little Misunderstanding"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Paul" title="Clarence Paul">Clarence Paul</a><br />
+Morris Broadnax<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Just Because I Love You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_(musician)" title="James Alexander (musician)">James Alexander</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="K">K</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: K">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Keep An Eye"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Nickolas Ashford
+<p>Valerie Simpson</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Keep Her"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson
+<p>Jermaine Jackson</p>
+<p>Tito Jackson</p>
+<p>Attala Zane Giles</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song</li>
+<li>Previously unreleased until issued as a bonus track on the single "2300 Jackson Street" from the <i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i> album<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_192_194_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_192_194-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Keep Off The Grass"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Deke Richards</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Keep on Dancing"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Wansel" title="Dexter Wansel">Dexter Wansel</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="L">L</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: L">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Label Me Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Clay McMurray
+<p>John Glover</p>
+<p>James Dean</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Background vocals by Different Shades of Brown</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/La-La_(Means_I_Love_You)" title="La-La (Means I Love You)">La-La (Means I Love You)</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Thom_Bell" title="Thom Bell">Thom Bell</a><br />
+William Hart</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Let's Go Back To Day One"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Patrice Holloway
+<p>Gloria Jones</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Have_a_Party" title="Let's Have a Party">Let's Have a Party</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Atwell" title="Winifred Atwell">Winifred Atwell</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Listen I'll Tell You How"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Taylor_%26_the_Vancouvers" title="Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers">Bobby Taylor</a>
+<p>N. Moloci</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Bitty_Pretty_One" title="Little Bitty Pretty One">Little Bitty Pretty One</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Day" title="Bobby Day">Bobby Day</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Living Together"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Wansel" title="Dexter Wansel">Dexter Wansel</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Lonely Heart"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Gordon Keith<br />
+Shirley Cartman</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Lookin' Through the Windows"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Call"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a>
+<p>Richard Hutch</p>
+<p>Graves Kennedy</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Comes in Different Flavors"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td>Deke Richards
+<p>Jerry Marcellino</p>
+<p>Mel Larsen</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love is the Thing You Need"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Mizell_Brothers" title="Mizell Brothers">Mizell Brothers</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Scenes"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td>Mel Larson<br />
+Jerry Marcellino</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Song"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Clifton Davis</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>B-side of "Lookin' Through the Windows"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Trip"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Jack Perricone
+<p>Dug McClure</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Lovely_One" title="Lovely One">Lovely One</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love's Gone Bad"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Lucky Day"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td>Don Daniels
+<p>Theresa McFaddin</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Also known as "Miss Lucky Day"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"LuLu"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td>Ekunday Paris<br />
+Judy Lamppu<br />
+Kathy Wakefield<br />
+Padineyi Paris</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="M">M</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: M">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Make Tonight All Mine"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Christine Yarian<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Freddie_Perren" title="Freddie Perren">Freddie Perren</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Makin' Life A Little Easier For You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Mama I Gotta Brand New Thing (Don't Say Know)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Pearl" title="Mama's Pearl">Mama's Pearl</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Alphonzo_Mizell" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonzo Mizell">Alphonzo Mizell</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Deke_Richards" title="Deke Richards">Deke Richards</a><br />
+Freddie Perren</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Original title is "Guess Who's Making Whoopie with Your Girlfriend"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Mama_Told_Me_Not_to_Come" title="Mama Told Me Not to Come">Mama Told Me Not to Come</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Randy_Newman" title="Randy Newman">Randy Newman</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Burdon" title="Eric Burdon">Eric Burdon</a> cover</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Man of War"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Man's Temptation"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Maria"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song)">Maybe Tomorrow</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Midnight Rendezvous"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td>Attala Zane Giles<br />
+Jackie Jackson<br />
+Jermaine Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Sigmund Esco Jackson, Jr.<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_224_233_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_224_233-16">[16]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Money_Honey_(Clyde_McPhatter_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money Honey (Clyde McPhatter song)">Money Honey</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Stone" title="Jesse Stone">Jesse Stone</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Movin'"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie DeShannon
+<p>Jimmy Holiday</p>
+<p>Randy Myers</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Moving Violation"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td>Donald Fenceton<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson<br />
+Roderick H Rancifer</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Music's Takin' Over"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gene_McFadden" title="Gene McFadden">Gene McFadden</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/John_Whitehead_(singer)" title="John Whitehead (singer)">John Whitehead</a><br />
+Victor Carstarphen</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/My_Cherie_Amour_(song)" title="My Cherie Amour (song)">My Cherie Amour</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Hank_Cosby" class="mw-redirect" title="Hank Cosby">Hank Cosby</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Moy" title="Sylvia Moy">Sylvia Moy</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"My Little Baby"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="N">N</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: N">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye" title="Never Can Say Goodbye">Never Can Say Goodbye</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Davis" title="Clifton Davis">Clifton Davis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Never Had a Dream Come True"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cosby" title="Henry Cosby">Henry Cosby</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Moy" title="Sylvia Moy">Sylvia Moy</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Nobody"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Reid">Antonio Reid</a><br />
+Kenny Edmonds</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_235_241-17">[17]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="O">O</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: O">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Oh, How Happy"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Starr" title="Edwin Starr">Edwin Starr</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Oh, I've Been Bless'd"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Taylor_%26_the_Vancouvers" title="Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers">Bobby Taylor</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"One Day I'll Marry You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td>Pam Sawyer<br />
+LaVerne Ware</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"One More Chance"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"One More Chance"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td>Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Also exists a version covered by their sister Janet, released 1993, B-side of "If"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Ooh, I'd Love to Be With You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Mizell_Brothers" title="Mizell Brothers">Mizell Brothers</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Our Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Deke Richards</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="P">P</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: P">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Papa_Was_a_Rollin%27_Stone" title="Papa Was a Rollin' Stone">Papa Was a Rollin' Stone</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">In Japan!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live version<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Penny Arcade"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(album)" title="Boogie (album)">Boogie</a></i></td>
+<td>Mel Larson<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Deke Richards</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Petals"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Please Come Back to Me"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Mike Daily<br />
+Robert Brookins</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Released as a bonus track on a 12" single from the <i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i> album<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Joy_(Marvin_Gaye_song)" title="Pride and Joy (Marvin Gaye song)">Pride and Joy</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Private Affair"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Push Me Away"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="R">R</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: R">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Reach In"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td>Beatrice Verdi</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Reach_Out_I%27ll_Be_There" title="Reach Out I'll Be There">Reach Out I'll Be There</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ready_or_Not_Here_I_Come_(Can%27t_Hide_from_Love)" title="Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)">Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Thom_Bell" title="Thom Bell">Thom Bell</a><br />
+William Hart</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>On some issues the title is "Ready or Not (Here I Come)"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Reflections_(The_Supremes_song)" title="Reflections (The Supremes song)">Reflections</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td>HollandDozierHolland</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(song)" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Marks" title="Johnny Marks">Johnny Marks</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="S">S</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: S">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Coming to Town</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Haven_Gillespie" title="Haven Gillespie">Haven Gillespie</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/J._Fred_Coots" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Fred Coots">J. Fred Coots</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_at_the_Movies_(song)" title="Saturday Night at the Movies (song)">Saturday Night at the Movies</a>"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mann" title="Barry Mann">Barry Mann</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Weil" title="Cynthia Weil">Cynthia Weil</a></td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"She"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></td>
+<td>Gene Griffin<br />
+Aaron Hall</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"She's a Rhythm Child"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Clarence Drayton<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a><br />
+Weldon Dean Parks</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"She's Good"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Show_You_the_Way_to_Go" title="Show You the Way to Go">Show You the Way to Go</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Since_I_Lost_My_Baby" title="Since I Lost My Baby">Since I Lost My Baby</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a><a href="/wiki/Warren_%22Pete%22_Moore" title="Warren "Pete" Moore">Warren Moore</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a> cover</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Sing_a_Simple_Song" title="Sing a Simple Song">Sing a Simple Song</a>"</td>
+<td><i>Motown At Hollywood Palace</i></td>
+<td>Sly Stone</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live, medley with "Can You Remember"</li>
+<li>Alternative mix issued on 2000 edition of <a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)"><i>Anthology</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Skywriter"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td>Donald Fenceton<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Some Girls Want Me for Their Lover"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Gordon Keith</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Was re-titled "Michael the Lover" when included on <i>The Beginning Years 1965-1967</i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Someday at Christmas"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td>Bryan Wells<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Ron_Miller_(songwriter)" title="Ron Miller (songwriter)">Ron Miller</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Someone's Standing In My Love Light"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Kathy Wakefield
+<p>Annette Tucker</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Soul Jerk"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Gordon Keith</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Stand!_(song)" title="Stand! (song)">Stand!</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>The first song The Jackson 5 recorded for Motown Records<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Live version included on <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Standing_in_the_Shadows_of_Love" title="Standing in the Shadows of Love">Standing in the Shadows of Love</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/State_of_Shock_(song)" title="State of Shock (song)">State of Shock</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Randy_Hansen" title="Randy Hansen">Randy Hansen</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Recorded by The Jacksons and <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>' frontman <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Stormy Monday"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Billy Eckstine<br />
+Bob Crowder<br />
+Earl Hines</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Strength of One Man"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gene_McFadden" title="Gene McFadden">Gene McFadden</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Style of Life"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Daddy_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Sugar Daddy (The Jackson 5 song)">Sugar Daddy</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Superstition_(song)" title="Superstition (song)">Superstition</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">In Japan!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Live, Stevie Wonder cover</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="T">T</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: T">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Teenage Symphony"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Jones" title="Gloria Jones">Gloria Jones</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a><br />
+Marilyn McLeod</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Alternative version featured on the 1986 <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Thank_You_(Falettinme_Be_Mice_Elf_Agin)" title="Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)">Thank You Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></td>
+<td>Sly Stone</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live, cover version of Sly & the Family Stone's track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"That's How Love Is"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></td>
+<td>Deke Richards
+<p>Freddie Perren</p>
+<p>Alphonso Mizell</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Long version issued on <i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"That's What You Get (for Being Polite)</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Boogie Man"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Deke_Richards" title="Deke Richards">Deke Richards</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Christmas_Song" title="The Christmas Song">The Christmas Song</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Torm">Mel Torm</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Robert_Wells_(songwriter)" title="Robert Wells (songwriter)">Robert Wells</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Day Basketball Was Saved"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></td>
+<td>Bill Angelos<br />
+Buz Kohan<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Dick_De_Benedictis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick De Benedictis">Dick De Benedictis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Eternal Light"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Mel Larson<br />
+Jerry Marcellino</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Hurt"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/David_Paich" title="David Paich">David Paich</a><br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Steve_Porcaro" title="Steve Porcaro">Steve Porcaro</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Life of the Party"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Clarence Drayton<br />
+Hal Davis<br />
+Tanny Smith</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Drummer_Boy" title="The Little Drummer Boy">The Little Drummer Boy</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Katherine_K._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine K. Davis">Katherine K. Davis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_I_Saw_in_You_Was_Just_a_Mirage" title="The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage">The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Tarplin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Tarplin">Marvin Tarplin</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Mirrors of My Mind"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Charlotte O-Hare<br />
+Don Fletcher<br />
+Nita Garfield</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tracks_of_My_Tears" title="The Tracks of My Tears">The Tracks of My Tears</a>"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Marv_Tarplin" title="Marv Tarplin">Marv Tarplin</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Warren_%22Pete%22_Moore" title="Warren "Pete" Moore">Pete Moore</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>On some issues the title is "Tracks Of My Tears"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Wall"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td>Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"The Young Folks"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td>Allen Story<br />
+George Gordy</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/There_Was_a_Time" title="There Was a Time">There Was a Time</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live, cover version of James Brown's track</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Things I Do for You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Think Happy"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Time Explosion"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td>Mel Larson<br />
+Jerry Marcellino</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Time Out for the Burglar"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Bernard Edwards<br />
+Jackie Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Written as the theme song for the <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Burglar_(film)" title="Burglar (film)">Burglar</a></i> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
+<li>First Jackson 5/Jacksons recording that did not involve Michael Jackson<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Also didn't feature Marlon, who had left The Jacksons to pursue a solo career<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Time Waits for No One"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"To Know"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></td>
+<td>The Corporation</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Torture_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Torture (The Jacksons song)">Torture</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Kathy Wakefield</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Touch_(The_Supremes_song)" title="Touch (The Supremes song)">Touch</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilson_(musician)" title="Frank Wilson (musician)">Frank Wilson</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"True Love Can Be Beautiful"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Taylor_%26_the_Vancouvers" title="Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers">Bobby Taylor</a><br />
+Jermaine Jackson<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Caston,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Caston, Jr.">Leonard Caston, Jr.</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="U">U</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: U">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Under_the_Boardwalk" title="Under the Boardwalk">Under the Boardwalk</a>"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Arthur Resnick<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Kenny_Young" title="Kenny Young">Kenny Young</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>An overdubbed version of this song was released on the 1989 album <i>The Beginning Years 1965-1967</i>, prior to the inclusion of the original recording being featured on <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(song)" title="Big Boy (song)">Big Boy</a></i> in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_334_336_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_334_336-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Up_on_the_House_Top" title="Up on the House Top">Up on the House Top</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">The Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hanby" title="Benjamin Hanby">Benjamin Hanby</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Up_on_the_Roof_(song)" title="Up on the Roof (song)">Up On The Roof</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Goffin" title="Gerry Goffin">Gerry Goffin</a>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a></p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Drifters" title="The Drifters">The Drifters</a> cover</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Uppermost"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Davis" title="Clifton Davis">Clifton Davis</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="W">W</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: W">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Wait"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/David_Paich" title="David Paich">David Paich</a><br />
+Jackie Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Walk On"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_de_Passe" title="Suzanne de Passe">Suzanne de Passe</a>
+<p>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Marlon Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson<br />
+Tito Jackson</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Live, instrumental track, usually performed as a part of a medley before "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Walk_Right_Now" title="Walk Right Now">Walk Right Now</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Michael Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"We Can Change the World"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></td>
+<td>Tito Jackson<br />
+Wayne Arnold</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"We Can Have Fun"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td>Janie Bradford<br />
+Richard Wylie</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"We Don't Have To Be Over 21 (to Fall in Love)"</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Sherman Nesbarry</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Steeltown track</li>
+<li>Released as a single by <a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a> in the United States in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Later re-titled "You Don't Have To Be Over Twenty One to Fall in Love)"<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas" title="We Wish You a Merry Christmas">We Wish You a Merry Christmas</a>"</td>
+<td><i>Free Soul</i></td>
+<td>Hugh Martin
+<p>Ralph Blane</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>A snippet of the song was sung at the end of the brothers' version of "<a href="/wiki/Have_Yourself_A_Merry_Little_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas">Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"We're Gonna Change Our Style"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Clarence Drayton<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Judy_Cheeks" title="Judy Cheeks">Judy Cheeks</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"We're Gonna Have a Good Time"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">In Japan!</a></i></td>
+<td>Tom Baird<br />
+Gil Bridges<br />
+Ed Guzman<br />
+Ray Monette<br />
+Mark Olson<br />
+Pete Rivera</td>
+<td align="center">
+<ul>
+<li>Live</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"We're Here to Entertain You"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Charlotte O'Hara<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a><br />
+Nita Garfield</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"(We're The) Music Makers"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>A. Ross
+<p>T. Gibbs</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Shortest Jackson 5 song</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"(We've Got) Blue Skies"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(singer)" title="Chris Clark (singer)">Chris Clark</a><br />
+Delores Wilkinson<br />
+Patrick Stephenson<br />
+Tommy Bee</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"What You Don't Know"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Gene Marcellino<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Whatever You Got, I Want"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></td>
+<td>Gene Marcellino<br />
+Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson revealed in a 1974 interview with <a href="/wiki/Don_Cornelius" title="Don Cornelius">Don Cornelius</a> that the song was originally recorded for one of his solo albums.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"When I Look at You"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson
+<p>Monty Seward</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Michael Jackson was not involved with the recording of this song<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Released as a bonus track on the single "2300 Jackson Street" from the <i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i> album<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Lovin%27_You" title="Who's Lovin' You">Who's Lovin' You</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Remixed live version appeared on the 1992 soundtrack album, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream" title="The Jacksons: An American Dream">The Jacksons: An American Dream</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Original live recording featured as a bonus track to the "Two Classic Albums on One CD" re-issue version of <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Window Shopping"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Clarence Drayton<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pam Sawyer</a><br />
+Tamy Lester Smith</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Wondering Who"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson<br />
+Randy Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"World of Sunshine"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td>Jerry Marcellino<br />
+Mel Larson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Would Ya Would Ya Baby"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Freddie Perren</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Working title "When The Real Thing Comes Along"</li>
+<li>Later re-titled for instrumental release as "Tryin' To Get Over"</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Y">Y</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Y">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You Ain't Giving Me What I Want (So I'm Taking it All Back)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Taylor_%26_the_Vancouvers" title="Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers">Bobby Taylor</a><br />
+Gus McKinney<br />
+Marty Coleman<br />
+Wesley Henderson</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Originally titled "You're A, B, C's And D's"<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You Better Watch Out"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td>Bonnie LeGrande
+<p>Lorraine Durham</p>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/You_Can%27t_Hurry_Love" title="You Can't Hurry Love">You Can't Hurry Love</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="HollandDozierHolland">HollandDozierHolland</a></td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a> cover</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You Made Me What I Am"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(record_production_team)" title="The Corporation (record production team)">The Corporation</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You Need Love Like I Do (Don't You?)"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"(You Were Made) Especially for Me"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Holland" title="Brian Holland">Brian Holland</a><br />
+Michael L. Smith</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Your Ways"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You're Good For Me"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></td>
+<td>Eddie Horran</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You're My Best Friend, My Love"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></td>
+<td>Christine Yarian<br />
+Samuel Brown III</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Changed" title="You've Changed">You've Changed</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td>Bill Carey<br />
+Carl Fischer</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>Was also recorded at Steeltown and appeared on the b-side of the single "Big Boy"<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Motown mistakenly titled the song "You've Changed Me" on early pressing of the album sleeve, as they had confused it with another song in their extensive catalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4">
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Z">Z</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Z">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks hlist" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;">
+<div id="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents :</span></div>
+<div style="margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#top">Top</a></li>
+<li><a href="#0.E2.80.939">09</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#B">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#C">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#D">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#E">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#F">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#G">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#H">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#J">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#K">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#L">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#M">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#N">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#O">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#P">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#R">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#S">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#T">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#U">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#W">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th width="20%">Title</th>
+<th width="15%">Originating album</th>
+<th width="15%">Writer(s)</th>
+<th width="25%">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" title="Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah">Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah</a>"</td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_the_Jackson_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5</a></i></td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Allie_Wrubel" title="Allie Wrubel">Allie Wrubel</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Ray_Gilbert" title="Ray Gilbert">Ray Gilbert</a></td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Unreleased_songs">Unreleased songs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Unreleased songs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="wikitable sortable" border="1">
+<tr>
+<th>Song</th>
+<th class="unsortable">Notes</th>
+<th class="unsortable">Ref</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="A Place in the Sun (Stevie Wonder song)">A Place in the Sun</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"After the Storm (The Sun Will Shine)"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Mountain_High_Enough" title="Ain't No Mountain High Enough">Ain't No Mountain High Enough</a>"</td>
+<td>The Jackson brothers recorded two versions of this song; one mid-tempo with a spoken intro (per <a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Mountain_High_Enough#Diana_Ross_version" title="Ain't No Mountain High Enough">Diana Ross' version</a>), and the other up-tempo</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Too_Proud_to_Beg" title="Ain't Too Proud to Beg">Ain't Too Proud to Beg</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Ave Maria"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6">[6]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Baby_I_Need_Your_Loving" title="Baby I Need Your Loving">Baby I Need Your Loving</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7">[7]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Back_in_My_Arms_Again" title="Back in My Arms Again">Back in My Arms Again</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7">[7]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Be My Girl"</td>
+<td>A song also claimed to have been performed live by The Jackson 5 at a concert in 1972. It was alleged at the time that "Be My Girl" would be the group's latest single, featuring Jermaine on lead vocals.</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7">[7]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Blowin%27_in_the_Wind" title="Blowin' in the Wind">Blowin' in the Wind</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7">[7]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Can_I_Get_a_Witness" title="Can I Get a Witness">Can I Get a Witness</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_58_72-8">[8]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Children's Christmas Song"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_58_72-8">[8]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Christmas Everyday"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_58_72-8">[8]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Do_You_Love_Me" title="Do You Love Me">Do You Love Me</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Fingertips_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingertips (song)">Fingertips</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_110_112_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_110_112-11">[11]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/For_Once_in_My_Life" title="For Once in My Life">For Once in My Life</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_110_112_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_110_112-11">[11]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/God_Rest_Ye_Merry_Gentlemen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen">God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen</a>"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_116_130_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_116_130-12">[12]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Heaven_Help_Us_All" title="Heaven Help Us All">Heaven Help Us All</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/How_Sweet_It_Is_(To_Be_Loved_by_You)" title="How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)">How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13">[13]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Help_Myself_(Sugar_Pie_Honey_Bunch)" title="I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)">I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Got a Feeling"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Got_the_Feelin%27" title="I Got the Feelin'">I Got the Feelin'</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine" title="I Heard It Through the Grapevine">I Heard It Through the Grapevine</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I Want You To Come Home For Christmas"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"If You Really Love Me"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"I'll Turn To Stone"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"It's Christmas Time"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_the_Same_Old_Song" title="It's the Same Old Song">It's the Same Old Song</a>"</td>
+<td>Features Jermaine singing lead vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Gotta_Be_Me" title="I've Gotta Be Me">I've Gotta Be Me</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Jackson Man"</td>
+<td>A song recorded for Steeltown Records, and said to be "somewhat of a tribute to their father", <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Jackson (manager)">Joseph</a>.</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_185_191_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_185_191-24">[24]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Joy_to_the_World" title="Joy to the World">Joy to the World</a>"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_185_191_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_185_191-24">[24]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Kentucky Road"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_192_194_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_192_194-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Lavender_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender Blue">Lavender Blue</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_197_212-25">[25]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/(Loneliness_Made_Me_Realize)_It%27s_You_That_I_Need" title="(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need">(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_197_212-25">[25]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Feels Like Fire"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_197_212-25">[25]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Go Away"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_197_212-25">[25]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Loving_You_Is_Sweeter_Than_Ever" title="Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever">Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_197_212-25">[25]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Things_(song)" title="My Favorite Things (song)">My Favorite Things</a>"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_224_233_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_224_233-16">[16]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Neither_One_of_Us_(Wants_to_Be_the_First_to_Say_Goodbye)" title="Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)">Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_235_241-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"No News Is Good News"</td>
+<td>A song worked on with <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> around 1974</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_235_241-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Nona"</td>
+<td>Song written by Jackie for the Jacksons' <i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i> album, but which failed to make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_235_241-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Ooh_Baby_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Ooh Baby Baby">Ooh Baby Baby</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_247_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_247-26">[26]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Power"</td>
+<td>Song written by Jackie for the Jacksons' <i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i> album, but which failed to make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18">[18]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Purple Snowflakes"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18">[18]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Quicksand_(Martha_and_the_Vandellas_song)" title="Quicksand (Martha and the Vandellas song)">Quicksand</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_256_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_256-27">[27]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Sad Souvenirs"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"She Say 'Want'"</td>
+<td>Song recorded for Motown Records, also known to fans as "She Say What"</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Silent_Night" title="Silent Night">Silent Night</a>"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Silver_Bells" title="Silver Bells">Silver Bells</a>"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Since You've Been Gone"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Slipped Away"</td>
+<td>Song written by Michael and Marlon for the Jacksons' <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i> album around 1980, but which failed to make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Still In Love With You"</td>
+<td>Song written by Michael for the Jacksons' <i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i> album, featuring Randy on lead vocals. It failed to make the final cut for the album.</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Take My Heart"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"That Girl"</td>
+<td>Song written by The Jacksons circa 1978-1980, but which failed to appear on either <i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"That's What Christmas Means to Me"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/To_Sir,_with_Love_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="To Sir, with Love (song)">To Sir, with Love</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Twinkle, Twinkle Little Me"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Uptight_(Everything%27s_Alright)" title="Uptight (Everything's Alright)">Uptight (Everything's Alright)</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_334_336_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_334_336-21">[21]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/What_Does_It_Take_(To_Win_Your_Love)" title="What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)">What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Where_Did_Our_Love_Go" title="Where Did Our Love Go">Where Did Our Love Go</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Where Do I Stand"</td>
+<td>Song written by Marlon for the Jacksons' <i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i> album, but which failed to make the final cut. He later recorded the song for his 1987 debut solo album <i>Baby Tonight</i>.</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)" title="White Christmas (song)">White Christmas</a>"</td>
+<td>Track recorded for The Jackson 5's <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Christmas album</a> around 1970, but which did not make the final cut</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Yester-Me,_Yester-You,_Yesterday" title="Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday">Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_My_Everything_(1931_song)" title="You're My Everything (1931 song)">You're My Everything</a>"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You're the Only One"</td>
+<td align="center"></td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Collaborations">Collaborations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Collaborations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A sideshot of an African-American woman wearing jeans and a T-shirt. She smiles and stares behind herself, down towards the floor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Janet_Jackson.jpg/150px-Janet_Jackson.jpg" width="150" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Janet_Jackson.jpg/225px-Janet_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Janet_Jackson.jpg/300px-Janet_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="501" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Four of the Jackson brothers collaborated with their sister Janet on "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stand_Another_Chance" title="Don't Stand Another Chance">Don't Stand Another Chance</a>"</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table class="wikitable sortable" border="1">
+<tr>
+<th>Song</th>
+<th>Artist</th>
+<th>Album</th>
+<th class="unsortable">Notes</th>
+<th class="unsortable">Ref</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Didn%27t_I_(Blow_Your_Mind_This_Time)" title="Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)">Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)</a>"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jackie</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jackie Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i>Jackie Jackson</i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jackie with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Do I Owe"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jackie</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jackie Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i>Jackie Jackson</i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jackie with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Does Your Mama Know About Me"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jermaine</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jermaine Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i>Come Into My Life</i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jermaine with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stand_Another_Chance" title="Don't Stand Another Chance">Don't Stand Another Chance</a>"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Janet</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a></span></span></td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Street_(Janet_Jackson_album)" title="Dream Street (Janet Jackson album)">Dream Street</a></i></td>
+<td>Featured backing vocals by brothers Michael, Marlon, Jackie and Tito</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Escape From the Planet of the Ant Men"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jermaine</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jermaine Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamite_(Jermaine_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamite (Jermaine Jackson album)">Dynamite</a></i></td>
+<td>Featured backing vocals by brothers Tito and Randy</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_103_106_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_103_106-10">[10]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Love Don't Want to Leave"</td>
+<td>Jackie Jackson</td>
+<td><i>Jackie Jackson</i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jackie with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9">[9]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"So In Love"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jermaine</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jermaine Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i>Come Into My Life</i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jermaine with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"That's How Love Goes"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jermaine</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jermaine Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jermaine_(Jermaine_Jackson_album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jermaine (Jermaine Jackson album) (page does not exist)">Jermaine</a></i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jermaine with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Michael</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Michael Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson album)">This Is It</a></i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Michael with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-rssongreview_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rssongreview-28">[28]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"<a href="/wiki/You_Haven%27t_Done_Nothin%27" title="You Haven't Done Nothin'">You Haven't Done Nothin'</a>"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Wonder, Stevie</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></span></span></td>
+<td><i><a href="/wiki/Fulfillingness%27_First_Finale" title="Fulfillingness' First Finale">Fulfillingness' First Finale</a></i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Stevie Wonder with "Doo Doo Wopsssss" credited to The Jackson 5</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"You're in Good Hands"</td>
+<td><span class="sortkey">Jackson, Jermaine</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jermaine Jackson</span></span></td>
+<td><i>Come Into My Life</i></td>
+<td>Recorded by Jermaine with his brothers on backing vocals</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography" title="The Jackson 5 discography">The Jackson 5 discography</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>Footnotes</dt>
+</dl>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-Nelson_George_2031-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_2031_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, pp. 2031</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Nelson_George_5051-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_5051_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_George_5051_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, pp. 5051</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Music_muse-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Music_muse_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ET&p_theme=et&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB93136DE46A61B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Music muse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Times-News" title="Erie Times-News">Erie Times-News</a></i>. May 6, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+songs+recorded+by+The+Jackson+5&rft.btitle=Music+muse&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Erie+Times-News%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DET%26p_theme%3Det%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB93136DE46A61B%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-500_songs_that_shaped_rock-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-500_songs_that_shaped_rock_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF446A16387E7B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"500 songs that shaped rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a></i>. September 3, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+songs+recorded+by+The+Jackson+5&rft.btitle=500+songs+that+shaped+rock&rft.date=1995-09-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Denver+Post%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DDP%26p_theme%3Ddp%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EAF446A16387E7B%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-halstead_5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halstead_5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, p. 5</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_7_20-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_7_20_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 720</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_21_53-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_21_53_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 2153</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_58_72-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_58_72_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 5872</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_76_94-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_76_94_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 7694</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_103_106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_103_106_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_103_106_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_103_106_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 103106</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_110_112-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_110_112_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_110_112_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_110_112_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 110112</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_116_130-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_116_130_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_116_130_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_116_130_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 116130</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_130_144-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_130_144_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 130144</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_146_184-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_146_184_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 146184</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_192_194-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_192_194_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_192_194_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 192194</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_224_233-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_224_233_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_224_233_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 224233</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_235_241-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_235_241_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 235241</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_249_254-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_249_254_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 249254</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_266_301-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_266_301_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 266301</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_307_332-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_307_332_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 307332</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_334_336-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_334_336_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_334_336_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 334336</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_346_368-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_346_368_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 346368</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_369_381-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_369_381_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 369381</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_185_191-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_185_191_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_185_191_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 185191</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_197_212-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_197_212_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, pp. 197212</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_247-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_247_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, p. 247</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Halstead_256-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead_256_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, p. 256</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-rssongreview-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rssongreview_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/10/12/new-michael-jackson-song-this-is-it-premieres-online/">"New Michael Jackson song, 'This Is It', premieres online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stone (magazine)">Rolling Stones</a></i>. October 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+songs+recorded+by+The+Jackson+5&rft.btitle=New+Michael+Jackson+song%2C+%27This+Is+It%27%2C+premieres+online&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Rolling+Stones%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Frockdaily%2Findex.php%2F2009%2F10%2F12%2Fnew-michael-jackson-song-this-is-it-premieres-online%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<dl>
+<dt>Bibliography</dt>
+</dl>
+<div class="refbegin" style="">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">George, Nelson</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Ultimate_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection">Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection</a></i> booklet. <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a>.</li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Halstead, Craig (2007). <i>Michael Jackson: For the Record</i>. Authors OnLine. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7552-0267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7552-0267-6">978-0-7552-0267-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+songs+recorded+by+The+Jackson+5&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+For+the+Record&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7552-0267-6&rft.pub=Authors+OnLine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5" title="Template:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Randy Jackson</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jackson 5</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jacksons</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Live albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">The Jackson 5 in Japan</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(Jackson_5_Album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie (Jackson 5 Album)">Boogie</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5:_The_Ultimate_Collection" title="Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection">Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Jacksons" title="The Essential Jacksons">The Essential Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_The_Jacksons" title="The Very Best of The Jacksons">The Very Best of The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_First_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 First National Tour">First National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Second_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 Second National Tour">Second National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_World_Tour" title="Destiny World Tour">Destiny World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Tour" title="Triumph Tour">Triumph Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Tour_(The_Jacksons_tour)" title="Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)">Victory Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Tour" title="Unity Tour">Unity Tour</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5ive_(TV_series)" title="The Jackson 5ive (TV series)">The Jackson 5ive</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(TV_series)" title="The Jacksons (TV series)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream" title="The Jacksons: An American Dream">The Jacksons: An American Dream</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_A_Family_Dynasty" title="The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty">The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related articles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography" title="The Jackson 5 discography">Discography</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Jackson_5_band_members" title="List of The Jackson 5 band members">Chronology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Jackson_5" title="Category:The Jackson 5">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons_singles" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5_singles" title="Template:The Jackson 5 singles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5_singles" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5 singles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5_singles&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons_singles" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography#Singles" title="The Jackson 5 discography">singles</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Singles on <a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(song)" title="Big Boy (song)">Big Boy</a>"</li>
+<li>"We Don't Have to Be Over 21 (To Fall in Love)"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 song)">ABC</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>" / "I Found That Girl"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Had_a_Dream_Come_True_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Never Had a Dream Come True (Stevie Wonder song)">Never Had a Dream Come True</a>"</li>
+<li>"I'll Bet You"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_Why" title="I Don't Know Why">Don't Know Why I Love You</a>"</li>
+<li>" <a href="/wiki/La-La_(Means_I_Love_You)" title="La-La (Means I Love You)">La La (Means I Love You)</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Be_There_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)">I'll Be There</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Pearl" title="Mama's Pearl">Mama's Pearl</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_I_Saw_in_You_Was_Just_a_Mirage" title="The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage">The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Coming to Town</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus" title="I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus">I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Love_on_Christmas_Day" title="Give Love on Christmas Day">Give Love on Christmas Day</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye" title="Never Can Say Goodbye">Never Can Say Goodbye</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song)">Maybe Tomorrow</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/16_Candles_(song)" title="16 Candles (song)">16 Candles</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Daddy_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Sugar Daddy (The Jackson 5 song)">Sugar Daddy</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Bitty_Pretty_One" title="Little Bitty Pretty One">Little Bitty Pretty One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows_(song)" title="Lookin' Through the Windows (song)">Lookin' Through the Windows</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Doctor_My_Eyes" title="Doctor My Eyes">Doctor My Eyes</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Corner of the Sky"</li>
+<li>"Hallelujah Day"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Skywriter_(song)" title="Skywriter (song)">Skywriter</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_It_Together_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="Get It Together (The Jackson 5 song)">Get It Together</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>"</li>
+<li>"The Life of the Party"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Am_Love_(song)" title="I Am Love (song)">I Am Love</a>"</li>
+<li>"Whatever You Got, I Want"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Came_Today" title="Forever Came Today">Forever Came Today</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/All_I_Do_Is_Think_of_You" title="All I Do Is Think of You">All I Do Is Think of You</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Enjoy Yourself (The Jacksons song)">Enjoy Yourself</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Show_You_the_Way_to_Go" title="Show You the Way to Go">Show You the Way to Go</a>"</li>
+<li>"Dreamer"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Goin' Places"</li>
+<li>"Even Though You're Gone"</li>
+<li>"Different Kind of Lady"</li>
+<li>"Music's Taking Over"</li>
+<li>"Find Me a Girl"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Boogie" title="Blame It on the Boogie">Blame It on the Boogie</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>"</li>
+<li>"Destiny"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lovely_One" title="Lovely One">Lovely One</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Place_Hotel" title="This Place Hotel">This Place Hotel</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Can_You_Feel_It_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)">Can You Feel It</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Walk_Right_Now" title="Walk Right Now">Walk Right Now</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"Things I Do for You" <small>(Live)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/State_of_Shock_(song)" title="State of Shock (song)">State of Shock</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Torture_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Torture (The Jacksons song)">Torture</a>"</li>
+<li>"Body"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothin%27_(That_Compares_2_U)" title="Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)">Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street_(song)" title="2300 Jackson Street (song)">2300 Jackson Street</a>"</li>
+<li>"Art of Madness"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Notable collaborations and album tracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Lovin%27_You" title="Who's Lovin' You">Who's Lovin' You</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Hum_Along_and_Dance" title="Hum Along and Dance">Hum Along and Dance</a>"</li>
+<li>"Time Out for the Burglar"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Feelin%27_Alright%3F" title="Feelin' Alright?">Feelin' Alright</a>"</li>
+<li>"That's How Love Is"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></b></li>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><i>Living with Michael Jackson</i></h1>
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+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Living with Michael Jackson</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Living_with_Michael_Jackson_titles.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Living with Michael Jackson titles.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Living_with_Michael_Jackson_titles.jpg" width="250" height="188" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="188" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Genre</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">Documentary</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Directed by</th>
+<td class="attendee">Julie Shaw</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Presented by</th>
+<td class="attendee"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Starring</th>
+<td class="attendee"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Country of origin</th>
+<td>United Kingdom</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Production</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Executive <span class="nowrap">producer(s)</span></th>
+<td>Jeff Anderson (<i>Tonight</i>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Producer(s)</span></th>
+<td>Julie Shaw</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Production <span class="nowrap">company(s)</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada Television</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Release</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Original network</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> (U.K.)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Original release</th>
+<td>February 3, 2003 (U.K.)<br />
+February 6, 2003 (U.S.)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i><b>Living with Michael Jackson</b></i> is a television documentary, in which <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a> interviewed <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> over a span of 8 months, from May 2002 to January 2003, about different aspects of his life. It was shown first in the United Kingdom on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> (as a <i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonight (TV series)">Tonight</a></i> special) on February 3, 2003, and in the United States 3 days later on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Walters" title="Barbara Walters">Barbara Walters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_review_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_review-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Summary"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Summary</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Rebuttal_video"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rebuttal video</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ratings"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ratings</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p><i>Living with Michael Jackson</i> begins at <a href="/wiki/Neverland_Ranch" title="Neverland Ranch">Neverland Ranch</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a> tour the estate's grounds and face off in a race car match. Later, he explains that he writes the songs by composing lyrics and not the music, because the music "will write itself." Upon being requested by Bashir, he demonstrates that through dancing, he becomes the physical embodiment of the music. Afterwards Jackson admits that the house's theme of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> is so inspirational, because he feels he is Pan. They go out to the <a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Tree" title="The Giving Tree">Giving Tree</a>, a tree in which Jackson gets inspiration to write his songs. While watching footage of the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a>, he gets emotional upon recalling how his father <a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joe</a> would watch his sons rehearse the dance steps with a belt in his hand. He states that he felt a deep fear of his father, and that is why he never laid a hand on his children. Bashir notes that this must have left a deep impact on the young Michael.</p>
+<p>After Neverland, Bashir followed him to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Seasons Hotel">Four Seasons Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas</a>. In Las Vegas, Jackson spoke about his love life, his changing appearance, and his children. When Bashir inquires if he had any girlfriends when he was young, Jackson recounts a time when one-time girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Tatum_O%27Neal" title="Tatum O'Neal">Tatum O'Neal</a> wanted to make love to him, but he backed down because he was not ready. Bashir and Jackson also visited a shopping center where Jackson reportedly spent over a million dollars in one store on furniture for a new house. The subject of his changing appearance is brought up, but an agitated Jackson denies deliberately bleaching his skin, getting implants in his cheeks, having a cleft put in his chin, having his lips enlarged, or getting his eyelids reconstructed, claiming that the media is ignorant of what they do not understand. Jackson mentions he suffered horrible bouts of <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> as a teenager, and his father would repeatedly insult him by making fun of his nose. Afterward, Bashir gets to meet the Jackson children Prince and Paris, who wore masks to conceal their appearance. Jackson then went to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany. This is where the "baby dangling" incident occurred. Jackson also visited <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoo</a> and a charity auction, and received a humanitarian award at the <a href="/wiki/Bambi_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambi Awards">Bambi Awards</a>.</p>
+<p>Back in Neverland, Jackson reveals to Bashir that not only does he invite disadvantaged children to his ranch, he lets them stay in his bed while he sleeps on the floor. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Arvizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Arvizo">Gavin Arvizo</a> is also interviewed and states that it was Jackson's support that helped him beat his bout with <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Jackson admits that sometimes when Gavin stayed with him, Jackson let him have the bed while he slept on the floor. When asked what he gets out of his involvement with children, the singer replies that he gains joy, because "my greatest inspiration comes from kids". After this, Bashir says he feels uneasy about what he views as an apparent obsession with children. He says that he will have to confront Jackson on certain areas of his life about which he feels he had been less than honest.</p>
+<p>During January 2003, Bashir meets with Jackson in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> for the final interview and brings up the subject of his face. A visibly upset Jackson says that he has only had two operations on his nose<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_review_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_review-1">[1]</a></sup> in order to facilitate his singing, to which Bashir tries to ask how he looks so much different from when he was an adolescent. After the singer states that there is nothing wrong with plastic surgery, and that it was "not invented for Michael Jackson," Bashir comes to the conclusion that Jackson wanted to change his appearance as a result of his troubled youth and father's insults. When he asks about a comment Jackson's son Prince made that "I haven't got a mother," Jackson tells him that <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Rowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Deborah Rowe">Deborah Rowe</a> bore his two children as a gift for him, because he wanted to be a father so badly. On the subject of Blanket's mother, Jackson contradicts his earlier statement that he had Blanket with a woman with whom he had a relationship by stating that Blanket's mother was a <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate mother">surrogate mother</a> and that they did not know each other. Bashir also repeatedly questions Jackson why he invites children into his room. Jackson defended himself stating that such activity is natural when the children are of close friends or family, and that "many children," including the Culkin family children (<a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kieran_Culkin" title="Kieran Culkin">Kieran</a>) have slept in the same bed as him. Jackson strongly denied that there was any <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sexual" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sexual">sexual</a> motivation for this. During these defensive comments he also stated that he would allow his children to stay with his friends including <a href="/wiki/Barry_Gibb" title="Barry Gibb">Barry Gibb</a>, saying that they are "sweet people" and are not "<a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidentiality agreement">confidentiality agreement</a>, he refuses to talk about the 1993 allegations, but he reveals that he paid the accuser a settlement, since he "didn't want to go through a long, drawn-out affair, like <a href="/wiki/O.J._Simpson" class="mw-redirect" title="O.J. Simpson">O.J</a>."</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> felt betrayed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a> and complained that the film gives a distorted picture of his behavior and conduct as a father.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> He said that in the final version of his interview, Bashir used only that material which supported the negative view Bashir portrayed as holding towards Jackson. In response, Jackson and his personal cameraman released a rebuttal interview, which showed Bashir complimenting Jackson on his abilities as a father and grace under pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bashir stated: I don't believe that I've betrayed Michael Jackson at all. I agreed that we would make an honest film about his life. The film was fair to his musical achievement and gave him every opportunity to explain himself. I'm not accusing anybody of being a child molester or a paedophile.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Following Jackson's death in 2009, Bashir said that Jackson "was never convicted of any crime, and I never saw any wrongdoing myself."<sup id="cite_ref-the_sun_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_sun-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebuttal_video">Rebuttal video</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rebuttal video">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In an attempt to repair his image following the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a> interview, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> released a second interview, called <i>Take Two: The Footage You Were Never Meant to See</i> (also referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Rebuttal" title="Rebuttal">rebuttal</a> video"), which was seen on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>. This was presented by <a href="/wiki/Maury_Povich" title="Maury Povich">Maury Povich</a> and contains material which Bashir omitted. It also features new interviews with people close to Jackson, such as his former wife <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Debbie Rowe</a>, parents <a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine</a>, brother <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine</a> and close friend <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a>. In this interview, she claimed it was on her request that the children wore masks in public. She also pointed out that the concept of "sharing a bed" can be misunderstood: for example, she herself likes watching television in bed; when she has a visitor, they both watch television together in bed. It also contains interviews with Bashir giving much different opinions than he gave in past interviews as well as in the voice-overs. He is shown praising Jackson as a father as well as saying that he thinks it is wonderful that he allows children to come to Neverland, though he had made previous statements that Neverland Ranch was a "dangerous place" for children.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The footage that they show in this documentary was filmed by Hamid Moslehi privately. He states that he was not "secretly" videotaping the interviews, as was popularly believed. He said Bashir knew they were also filming, but that Bashir probably did not know that when he told his camera crew to cut, that he was still filming.</p>
+<p>Part of the footage was not aired because videographer Hamid Moslehi refused to hand it over, owing to a financial dispute with Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tsg-grandjury_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsg-grandjury-11">[11]</a></sup> It was found by police in a search of Moslehi's home in November 2003, and showed the accuser's family praising Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-tsg-grandjury_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsg-grandjury-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Bashir said a 16-second clip was being used to portray him as being unfair when he had interviewed Jackson for more than 10 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ratings">Ratings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ratings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a> airing had 15 million viewers while 38 million watched the 2-hour special on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-nytimes_review-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_review_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_review_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Stanley, Alessandra (2003-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/06/arts/television-review-a-neverland-world-of-michael-jackson.html">"TELEVISION REVIEW; A Neverland World Of Michael Jackson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=TELEVISION+REVIEW%3B+A+Neverland+World+Of+Michael+Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.date=2003-02-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F02%2F06%2Farts%2Ftelevision-review-a-neverland-world-of-michael-jackson.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mjshouse.com/stories/living_with_mj_transcript.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Living with Michael Jackson" Excerpts from the programme transcript (from ITV.com)"</a>. Michael Jackson's House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.btitle=%22Living+with+Michael+Jackson%22+%E2%80%93+Excerpts+from+the+programme+transcript+%28from+ITV.com%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Michael+Jackson%27s+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjshouse.com%2Fstories%2Fliving_with_mj_transcript.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/06/jackson.bashir.statement/index.html">"Michael Jackson's statement"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 2003-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+statement&rft.date=2003-02-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2003%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F02%2F06%2Fjackson.bashir.statement%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2731663.stm">"Jackson complains to TV watchdog"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2003-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Jackson+complains+to+TV+watchdog&rft.date=2003-02-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2F2731663.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-the_times-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Low, Valentine (2009-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6586855.ece">"Michael Jackson: PR suicide with the help of Martin Bashir"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+PR+suicide+with+the+help+of+Martin+Bashir&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft.aulast=Low&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fmusic%2Farticle6586855.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-160610/Bashir-defends-Jacko-interview.html">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-160610/Bashir-defends-Jacko-interview.html</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-the_sun-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_sun_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2504331/Martin-Bashir-Michael-Jackson-was-the-greatest.html">"Bashir: Jacko was the greatest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i>. London. 2009-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Bashir%3A+Jacko+was+the+greatest&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesun.co.uk%2Fsol%2Fhomepage%2Fnews%2F2504331%2FMartin-Bashir-Michael-Jackson-was-the-greatest.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361907/"><i>The Michael Jackson Interview: The Footage You Were Never Meant to See (2003)</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Johnson Jr, Billy (2003-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030619074359/http://launch.yahoo.com/read/news.asp?contentID=212337">"Michael Jackson Interviewer Contradicts Himself In Behind The Scenes Footage"</a>. <i>LAUNCH</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://launch.yahoo.com/read/news.asp?contentID=212337">the original</a> on 19 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Interviewer+Contradicts+Himself+In+Behind+The+Scenes+Footage&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft.aulast=Johnson+Jr&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LAUNCH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaunch.yahoo.com%2Fread%2Fnews.asp%3FcontentID%3D212337&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Time Waster (2004-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/1220041jackson1.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Hero" Videographer Sues Jackson"</a>. The Smoking Gun<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.au=Time+Waster&rft.btitle=%22Hero%22+Videographer+Sues+Jackson&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Smoking+Gun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Farchive%2F1220041jackson1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-tsg-grandjury-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsg-grandjury_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsg-grandjury_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/inside-michael-jackson-grand-jury">"Inside The Michael Jackson Grand Jury"</a>. The Smoking Gun. 15 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+with+Michael+Jackson&rft.btitle=Inside+The+Michael+Jackson+Grand+Jury&rft.date=2005-02-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Smoking+Gun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fdocuments%2Fcrime%2Finside-michael-jackson-grand-jury&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2756285.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2756285.stm</a></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_with_Michael_Jackson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0352524/"><i>Living with Michael Jackson</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li>
+</ul>
+<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonight (TV series)">Tonight with Trevor McDonald</a></i></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_Television_Society" title="Royal Television Society">RTS: Television Journalism</a><br />
+Programme of the Year</b><br />
+2004</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><b>Home:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)" title="Panorama (TV series)">Panorama A Fight to the Death</a></i><br />
+<b>International:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/This_World_(television_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="This World (television programme)">This World Access to Evil</a></i></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f0e68c;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Jackson" title="Template:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Jackson" title="Template talk:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michael_Jackson&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Michael_Jackson" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_albums_discography" title="Michael Jackson albums discography">Albums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Singles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_videography" title="Michael Jackson videography">Videography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unreleased_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Unreleased songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">Awards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Records_and_achievements_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Records and achievements of Michael Jackson">Records and achievements</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Ben (Michael Jackson album)">Ben</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Posthumous albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Soundtracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(soundtrack)" title="The Wiz (soundtrack)">The Wiz</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(album)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It_(album)" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortal_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Immortal (Michael Jackson album)">Immortal</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Remix albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Soul_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Original Soul of Michael Jackson">The Original Soul of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stripped_Mixes" title="The Stripped Mixes">The Stripped Mixes</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remix_Suite" title="The Remix Suite">The Remix Suite</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Best of Michael Jackson">The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_Your_Life_(album)" title="One Day in Your Life (album)">One Day in Your Life</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Jackson_Mix" title="The Michael Jackson Mix">The Michael Jackson Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Masters_%E2%80%93_The_Millennium_Collection:_The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson">20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Michael_Jackson" title="The Essential Michael Jackson">The Essential Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Pop_(album)" title="King of Pop (album)">King of Pop</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Definitive_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Definitive Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Definitive Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon (Michael Jackson album)">Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Scream (Michael Jackson album)">Scream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Box sets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Anthology (Michael Jackson album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Ultimate Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Visionary:_The_Video_Singles" title="Visionary: The Video Singles">Visionary: The Video Singles</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25:_Limited_Japanese_Single_Collection" title="Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection">Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/50_Best_Songs_%E2%80%93_The_Motown_Years:_Michael_Jackson_%26_The_Jackson_5" title="50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5">50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello_World:_The_Motown_Solo_Collection" title="Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection">Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i>The Indispensable Collection</i></li>
+<li><i>The Ultimate Fan Extras Collection</i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Summer_Love" title="Farewell My Summer Love">Farewell My Summer Love</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25" title="Thriller 25">Thriller 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25" title="Bad 25">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Filmography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Michael Jackson's Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Michael Jackson's Ghosts</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Cast_Away_and_the_Island_Girls" title="Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls">Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Life_of_an_Icon" title="Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon">Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25_(film)" title="Bad 25 (film)">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Last_Photo_Shoot" title="Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot">Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Journey_from_Motown_to_Off_the_Wall" title="Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall">Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Video albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous:_The_Short_Films" title="Dangerous: The Short Films">Dangerous: The Short Films</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_HIStory" title="Video Greatest Hits HIStory">Video Greatest Hits HIStory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory_on_Film,_Volume_II" title="HIStory on Film, Volume II">HIStory on Film, Volume II</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(video)" title="Number Ones (video)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_(video)" title="The One (video)">The One</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_in_Bucharest:_The_Dangerous_Tour" title="Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour">Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_July_16,_1988" title="Live at Wembley July 16, 1988">Live at Wembley July 16, 1988</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror:_The_Michael_Jackson_Story" title="Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story">Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Move_Like_Michael_Jackson" title="Move Like Michael Jackson">Move Like Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stark_Raving_Dad" title="Stark Raving Dad">Stark Raving Dad</a>" <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Video games</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Moonwalker" title="Michael Jackson's Moonwalker">Michael Jackson's Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3" title="Sonic the Hedgehog 3">Sonic the Hedgehog 3</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5" title="Space Channel 5">Space Channel 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ready_2_Rumble_Boxing:_Round_2" title="Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2">Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5:_Part_2" title="Space Channel 5: Part 2">Space Channel 5: Part 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Experience" title="Michael Jackson: The Experience">Michael Jackson: The Experience</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Michael" title="Planet Michael">Planet Michael</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Bibliography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_the_Dream" title="Dancing the Dream">Dancing the Dream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/MJ_%26_Friends" title="MJ & Friends">MJ & Friends</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Celebration" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_We_Stand:_What_More_Can_I_Give" title="United We Stand: What More Can I Give">United We Stand: What More Can I Give</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_Live_at_the_Apollo_2002" title="Michael Jackson: Live at the Apollo 2002">Live at the Apollo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Assets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neverland_Ranch" title="Neverland Ranch">Neverland Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Songs" title="Northern Songs">Northern Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> <small>(formerly)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Influence on society</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World_Foundation" title="Heal the World Foundation">Heal the World Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_the_World" title="Thrill the World">Thrill the World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(viral_video)" title="Thriller (viral video)"><i>Thriller</i> viral video</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_%E2%80%93_Live" title="Thriller Live">Thriller Live</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour" title="Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour">Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_appearance_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Health and appearance of Michael Jackson">Health and appearance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">Personal relationships</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations</a></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Death of Michael Jackson">Death</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_v._Murray" title="California v. Murray">Trial of personal physician</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">Memorial service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs" title="List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs">Cover versions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_jacket" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller jacket">Thriller jacket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_HIStory_statue" title="Michael Jackson HIStory statue">HIStory statue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Michael Jackson-related games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesoparapylocheles" title="Mesoparapylocheles">Mesoparapylocheles</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)" title="Bubbles (chimpanzee)">Bubbles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award" title="Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award">Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World_(album)" title="We Are the World (album)">We Are the World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Is_the_Magic:_Anthem_for_the_Las_Vegas_Show" title="Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show">Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye:_The_Music_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson">Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Forever" title="Queen Forever">Queen Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Relatives</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Esther Scruse</a> <small>(mother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph Walter Jackson</a> <small>(father)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Maureen Reillette Brown</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Sigmund Esco Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Toriano Adaryll Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine La Juane Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya Yvonne Jackson</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon David Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Steven Randall Jackson</a> <small>(younger brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Damita Jo Jackson</a> <small>(younger sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Brown" title="Austin Brown">Nathaniel Austin Brown</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jackson_(singer)" title="T. J. Jackson (singer)">Tito Joe Jackson</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Deborah Jeanne Rowe</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_v._Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_v._Jackson" title="Template:People v. Jackson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_v._Jackson" title="Template talk:People v. Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:People_v._Jackson&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="People_v._Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Melville" title="Rodney Melville">Rodney Melville</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecution figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Sneddon_Jr." title="Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.">Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witnesses for the prosecution</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Debbie Rowe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">June Chandler</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brafman" title="Benjamin Brafman">Benjamin Brafman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Geragos" title="Mark Geragos">Mark Geragos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mesereau" title="Thomas Mesereau">Thomas Mesereau</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witnesses for the defense</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Tucker" title="Chris Tucker">Chris Tucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Lopez" title="George Lopez">George Lopez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Robson" title="Wade Robson">Wade Robson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other elements</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
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+
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">MJ & Friends</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="summary">MJ & Friends</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold;"><span class="category">Tour</span> by <span class="attendee"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Start date</th>
+<td>June 25, 1999</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">End date</th>
+<td>June 27, 1999</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of shows</th>
+<td>1 in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><br />
+1 in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><br />
+2 played</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> concert chronology</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="noprint plainlist">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<ul>
+<li style="display: table-cell; width: 33%;"><a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a><br />
+(199697)</li>
+<li style="display: table-cell; width: 33%;"><b>MJ & Friends</b><br />
+(1999)</li>
+<li style="display: table-cell; width: 33%;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special</a><br />
+(2001)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>MJ & Friends</b> were concerts held by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> recording artist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> in 1999, with numerous other performers as well. The purpose of the tour was to raise funds for children in Kosovo, Africa and elsewhere. Jackson gave two concerts during the tour. The first one took place in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on June 25 and the second one was in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In an interview with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gottshalk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Gottshalk (page does not exist)">Thomas Gottshalk</a>, Jackson was joined by long-time collaborator <a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a> during the two concerts. <a href="/wiki/She%27s_Out_of_My_Life" title="She's Out of My Life">She's Out of My Life</a> was reportedly planned for the Seoul concert, but was cancelled</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Munich_bridge_accident">Munich bridge accident</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MJ_%26_Friends&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Munich bridge accident">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>At the Munich Concert, while performing <a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>, the middle section of the bridge collapsed after ascending into the air, He was forced to climb out of the pit that the mechanism landed in. Michael, nor the audience was injured. However, Michael was taken to the hospital after the concert. The crash was confirmed to be a mechanical failure from the crane</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Set_list">Set list</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MJ_%26_Friends&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Set list">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The setlist is similar to Jackson's performance <a href="/wiki/1995_MTV_Video_Music_Awards" title="1995 MTV Video Music Awards">1995 MTV Video Music Awards</a>, with "<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>" added after "<a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson song)">Dangerous</a>".</p>
+<ol>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1995_MTV_Video_Music_Awards#Main_show" title="1995 MTV Video Music Awards">MTV 1995 Video Music Award</a> Medley: "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_%27Til_You_Get_Enough" title="Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough">Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel" title="The Way You Make Me Feel">The Way You Make Me Feel</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>" <small>(contains an excerpt of "<a href="/wiki/Jam_(song)" title="Jam (song)">Jam</a>")</small> / "<a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>" <small>(contains excerpts of "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>")</small> / "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson song)">Dangerous</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>"</li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone" title="You Are Not Alone">You Are Not Alone</a>"</li>
+</ol>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tour_dates">Tour dates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MJ_%26_Friends&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tour dates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
+<tr>
+<th width="110">Date</th>
+<th width="120">City/Town</th>
+<th width="135">Country</th>
+<th width="200">Venue</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>June 25, 1999</td>
+<td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td>
+<td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td>
+<td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium (Seoul)">Seoul Olympic Stadium</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>June 27, 1999</td>
+<td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td>
+<td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td>
+<td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Munich)" title="Olympiastadion (Munich)">Olympiastadion</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f0e68c;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Jackson" title="Template:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Jackson" title="Template talk:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michael_Jackson&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Michael_Jackson" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_albums_discography" title="Michael Jackson albums discography">Albums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Singles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_videography" title="Michael Jackson videography">Videography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unreleased_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Unreleased songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">Awards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Records_and_achievements_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Records and achievements of Michael Jackson">Records and achievements</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Ben (Michael Jackson album)">Ben</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Posthumous albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Soundtracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(soundtrack)" title="The Wiz (soundtrack)">The Wiz</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(album)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It_(album)" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortal_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Immortal (Michael Jackson album)">Immortal</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Remix albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Soul_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Original Soul of Michael Jackson">The Original Soul of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stripped_Mixes" title="The Stripped Mixes">The Stripped Mixes</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remix_Suite" title="The Remix Suite">The Remix Suite</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Best of Michael Jackson">The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_Your_Life_(album)" title="One Day in Your Life (album)">One Day in Your Life</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Jackson_Mix" title="The Michael Jackson Mix">The Michael Jackson Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Masters_%E2%80%93_The_Millennium_Collection:_The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson">20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Michael_Jackson" title="The Essential Michael Jackson">The Essential Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Pop_(album)" title="King of Pop (album)">King of Pop</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Definitive_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Definitive Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Definitive Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon (Michael Jackson album)">Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Scream (Michael Jackson album)">Scream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Box sets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Anthology (Michael Jackson album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Ultimate Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Visionary:_The_Video_Singles" title="Visionary: The Video Singles">Visionary: The Video Singles</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25:_Limited_Japanese_Single_Collection" title="Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection">Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/50_Best_Songs_%E2%80%93_The_Motown_Years:_Michael_Jackson_%26_The_Jackson_5" title="50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5">50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello_World:_The_Motown_Solo_Collection" title="Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection">Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i>The Indispensable Collection</i></li>
+<li><i>The Ultimate Fan Extras Collection</i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Summer_Love" title="Farewell My Summer Love">Farewell My Summer Love</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25" title="Thriller 25">Thriller 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25" title="Bad 25">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Filmography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Michael Jackson's Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Michael Jackson's Ghosts</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Cast_Away_and_the_Island_Girls" title="Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls">Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Life_of_an_Icon" title="Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon">Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25_(film)" title="Bad 25 (film)">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Last_Photo_Shoot" title="Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot">Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Journey_from_Motown_to_Off_the_Wall" title="Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall">Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Video albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous:_The_Short_Films" title="Dangerous: The Short Films">Dangerous: The Short Films</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_HIStory" title="Video Greatest Hits HIStory">Video Greatest Hits HIStory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory_on_Film,_Volume_II" title="HIStory on Film, Volume II">HIStory on Film, Volume II</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(video)" title="Number Ones (video)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_(video)" title="The One (video)">The One</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_in_Bucharest:_The_Dangerous_Tour" title="Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour">Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_July_16,_1988" title="Live at Wembley July 16, 1988">Live at Wembley July 16, 1988</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror:_The_Michael_Jackson_Story" title="Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story">Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Move_Like_Michael_Jackson" title="Move Like Michael Jackson">Move Like Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stark_Raving_Dad" title="Stark Raving Dad">Stark Raving Dad</a>" <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Video games</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Moonwalker" title="Michael Jackson's Moonwalker">Michael Jackson's Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3" title="Sonic the Hedgehog 3">Sonic the Hedgehog 3</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5" title="Space Channel 5">Space Channel 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ready_2_Rumble_Boxing:_Round_2" title="Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2">Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5:_Part_2" title="Space Channel 5: Part 2">Space Channel 5: Part 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Experience" title="Michael Jackson: The Experience">Michael Jackson: The Experience</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Michael" title="Planet Michael">Planet Michael</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Bibliography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_the_Dream" title="Dancing the Dream">Dancing the Dream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MJ & Friends</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Celebration" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_We_Stand:_What_More_Can_I_Give" title="United We Stand: What More Can I Give">United We Stand: What More Can I Give</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_Live_at_the_Apollo_2002" title="Michael Jackson: Live at the Apollo 2002">Live at the Apollo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Assets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neverland_Ranch" title="Neverland Ranch">Neverland Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Songs" title="Northern Songs">Northern Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> <small>(formerly)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Influence on society</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World_Foundation" title="Heal the World Foundation">Heal the World Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_the_World" title="Thrill the World">Thrill the World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(viral_video)" title="Thriller (viral video)"><i>Thriller</i> viral video</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_%E2%80%93_Live" title="Thriller Live">Thriller Live</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour" title="Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour">Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_appearance_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Health and appearance of Michael Jackson">Health and appearance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">Personal relationships</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Death of Michael Jackson">Death</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_v._Murray" title="California v. Murray">Trial of personal physician</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">Memorial service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs" title="List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs">Cover versions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_jacket" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller jacket">Thriller jacket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_HIStory_statue" title="Michael Jackson HIStory statue">HIStory statue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Michael Jackson-related games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesoparapylocheles" title="Mesoparapylocheles">Mesoparapylocheles</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)" title="Bubbles (chimpanzee)">Bubbles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award" title="Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award">Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World_(album)" title="We Are the World (album)">We Are the World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Is_the_Magic:_Anthem_for_the_Las_Vegas_Show" title="Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show">Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye:_The_Music_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson">Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Forever" title="Queen Forever">Queen Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Relatives</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Esther Scruse</a> <small>(mother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph Walter Jackson</a> <small>(father)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Maureen Reillette Brown</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Sigmund Esco Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Toriano Adaryll Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine La Juane Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya Yvonne Jackson</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon David Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Steven Randall Jackson</a> <small>(younger brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Damita Jo Jackson</a> <small>(younger sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Brown" title="Austin Brown">Nathaniel Austin Brown</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jackson_(singer)" title="T. J. Jackson (singer)">Tito Joe Jackson</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Deborah Jeanne Rowe</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Machine learning</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+ </div>
+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)">Machine Learning (journal)</a>.</div>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
+<tr>
+<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machine learning</a> and<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernel_Machine.svg" class="image"><img alt="Kernel Machine.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kernel_Machine.svg/220px-Kernel_Machine.svg.png" width="220" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kernel_Machine.svg/330px-Kernel_Machine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kernel_Machine.svg/440px-Kernel_Machine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="233" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Problems</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rules</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Feature_engineering" title="Feature engineering">Feature engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Feature_learning" title="Feature learning">Feature learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Online_machine_learning" title="Online machine learning">Online learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning" title="Semi-supervised learning">Semi-supervised learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_rank" title="Learning to rank">Learning to rank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_induction" title="Grammar induction">Grammar induction</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a><br />
+<span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a></b>  <b><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a></b>)</small></span></div>
+</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">Decision trees</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_learning" title="Ensemble learning">Ensembles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating" title="Bootstrap aggregating">Bagging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boosting_(machine_learning)" title="Boosting (machine learning)">Boosting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">Random forest</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier" title="Naive Bayes classifier">Naive Bayes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Neural networks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic regression</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_vector_machine" title="Relevance vector machine">Relevance vector machine (RVM)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">Support vector machine (SVM)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BIRCH" title="BIRCH">BIRCH</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering" title="Hierarchical clustering">Hierarchical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/K-means_clustering" title="K-means clustering"><i>k</i>-means</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectationmaximization algorithm">Expectationmaximization (EM)</a></li>
+<li><br />
+<a href="/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN">DBSCAN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OPTICS_algorithm" title="OPTICS algorithm">OPTICS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mean-shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean-shift">Mean-shift</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical correlation analysis">CCA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_component_analysis" title="Independent component analysis">ICA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">LDA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization" title="Non-negative matrix factorization">NMF</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding" title="T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding">t-SNE</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical models</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayes net</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_random_field" title="Conditional random field">CRF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">HMM</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="K-nearest neighbors classification"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Local_outlier_factor" title="Local outlier factor">Local outlier factor</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Neural nets</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">RNN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Boltzmann_machine" title="Restricted Boltzmann machine">Restricted Boltzmann machine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Self-organizing_map" title="Self-organizing map">SOM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="Stateactionrewardstateaction">SARSA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning" title="Temporal difference learning">Temporal difference (TD)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Theory</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bias-variance_dilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias-variance dilemma">Bias-variance dilemma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization" title="Empirical risk minimization">Empirical risk minimization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Occam_learning" title="Occam learning">Occam learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning" title="Probably approximately correct learning">PAC learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_learning_theory" title="Statistical learning theory">Statistical learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_theory" title="VapnikChervonenkis theory">VC theory</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Machine-learning venues</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems">NIPS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">ICML</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)">ML</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">JMLR</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/list/cs.LG/recent">ArXiv:cs.LG</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
+<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Related articles</div>
+<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
+<div class="hlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" class="mw-redirect" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning" title="Outline of machine learning">Outline of machine learning</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="plainlist" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal-puzzle.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Machine_learning" title="Portal:Machine learning">Machine learning portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_learning_bar" title="Template:Machine learning bar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_learning_bar" title="Template talk:Machine learning bar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Machine_learning_bar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Machine learning</b> is a field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> that gives <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The quotation near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source to ensure that it is accurate, not taken out of context, and/or actually exists. (August 2017)">verify</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Samuel" title="Arthur Samuel">Arthur Samuel</a>, an American pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_Gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Gaming">computer gaming</a> and artificial intelligence, coined the term "Machine Learning" in 1959 while at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>. Evolved from the study of <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">computational learning theory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[4]</a></sup> machine learning explores the study and construction of <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> that can learn from and make predictions on <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> such algorithms overcome following strictly static <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program instructions</a> by making data-driven predictions or decisions,<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2</sup> through building a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">model</a> from sample inputs. Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algorithms with good performance is difficult or infeasible; example applications include <a href="/wiki/Email_filtering" title="Email filtering">email filtering</a>, detection of network intruders or malicious insiders working towards a <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">data breach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> (OCR),<sup id="cite_ref-Wernick-Signal-Proc-July-2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernick-Signal-Proc-July-2010-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Learning_to_rank" title="Learning to rank">learning to rank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>.</p>
+<p>Machine learning is closely related to (and often overlaps with) <a href="/wiki/Computational_statistics" title="Computational statistics">computational statistics</a>, which also focuses on prediction-making through the use of computers. It has strong ties to <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">mathematical optimization</a>, which delivers methods, theory and application domains to the field. Machine learning is sometimes conflated with <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> where the latter subfield focuses more on exploratory data analysis and is known as <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:vii</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Machine learning can also be unsupervised<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> and be used to learn and establish baseline behavioral profiles for various entities<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and then used to find meaningful anomalies.</p>
+<p>Within the field of <a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">data analytics</a>, machine learning is a method used to devise complex models and algorithms that lend themselves to prediction; in commercial use, this is known as <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>. These analytical models allow researchers, <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data scientists</a>, engineers, and analysts to "produce reliable, repeatable decisions and results" and uncover "hidden insights" through learning from historical relationships and trends in the data.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p>According to the Gartner <a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">hype cycle</a> of 2016, machine learning is at its peak of inflated expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Effective machine learning is difficult because finding patterns is hard and often not enough training data is available; as a result, machine-learning programs often fail to deliver.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types_of_problems_and_tasks"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of problems and tasks</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History_and_relationships_to_other_fields"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History and relationships to other fields</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Relation_to_statistics"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Relation to statistics</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Theory"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Theory</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Approaches"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Approaches</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Decision_tree_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Decision tree learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Association_rule_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Association rule learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Artificial_neural_networks"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Artificial neural networks</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Deep_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Deep learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Inductive_logic_programming"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Inductive logic programming</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Support_vector_machines"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Support vector machines</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Clustering"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Clustering</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bayesian_networks"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Bayesian networks</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Reinforcement_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Reinforcement learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Representation_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.10</span> <span class="toctext">Representation learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Similarity_and_metric_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.11</span> <span class="toctext">Similarity and metric learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sparse_dictionary_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.12</span> <span class="toctext">Sparse dictionary learning</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Genetic_algorithms"><span class="tocnumber">4.13</span> <span class="toctext">Genetic algorithms</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Rule-based_machine_learning"><span class="tocnumber">4.14</span> <span class="toctext">Rule-based machine learning</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Learning_classifier_systems"><span class="tocnumber">4.14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Learning classifier systems</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Model_assessments"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Model assessments</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ethics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Ethics</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Software"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Software</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Free_and_open-source_software"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Free and open-source software</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Proprietary_software_with_free_and_open-source_editions"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Proprietary software with free and open-source editions</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Proprietary_software"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Proprietary software</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Journals"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Journals</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Conferences"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Conferences</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Tom_M._Mitchell" title="Tom M. Mitchell">Tom M. Mitchell</a> provided a widely quoted, more formal definition of the algorithms studied in the machine learning field: "A computer program is said to learn from experience <i>E</i> with respect to some class of tasks <i>T</i> and performance measure <i>P</i> if its performance at tasks in <i>T</i>, as measured by <i>P</i>, improves with experience <i>E</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> This definition of the tasks in which machine learning is concerned offers a fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Operational_definition" title="Operational definition">operational definition</a> rather than defining the field in cognitive terms. This follows <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>'s proposal in his paper "<a href="/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" title="Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>", in which the question "Can machines think?" is replaced with the question "Can machines do what we (as thinking entities) can do?".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> In Turing's proposal the various characteristics that could be possessed by a <i>thinking machine</i> and the various implications in constructing one are exposed.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_problems_and_tasks">Types of problems and tasks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of problems and tasks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><span id="Algorithm_types"></span></p>
+<p>Machine learning tasks are typically classified into two broad categories, depending on whether there is a learning "signal" or "feedback" available to a learning system:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a>: The computer is presented with example inputs and their desired outputs, given by a "teacher", and the goal is to learn a general rule that <a href="/wiki/Map_(mathematics)" title="Map (mathematics)">maps</a> inputs to outputs. As special cases, the input signal can be only partially available, or restricted to special feedback:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning" title="Semi-supervised learning">Semi-supervised learning</a>: the computer is given only an incomplete training signal: a training set with some (often many) of the target outputs missing.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a>: the computer can only obtain training labels for a limited set of instances (based on a budget), and also has to optimize his choice of objects to acquire labels for. When used interactively, these can be presented to the user for labeling.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a>: training data (in form of rewards and punishments) is given only as feedback to the programs actions in a dynamic environment, such as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" title="Autonomous car">driving a vehicle</a> or playing a game against an opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a>: No labels are given to the learning algorithm, leaving it on its own to find structure in its input. Unsupervised learning can be a goal in itself (discovering hidden patterns in data) or a means towards an end (<a href="/wiki/Feature_learning" title="Feature learning">feature learning</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png/220px-Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png" width="220" height="237" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png/330px-Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png/440px-Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="862" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Svm_max_sep_hyperplane_with_margin.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+A <a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">support vector machine</a> is a classifier that divides its input space into two regions, separated by a <a href="/wiki/Linear_classifier" title="Linear classifier">linear boundary</a>. Here, it has learned to distinguish black and white circles.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Among other categories of machine learning problems, <a href="/wiki/Meta_learning_(computer_science)" title="Meta learning (computer science)">learning to learn</a> learns its own <a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">inductive bias</a> based on previous experience. <a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental learning</a>, elaborated for <a href="/wiki/Robot_learning" title="Robot learning">robot learning</a>, generates its own sequences (also called curriculum) of learning situations to cumulatively acquire repertoires of novel skills through autonomous self-exploration and social interaction with human teachers and using guidance mechanisms such as active learning, maturation, motor synergies, and imitation.</p>
+<p>Another categorization of machine learning tasks arises when one considers the desired <i>output</i> of a machine-learned system:<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup></p>
+<ul>
+<li>In <a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a>, inputs are divided into two or more classes, and the learner must produce a model that assigns unseen inputs to one or more (<a href="/wiki/Multi-label_classification" title="Multi-label classification">multi-label classification</a>) of these classes. This is typically tackled in a supervised way. Spam filtering is an example of classification, where the inputs are email (or other) messages and the classes are "spam" and "not spam".</li>
+<li>In <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a>, also a supervised problem, the outputs are continuous rather than discrete.</li>
+<li>In <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">clustering</a>, a set of inputs is to be divided into groups. Unlike in classification, the groups are not known beforehand, making this typically an unsupervised task.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a> finds the <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">distribution</a> of inputs in some space.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a> simplifies inputs by mapping them into a lower-dimensional space. <a href="/wiki/Topic_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic modeling">Topic modeling</a> is a related problem, where a program is given a list of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">human language</a> documents and is tasked to find out which documents cover similar topics.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_relationships_to_other_fields">History and relationships to other fields</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and relationships to other fields">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_learning" title="Timeline of machine learning">Timeline of machine learning</a></div>
+<p>As a scientific endeavour, machine learning grew out of the quest for artificial intelligence. Already in the early days of AI as an academic discipline, some researchers were interested in having machines learn from data. They attempted to approach the problem with various symbolic methods, as well as what were then termed "<a href="/wiki/Neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural network">neural networks</a>"; these were mostly <a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">perceptrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/ADALINE" title="ADALINE">other models</a> that were later found to be reinventions of the <a href="/wiki/Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">generalized linear models</a> of statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">Probabilistic</a> reasoning was also employed, especially in automated medical diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-aima_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aima-20">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:488</sup></p>
+<p>However, an increasing emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/GOFAI" class="mw-redirect" title="GOFAI">logical, knowledge-based approach</a> caused a rift between AI and machine learning. Probabilistic systems were plagued by theoretical and practical problems of data acquisition and representation.<sup id="cite_ref-aima_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aima-20">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:488</sup> By 1980, <a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a> had come to dominate AI, and statistics was out of favor.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-21">[21]</a></sup> Work on symbolic/knowledge-based learning did continue within AI, leading to <a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">inductive logic programming</a>, but the more statistical line of research was now outside the field of AI proper, in <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aima_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aima-20">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:708710; 755</sup> Neural networks research had been abandoned by AI and computer science around the same time. This line, too, was continued outside the AI/CS field, as "<a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">connectionism</a>", by researchers from other disciplines including <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Rumelhart" title="David Rumelhart">Rumelhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Hinton">Hinton</a>. Their main success came in the mid-1980s with the reinvention of <a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">backpropagation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aima_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aima-20">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:25</sup></p>
+<p>Machine learning, reorganized as a separate field, started to flourish in the 1990s. The field changed its goal from achieving artificial intelligence to tackling solvable problems of a practical nature. It shifted focus away from the symbolic approaches it had inherited from AI, and toward methods and models borrowed from statistics and <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-21">[21]</a></sup> It also benefited from the increasing availability of digitized information, and the possibility to distribute that via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.</p>
+<p>Machine learning and data mining often employ the same methods and overlap significantly, but while machine learning focuses on prediction, based on <i>known</i> properties learned from the training data, <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">discovery</a> of (previously) <i>unknown</i> properties in the data (this is the analysis step of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge discovery">knowledge discovery</a> in databases). Data mining uses many machine learning methods, but with different goals; on the other hand, machine learning also employs data mining methods as "unsupervised learning" or as a preprocessing step to improve learner accuracy. Much of the confusion between these two research communities (which do often have separate conferences and separate journals, <a href="/wiki/ECML_PKDD" title="ECML PKDD">ECML PKDD</a> being a major exception) comes from the basic assumptions they work with: in machine learning, performance is usually evaluated with respect to the ability to <i>reproduce known</i> knowledge, while in knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) the key task is the discovery of previously <i>unknown</i> knowledge. Evaluated with respect to known knowledge, an uninformed (unsupervised) method will easily be outperformed by other supervised methods, while in a typical KDD task, supervised methods cannot be used due to the unavailability of training data.</p>
+<p>Machine learning also has intimate ties to optimization: many learning problems are formulated as minimization of some <a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a> on a training set of examples. Loss functions express the discrepancy between the predictions of the model being trained and the actual problem instances (for example, in classification, one wants to assign a label to instances, and models are trained to correctly predict the pre-assigned labels of a set of examples). The difference between the two fields arises from the goal of generalization: while optimization algorithms can minimize the loss on a training set, machine learning is concerned with minimizing the loss on unseen samples.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_statistics">Relation to statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation to statistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Machine learning and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> are closely related fields. According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_I._Jordan" title="Michael I. Jordan">Michael I. Jordan</a>, the ideas of machine learning, from methodological principles to theoretical tools, have had a long pre-history in statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-mi_jordan_ama_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi_jordan_ama-23">[23]</a></sup> He also suggested the term <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a> as a placeholder to call the overall field.<sup id="cite_ref-mi_jordan_ama_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi_jordan_ama-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Leo_Breiman" title="Leo Breiman">Leo Breiman</a> distinguished two statistical modelling paradigms: data model and algorithmic model,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> wherein "algorithmic model" means more or less the machine learning algorithms like <a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">Random forest</a>.</p>
+<p>Some statisticians have adopted methods from machine learning, leading to a combined field that they call <i>statistical learning</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-islr_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islr-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Theory"><span id="Generalization"></span> Theory</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></div>
+<p>A core objective of a learner is to generalize from its experience.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop2006-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Generalization in this context is the ability of a learning machine to perform accurately on new, unseen examples/tasks after having experienced a learning data set. The training examples come from some generally unknown probability distribution (considered representative of the space of occurrences) and the learner has to build a general model about this space that enables it to produce sufficiently accurate predictions in new cases.</p>
+<p>The computational analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">computational learning theory</a>. Because training sets are finite and the future is uncertain, learning theory usually does not yield guarantees of the performance of algorithms. Instead, probabilistic bounds on the performance are quite common. The <a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_decomposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Biasvariance decomposition">biasvariance decomposition</a> is one way to quantify generalization <a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals">error</a>.</p>
+<p>For the best performance in the context of generalization, the complexity of the hypothesis should match the complexity of the function underlying the data. If the hypothesis is less complex than the function, then the model has underfit the data. If the complexity of the model is increased in response, then the training error decreases. But if the hypothesis is too complex, then the model is subject to <a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">overfitting</a> and generalization will be poorer.<sup id="cite_ref-alpaydin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpaydin-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In addition to performance bounds, computational learning theorists study the time complexity and feasibility of learning. In computational learning theory, a computation is considered feasible if it can be done in <a href="/wiki/Time_complexity#Polynomial_time" title="Time complexity">polynomial time</a>. There are two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Time_complexity" title="Time complexity">time complexity</a> results. Positive results show that a certain class of functions can be learned in polynomial time. Negative results show that certain classes cannot be learned in polynomial time.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Approaches">Approaches</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Approaches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of machine learning algorithms">List of machine learning algorithms</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Decision_tree_learning">Decision tree learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decision tree learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">Decision tree learning</a></div>
+<p>Decision tree learning uses a <a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">decision tree</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Predictive_modelling" title="Predictive modelling">predictive model</a>, which maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Association_rule_learning">Association rule learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Association rule learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rule learning</a></div>
+<p>Association rule learning is a method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Artificial_neural_networks">Artificial neural networks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artificial neural networks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></div>
+<p>An <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a> (ANN) learning algorithm, usually called "neural network" (NN), is a learning algorithm that is inspired by the structure and functional aspects of <a href="/wiki/Biological_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological neural networks">biological neural networks</a>. Computations are structured in terms of an interconnected group of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neuron" title="Artificial neuron">artificial neurons</a>, processing information using a <a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">connectionist</a> approach to <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a>. Modern neural networks are <a href="/wiki/Non-linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear">non-linear</a> <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">data modeling</a> tools. They are usually used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs, to <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">find patterns</a> in data, or to capture the statistical structure in an unknown <a href="/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution" title="Joint probability distribution">joint probability distribution</a> between observed variables.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Deep_learning">Deep learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deep learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></div>
+<p>Falling hardware prices and the development of <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a> for personal use in the last few years have contributed to the development of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> which consists of multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network. This approach tries to model the way the human brain processes light and sound into vision and hearing. Some successful applications of deep learning are <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inductive_logic_programming">Inductive logic programming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inductive logic programming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic programming</a></div>
+<p>Inductive logic programming (ILP) is an approach to rule learning using <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a> as a uniform representation for input examples, background knowledge, and hypotheses. Given an encoding of the known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesized logic program that <a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">entails</a> all positive and no negative examples. <a href="/wiki/Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive programming</a> is a related field that considers any kind of programming languages for representing hypotheses (and not only logic programming), such as <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programs</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Support_vector_machines">Support vector machines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support vector machines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Support vector machines">Support vector machines</a></div>
+<p>Support vector machines (SVMs) are a set of related <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a> methods used for <a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a>. Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that predicts whether a new example falls into one category or the other.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clustering">Clustering</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clustering">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a></div>
+<p>Cluster analysis is the assignment of a set of observations into subsets (called <i>clusters</i>) so that observations within the same cluster are similar according to some predesignated criterion or criteria, while observations drawn from different clusters are dissimilar. Different clustering techniques make different assumptions on the structure of the data, often defined by some <i>similarity metric</i> and evaluated for example by <i>internal compactness</i> (similarity between members of the same cluster) and <i>separation</i> between different clusters. Other methods are based on <i>estimated density</i> and <i>graph connectivity</i>. Clustering is a method of <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised learning</a>, and a common technique for <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bayesian_networks">Bayesian networks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bayesian networks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian network</a></div>
+<p>A Bayesian network, belief network or directed acyclic graphical model is a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">probabilistic graphical model</a> that represents a set of <a href="/wiki/Random_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Random variables">random variables</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Conditional_independence" title="Conditional independence">conditional independencies</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">directed acyclic graph</a> (DAG). For example, a Bayesian network could represent the probabilistic relationships between diseases and symptoms. Given symptoms, the network can be used to compute the probabilities of the presence of various diseases. Efficient algorithms exist that perform <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> and learning.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reinforcement_learning">Reinforcement learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reinforcement learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></div>
+<p>Reinforcement learning is concerned with how an <i>agent</i> ought to take <i>actions</i> in an <i>environment</i> so as to maximize some notion of long-term <i>reward</i>. Reinforcement learning algorithms attempt to find a <i>policy</i> that maps <i>states</i> of the world to the actions the agent ought to take in those states. Reinforcement learning differs from the <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a> problem in that correct input/output pairs are never presented, nor sub-optimal actions explicitly corrected.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Representation_learning">Representation learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Representation learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Representation_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation learning">Representation learning</a></div>
+<p>Several learning algorithms, mostly <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised learning</a> algorithms, aim at discovering better representations of the inputs provided during training. Classical examples include <a href="/wiki/Principal_components_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal components analysis">principal components analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a>. Representation learning algorithms often attempt to preserve the information in their input but transform it in a way that makes it useful, often as a pre-processing step before performing classification or predictions, allowing reconstruction of the inputs coming from the unknown data generating distribution, while not being necessarily faithful for configurations that are implausible under that distribution.</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Manifold_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifold learning">Manifold learning</a> algorithms attempt to do so under the constraint that the learned representation is low-dimensional. <a href="/wiki/Sparse_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparse coding">Sparse coding</a> algorithms attempt to do so under the constraint that the learned representation is sparse (has many zeros). <a href="/wiki/Multilinear_subspace_learning" title="Multilinear subspace learning">Multilinear subspace learning</a> algorithms aim to learn low-dimensional representations directly from <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a> representations for multidimensional data, without reshaping them into (high-dimensional) vectors.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a> algorithms discover multiple levels of representation, or a hierarchy of features, with higher-level, more abstract features defined in terms of (or generating) lower-level features. It has been argued that an intelligent machine is one that learns a representation that disentangles the underlying factors of variation that explain the observed data.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Similarity_and_metric_learning">Similarity and metric learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Similarity and metric learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Similarity_learning" title="Similarity learning">Similarity learning</a></div>
+<p>In this problem, the learning machine is given pairs of examples that are considered similar and pairs of less similar objects. It then needs to learn a similarity function (or a distance metric function) that can predict if new objects are similar. It is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation systems">Recommendation systems</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sparse_dictionary_learning">Sparse dictionary learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sparse dictionary learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sparse_dictionary_learning" title="Sparse dictionary learning">Sparse dictionary learning</a></div>
+<p>In this method, a datum is represented as a linear combination of <a href="/wiki/Basis_function" title="Basis function">basis functions</a>, and the coefficients are assumed to be sparse. Let <i>x</i> be a <i>d</i>-dimensional datum, <i>D</i> be a <i>d</i> by <i>n</i> matrix, where each column of <i>D</i> represents a basis function. <i>r</i> is the coefficient to represent <i>x</i> using <i>D</i>. Mathematically, sparse dictionary learning means solving <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" >
+ <semantics>
+ <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
+ <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
+ <mi>x</mi>
+ <mo>≈<!-- --></mo>
+ <mi>D</mi>
+ <mi>r</mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ </mrow>
+ <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\approx Dr}</annotation>
+ </semantics>
+</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9263f0bd4e3047f35db74115ba79f2a7cecd14ef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.443ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\approx Dr}" /></span> where <i>r</i> is sparse. Generally speaking, <i>n</i> is assumed to be larger than <i>d</i> to allow the freedom for a sparse representation.</p>
+<p>Learning a dictionary along with sparse representations is <a href="/wiki/Strongly_NP-hard" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly NP-hard">strongly NP-hard</a> and also difficult to solve approximately.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> A popular heuristic method for sparse dictionary learning is <a href="/wiki/K-SVD" title="K-SVD">K-SVD</a>.</p>
+<p>Sparse dictionary learning has been applied in several contexts. In classification, the problem is to determine which classes a previously unseen datum belongs to. Suppose a dictionary for each class has already been built. Then a new datum is associated with the class such that it's best sparsely represented by the corresponding dictionary. Sparse dictionary learning has also been applied in <a href="/wiki/Image_de-noising" class="mw-redirect" title="Image de-noising">image de-noising</a>. The key idea is that a clean image patch can be sparsely represented by an image dictionary, but the noise cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetic_algorithms">Genetic algorithms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genetic algorithms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithm" title="Genetic algorithm">Genetic algorithm</a></div>
+<p>A genetic algorithm (GA) is a <a href="/wiki/Search_algorithm" title="Search algorithm">search</a> <a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)" title="Heuristic (computer science)">heuristic</a> that mimics the process of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, and uses methods such as <a href="/wiki/Mutation_(genetic_algorithm)" title="Mutation (genetic algorithm)">mutation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(genetic_algorithm)" title="Crossover (genetic algorithm)">crossover</a> to generate new <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_(genetic_algorithm)" title="Chromosome (genetic algorithm)">genotype</a> in the hope of finding good solutions to a given problem. In machine learning, genetic algorithms found some uses in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Conversely, machine learning techniques have been used to improve the performance of genetic and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">evolutionary algorithms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rule-based_machine_learning">Rule-based machine learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rule-based machine learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning" title="Rule-based machine learning">Rule-based machine learning</a> is a general term for any machine learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves `rules to store, manipulate or apply, knowledge. The defining characteristic of a rule-based machine learner is the identification and utilization of a set of relational rules that collectively represent the knowledge captured by the system. This is in contrast to other machine learners that commonly identify a singular model that can be universally applied to any instance in order to make a prediction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Rule-based machine learning approaches include <a href="/wiki/Learning_classifier_system" title="Learning classifier system">learning classifier systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">association rule learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_immune_system" title="Artificial immune system">artificial immune systems</a>.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Learning_classifier_systems">Learning classifier systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Learning classifier systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Learning_classifier_system" title="Learning classifier system">Learning classifier system</a></div>
+<p>Learning classifier systems (LCS) are a family of <a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning" title="Rule-based machine learning">rule-based machine learning</a> algorithms that combine a discovery component (e.g. typically a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithm" title="Genetic algorithm">genetic algorithm</a>) with a learning component (performing either <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised learning</a>). They seek to identify a set of context-dependent rules that collectively store and apply knowledge in a <a href="/wiki/Piecewise" title="Piecewise">piecewise</a> manner in order to make predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Applications for machine learning include:</p>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Automated theorem proving</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_website" title="Adaptive website">Adaptive websites</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93machine_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brainmachine interface">Brainmachine interfaces</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li>
+<li>Classifying <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequences</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_anatomy" title="Computational anatomy">Computational anatomy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Object recognition">object recognition</a></li>
+<li>Detecting <a href="/wiki/Credit-card_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit-card fraud">credit-card fraud</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a> detection<sup id="cite_ref-alpaydin_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpaydin-28">[28]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_control" title="Machine learning control">Machine learning control</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Machine perception</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)">Medical diagnosis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaheuristic" title="Metaheuristic">metaheuristic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender systems</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">Search engines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a> (or opinion mining)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence mining">Sequence mining</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a> analysis</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Structural_health_monitoring" title="Structural health monitoring">Structural health monitoring</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_pattern_recognition" title="Syntactic pattern recognition">Syntactic pattern recognition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time series forecasting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/User_behavior_analytics" title="User behavior analytics">User behavior analytics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>In 2006, the online movie company <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> held the first "<a href="/wiki/Netflix_Prize" title="Netflix Prize">Netflix Prize</a>" competition to find a program to better predict user preferences and improve the accuracy on its existing Cinematch movie recommendation algorithm by at least 10%. A joint team made up of researchers from <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T Labs</a>-Research in collaboration with the teams Big Chaos and Pragmatic Theory built an <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Averaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Averaging">ensemble model</a> to win the Grand Prize in 2009 for $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Shortly after the prize was awarded, Netflix realized that viewers' ratings were not the best indicators of their viewing patterns ("everything is a recommendation") and they changed their recommendation engine accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2010 The Wall Street Journal wrote about the firm Rebellion Research and their use of Machine Learning to predict the financial crisis. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
+<p><br />
+In 2012, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a> predicted that 80% of medical doctors jobs would be lost in the next two decades to automated machine learning medical diagnostic software.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2014, it has been reported that a machine learning algorithm has been applied in Art History to study fine art paintings, and that it may have revealed previously unrecognized influences between artists.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Model_assessments">Model assessments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Model assessments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Classification machine learning models can be validated by accuracy estimation techniques like the <a href="/wiki/Test_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Test set">Holdout</a> method, which splits the data in a training and test set (conventionally 2/3 training set and 1/3 test set designation) and evaluates the performance of the training model on the test set. In comparison, the N-fold-<a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">cross-validation</a> method randomly splits the data in k subsets where the k-1 instances of the data are used to train the model while the kth instance is used to test the predictive ability of the training model. In addition to the holdout and cross-validation methods, <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrap">bootstrap</a>, which samples n instances with replacement from the dataset, can be used to assess model accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In addition to overall accuracy, investigators frequently report <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity and specificity</a> meaning True Positive Rate (TPR) and True Negative Rate (TNR) respectively. Similarly, investigators sometimes report the <a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">False Positive Rate</a> (FPR) as well as the <a href="/wiki/False_negative_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="False negative rate">False Negative Rate</a> (FNR). However, these rates are ratios that fail to reveal their numerators and denominators. The Total Operating Characteristic (TOC) is an effective method to express a models diagnostic ability. TOC shows the numerators and denominators of the previously mentioned rates, thus TOC provides more information than the commonly used <a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">Receiver operating characteristic</a> (ROC) and ROCs associated Area Under the Curve (AUC).</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethics">Ethics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Machine learning poses a host of ethical questions. Systems which are trained on datasets collected with biases may exhibit these biases upon use, thus digitizing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_prejudice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural prejudice (page does not exist)">cultural prejudices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Responsible <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">collection of data</a> thus is a critical part of machine learning.</p>
+<p>Because language contains biases, machines trained on language <i><a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpora</a></i> will necessarily also learn bias.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></p>
+<p>See <a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a> for additional information.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Software">Software</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Software_suite" title="Software suite">Software suites</a> containing a variety of machine learning algorithms include the following :</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Free_and_open-source_software">Free and open-source software</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Free and open-source software">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">CNTK</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deeplearning4j" title="Deeplearning4j">Deeplearning4j</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dlib" title="Dlib">dlib</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ELKI" title="ELKI">ELKI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/H2o_(Analytics_tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2o (Analytics tool)">H2O</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Mahout" title="Apache Mahout">Mahout</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mallet_(software_project)" title="Mallet (software project)">Mallet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Multi_expression_programming" title="Multi expression programming">MEPX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mlpy" title="Mlpy">mlpy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MLPACK_(C%2B%2B_library)" title="MLPACK (C++ library)">MLPACK</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MOA_(Massive_Online_Analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOA (Massive Online Analysis)">MOA (Massive Online Analysis)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MXNet" title="MXNet">MXNet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ND4J_(software)" title="ND4J (software)">ND4J: ND arrays for Java</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Numenta#The_NuPIC_Open_Source_Project" title="Numenta">NuPIC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI#OpenAI_Gym" title="OpenAI">OpenAI Gym</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI#Universe" title="OpenAI">OpenAI Universe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OpenNN" title="OpenNN">OpenNN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shogun_(toolbox)" title="Shogun (toolbox)">Shogun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(machine_learning)" title="Torch (machine learning)">Torch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yooreeka" title="Yooreeka">Yooreeka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)" title="Weka (machine learning)">Weka</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Proprietary_software_with_free_and_open-source_editions">Proprietary software with free and open-source editions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Proprietary software with free and open-source editions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KNIME" title="KNIME">KNIME</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RapidMiner" title="RapidMiner">RapidMiner</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Proprietary_software">Proprietary software</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Proprietary software">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Machine_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Machine Learning">Amazon Machine Learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Angoss" title="Angoss">Angoss</a> KnowledgeSTUDIO</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ayasdi" title="Ayasdi">Ayasdi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Data_Science_Experience" title="IBM Data Science Experience">IBM Data Science Experience</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_APIs" title="Google APIs">Google Prediction API</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">IBM SPSS Modeler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KXEN_Inc." title="KXEN Inc.">KXEN Modeler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LIONsolver" title="LIONsolver">LIONsolver</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Azure_machine_learning_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure machine learning studio">Microsoft Azure Machine Learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Designer" title="Neural Designer">Neural Designer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NeuroSolutions" title="NeuroSolutions">NeuroSolutions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Data_Mining" title="Oracle Data Mining">Oracle Data Mining</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RCASE" title="RCASE">RCASE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAP_Leonardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAP Leonardo (page does not exist)">SAP Leonardo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)#Components" title="SAS (software)">SAS Enterprise Miner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SequenceL" title="SequenceL">SequenceL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skymind" title="Skymind">Skymind</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Splunk" title="Splunk">Splunk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/STATISTICA" class="mw-redirect" title="STATISTICA">STATISTICA</a> Data Miner</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Journals">Journals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">Journal of Machine Learning Research</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)"><i>Machine Learning</i></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Computation_(journal)" title="Neural Computation (journal)"><i>Neural Computation</i></a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conferences">Conferences</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Conferences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems">Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">International Conference on Machine Learning</a></li>
+<li>International Conference on Learning Representations</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation2.gif" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation2.gif/17px-Animation2.gif" width="17" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation2.gif/26px-Animation2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation2.gif/34px-Animation2.gif 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="78" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Artificial_intelligence" title="Portal:Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Machine_learning" title="Portal:Machine learning">Machine learning portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic reasoning">Automatic reasoning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_intelligence" title="Computational intelligence">Computational intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_advanced_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence">Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Explanation-based_learning" title="Explanation-based learning">Explanation-based learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_computer_science#Machine_learning" title="List of important publications in computer science">Important publications in machine learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of machine learning algorithms">List of machine learning algorithms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine_learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine learning research">List of datasets for machine learning research</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_learning" title="Similarity learning">Similarity learning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Machine-learning applications in bioinformatics</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supposedly paraphrased from: <cite class="citation journal">Samuel, Arthur (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.33.0210">"Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers"</a>. <i>IBM Journal of Research and Development</i>. <b>3</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.33.0210">10.1147/rd.33.0210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Some+Studies+in+Machine+Learning+Using+the+Game+of+Checkers&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.volume=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1147%2Frd.33.0210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.33.0210&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Koza, John R.; Bennett, Forrest H.; Andre, David; Keane, Martin A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-0279-4_9"><i>Automated Design of Both the Topology and Sizing of Analog Electrical Circuits Using Genetic Programming</i></a>. Artificial Intelligence in Design 96. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 151170. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0279-4_9">10.1007/978-94-009-0279-4_9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.au=Andre%2C+David&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Forrest+H.&rft.au=Keane%2C+Martin+A.&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.aulast=Koza&rft.btitle=Automated+Design+of+Both+the+Topology+and+Sizing+of+Analog+Electrical+Circuits+Using+Genetic+Programming&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=conference&rft.pages=151-170&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Dordrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-0279-4_9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-0279-4_9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Kohavi and F. Provost, \Glossary of terms," Machine Learning, vol. 30, no. 2-3, pp. 271-274, 1998.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1116194/machine-learning">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1116194/machine-learning</a>  <small>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary sources">tertiary source</a> reuses information from other sources but does not name them.</small></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ron Kohavi; Foster Provost (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ai.stanford.edu/~ronnyk/glossary.html">"Glossary of terms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)">Machine Learning</a></i>. <b>30</b>: 271274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+terms&rft.au=Foster+Provost&rft.au=Ron+Kohavi&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Learning&rft.pages=271-274&rft.volume=30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fai.stanford.edu%2F~ronnyk%2Fglossary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-bishop-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Machine learning and pattern recognition "can be viewed as two facets of the same field."</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dickson, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/01/exploiting-machine-learning-in-cybersecurity/">"Exploiting machine learning in cybersecurity"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Exploiting+machine+learning+in+cybersecurity&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2016%2F07%2F01%2Fexploiting-machine-learning-in-cybersecurity%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Wernick-Signal-Proc-July-2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wernick-Signal-Proc-July-2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernick, Yang, Brankov, Yourganov and Strother, Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Signal_Processing_Society" title="IEEE Signal Processing Society">IEEE Signal Processing Magazine</a></i>, vol. 27, no. 4, July 2010, pp. 2538</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Mannila, Heikki (1996). <i>Data mining: machine learning, statistics, and databases</i>. Int'l Conf. Scientific and Statistical Database Management. IEEE Computer Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rft.aulast=Mannila&rft.btitle=Data+mining%3A+machine+learning%2C+statistics%2C+and+databases&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=conference&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Friedman" title="Jerome H. Friedman">Friedman, Jerome H.</a> (1998). "Data Mining and Statistics: What's the connection?". <i>Computing Science and Statistics</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Data+Mining+and+Statistics%3A+What%27s+the+connection%3F&rft.aufirst=Jerome+H.&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Computing+Science+and+Statistics&rft.pages=3-9&rft.volume=29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/3-flavors-of-machine-learning--who-what-and-where/a/d-id/1324278">"Dark Reading"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.btitle=Dark+Reading&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darkreading.com%2Fthreat-intelligence%2F3-flavors-of-machine-learning--who-what-and-where%2Fa%2Fd-id%2F1324278&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aibusiness.org/lightcybers-jason-matlof-explains-how-magna-detects-hackers-before-they-attack/">"AI Business"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.btitle=AI+Business&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faibusiness.org%2Flightcybers-jason-matlof-explains-how-magna-detects-hackers-before-they-attack%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas.com/it_it/insights/analytics/machine-learning.html">"Machine Learning: What it is and why it matters"</a>. <i>www.sas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Machine+Learning%3A+What+it+is+and+why+it+matters&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.com%2Fit_it%2Finsights%2Fanalytics%2Fmachine-learning.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3412017">"Gartner's 2016 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies Identifies Three Key Trends That Organizations Must Track to Gain Competitive Advantage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Gartner%27s+2016+Hype+Cycle+for+Emerging+Technologies+Identifies+Three+Key+Trends+That+Organizations+Must+Track+to+Gain+Competitive+Advantage&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fid%2F3412017&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-10/why-machine-learning-models-often-fail-to-learn-quicktake-q-a">"Why Machine Learning Models Often Fail to Learn: QuickTake Q&A"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 2016-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Why+Machine+Learning+Models+Often+Fail+to+Learn%3A+QuickTake+Q%26A&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-11-10%2Fwhy-machine-learning-models-often-fail-to-learn-quicktake-q-a&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Simonite, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603944/microsoft-ai-isnt-yet-adaptable-enough-to-help-businesses/">"Microsoft says its racist chatbot illustrates how AI isnt adaptable enough to help most businesses"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Microsoft+says+its+racist+chatbot+illustrates+how+AI+isn%E2%80%99t+adaptable+enough+to+help+most+businesses&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Simonite&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fs%2F603944%2Fmicrosoft-ai-isnt-yet-adaptable-enough-to-help-businesses%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mitchell, T. (1997). <i>Machine Learning</i>. McGraw Hill. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-042807-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-042807-7">0-07-042807-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+T.&rft.btitle=Machine+Learning&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-042807-7&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStevan_Harnad2008" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Stevan Harnad</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12954/">"The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence"</a>, in Epstein, Robert; Peters, Grace, <i>The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer</i>, Kluwer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=The+Annotation+Game%3A+On+Turing+%281950%29+on+Computing%2C+Machinery%2C+and+Intelligence&rft.au=Stevan+Harnad&rft.btitle=The+Turing+Test+Sourcebook%3A+Philosophical+and+Methodological+Issues+in+the+Quest+for+the+Thinking+Computer&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk%2F12954%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sarle, Warren. "Neural Networks and statistical models". <i>CiteseerX</i>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.27.699">10.1.1.27.699</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Neural+Networks+and+statistical+models&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.aulast=Sarle&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CiteseerX&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.27.699&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bassel, George W.; Glaab, Enrico; Marquez, Julietta; Holdsworth, Michael J.; Bacardit, Jaume (2011-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantcell.org/content/23/9/3101">"Functional Network Construction in Arabidopsis Using Rule-Based Machine Learning on Large-Scale Data Sets"</a>. <i>The Plant Cell</i>. <b>23</b> (9): 31013116. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1532-298X">1532-298X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203449">3203449</a><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896882">21896882</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.111.088153">10.1105/tpc.111.088153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Functional+Network+Construction+in+Arabidopsis+Using+Rule-Based+Machine+Learning+on+Large-Scale+Data+Sets&rft.au=Bacardit%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Glaab%2C+Enrico&rft.au=Holdsworth%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Marquez%2C+Julietta&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft.aulast=Bassel&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1532-298X&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Cell&rft.pages=3101-3116&rft.volume=23&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3203449&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantcell.org%2Fcontent%2F23%2F9%2F3101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1105%2Ftpc.111.088153&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21896882&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Urbanowicz, Ryan J.; Moore, Jason H. (2009-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com/archive/2009/736398/">"Learning Classifier Systems: A Complete Introduction, Review, and Roadmap"</a>. <i>Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications</i>. <b>2009</b>: 125. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1687-6229">1687-6229</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1155%2F2009%2F736398">10.1155/2009/736398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=Learning+Classifier+Systems%3A+A+Complete+Introduction%2C+Review%2C+and+Roadmap&rft.au=Moore%2C+Jason+H.&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rft.aulast=Urbanowicz&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1687-6229&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Artificial+Evolution+and+Applications&rft.pages=1-25&rft.volume=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Farchive%2F2009%2F736398%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2009%2F736398&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridge, James P., Sean B. Holden, and Lawrence C. Paulson. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~lp15/papers/Reports/Bridge-ml.pdf">Machine learning for first-order theorem proving</a>." Journal of automated reasoning 53.2 (2014): 141-172.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loos, Sarah, et al. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.06972">Deep Network Guided Proof Search</a>." arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.06972 (2017).</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finnsson, Hilmar, and Yngvi Bjrnsson. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vvvvw.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2008/AAAI08-041.pdf">Simulation-Based Approach to General Game Playing</a>." AAAI. Vol. 8. 2008.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarikaya, Ruhi, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Anoop Deoras. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~hinton/absps/ruhijournal.pdf">Application of deep belief networks for natural language understanding</a>." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing (TASLP) 22.4 (2014): 778-784.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2017/01/10/0200000000AEN20170110009700320.html?did=2106m">"AI-based translation to soon reach human levels: industry officials"</a>. Yonhap news agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 Mar</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.btitle=AI-based+translation+to+soon+reach+human+levels%3A+industry+officials&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Yonhap+news+agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F10%2F0200000000AEN20170110009700320.html%3Fdid%3D2106m&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.research.att.com/~volinsky/netflix/">"BelKor Home Page"</a> research.att.com</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techblog.netflix.com/2012/04/netflix-recommendations-beyond-5-stars.html">"The Netflix Tech Blog: Netflix Recommendations: Beyond the 5 stars (Part 1)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.btitle=The+Netflix+Tech+Blog%3A+Netflix+Recommendations%3A+Beyond+the+5+stars+%28Part+1%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechblog.netflix.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fnetflix-recommendations-beyond-5-stars.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703834604575365310813948080">[1]</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vonod Khosla (January 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/10/doctors-or-algorithms/">"Do We Need Doctors or Algorithms?"</a>. Tech Crunch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.au=Vonod+Khosla&rft.btitle=Do+We+Need+Doctors+or+Algorithms%3F&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Tech+Crunch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2012%2F01%2F10%2Fdoctors-or-algorithms%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/the-physics-arxiv-blog/when-a-machine-learning-algorithm-studied-fine-art-paintings-it-saw-things-art-historians-had-never-b8e4e7bf7d3e">When A Machine Learning Algorithm Studied Fine Art Paintings, It Saw Things Art Historians Had Never Noticed</a>, <i>The Physics at <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">ArXiv</a> blog</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kohavi, Ron (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cs.iastate.edu/~jtian/cs573/Papers/Kohavi-IJCAI-95.pdf">"A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Cross-Validation+and+Bootstrap+for+Accuracy+Estimation+and+Model+Selection&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.aulast=Kohavi&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Joint+Conference+on+Artificial+Intelligence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cs.iastate.edu%2F~jtian%2Fcs573%2FPapers%2FKohavi-IJCAI-95.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bostrom, Nick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/artificial-intelligence.pdf">"The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+learning&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Fethics%2Fartificial-intelligence.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2016/08/24/language-necessarily-contains-human-biases-and-so-will-machines-trained-on-language-corpora/">[2]</a></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li>Nils J. Nilsson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ai.stanford.edu/people/nilsson/mlbook.html">Introduction to Machine Learning</a></i>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hastie" title="Trevor Hastie">Trevor Hastie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tibshirani" title="Robert Tibshirani">Robert Tibshirani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Friedman" title="Jerome H. Friedman">Jerome H. Friedman</a> (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/">The Elements of Statistical Learning</a></i>, Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95284-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95284-5">0-387-95284-5</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Domingos" title="Pedro Domingos">Pedro Domingos</a> (September 2015), <a href="/wiki/The_Master_Algorithm" title="The Master Algorithm">The Master Algorithm</a>, Basic Books, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06570-7">978-0-465-06570-7</a></li>
+<li>Ian H. Witten and Eibe Frank (2011). <i>Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques</i> Morgan Kaufmann, 664pp., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374856-0">978-0-12-374856-0</a>.</li>
+<li>Ethem Alpaydin (2004). Introduction to Machine Learning, MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01243-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01243-0">978-0-262-01243-0</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_J._C._MacKay" title="David J. C. MacKay">David J. C. MacKay</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/book.html">Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms</a></i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64298-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64298-1">0-521-64298-1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_O._Duda" title="Richard O. Duda">Richard O. Duda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_E._Hart" title="Peter E. Hart">Peter E. Hart</a>, David G. Stork (2001) <i>Pattern classification</i> (2nd edition), Wiley, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-05669-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-05669-3">0-471-05669-3</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bishop" title="Christopher Bishop">Christopher Bishop</a> (1995). <i>Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition</i>, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853864-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-853864-2">0-19-853864-2</a>.</li>
+<li>Stuart Russell & Peter Norvig, (2002). <i>Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach</i>. Prentice Hall, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-136-04259-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-136-04259-7">0-136-04259-7</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff" title="Ray Solomonoff">Ray Solomonoff</a>, <i>An Inductive Inference Machine</i>, IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp., 56-62, 1957.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff" title="Ray Solomonoff">Ray Solomonoff</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.std.com/~rjs/indinf56.pdf">An Inductive Inference Machine</a>" A privately circulated report from the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on AI</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machinelearning.org/">International Machine Learning Society</a></li>
+<li>Popular online course by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning">Coursera</a>. It uses <a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a>. The course is a free version of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s actual course taught by Ng, whose lectures are also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://see.stanford.edu/Course/CS229">available for free</a>.</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mloss.org/">mloss</a> is an academic database of open-source machine learning software.</li>
+</ul>
+
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Mandalay Bay</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:#cfb53b;font-size:135%;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Mandalay Bay</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:MandalayBayLogo.svg" class="image"><img alt="MandalayBayLogo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MandalayBayLogo.svg/200px-MandalayBayLogo.svg.png" width="200" height="86" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MandalayBayLogo.svg/300px-MandalayBayLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MandalayBayLogo.svg/400px-MandalayBayLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="101" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_(July_15_2008).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Mandalay Bay Hotel Las Vegas (July 15 2008).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_%28July_15_2008%29.jpg/220px-Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_%28July_15_2008%29.jpg" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_%28July_15_2008%29.jpg/330px-Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_%28July_15_2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_%28July_15_2008%29.jpg/440px-Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Las_Vegas_%28July_15_2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;"><span class="address">Location</span></th>
+<td class="locality" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;"><span class="address">Address</span></th>
+<td class="street-address" style="line-height:1.35em;">3950 South <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Boulevard" title="Las Vegas Boulevard">Las Vegas Boulevard</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="note">
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Opening date</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">March 2, 1999<span class="noprint">; 18 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">March 2, 1999</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Theme</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">Tropical</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="note">
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of rooms</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">3,309</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="note">
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Total gaming space</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">135,000 sq ft (12,500 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Permanent shows</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Signature attractions</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Convention Center">Mandalay Bay Convention Center</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Events_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Events Center">Mandalay Bay Events Center</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Shark_Reef_at_Mandalay_Bay" title="Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay">Shark Reef</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/House_of_Blues" title="House of Blues">House of Blues</a><br />
+Mandalay Beach</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Notable restaurants</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">Aureole<br />
+Alain Ducasse Rivea<br />
+Charlie Palmer Steak<br />
+Fleur by Hubert Keller<br />
+Kumi<br />
+Lupo<br />
+Red Square<br />
+RM Seafood<br />
+Stripsteak<br />
+Border Grill Las Vegas</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Casino type</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">Land-based</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Owner</th>
+<td class="org" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International" title="MGM Resorts International">MGM Resorts International</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Renovated in</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">2002, 2007</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mandalay_Bay&params=36_5_30_N_115_10_29_W_region:US-NV_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36530N</span> <span class="longitude">1151029W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.09167N 115.17472W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.09167; -115.17472</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mandalay_Bay&params=36_5_30_N_115_10_29_W_region:US-NV_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36530N</span> <span class="longitude">1151029W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.09167N 115.17472W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.09167; -115.17472</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:1.0em;">Website</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandalaybay.com/">mandalaybay.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Mandalay Bay</b> is a 43-story luxury <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. It is owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International" title="MGM Resorts International">MGM Resorts International</a>. One of the property's towers operates as the <a href="/wiki/Delano_Las_Vegas" title="Delano Las Vegas">Delano</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Seasons Hotel">Four Seasons Hotel</a> is independently operated within the Mandalay Bay tower, occupying 5 floors (3539).</p>
+<p>Mandalay Bay has 3,309 hotel rooms, 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 square feet (12,500 m<sup>2</sup>). Adjacent to the hotel is the 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Convention Center">Mandalay Bay Convention Center</a> and the 12,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Events_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Events Center">Mandalay Bay Events Center</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Tram" title="Mandalay Bay Tram">Mandalay Bay Tram</a> connects the resort to its sister properties, <a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Excalibur Hotel and Casino">Excalibur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxor Hotel">Luxor</a>, all three of which were constructed by <a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus Circus Enterprises">Circus Circus Enterprises</a> before its sale to MGM.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#2017_shooting"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">2017 shooting</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hotels"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hotels</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Penthouse_suites"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Penthouse suites</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Four_Seasons_Hotel"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Four Seasons Hotel</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Delano_Las_Vegas_.28adjacent_building.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Delano Las Vegas (adjacent building)</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Attractions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Attractions</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Shows"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shows</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mandalay_Beach"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mandalay Beach</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mandalay_Bay_Events_Center"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mandalay Bay Events Center</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mandalay Bay Convention Center</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#The_Shoppes_at_Mandalay_Place"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Shoppes at Mandalay Place</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Restaurants"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Restaurants</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bars_and_lounges"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bars and lounges</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Media_references"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Media references</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Film_and_television"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Film and television</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg/220px-View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg/330px-View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg/440px-View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mandalay_Bay_Hotel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+View from Mandalay Bay hotel looking north (2014)</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus Circus Enterprises">Circus Circus Enterprises</a> bought the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda_(resort)" title="Hacienda (resort)">Hacienda</a> for $80 million and an adjacent 74-acre (30 ha) site for $73 million.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> They closed the Hacienda on December 1, 1996, and imploded it a month later on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Plans for the tropical-themed "Project Paradise" were revealed the same day, with an estimated budget of $800 million to $1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> In February 1998 the project was renamed Mandalay Bay to evoke the exotic tropical romanticism of the poem "<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Problems arose during construction because of excessive and uneven settling of the soil beneath the building; the core of the building sank by 17 inches (430 mm), while one of the wings had settled by only 2 inches (51 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-lvs19980820_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvs19980820-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Rumors about the severity of the issues depressed Circus Circus's stock price.<sup id="cite_ref-lvs19980820_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvs19980820-6">[6]</a></sup> The problem was solved by installing 536 micropiles (200-foot-long metal pipes filled with <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grout</a>, each capped with a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic jack">hydraulic jack</a>) below the building, at an estimated cost of $8 to $10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-lvs19980820_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvs19980820-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The resort opened on March 2, 1999, with grand opening festivities that included the <a href="/wiki/Blues_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues Brothers">Blues Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Belushi" class="mw-redirect" title="James Belushi">James Belushi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a>) leading a procession of 200 motorcycles to Mandalay Bay's front doors, and a concert by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> at the House of Blues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In June 1999, Circus Circus changed its name to Mandalay Resort Group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Construction of a major convention center at Mandalay Bay was begun in June 2001, with its opening originally set for the summer of 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> After a delay in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001">September 11, 2001</a> attacks, the <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Convention Center">Mandalay Bay Convention Center</a> opened in January 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> With 1.5 million square feet (140,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of space, it was the fifth largest convention center in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On May 23, 2002, the Mandalay Resort Group announced a second 1,122-room hotel tower, with a cost of at least $200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Construction began on the project in September 2002. The name of the tower, <a href="/wiki/THEhotel_at_Mandalay_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="THEhotel at Mandalay Bay">THEhotel at Mandalay Bay</a>, was revealed in October 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The tower opened on December 17, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In February 2005, Mandalay Resort Group was sold to <a href="/wiki/MGM_Mirage" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM Mirage">MGM Mirage</a> (later MGM Resorts International), who currently own the resort. The acquisition was finalized on April 25, 2005.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2017_shooting">2017 shooting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2017 shooting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_Strip_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting">2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting</a></div>
+<p>On October 1, 2017, gunman <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Paddock" title="Stephen Paddock">Stephen Paddock</a> opened fire on an <a href="/wiki/Route_91_Harvest" title="Route 91 Harvest">adjacent country music festival</a> from a room on the 32nd floor of the hotel, killing 58 and wounding 546. The shooting ended when Paddock committed suicide before <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department">Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department</a> officers breached the hotel room.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AU1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AU1-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in recent U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hotels">Hotels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hotels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Penthouse_suites">Penthouse suites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Penthouse suites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The gold coloring of the hotel is a result of gold leaf used on the windows. Levels 40-42 (numbered as floors 6062) are designed as penthouse suites, with a penthouse lounge on level 62 for guests staying in the penthouses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Level 43 (numbered as 64) is the Foundation Room, a restaurant and bar.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Four_Seasons_Hotel">Four Seasons Hotel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Four Seasons Hotel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Five floors (floors 3539) of the main hotel building are occupied by the five-star and <a href="/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">AAA</a> Five-Diamond <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Seasons Hotel">Four Seasons Hotel</a> Las Vegas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Delano_Las_Vegas_(adjacent_building)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Delano_Las_Vegas_.28adjacent_building.29">Delano Las Vegas (adjacent building)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delano Las Vegas (adjacent building)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Delano_Las_Vegas" title="Delano Las Vegas">Delano Las Vegas</a></div>
+<p>The resort's second tower, with 45 stories and 1,117 suites, previously operated as THEhotel at Mandalay Bay, now operates as Delano Las Vegas. Each suite is at least 750 square feet (70 m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Attractions">Attractions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attractions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shows">Shows</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shows">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>A production of the classic Broadway musical <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(musical)" title="Chicago (musical)">Chicago</a></i> debuted at Mandalay Bay's 1999 grand opening and ran for one year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> <i>Storm</i>, an original production show featuring Latin music, ran from April 2001 to July 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!" title="Mamma Mia!">Mamma Mia!</a></i> was a long-running stage production at the resort from 2003 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> The show was replaced with Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)" title="The Lion King (musical)">The Lion King</a></i>, which opened on May 15, 2009. Its run ended in 2011 to make way for <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a>, which opened May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Another popular attraction is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Blues" title="House of Blues">House of Blues</a>, a venue for live music and a restaurant, with a capacity of approximately 1,800. On the top floor of the hotel is the House of Blues Foundation Room, featuring a dining room, private dining rooms, and a balcony looking down the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mandalay_Beach">Mandalay Beach</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mandalay Beach">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandalay_Bay,_Las_Vegas.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mandalay_Bay%2C_Las_Vegas.jpg/300px-Mandalay_Bay%2C_Las_Vegas.jpg" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mandalay_Bay%2C_Las_Vegas.jpg/450px-Mandalay_Bay%2C_Las_Vegas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mandalay_Bay%2C_Las_Vegas.jpg/600px-Mandalay_Bay%2C_Las_Vegas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandalay_Bay,_Las_Vegas.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Mandalay Bay pool.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Mandalay Beach is an 11 acres (4.5 ha) pool area with three heated pools, a <a href="/wiki/Wave_pool" title="Wave pool">wave pool</a> with connecting pool for small children, and a <a href="/wiki/Lazy_river" title="Lazy river">lazy river</a> that features a small <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfall</a>. The wave pool features 1.6 million gallons of water and waves in 90-second intervals with heights ranging anywhere from two to four feet. Because of this, it has a strict 48" height requirement. The European-style pool, called Moorea, features its own private bar as well as the allowance of female guests to bathe topless. Because of this, Moorea is separated from the rest of the pool by <a href="/wiki/Smoked_glass" title="Smoked glass">smoked glass</a> windows and has an over-21 requirement. There are also two restaurants at the Beach. The pool area won the <i>Las Vegas Review Journal</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Reader's "Best Pool of Las Vegas" award for seven years in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> One pool remains open throughout the winter months.</p>
+<p>In keeping with the resort's tropical theme, it features a <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater aquarium">saltwater aquarium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shark_Reef_at_Mandalay_Bay" title="Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay">Shark Reef Aquarium</a>, which contains the third largest tank in North America. Shark Reef Aquarium contains numerous other exhibits, including two tunnel-shaped, walk-through aquariums.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mandalay_Bay_Events_Center">Mandalay Bay Events Center</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mandalay Bay Events Center">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Events_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Events Center">Mandalay Bay Events Center</a></div>
+<p>The Mandalay Bay Events Center, a 12,000-seat arena, hosts major events including concerts, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> matches, and <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> events. It has played host to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Grammy Awards">Latin Grammy Awards</a> several times, and the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> pageant.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center">Mandalay Bay Convention Center</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mandalay Bay Convention Center">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Convention Center">Mandalay Bay Convention Center</a></div>
+<p>This 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m<sup>2</sup>) facility is one of the largest privately owned convention centers in the world. It has several ballrooms ranging in size up to 100,000 square feet (9,300 m<sup>2</sup>), and can support up to 75 breakout sessions.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Shoppes_at_Mandalay_Place">The Shoppes at Mandalay Place</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Shoppes at Mandalay Place">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The Shoppes at Mandalay Place is a 310-foot (94 m)- long retail sky bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-MandalayPlace_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandalayPlace-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mandalaywebsite_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandalaywebsite-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Restaurants">Restaurants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Restaurants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>There are 24 restaurants at the resort.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mina" title="Michael Mina">Michael Mina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Ducasse" title="Alain Ducasse">Alain Ducasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Moonen" title="Rick Moonen">Rick Moonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Palmer_(chef)" title="Charlie Palmer (chef)">Charlie Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Keller" title="Hubert Keller">Hubert Keller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Puck" title="Wolfgang Puck">Wolfgang Puck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Milliken" title="Mary Sue Milliken">Mary Sue Milliken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Feniger" title="Susan Feniger">Susan Feniger</a> are all associated with restaurants on the property.</p>
+<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Palmer_(chef)" title="Charlie Palmer (chef)">Aureole</a></li>
+<li>Bayside Buffet</li>
+<li>Beach Bar & Grill</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Keller" title="Hubert Keller">Burger Bar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Feniger" title="Susan Feniger">Border Grill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Palmer_(chef)" title="Charlie Palmer (chef)">Charlie Palmer Steak</a></li>
+<li>Citizens (Formerly Red, White, and Blue)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Keller" title="Hubert Keller">Fleur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blues" title="House of Blues">Foundation Room</a></li>
+<li>Boardwalk Pizza & Pasta (Formerly Wolf Grill)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blues" title="House of Blues">House of Blues at Crossroads</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blues" title="House of Blues">House of Blues Restaurant</a></li>
+<li>Hussong's Cantina</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Puck" title="Wolfgang Puck">Lupo</a></li>
+<li>Mizuya</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Ducasse" title="Alain Ducasse">Alain Ducasse Mix</a></li>
+<li>Noodle Shop</li>
+<li>Orchid</li>
+<li>Raffles Caf</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Moonen" title="Rick Moonen">Restaurant RM</a></li>
+<li>Rx Boiler Room</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Square_(restaurant)" title="Red Square (restaurant)">Red Square</a></li>
+<li>Ri Ra Irish Pub</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Moonen" title="Rick Moonen">RM Seafood</a></li>
+<li>Seabreeze</li>
+<li>Slice of Vegas</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mina" title="Michael Mina">Michael Mina Stripsteak</a></li>
+<li>3940 Coffee + Tea</li>
+<li>Della's Kitchen</li>
+<li>Franklin</li>
+<li>Sports Book Grill</li>
+<li>Verandah at Four Seasons</li>
+<li>Starbucks 2 locations</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bars_and_lounges">Bars and lounges</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bars and lounges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Evening Call</li>
+<li>Eyecandy Lounge</li>
+<li>Foundation Room</li>
+<li>Franklin</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Ducasse" title="Alain Ducasse">Mix Lounge</a></li>
+<li>O.N.E. Oasis Bar</li>
+<li>Orchid Lounge</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports book">Sports Book Lounge</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_references">Media references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film_and_television">Film and television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Play_It_to_the_Bone" title="Play It to the Bone">Play It to the Bone</a></i> 2000</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven" title="Ocean's Eleven">Ocean's Eleven</a></i> 2001 Foreground shot when the 'pinch' knocks out power</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_(TV_series)" title="Las Vegas (TV series)">Las Vegas</a></i> 20032005 was the interior of the fictional Montecito casino</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fear_Factor" title="Fear Factor">Fear Factor</a></i> 2003</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation" title="CSI: Crime Scene Investigation">CSI: Crime Scene Investigation</a></i> 20062008 From opening credits as a symbol of Las Vegas.</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Balboa_(film)" title="Rocky Balboa (film)">Rocky Balboa</a></i> 2006</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_Thirteen" title="Ocean's Thirteen">Ocean's Thirteen</a></i> 2007</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Griffin:_My_Life_on_the_D-List" title="Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List">Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List</a></i> 2007</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hangover_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hangover (film)">The Hangover</a></i> 2009 various background shots.</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisin_%26_Yandel" title="Wisin & Yandel">Wisin & Yandel</a></i> Te Siento (promotional video).</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Chef" title="Top Chef">Top Chef</a></i> 2009 Bryan Voltaggio used the resort for his inspiration for his dish.</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_15" title="The Amazing Race 15">The Amazing Race 15</a></i> 2009 Team members had to rappel down the building.</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Happens_in_Vegas" title="What Happens in Vegas">What Happens in Vegas</a></i> 2008 The group heads off to Las Vegas.</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(TV_series)" title="Defiance (TV series)">Defiance</a></i> 2012 supplementary material states that it was converted into a <a href="/wiki/For-profit_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="For-profit prison">for-profit prison</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Family" title="Modern Family">Modern Family</a></i> 2014 setting of the episode "Las Vegas"</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(TV_series)" title="Dominion (TV series)">Dominion</a></i> 2014 establishing shot of the city in the pilot episode shows it to be battle-damaged and outside the fortified protective wall</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>"Me and My Monkey", from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Escapology_(album)" title="Escapology (album)">Escapology</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>, 2002</li>
+<li>"No Beef" Afrojack & Steve Aoki (featuring Miss Palmer) 2011</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0ED3D5AC94993DC7&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"Circus Circus buys hotel, land in Las Vegas"</a>. <i>Dallas Morning News</i>. March 7, 1995 via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Circus+Circus+buys+hotel%2C+land+in+Las+Vegas&rft.date=1995-03-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Morning+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0ED3D5AC94993DC7%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F13270E06ADF22178&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"Hacienda goes quietly into night"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. December 2, 1996 via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Hacienda+goes+quietly+into+night&rft.date=1996-12-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F13270E06ADF22178%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1997/01/01/Historic-Hacienda-hotel-is-now-history/2969852094800/">"Historic Hacienda hotel is now history"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. January 1, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Historic+Hacienda+hotel+is+now+history&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1997%2F01%2F01%2FHistoric-Hacienda-hotel-is-now-history%2F2969852094800%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Berns, Dave (January 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FD38E026CABC0C3&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"Circus Circus creating Paradise on south Strip"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Circus+Circus+creating+Paradise+on+south+Strip&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0FD38E026CABC0C3%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ward, Greg (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Vn1eK8Z6B-kC&q=mandalay+kipling"><i>The Rough Guide to Las Vegas</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Rough Guides. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-890-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-890-8">1-85828-890-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Las+Vegas&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85828-890-8&rft.pages=20&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn1eK8Z6B-kC%26q%3Dmandalay%2Bkipling&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-lvs19980820-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lvs19980820_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvs19980820_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvs19980820_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Thompson, Gary (August 20, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/1998/aug/20/mandalay-bay-settling-halted/">"Mandalay Bay settling halted"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Mandalay+Bay+settling+halted&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.date=1998-08-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2Faug%2F20%2Fmandalay-bay-settling-halted%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Berns, Dave (July 9, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FD3907A87F10DBE&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"Mandalay Bay foundation to get a boost"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Mandalay+Bay+foundation+to+get+a+boost&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.date=1998-07-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0FD3907A87F10DBE%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richards, T.D.; Kartofilis, D. (February 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140221173541/http://www.nicholsonconstruction.com/techresources/techPapers/PDF/Micropile%20Underpinning-mandalay.pdf">"Micropile Underpinning of the Mandalay Bay Hotel & Casino"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nicholson Construction Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicholsonconstruction.com/techresources/techPapers/PDF/Micropile%20Underpinning-mandalay.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on February 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.au=Kartofilis%2C+D.&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.btitle=Micropile+Underpinning+of+the+Mandalay+Bay+Hotel+%26+Casino&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nicholson+Construction+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicholsonconstruction.com%2Ftechresources%2FtechPapers%2FPDF%2FMicropile%2520Underpinning-mandalay.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leong, Grace (February 25, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2000/feb/25/mandalay-sues-insurer-over-sinking-costs/">"Mandalay sues insurer over sinking costs"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Mandalay+sues+insurer+over+sinking+costs&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.date=2000-02-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2000%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fmandalay-sues-insurer-over-sinking-costs%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Macy, Robert (March 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/1999/mar/02/public-eyes-new-1-billion-resort-wall-street-watch/">"Public eyes new $1 billion resort; Wall Street watches for the numbers"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Public+eyes+new+%241+billion+resort%3B+Wall+Street+watches+for+the+numbers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.date=1999-03-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fmar%2F02%2Fpublic-eyes-new-1-billion-resort-wall-street-watch%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Weatherford, Mike (March 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FD391DFEA06CB61&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"Bono enlivens Dylan's House of Blues show"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Bono+enlivens+Dylan%27s+House+of+Blues+show&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.date=1999-03-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0FD391DFEA06CB61%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Thompson, Gary (June 18, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/1999/jun/18/circus-circus-holders-clear-name-change/">"Circus Circus holders clear name change"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Circus+Circus+holders+clear+name+change&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.date=1999-06-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fjun%2F18%2Fcircus-circus-holders-clear-name-change%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Strow, David (April 27, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/apr/27/mandalay-bay-plans-mammoth-center/">"Mandalay Bay plans mammoth center"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Mandalay+Bay+plans+mammoth+center&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Strow&rft.date=2001-04-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fapr%2F27%2Fmandalay-bay-plans-mammoth-center%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/jun/11/news-briefs-for-june-11-2001/">"Road work to tie up traffic"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. June 11, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Road+work+to+tie+up+traffic&rft.date=2001-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fjun%2F11%2Fnews-briefs-for-june-11-2001%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/oct/16/convention-center-opening-pushed-to-january-2003/">"Convention center opening pushed to January 2003"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. October 16, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Convention+center+opening+pushed+to+January+2003&rft.date=2001-10-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Foct%2F16%2Fconvention-center-opening-pushed-to-january-2003%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2003/jan/06/first-convention-at-new-venue-showcases-pool-spa-i/">"First convention at new venue showcases pool, spa industry"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. January 6, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=First+convention+at+new+venue+showcases+pool%2C+spa+industry&rft.date=2003-01-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fjan%2F06%2Ffirst-convention-at-new-venue-showcases-pool-spa-i%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jones, Chris (January 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0F86690C9390C8E9&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"Drawing on business travelers"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Drawing+on+business+travelers&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.date=2003-01-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0F86690C9390C8E9%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Benston, Liz (May 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/may/24/mandalay-building-all-suite-tower/">"Mandalay building all-suite tower"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Mandalay+building+all-suite+tower&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.aulast=Benston&rft.date=2002-05-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2Fmay%2F24%2Fmandalay-building-all-suite-tower%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2003/oct/15/company-finalizes-name-for-new-tower/">"Company finalizes name for new tower"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. October 15, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Company+finalizes+name+for+new+tower&rft.date=2003-10-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Foct%2F15%2Fcompany-finalizes-name-for-new-tower%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Scherzer, Barbara (December 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F1246107172F8D7E8&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"New tower, THEhotel, opens at Strip resort"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Business Press</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=New+tower%2C+THEhotel%2C+opens+at+Strip+resort&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.aulast=Scherzer&rft.date=2003-12-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Business+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F1246107172F8D7E8%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news3lv.com/news/local/reports-of-multiple-people-shot-at-music-festival-on-las-vegas-strip">"At least 50 dead, more than 400 injured after shooting at Las Vegas Strip music festival"</a>. KSNV. January 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.btitle=At+least+50+dead%2C+more+than+400+injured+after+shooting+at+Las+Vegas+Strip+music+festival&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=KSNV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews3lv.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Freports-of-multiple-people-shot-at-music-festival-on-las-vegas-strip&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AU1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AU1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/what-we-know-about-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock/news-story/84534e9684ee5eda80a6989c109fe013">"What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News.com.au" title="News.com.au">News.com.au</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.btitle=What+we+know+about+Las+Vegas+shooter+Stephen+Paddock&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=News.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fworld%2Fnorth-america%2Fwhat-we-know-about-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock%2Fnews-story%2F84534e9684ee5eda80a6989c109fe013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Simon, Darran (October 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/09/us/las-vegas-shooting-response/index.html">"Las Vegas police officers describe storming gunman's room"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Las+Vegas+police+officers+describe+storming+gunman%27s+room&rft.aufirst=Darran&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F10%2F09%2Fus%2Flas-vegas-shooting-response%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-deadliest-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nestel, M.L.; Miller, Andrea (October 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/10-deadliest-mass-shootings-modern-us-history/story?id=50234345">"These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=These+are+the+10+deadliest+mass+shootings+in+modern+US+history&rft.au=Miller%2C+Andrea&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rft.aulast=Nestel&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2F10-deadliest-mass-shootings-modern-us-history%2Fstory%3Fid%3D50234345&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">POV-MHotel Reviews (May 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnZ6L-FqY7w">"Penthouse Suite Mandalay Bay"</a> via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.au=POV-MHotel+Reviews&rft.btitle=Penthouse+Suite+Mandalay+Bay&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTnZ6L-FqY7w&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourseasons.com/lasvegas/guest_rooms_and_suites.html">"Guest rooms and suites"</a>. <i>Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas</i>. June 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Guest+rooms+and+suites&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Four+Seasons+Hotel+Las+Vegas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourseasons.com%2Flasvegas%2Fguest_rooms_and_suites.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/1999/mar/03/chicago-toddles-into-vegas/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Chicago' toddles into Vegas"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. March 3, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=%27Chicago%27+toddles+into+Vegas&rft.date=1999-03-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fmar%2F03%2Fchicago-toddles-into-vegas%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Paskevich, Michael (February 27, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FD3934A2C670434&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Chicago' to close after impressive showing on Strip"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=%27Chicago%27+to+close+after+impressive+showing+on+Strip&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Paskevich&rft.date=2000-02-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0FD3934A2C670434%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Maddox, Kate (April 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/apr/10/columnist-kate-maddox-yet-another-storm-warning/">"Yet another 'Storm' warning"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Yet+another+%27Storm%27+warning&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.date=2001-04-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fapr%2F10%2Fcolumnist-kate-maddox-yet-another-storm-warning%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Delaney, Joe (April 20, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/apr/20/taking-the-wind-out-of-storms-sails/">"Taking the wind out of 'Storm's sails"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Taking+the+wind+out+of+%27Storm%27s+sails&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.date=2001-04-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fapr%2F20%2Ftaking-the-wind-out-of-storms-sails%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Clarke, Norm (July 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0F4D0E42EE8F7B8E&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Storm' to end Mandalay Bay run July 28"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=%27Storm%27+to+end+Mandalay+Bay+run+July+28&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.date=2002-07-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0F4D0E42EE8F7B8E%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Delaney, Joe (August 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/aug/01/columnist-joe-delaney-short-term-future-clouded-at/">"Short-term future clouded at Mandalay Bay Theatre"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Short-term+future+clouded+at+Mandalay+Bay+Theatre&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.date=2002-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2Faug%2F01%2Fcolumnist-joe-delaney-short-term-future-clouded-at%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Weatherford, Mike (February 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0F94E947373B7495&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Mamma Mia!" makes big splash on opening weekend"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i> via NewsBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=%22Mamma+Mia%21%22+makes+big+splash+on+opening+weekend&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.date=2003-02-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_dat%3Ddocument_id%253Anews%25252F0F94E947373B7495%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Finfoweb.newsbank.com%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26svc_dat%3DAWNB%26req_dat%3D1028A39C75C2B899&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Arseniuk, Melissa (January 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/jan/05/after-six-years-curtain-closes-mamma-mia/">"After six years, curtain closes for 'Mamma Mia!<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=After+six+years%2C+curtain+closes+for+%27Mamma+Mia%21%27&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.aulast=Arseniuk&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fjan%2F05%2Fafter-six-years-curtain-closes-mamma-mia%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegasweekly.com/blogs/luxe-life/2011/apr/21/cirque-confirms-michael-jackson-show-debut-mandala/">"Cirque: Michael Jackson show to debut at Mandalay Bay in 2013"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Weekly</i>. April 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Cirque%3A+Michael+Jackson+show+to+debut+at+Mandalay+Bay+in+2013&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegasweekly.com%2Fblogs%2Fluxe-life%2F2011%2Fapr%2F21%2Fcirque-confirms-michael-jackson-show-debut-mandala%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reviewjournal.com/bestoflv/2006/LongReturns.jsp?bestID=8777&shortList=true">"Best Pool"</a>. <i>2006 Best of Las Vegas survey</i>. Las Vegas Review Journal. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Best+Pool&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Best+of+Las+Vegas+survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Fbestoflv%2F2006%2FLongReturns.jsp%3FbestID%3D8777%26shortList%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MandalayPlace-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MandalayPlace_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Stapells, Cathy (November 4, 2007). "Escada, Gucci, Dior, oh my!; Vegas takes shopping to a new level". <i>The Toronto Sun</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=Escada%2C+Gucci%2C+Dior%2C+oh+my%21%3B+Vegas+takes+shopping+to+a+new+level&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft.aulast=Stapells&rft.date=2007-11-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Sun&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Mandalaywebsite-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mandalaywebsite_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandalaybay.com/thingstodo/mpshopping.aspx">"The Shoppes at Mandalay Place"</a>. Mandalay Bay. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.btitle=The+Shoppes+at+Mandalay+Place&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mandalay+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandalaybay.com%2Fthingstodo%2Fmpshopping.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandalaybay.com/dining/restaurants.aspx">"Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino, Las Vegas"</a>. Mandalay Bay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.btitle=Mandalay+Bay+Resort+and+Casino%2C+Las+Vegas&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mandalay+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandalaybay.com%2Fdining%2Frestaurants.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130623080947/http://www.defiance.com/en/series/world-of-2046/2046-map">"2046 Map"</a>. <i>Definance</i>. Syfy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defiance.com/en/series/world-of-2046/2046-map">the original</a> on June 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+Bay&rft.atitle=2046+Map&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Definance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defiance.com%2Fen%2Fseries%2Fworld-of-2046%2F2046-map&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandalaybay.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Las_Vegas_area_casinos" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Las_Vegas_casinos" title="Template:Las Vegas casinos"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Las_Vegas_casinos" title="Template talk:Las Vegas casinos"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Las_Vegas_casinos&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Las_Vegas_area_casinos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas area casinos</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino" title="Aria Resort and Casino">Aria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bally%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Bally's Las Vegas">Bally's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)" title="Bellagio (resort)">Bellagio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Casino Royale Hotel & Casino">Casino Royale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Las_Vegas" title="Circus Circus Las Vegas">Circus Circus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_of_Las_Vegas" title="Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas">Cosmopolitan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Cromwell_Las_Vegas" title="The Cromwell Las Vegas">Cromwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Encore_Las_Vegas" title="Encore Las Vegas">Encore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Excalibur Hotel and Casino">Excalibur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas" title="Flamingo Las Vegas">Flamingo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrah%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Harrah's Las Vegas">Harrah's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Linq" title="The Linq">The Linq</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Las_Vegas" title="Luxor Las Vegas">Luxor</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalay Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">MGM Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirage" title="The Mirage">Mirage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Resort_and_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Resort and Casino">Monte Carlo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sheas_Casino" title="O'Sheas Casino">O'Sheas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Palazzo" title="The Palazzo">Palazzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Las_Vegas" title="Paris Las Vegas">Paris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Las_Vegas" title="Planet Hollywood Las Vegas">Planet Hollywood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slots-A-Fun_Casino" title="Slots-A-Fun Casino">Slots-A-Fun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SLS_Las_Vegas" title="SLS Las Vegas">SLS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Treasure Island Hotel and Casino">Treasure Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Las_Vegas" title="Tropicana Las Vegas">Tropicana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Venetian_Las_Vegas" title="The Venetian Las Vegas">Venetian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wynn_Las_Vegas" title="Wynn Las Vegas">Wynn</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Welcome to fabulous las vegas sign.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg/100px-Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg" width="100" height="104" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg/150px-Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg/200px-Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="623" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Strip_(Nevada_gaming_area)" title="Boulder Strip (Nevada gaming area)">Boulder Strip</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Charlie%27s_Boulder" title="Arizona Charlie's Boulder">Arizona Charlie's Boulder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Station" title="Boulder Station">Boulder Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastside_Cannery" title="Eastside Cannery">Eastside Cannery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Pass_Casino" title="Railroad Pass Casino">Railroad Pass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_Hotel_and_Gambling_Hall,_Las_Vegas" title="Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall, Las Vegas">Sam's Town</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas" title="Downtown Las Vegas">Downtown Las Vegas</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binion%27s_Gambling_Hall_and_Hotel" title="Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel">Binion's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_Hotel_and_Casino" title="California Hotel and Casino">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Grand" title="Downtown Grand">Downtown Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Cortez_(Las_Vegas)" title="El Cortez (Las Vegas)">El Cortez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Queens" title="Four Queens">Four Queens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Fremont Hotel and Casino">Fremont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Golden Gate Hotel and Casino">Golden Gate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Las_Vegas" title="Golden Nugget Las Vegas">Golden Nugget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street_Station_Hotel_and_Casino_and_Brewery" title="Main Street Station Hotel and Casino and Brewery">Main Street Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Plaza Hotel & Casino">Plaza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_D_Las_Vegas" title="The D Las Vegas">The D</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resort corridor<br />
+(surrounds The Strip)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Inn" title="Aztec Inn">Aztec Inn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island_Casino_%26_Brewery" title="Ellis Island Casino & Brewery">Ellis Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Gold Coast Hotel and Casino">Gold Coast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_and_Casino_(Las_Vegas)" title="Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)">Hard Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hooters_Casino_Hotel" title="Hooters Casino Hotel">Hooters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dragon_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino">Lucky Dragon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Orleans" title="The Orleans">Orleans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Station" title="Palace Station">Palace Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palms_Casino_Resort" title="Palms Casino Resort">Palms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_All_Suite_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino">Rio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Sevens" title="Silver Sevens">Silver Sevens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere_Las_Vegas" title="Stratosphere Las Vegas">Stratosphere</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany_Suites_and_Casino" title="Tuscany Suites and Casino">Tuscany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas_Resort_%26_Casino" title="Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino">Westgate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Wild_West_Gambling_Hall_%26_Hotel" title="Wild Wild West Gambling Hall & Hotel">Wild Wild West</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(businessman)#Michael_Gaughan_Airport_Slots" title="Michael Gaughan (businessman)">Airport Slots</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aliante_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Aliante Casino and Hotel">Aliante</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Charlie%27s_Decatur" title="Arizona Charlie's Decatur">Arizona Charlie's Decatur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannery_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Cannery Casino and Hotel">Cannery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Casino" title="Eldorado Casino">Eldorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Henderson" title="Fiesta Henderson">Fiesta Henderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Rancho" title="Fiesta Rancho">Fiesta Rancho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_Ranch" title="Green Valley Ranch">Green Valley Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jerry%27s_Nugget" title="Jerry's Nugget">Jerry's Nugget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jokers_Wild_Casino" title="Jokers Wild Casino">Jokers Wild</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Sunset_Casino" title="Klondike Sunset Casino">Klondike Sunset</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Club_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Lucky Club Casino and Hotel">Lucky Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/M_Resort" title="M Resort">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Las_Vegas#Casino_MonteLago" title="Lake Las Vegas">MonteLago</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opera_House_Casino" title="Opera House Casino">Opera House</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Poker_Palace" title="Poker Palace">Poker Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_Casino" title="Rampart Casino">Rampart</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Resort_Spa_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino">Red Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Station" title="Santa Fe Station">Santa Fe Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Nugget" title="Silver Nugget">Silver Nugget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silverton_Las_Vegas" title="Silverton Las Vegas">Silverton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skyline_Casino" title="Skyline Casino">Skyline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Point_Hotel,_Casino_%26_Spa" title="South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa">South Point</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suncoast_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Suncoast Hotel and Casino">Suncoast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Station" title="Sunset Station">Sunset Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Station" title="Texas Station">Texas Station</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Las_Vegas_casinos_that_never_opened" title="List of Las Vegas casinos that never opened">Casinos never opened</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_Resort_Las_Vegas" title="Fontainebleau Resort Las Vegas">Fontainebleau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Hotel_(Las_Vegas)" title="Grand Central Hotel (Las Vegas)">Grand Central Hotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Plaza" title="Las Vegas Plaza">Las Vegas Plaza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Las_Vegas" title="Resorts World Las Vegas">Resorts World Las Vegas</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Resort_%26_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino">Aladdin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Cromwell_Las_Vegas#History" title="The Cromwell Las Vegas">Bill's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Boardwalk Hotel and Casino">Boardwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Street_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Bourbon Street Hotel and Casino">Bourbon Street</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_Club_(casino)" title="California Club (casino)">California Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_(casino)" title="Castaways (casino)">Castaways (Las Vegas Strip)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Castaways Hotel and Casino">Castaways (Boulder Strip)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Clarion Hotel and Casino">Clarion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dunes_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Dunes (hotel and casino)">Dunes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="El Rancho Hotel and Casino">El Rancho Casino</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Vegas" title="El Rancho Vegas">El Rancho Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Spike_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Spike Hotel and Casino">Gold Spike</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New Frontier Hotel and Casino">Frontier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda_(resort)" title="Hacienda (resort)">Hacienda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cow_Casino_and_Brewery" title="Holy Cow Casino and Brewery">Holy Cow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino">Imperial Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Key_Largo_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Key Largo (hotel and casino)">Key Largo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Klondike Hotel and Casino">Klondike</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Bayou" title="La Bayou">La Bayou</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Landmark_Hotel_and_Casino" title="The Landmark Hotel and Casino">Landmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Club" title="Las Vegas Club">Las Vegas Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas#Marina_Hotel" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">Marina Hotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mermaids_Casino" title="Mermaids Casino">Mermaids</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mint_Las_Vegas" title="The Mint Las Vegas">Mint</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge_Hotel" title="Moulin Rouge Hotel">Moulin Rouge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Bayou#Northern_Club" title="La Bayou">Northern Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Club_Las_Vegas" title="Pioneer Club Las Vegas">Pioneer Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Riviera_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Riviera (hotel and casino)">Riviera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Sands Hotel and Casino">Sands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sahara_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Hotel and Casino">Sahara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City_Casino" title="Silver City Casino">Silver City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Slipper" title="Silver Slipper">Silver Slipper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_Resort_and_Casino" title="Stardust Resort and Casino">Stardust</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vacation_Village" title="Vacation Village">Vacation Village</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vegas_World" title="Vegas World">Vegas World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Western" title="The Western">The Western</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westin_Las_Vegas" title="Westin Las Vegas">Westin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Westward Ho Hotel and Casino">Westward Ho</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Las_Vegas_area_hotels" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Las_Vegas_hotels" title="Template:Las Vegas hotels"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Las_Vegas_hotels" title="Template talk:Las Vegas hotels"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Las_Vegas_hotels&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Las_Vegas_area_hotels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas area hotels</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino" title="Aria Resort and Casino">Aria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bally%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Bally's Las Vegas">Bally's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)" title="Bellagio (resort)">Bellagio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Casino Royale Hotel & Casino">Casino Royale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Las_Vegas" title="Circus Circus Las Vegas">Circus Circus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_of_Las_Vegas" title="Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas">Cosmopolitan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Cromwell_Las_Vegas" title="The Cromwell Las Vegas">Cromwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Las_Vegas" title="Delano Las Vegas">Delano</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Encore_Las_Vegas" title="Encore Las Vegas">Encore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Excalibur Hotel and Casino">Excalibur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas" title="Flamingo Las Vegas">Flamingo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotels_and_Resorts" title="Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts">Four Seasons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrah%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Harrah's Las Vegas">Harrah's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Linq" title="The Linq">The Linq</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Las_Vegas" title="Luxor Las Vegas">Luxor</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalay Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental,_Las_Vegas" title="Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas">Mandarin Oriental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">MGM Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirage" title="The Mirage">Mirage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Resort_and_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Resort and Casino">Monte Carlo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Palazzo" title="The Palazzo">Palazzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Las_Vegas" title="Paris Las Vegas">Paris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Las_Vegas" title="Planet Hollywood Las Vegas">Planet Hollywood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SLS_Las_Vegas" title="SLS Las Vegas">SLS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Signature_at_MGM_Grand" title="The Signature at MGM Grand">Signature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Treasure Island Hotel and Casino">Treasure Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Las_Vegas" title="Tropicana Las Vegas">Tropicana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Hotel_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump Hotel Las Vegas">Trump</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vdara" title="Vdara">Vdara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Venetian_Las_Vegas" title="The Venetian Las Vegas">Venetian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wynn_Las_Vegas" title="Wynn Las Vegas">Wynn</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Route_582" title="Nevada State Route 582">Boulder Strip</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Charlie%27s_Boulder" title="Arizona Charlie's Boulder">Arizona Charlie's Boulder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Station" title="Boulder Station">Boulder Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastside_Cannery" title="Eastside Cannery">Eastside Cannery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Pass_Casino" title="Railroad Pass Casino">Railroad Pass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_Hotel_and_Gambling_Hall,_Las_Vegas" title="Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall, Las Vegas">Sam's Town</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas" title="Downtown Las Vegas">Downtown Las Vegas</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binion%27s_Gambling_Hall_and_Hotel" title="Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel">Binion's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_Hotel_and_Casino" title="California Hotel and Casino">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Grand" title="Downtown Grand">Downtown Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Cortez_(Las_Vegas)" title="El Cortez (Las Vegas)">El Cortez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Queens" title="Four Queens">Four Queens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Fremont Hotel and Casino">Fremont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Golden Gate Hotel and Casino">Golden Gate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Las_Vegas" title="Golden Nugget Las Vegas">Golden Nugget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street_Station_Hotel_and_Casino_and_Brewery" title="Main Street Station Hotel and Casino and Brewery">Main Street Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Plaza Hotel & Casino">Plaza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_D_Las_Vegas" title="The D Las Vegas">The D</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resort corridor<br />
+(surrounds the Strip)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Artisan_Hotel" title="The Artisan Hotel">Artisan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Inn" title="Aztec Inn">Aztec Inn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Gold Coast Hotel and Casino">Gold Coast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marriott%27s_Grand_Chateau" title="Marriott's Grand Chateau">Grand Chateau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_and_Casino_(Las_Vegas)" title="Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)">Hard Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hooters_Casino_Hotel" title="Hooters Casino Hotel">Hooters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dragon_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino">Lucky Dragon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Orleans" title="The Orleans">Orleans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Station" title="Palace Station">Palace Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palms_Casino_Resort" title="Palms Casino Resort">Palms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Platinum" title="The Platinum">Platinum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_All_Suite_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino">Rio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumor_Boutique_Resort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumor Boutique Resort (page does not exist)">Rumor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Sevens" title="Silver Sevens">Silver Sevens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere_Las_Vegas" title="Stratosphere Las Vegas">Stratosphere</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany_Suites_and_Casino" title="Tuscany Suites and Casino">Tuscany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas_Resort_%26_Casino" title="Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino">Westgate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westin_Las_Vegas" title="Westin Las Vegas">Westin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Wild_West_Gambling_Hall_%26_Hotel" title="Wild Wild West Gambling Hall & Hotel">Wild Wild West</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aliante_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Aliante Casino and Hotel">Aliante</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Charlie%27s_Decatur" title="Arizona Charlie's Decatur">Arizona Charlie's Decatur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cannery_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Cannery Casino and Hotel">Cannery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Henderson" title="Fiesta Henderson">Fiesta Henderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Rancho" title="Fiesta Rancho">Fiesta Rancho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Grandview_at_Las_Vegas" title="The Grandview at Las Vegas">Grandview</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_Ranch" title="Green Valley Ranch">Green Valley Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JW_Marriott_Las_Vegas" title="JW Marriott Las Vegas">JW Marriott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Club_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Lucky Club Casino and Hotel">Lucky Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/M_Resort" title="M Resort">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Resort_Spa_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino">Red Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Station" title="Santa Fe Station">Santa Fe Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silverton_Las_Vegas" title="Silverton Las Vegas">Silverton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skyline_Casino" title="Skyline Casino">Skyline</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Point_Hotel,_Casino_%26_Spa" title="South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa">South Point</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suncoast_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Suncoast Hotel and Casino">Suncoast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Station" title="Sunset Station">Sunset Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_Village" title="Tahiti Village">Tahiti Village</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Station" title="Texas Station">Texas Station</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alon_Las_Vegas" title="Alon Las Vegas">Alon Las Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Palmer_Hotel" title="Charlie Palmer Hotel">Charlie Palmer Hotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Las_Vegas" title="Crown Las Vegas">Crown Las Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Las_Vegas" title="Resorts World Las Vegas">Resorts World Las Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_Resort_Las_Vegas" title="Fontainebleau Resort Las Vegas">Fontainebleau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Hotel_(Las_Vegas)" title="Grand Central Hotel (Las Vegas)">Grand Central Hotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Plaza" title="Las Vegas Plaza">Las Vegas Plaza</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Resort_%26_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino">Aladdin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Boardwalk Hotel and Casino">Boardwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Street_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Bourbon Street Hotel and Casino">Bourbon Street</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_(casino)" title="Castaways (casino)">Castaways (Las Vegas Strip)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Castaways Hotel and Casino">Castaways (Boulder Strip)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Clarion Hotel and Casino">Clarion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dunes_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Dunes (hotel and casino)">Dunes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="El Rancho Hotel and Casino">El Rancho Casino</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Vegas" title="El Rancho Vegas">El Rancho Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Spike_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Spike Hotel and Casino">Gold Spike</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New Frontier Hotel and Casino">Frontier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda_(resort)" title="Hacienda (resort)">Hacienda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Harmon" title="The Harmon">Harmon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Key_Largo_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Key Largo (hotel and casino)">Key Largo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Klondike Hotel and Casino">Klondike</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Concha_Motel" title="La Concha Motel">La Concha</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Club" title="Las Vegas Club">Las Vegas Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Landmark_Hotel_and_Casino" title="The Landmark Hotel and Casino">Landmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas#Marina_Hotel" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">Marina Hotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mint_Las_Vegas" title="The Mint Las Vegas">Mint</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge_Hotel" title="Moulin Rouge Hotel">Moulin Rouge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Riviera_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Riviera (hotel and casino)">Riviera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Sands Hotel and Casino">Sands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Slipper" title="Silver Slipper">Silver Slipper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_Resort_and_Casino" title="Stardust Resort and Casino">Stardust</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vacation_Village" title="Vacation Village">Vacation Village</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vegas_World" title="Vegas World">Vegas World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Western" title="The Western">The Western</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Westward Ho Hotel and Casino">Westward Ho</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Las_Vegas_area_skyscrapers" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Las_Vegas_skyscrapers" title="Template:Las Vegas skyscrapers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Las_Vegas_skyscrapers" title="Template talk:Las Vegas skyscrapers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Las_Vegas_skyscrapers&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Las_Vegas_area_skyscrapers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas area skyscrapers</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino" title="Aria Resort and Casino">Aria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bally%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Bally's Las Vegas">Bally's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)" title="Bellagio (resort)">Bellagio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Las_Vegas" title="Circus Circus Las Vegas">Circus Circus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_of_Las_Vegas" title="Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas">Cosmopolitan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Las_Vegas" title="Delano Las Vegas">Delano</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Resort_and_Casino#Elara" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino">Elara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Encore_Las_Vegas" title="Encore Las Vegas">Encore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Excalibur Hotel and Casino">Excalibur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas" title="Flamingo Las Vegas">Flamingo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrah%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Harrah's Las Vegas">Harrah's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Grand_Vacations_Club" title="Hilton Grand Vacations Club">Hilton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Linq" title="The Linq">Linq</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Las_Vegas" title="Luxor Las Vegas">Luxor</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalay Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental,_Las_Vegas" title="Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas">Mandarin Oriental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">MGM Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirage_(Las_Vegas)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mirage (Las Vegas)">Mirage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Resort_and_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Resort and Casino">Monte Carlo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Palazzo" title="The Palazzo">Palazzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Las_Vegas" title="Paris Las Vegas">Paris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Las_Vegas" title="Planet Hollywood Las Vegas">Planet Hollywood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Riviera_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Riviera (hotel and casino)">Riviera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Signature_at_MGM_Grand" title="The Signature at MGM Grand">Signature</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Las_Vegas" title="Sky Las Vegas">Sky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SLS_Las_Vegas" title="SLS Las Vegas">SLS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Treasure Island Hotel and Casino">Treasure Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Las_Vegas" title="Tropicana Las Vegas">Tropicana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Hotel_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump Hotel Las Vegas">Trump</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vdara" title="Vdara">Vdara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Towers" title="Veer Towers">Veer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Venetian,_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Venetian, Las Vegas">Venetian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wynn_Las_Vegas" title="Wynn Las Vegas">Wynn</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Strip">Boulder Strip</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Station" title="Boulder Station">Boulder Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastside_Cannery" title="Eastside Cannery">Eastside Cannery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_Hotel_and_Gambling_Hall,_Las_Vegas" title="Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall, Las Vegas">Sam's Town</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas" title="Downtown Las Vegas">Downtown Las Vegas</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Binion%27s_Gambling_Hall_and_Hotel" title="Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel">Binion's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_Hotel_and_Casino" title="California Hotel and Casino">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Grand" title="Downtown Grand">Downtown Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Cortez_(Las_Vegas)" title="El Cortez (Las Vegas)">El Cortez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Queens" title="Four Queens">Four Queens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Fremont Hotel and Casino">Fremont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Las_Vegas" title="Golden Nugget Las Vegas">Golden Nugget</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street_Station_Hotel_and_Casino_and_Brewery" title="Main Street Station Hotel and Casino and Brewery">Main Street Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Plaza Hotel & Casino">Plaza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_D_Las_Vegas" title="The D Las Vegas">The D</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Ogden" title="The Ogden">The Ogden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/World_Market_Center_Las_Vegas" title="World Market Center Las Vegas">World Market Center</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resort corridor<br />
+(surrounds the Strip)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allure_Las_Vegas" title="Allure Las Vegas">Allure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marriott%27s_Grand_Chateau" title="Marriott's Grand Chateau">Grand Chateau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_and_Casino_(Las_Vegas)" title="Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)">Hard Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hooters_Casino_Hotel" title="Hooters Casino Hotel">Hooters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dragon_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino">Lucky Dragon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Orleans_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orleans Hotel and Casino">Orleans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Station" title="Palace Station">Palace Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palms_Casino_Resort" title="Palms Casino Resort">Palms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palms_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Palms Place">Palms Place</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_Towers" title="Panorama Towers">Panorama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_All_Suite_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino">Rio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere_Las_Vegas" title="Stratosphere Las Vegas">Stratosphere</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turnberry_Place" title="Turnberry Place">Turnberry Place</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turnberry_Towers" title="Turnberry Towers">Turnberry Towers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas_Resort_%26_Casino" title="Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino">Westgate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westin_Las_Vegas" title="Westin Las Vegas">Westin</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aliante_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Aliante Casino and Hotel">Aliante</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JW_Marriott_Las_Vegas" title="JW Marriott Las Vegas">JW Marriott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/M_Resort" title="M Resort">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Resort_Spa_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino">Red Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Station" title="Santa Fe Station">Santa Fe Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Point_Hotel,_Casino_%26_Spa" title="South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa">South Point</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suncoast_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Suncoast Hotel and Casino">Suncoast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Station" title="Sunset Station">Sunset Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Station" title="Texas Station">Texas Station</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alon_Las_Vegas" title="Alon Las Vegas">Alon Las Vegas</a></li>
+<li>Dynasty</li>
+<li>Flatiron</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_Resort_Las_Vegas" title="Fontainebleau Resort Las Vegas">Fontainebleau</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Hotel_(Las_Vegas)" title="Grand Central Hotel (Las Vegas)">Grand Central</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Palazzo#Construction" title="The Palazzo">St. Regis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Las_Vegas" title="Resorts World Las Vegas">Resorts World Las Vegas</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unbuilt</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Las_Vegas" title="Ivana Las Vegas">Ivana Las Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Ramblas_Resort" title="Las Ramblas Resort">Las Ramblas Resort</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Plaza" title="Las Vegas Plaza">Las Vegas Plaza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_Las_Vegas" title="Majestic Las Vegas">Majestic/Conrad</a></li>
+<li>The Merrill</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sandhurst_Las_Vegas" title="Sandhurst Las Vegas">Sandhurst Las Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/W_Las_Vegas" title="W Las Vegas">W Las Vegas</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Hotel_%26_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Aladdin Hotel & Casino">Aladdin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Boardwalk Hotel and Casino">Boardwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Castaways Hotel and Casino">Castaways</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dunes_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Dunes (hotel and casino)">Dunes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda_(resort)" title="Hacienda (resort)">Hacienda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Club" title="Las Vegas Club">Las Vegas Club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Harmon" title="The Harmon">Harmon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Landmark_Hotel_and_Casino" title="The Landmark Hotel and Casino">Landmark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Sands Hotel and Casino">Sands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_Resort_and_Casino" title="Stardust Resort and Casino">Stardust</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vegas_World" title="Vegas World">Vegas World</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Las_Vegas_Strip" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Template:Las Vegas Strip"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Template talk:Las Vegas Strip"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Las_Vegas_Strip&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Las_Vegas_Strip" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South end</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Fabulous_Las_Vegas_sign" title="Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign">Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Welcome to fabulous las vegas sign.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg/200px-Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg" width="200" height="208" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg/300px-Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg/400px-Welcome_to_fabulous_las_vegas_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="623" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West side<br />
+casinos</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino" title="Aria Resort and Casino">Aria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)" title="Bellagio (resort)">Bellagio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Las_Vegas" title="Circus Circus Las Vegas">Circus Circus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_of_Las_Vegas" title="Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas">Cosmopolitan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Excalibur Hotel and Casino">Excalibur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dragon_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino">Lucky Dragon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Las_Vegas" title="Luxor Las Vegas">Luxor</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalay Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirage" title="The Mirage">The Mirage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Resort_and_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Resort and Casino">Monte Carlo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Las_Vegas" title="Resorts World Las Vegas">Resorts World <i>(proposed)</i></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slots-A-Fun_Casino" title="Slots-A-Fun Casino">Slots-A-Fun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere_Las_Vegas" title="Stratosphere Las Vegas">Stratosphere</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Treasure Island Hotel and Casino">Treasure Island</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East side<br />
+casinos</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bally%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Bally's Las Vegas">Bally's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Casino Royale Hotel & Casino">Casino Royale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Cromwell_Las_Vegas" title="The Cromwell Las Vegas">Cromwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Encore_Las_Vegas" title="Encore Las Vegas">Encore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas" title="Flamingo Las Vegas">Flamingo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_Resort_Las_Vegas" title="Fontainebleau Resort Las Vegas">Fontainebleau <i>(on hold)</i></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrah%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Harrah's Las Vegas">Harrah's</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Linq" title="The Linq">The Linq</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">MGM Grand</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sheas_Casino" title="O'Sheas Casino">O'Sheas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Palazzo" title="The Palazzo">Palazzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Las_Vegas" title="Paris Las Vegas">Paris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Las_Vegas" title="Planet Hollywood Las Vegas">Planet Hollywood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SLS_Las_Vegas" title="SLS Las Vegas">SLS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Las_Vegas" title="Tropicana Las Vegas">Tropicana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Venetian_Las_Vegas" title="The Venetian Las Vegas">Venetian</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wynn_Las_Vegas" title="Wynn Las Vegas">Wynn</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />
+casinos</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Boardwalk Hotel and Casino">Boardwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_(casino)" title="Castaways (casino)">Castaways</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dunes_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Dunes (hotel and casino)">Dunes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="El Rancho Hotel and Casino">El Rancho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Vegas" title="El Rancho Vegas">El Rancho Vegas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda_(resort)" title="Hacienda (resort)">Hacienda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Klondike Hotel and Casino">Klondike</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Hotel and Casino">Marina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New Frontier Hotel and Casino">New Frontier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Riviera_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Riviera (hotel and casino)">Riviera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SLS_Las_Vegas#History" title="SLS Las Vegas">Sahara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Sands Hotel and Casino">Sands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City_Casino" title="Silver City Casino">Silver City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Slipper" title="Silver Slipper">Silver Slipper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_Resort_and_Casino" title="Stardust Resort and Casino">Stardust</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Rancho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="El Rancho Hotel and Casino">Thunderbird</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Westward Ho Hotel and Casino">Westward Ho</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Shops_at_Crystals" title="The Shops at Crystals">Crystals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Show_Mall" title="Fashion Show Mall">Fashion Show Mall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_Shops_at_Caesars" title="The Forum Shops at Caesars">The Forum Shops</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_Shoppes" title="Grand Canal Shoppes">Grand Canal Shoppes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harmon_Corner" title="Harmon Corner">Harmon Corner</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mile_Shops" title="Miracle Mile Shops">Miracle Mile Shops</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Showcase_Mall" title="Showcase Mall">Showcase Mall</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adventuredome" title="Adventuredome">Adventuredome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/High_Roller_(Ferris_wheel)" title="High Roller (Ferris wheel)">High Roller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Roller_Coaster" title="The Roller Coaster">The Roller Coaster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Reef_at_Mandalay_Bay" title="Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay">Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Skyvue" title="Skyvue">Skyvue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Arena" title="T-Mobile Arena">T-Mobile Arena</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CityCenter#Aria_Express" title="CityCenter">Aria Express</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Deuce_(transit_bus_service)" title="The Deuce (transit bus service)">The Deuce</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Monorail" title="Las Vegas Monorail">Las Vegas Monorail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Tram" title="Mandalay Bay Tram">Mandalay Bay Tram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RTC_Transit" title="RTC Transit">RTC Transit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport" title="McCarran International Airport">McCarran Airport</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Las_Vegas_Strip_hotels" title="List of Las Vegas Strip hotels">List of Las Vegas Strip hotels</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise, Nevada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Nevada" title="Winchester, Nevada">Winchester, Nevada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">2017 Las Vegas shooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/LV_Strip_(Nevada_gaming_area)" title="LV Strip (Nevada gaming area)">Strip Gaming Area</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="MGM_Resorts_International" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MGM_Resorts_International" title="Template:MGM Resorts International"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MGM_Resorts_International" title="Template talk:MGM Resorts International"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:MGM_Resorts_International&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="MGM_Resorts_International" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International" title="MGM Resorts International">MGM Resorts International</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Primm_Valley_Golf_Club" title="Primm Valley Golf Club">Primm Valley Golf Club</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Victoria_Casino_Elgin" title="Grand Victoria Casino Elgin">Grand Victoria</a> <small>(50% stake)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_National_Harbor" title="MGM National Harbor">MGM National Harbor</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Strike_Casino_Resort" title="Gold Strike Casino Resort">Gold Strike Tunica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Rivage_(Mississippi)" title="Beau Rivage (Mississippi)">Beau Rivage</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Detroit" title="MGM Grand Detroit">MGM Grand Detroit</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Borgata" class="mw-redirect" title="The Borgata">Borgata</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)" title="Bellagio (resort)">Bellagio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Las_Vegas" title="Circus Circus Las Vegas">Circus Circus</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adventuredome" title="Adventuredome">Adventuredome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slots-A-Fun_Casino" title="Slots-A-Fun Casino">Slots-A-Fun</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CityCenter" title="CityCenter">CityCenter</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino" title="Aria Resort and Casino">Aria</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental,_Las_Vegas" title="Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas">Mandarin Oriental</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vdara" title="Vdara">Vdara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Towers" title="Veer Towers">Veer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Excalibur Hotel and Casino">Excalibur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Festival_Grounds" title="Las Vegas Festival Grounds">Festival Grounds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Las_Vegas" title="Luxor Las Vegas">Luxor</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalay Bay</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Las_Vegas" title="Delano Las Vegas">Delano</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Convention_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Convention Center">Convention Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Events_Center" title="Mandalay Bay Events Center">Events Center</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas" title="MGM Grand Las Vegas">MGM Grand</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Garden_Arena" title="MGM Grand Garden Arena">Garden Arena</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Signature_at_MGM_Grand" title="The Signature at MGM Grand">Signature</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirage" title="The Mirage">Mirage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Resort_and_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Resort and Casino">Monte Carlo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Creek_Golf_Course" title="Shadow Creek Golf Course">Shadow Creek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Arena" title="T-Mobile Arena">T-Mobile Arena</a> <small>(50% stake)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Macau" title="MGM Macau">MGM Macau</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Circus_Reno" title="Circus Circus Reno">Circus Circus Reno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Belle" title="Colorado Belle">Colorado Belle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Shops_at_Crystals" title="The Shops at Crystals">Crystals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Edgewater Hotel and Casino">Edgewater</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Strike_Hotel_and_Gambling_Hall" title="Gold Strike Hotel and Gambling Hall">Gold Strike Jean</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Harmon" title="The Harmon">The Harmon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Grand_Atlantic_City" title="MGM Grand Atlantic City">MGM Grand Atlantic City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Landing_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Nevada Landing Hotel and Casino">Nevada Landing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Primm_Valley_Resorts" title="Primm Valley Resorts">Primm Valley Resorts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Pass_Casino" title="Railroad Pass Casino">Railroad Pass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legacy_Reno" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Legacy Reno">Silver Legacy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Treasure Island Hotel and Casino">Treasure Island</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under construction</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Springfield" title="MGM Springfield">MGM Springfield</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><i>Mesoparapylocheles</i></h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni</i><br />
+<small>Temporal range: <span style="display:inline-block;">AlbianCenomanian</span></small>
+<div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;">
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,214,123); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><small><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Pre</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian"></a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><small>Pg</small></a></small></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><small>N</small></a></div>
+<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div>
+<div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;">
+<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:181.75384615385px; width:6.4646153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:181.75384615385px; width:6.4646153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
+<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:182.75384615385px; width:4.4646153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kingdom:</td>
+<td><span class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Phylum:</td>
+<td><span class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Subphylum:</td>
+<td><span class="subphylum"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Class:</td>
+<td><span class="class"><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Order:</td>
+<td><span class="order"><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Superfamily:</td>
+<td><span class="superfamily"><a href="/wiki/Paguroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Paguroidea">Paguroidea</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Family:</td>
+<td><span class="family"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapylochelidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapylochelidae (page does not exist)">Parapylochelidae</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Genus:</td>
+<td><span class="genus"><i><b>Mesoparapylocheles</b></i></span><br />
+<small>Fraaije <i>et al.</i>, 2012</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Species:</td>
+<td><span class="species"><i><b>M. michaeljacksoni</b></i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni</i></span></b><br />
+<small>Fraaije <i>et al.</i>, 2012</small></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i><b>Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni</b></i> is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crab</a> which existed during the <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> of what is now <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It was described by Ren H.B. Fraaije, Adil A. Klompmaker and Pedro Artal in 2012, and is the only species in the genus <i><b>Mesoparapylocheles</b></i>. It was named after the singer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fraaijeetal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraaijeetal-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoparapylocheles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisms_named_after_famous_people" title="List of organisms named after famous people">List of organisms named after famous people</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoparapylocheles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-fraaijeetal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fraaijeetal_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ren H.B. Fraaije, Adil A. Klompmaker & Pedro Artal (2012). "New species, genera and a family of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Anomura, Paguroidea) from a mid-Cretaceous reef of Navarra, northern Spain". <i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Geologie_und_Pal%C3%A4ontologie" title="Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palontologie">Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palontologie</a></i>. <b>263</b> (1): 8592. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1127%2F0077-7749%2F2012%2F0213">10.1127/0077-7749/2012/0213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoparapylocheles&rft.atitle=New+species%2C+genera+and+a+family+of+hermit+crabs+%28Crustacea%2C+Anomura%2C+Paguroidea%29+from+a+mid-Cretaceous+reef+of+Navarra%2C+northern+Spain&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+H.B.+Fraaije%2C+Adi%C3%ABl+A.+Klompmaker+%26+Pedro+Artal&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Neues+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Geologie+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologie&rft.pages=85-92&rft.volume=263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0077-7749%2F2012%2F0213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to: <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mesoparapylocheles" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Mesoparapylocheles">Mesoparapylocheles</a></b></i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f0e68c;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Jackson" title="Template:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Jackson" title="Template talk:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michael_Jackson&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Michael_Jackson" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_albums_discography" title="Michael Jackson albums discography">Albums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Singles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_videography" title="Michael Jackson videography">Videography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unreleased_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Unreleased songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">Awards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Records_and_achievements_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Records and achievements of Michael Jackson">Records and achievements</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Ben (Michael Jackson album)">Ben</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Posthumous albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Soundtracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(soundtrack)" title="The Wiz (soundtrack)">The Wiz</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(album)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It_(album)" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortal_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Immortal (Michael Jackson album)">Immortal</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Remix albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Soul_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Original Soul of Michael Jackson">The Original Soul of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stripped_Mixes" title="The Stripped Mixes">The Stripped Mixes</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remix_Suite" title="The Remix Suite">The Remix Suite</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Best of Michael Jackson">The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_Your_Life_(album)" title="One Day in Your Life (album)">One Day in Your Life</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Jackson_Mix" title="The Michael Jackson Mix">The Michael Jackson Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Masters_%E2%80%93_The_Millennium_Collection:_The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson">20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Michael_Jackson" title="The Essential Michael Jackson">The Essential Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Pop_(album)" title="King of Pop (album)">King of Pop</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Definitive_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Definitive Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Definitive Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon (Michael Jackson album)">Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Scream (Michael Jackson album)">Scream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Box sets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Anthology (Michael Jackson album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Ultimate Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Visionary:_The_Video_Singles" title="Visionary: The Video Singles">Visionary: The Video Singles</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25:_Limited_Japanese_Single_Collection" title="Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection">Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/50_Best_Songs_%E2%80%93_The_Motown_Years:_Michael_Jackson_%26_The_Jackson_5" title="50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5">50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello_World:_The_Motown_Solo_Collection" title="Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection">Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i>The Indispensable Collection</i></li>
+<li><i>The Ultimate Fan Extras Collection</i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Summer_Love" title="Farewell My Summer Love">Farewell My Summer Love</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25" title="Thriller 25">Thriller 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25" title="Bad 25">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Filmography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Michael Jackson's Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Michael Jackson's Ghosts</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Cast_Away_and_the_Island_Girls" title="Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls">Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Life_of_an_Icon" title="Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon">Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25_(film)" title="Bad 25 (film)">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Last_Photo_Shoot" title="Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot">Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Journey_from_Motown_to_Off_the_Wall" title="Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall">Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Video albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous:_The_Short_Films" title="Dangerous: The Short Films">Dangerous: The Short Films</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_HIStory" title="Video Greatest Hits HIStory">Video Greatest Hits HIStory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory_on_Film,_Volume_II" title="HIStory on Film, Volume II">HIStory on Film, Volume II</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(video)" title="Number Ones (video)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_(video)" title="The One (video)">The One</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_in_Bucharest:_The_Dangerous_Tour" title="Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour">Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_July_16,_1988" title="Live at Wembley July 16, 1988">Live at Wembley July 16, 1988</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror:_The_Michael_Jackson_Story" title="Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story">Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Move_Like_Michael_Jackson" title="Move Like Michael Jackson">Move Like Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stark_Raving_Dad" title="Stark Raving Dad">Stark Raving Dad</a>" <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Video games</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Moonwalker" title="Michael Jackson's Moonwalker">Michael Jackson's Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3" title="Sonic the Hedgehog 3">Sonic the Hedgehog 3</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5" title="Space Channel 5">Space Channel 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ready_2_Rumble_Boxing:_Round_2" title="Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2">Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5:_Part_2" title="Space Channel 5: Part 2">Space Channel 5: Part 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Experience" title="Michael Jackson: The Experience">Michael Jackson: The Experience</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Michael" title="Planet Michael">Planet Michael</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Bibliography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_the_Dream" title="Dancing the Dream">Dancing the Dream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/MJ_%26_Friends" title="MJ & Friends">MJ & Friends</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Celebration" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_We_Stand:_What_More_Can_I_Give" title="United We Stand: What More Can I Give">United We Stand: What More Can I Give</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_Live_at_the_Apollo_2002" title="Michael Jackson: Live at the Apollo 2002">Live at the Apollo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Assets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neverland_Ranch" title="Neverland Ranch">Neverland Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Songs" title="Northern Songs">Northern Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> <small>(formerly)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Influence on society</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World_Foundation" title="Heal the World Foundation">Heal the World Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_the_World" title="Thrill the World">Thrill the World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(viral_video)" title="Thriller (viral video)"><i>Thriller</i> viral video</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_%E2%80%93_Live" title="Thriller Live">Thriller Live</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour" title="Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour">Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_appearance_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Health and appearance of Michael Jackson">Health and appearance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">Personal relationships</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Death of Michael Jackson">Death</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_v._Murray" title="California v. Murray">Trial of personal physician</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">Memorial service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs" title="List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs">Cover versions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_jacket" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller jacket">Thriller jacket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_HIStory_statue" title="Michael Jackson HIStory statue">HIStory statue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Michael Jackson-related games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a></li>
+<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesoparapylocheles</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)" title="Bubbles (chimpanzee)">Bubbles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award" title="Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award">Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World_(album)" title="We Are the World (album)">We Are the World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Is_the_Magic:_Anthem_for_the_Las_Vegas_Show" title="Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show">Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye:_The_Music_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson">Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Forever" title="Queen Forever">Queen Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Relatives</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Esther Scruse</a> <small>(mother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph Walter Jackson</a> <small>(father)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Maureen Reillette Brown</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Sigmund Esco Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Toriano Adaryll Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine La Juane Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya Yvonne Jackson</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon David Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Steven Randall Jackson</a> <small>(younger brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Damita Jo Jackson</a> <small>(younger sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Brown" title="Austin Brown">Nathaniel Austin Brown</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jackson_(singer)" title="T. J. Jackson (singer)">Tito Joe Jackson</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Deborah Jeanne Rowe</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p><br /></p>
+<table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent">
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg/32px-Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg" width="32" height="22" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg/48px-Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg/64px-Lobster_NSRW_rotated2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2679" data-file-height="1802" /></a></td>
+<td><i>This <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a> article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoparapylocheles&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</i>
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+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/File:Lophoranina_mariestiana,_mole_crab,_Eocene,_Cava_Main,_Arezignano,_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lophoranina_mariestiana%2C_mole_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Cava_Main%2C_Arezignano%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG/40px-Lophoranina_mariestiana%2C_mole_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Cava_Main%2C_Arezignano%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG" width="40" height="42" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lophoranina_mariestiana%2C_mole_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Cava_Main%2C_Arezignano%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG/60px-Lophoranina_mariestiana%2C_mole_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Cava_Main%2C_Arezignano%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lophoranina_mariestiana%2C_mole_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Cava_Main%2C_Arezignano%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG/80px-Lophoranina_mariestiana%2C_mole_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Cava_Main%2C_Arezignano%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01974.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="3202" /></a></td>
+<td><i>This prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoparapylocheles&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</i>
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+</ul>
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+</table>
+
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Michael Jackson</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Michael Jackson, see <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Michael Jackson (disambiguation)">Michael Jackson (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Michael Jackson</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg" width="220" height="391" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="503" /></a>
+<div>Jackson performing in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria in June 1988</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span class="nickname">Michael Joseph Jackson</span><br />
+<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1958-08-29</span>)</span>August 29, 1958<br />
+<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>, U.S.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Died</th>
+<td>June 25, 2009<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">2009-06-25</span>)</span> (aged 50)<br />
+<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Cause of death</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a> caused by acute <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> intoxication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Burial place</th>
+<td class="label"><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>, U.S.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Other names</th>
+<td class="nickname">Michael Joe Jackson</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Occupation</th>
+<td class="role">
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li>Singer</li>
+<li>songwriter</li>
+<li>dancer</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span></th>
+<td><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael Jackson"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a><br />
+(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1994; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1996)</span><br />
+<span itemscope="" itemtype="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael Jackson"><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Debbie Rowe</a><br />
+(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1996; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1999)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Children</th>
+<td>3; including <a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris Jackson</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Parent(s)</th>
+<td>
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joe Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Relatives</th>
+<td>See <a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaeljackson.com">michaeljackson<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b>Musical career</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Genres</th>
+<td>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">post-disco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Instruments</th>
+<td class="note">Vocals</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th>
+<td>19642009</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Labels</th>
+<td>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Recordings" title="Legacy Recordings">Legacy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li>
+<li>MJJ Productions</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Associated acts</span></th>
+<td>
+<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Riley" title="Teddy Riley">Teddy Riley</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Signature</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_signature.svg" class="image"><img alt="Michael Jackson signature.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Michael_Jackson_signature.svg/150px-Michael_Jackson_signature.svg.png" width="150" height="148" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Michael_Jackson_signature.svg/225px-Michael_Jackson_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Michael_Jackson_signature.svg/300px-Michael_Jackson_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="613" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Michael Joseph Jackson</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> (August 29, 1958 June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">King of Pop</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Arar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arar-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world, and was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling music artist</a> at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LJ3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ3-6">[6]</a></sup> Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> for over four decades.</p>
+<p>The eighth child of the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a>, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon</a> as a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>. He began his solo career in 1971 while at <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown Records</a>. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, including those of "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>" from his 1982 album <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i>, are credited with breaking <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States#African_Americans" title="Racism in the United States">racial barriers</a> and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> to fame. Jackson's 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i> spawned the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> number-one singles "<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You" title="I Just Can't Stop Loving You">I Just Can't Stop Loving You</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Bad (Michael Jackson song)">Bad</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel" title="The Way You Make Me Feel">The Way You Make Me Feel</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Diana" title="Dirty Diana">Dirty Diana</a>", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles in the nation. He continued to innovate with videos such as "<a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the <a href="/wiki/Robot_(dance)" title="Robot (dance)">robot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">moonwalk</a>, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced <a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_influenced_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson">numerous artists</a> of various music genres.</p>
+<p><i>Thriller</i> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">best-selling album of all time</a>, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jackson's other albums, including <i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i> (1979), <i>Bad</i> (1987), <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i> (1991), and <i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory</a></i> (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling albums. He is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> twice, and was also inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame" title="Songwriters Hall of Fame">Songwriters Hall of Fame</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Dance_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame">Dance Hall of Fame</a> as the only dancer from pop and rock music. His <a href="/wiki/Records_and_achievements_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Records and achievements of Michael Jackson">other achievements</a> include multiple <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> including the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time,<sup id="cite_ref-CityNews_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityNews-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ditzian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditzian-11">[11]</a></sup> 13 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Legend_Award" title="Grammy Legend Award">Grammy Legend Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a>, 26 <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music Awards">American Music Awards</a>more than any other artistincluding the "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s", 13 <a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_by_number_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artists by number of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles">number-one singles in the United States</a> during his solo careermore than any other male artist in the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a> eraand estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="ref_Note_1"><a href="#endnote_Note_1">[Note 1]</a></sup> Jackson won <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">hundreds of awards</a>, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 in five different decades when "<a href="/wiki/Love_Never_Felt_So_Good" title="Love Never Felt So Good">Love Never Felt So Good</a>" reached number nine in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, the <i>Guinness World Records</i> recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_health_and_appearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson's health and appearance">appearance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">personal relationships</a>, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was <a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">accused of child sexual abuse</a>, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount and no formal charges were brought.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> In 2005, he was <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">tried and acquitted</a> of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his comeback concert series, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a></i>, Jackson <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Death of Michael Jackson">died</a> of acute <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Medical_Examiner-Coroner" title="Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner">Los Angeles County Coroner</a> ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, <a href="/wiki/California_v._Murray" title="California v. Murray">Conrad Murray, was convicted</a> of <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary manslaughter">involuntary manslaughter</a>. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">public memorial service</a> was viewed around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> ranks Jackson the top-earning dead celebrity, with earnings of $825 million in 2016, the highest yearly amount ever recorded by the publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-17">[17]</a></sup> Jackson is also remembered for his generous philanthropy and his pioneering efforts in charitable fundraising within the entertainment industry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In October 2017, <i>Forbes</i> announced that Jackson had topped the publication's list of top-earning dead celebrities for the fifth straight year with annual earnings of $75 million<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and career</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1958.E2.80.931975:_Early_life_and_the_Jackson_5"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">19581975: Early life and the Jackson 5</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1975.E2.80.931981:_Move_to_Epic_and_Off_the_Wall"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">19751981: Move to Epic and <i>Off the Wall</i></span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1982.E2.80.931983:_Thriller_and_Motown_25:_Yesterday.2C_Today.2C_Forever"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">19821983: <i>Thriller</i> and <i>Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</i></span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1984.E2.80.931985:_Pepsi.2C_.22We_Are_the_World.22.2C_and_business_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">19841985: Pepsi, "We Are the World", and business career</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1986.E2.80.931990:_Changing_appearance.2C_tabloids.2C_Bad.2C_films.2C_autobiography.2C_and_Neverland"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">19861990: Changing appearance, tabloids, <i>Bad</i>, films, autobiography, and Neverland</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1991.E2.80.931993:_Dangerous.2C_Heal_the_World_Foundation.2C_and_Super_Bowl_XXVII"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">19911993: <i>Dangerous</i>, Heal the World Foundation, and Super Bowl XXVII</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1993.E2.80.931994:_First_child_sexual_abuse_allegations_and_first_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">19931994: First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1995.E2.80.931997:_HIStory.2C_second_marriage.2C_and_fatherhood"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">19951997: <i>HIStory</i>, second marriage, and fatherhood</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1997.E2.80.932002:_Label_dispute_and_Invincible"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">19972002: Label dispute and <i>Invincible</i></span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#2002.E2.80.932005:_Second_child_sexual_abuse_allegations_and_acquittal"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">20022005: Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2006.E2.80.932009:_Closure_of_Neverland.2C_final_years.2C_and_This_Is_It"><span class="tocnumber">1.11</span> <span class="toctext">20062009: Closure of Neverland, final years, and <i>This Is It</i></span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Death_and_memorial"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Death and memorial</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Artistry"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Artistry</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Influences"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Influences</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Musical_themes_and_genres"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Musical themes and genres</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Vocal_style"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vocal style</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Music_videos_and_choreography"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Music videos and choreography</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Legacy_and_influence"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy and influence</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Honors_and_awards"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Honors and awards</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Earnings_and_wealth"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Earnings and wealth</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Net_worth_during_Jackson.27s_life"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Net worth during Jackson's life</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Net_worth_at_time_of_death.3B_U.S._federal_estate_tax_problems"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Net worth at time of death; U.S. federal estate tax problems</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Earnings_after_death"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Earnings after death</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Discography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Discography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Filmography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Filmography</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Documentaries_after_death"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Documentaries after death</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Tours"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Tours</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_career">Life and career</span></h2>
+<h3><span id="19581975:_Early_life_and_the_Jackson_5"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1958.E2.80.931975:_Early_life_and_the_Jackson_5">19581975: Early life and the Jackson 5</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="The single-storey house has white walls, two windows, a central white door with a black door frame, and a black roof. In front of the house there is a walk way and multiple colored flowers and memorabilia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg/220px-2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg/330px-2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg/440px-2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2300_Jackson_Street_Yuksel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson's childhood home in <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>, with floral tributes after his death.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958. He was the eighth of ten children in the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a>, a working-class African-American family living in a two-bedroom house on Jackson Street in <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>, an industrial city in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> His mother, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Esther Scruse</a>, was a devout <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a>. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country-and-western</a> performer, but worked part-time at <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> to support the family.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Michael's father, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson</a>, a former boxer, was a steelworker at <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>. Joe performed on guitar with a local rhythm and blues band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's income.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Michael grew up with three sisters (<a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Rebbie</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet</a>) and five brothers (<a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Randy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-G20_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G20-25">[25]</a></sup> A sixth brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> In 2003, Joe acknowledged that he regularly whipped him as a boy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Joe was also said to have verbally abused his son, often saying that he had a "fat nose".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-27">[27]</a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a> for the 2003 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i>, Jackson recalled that Joe often sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LJ1658_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ1658-32">[32]</a></sup> Jackson's parents have disputed the longstanding allegations of abuse, with Katherine stating that while whipping is considered abuse today, it was a common way to discipline children at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Marlon have also said that their father was not abusive and that the whippings, which were harder on Michael because he was younger, kept them disciplined and out of trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Speaking openly about his childhood in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> broadcast in February 1993, Jackson acknowledged that his youth had been lonely and isolating.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> His deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant, especially with his father, and to remain childlike in adulthood are consistent with the effects of the maltreatment he endured as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG/220px-Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG/330px-Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG/440px-Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="691" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_5_tv_special_1972.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson (center) as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1972.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothersa band formed by their father which included brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaineas backup musicians playing <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">congas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RRHF_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRHF-39">[39]</a></sup> In 1965, Michael began sharing lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to the <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G20_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G20-25">[25]</a></sup> The following year, the group won a major local talent show with Jackson performing the dance to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_(singer)" title="Robert Parker (singer)">Robert Parker</a>'s 1965 hit "<a href="/wiki/Barefootin%27_(song)" title="Barefootin' (song)">Barefootin'</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> From 1966 to 1968 they toured the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "<a href="/wiki/Chitlin%27_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitlin' circuit">chitlin' circuit</a>" as the opening act for artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave" title="Sam & Dave">Sam & Dave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">O'Jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a>. The Jackson 5 also performed at clubs and cocktail lounges, where <a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">striptease</a> shows and other adult acts were featured, and at local auditoriums and high school dances.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> In August 1967, while touring the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">East</a> coast, the group won a weekly amateur night concert at the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including their first single "<a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(song)" title="Big Boy (song)">Big Boy</a>" (1968), for <a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a>, a Gary record label,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> before signing with <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-G20_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G20-25">[25]</a></sup> They left Gary in 1969 and relocated to Los Angeles, where they continued to record music for Motown.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts" who "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-46">[46]</a></sup> The group set a chart record when its first four singles"<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>" (1969), "<a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 song)">ABC</a>" (1970), "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_You_Save" title="The Love You Save">The Love You Save</a>" (1970), and "<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Be_There_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)">I'll Be There</a>" (1970)peaked at number one on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G20_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G20-25">[25]</a></sup> In May 1971, the Jackson family moved into a large home on two-acre estate in <a href="/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles" title="Encino, Los Angeles">Encino, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> During this period, Michael evolved from child performer into a <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Y25_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y25-48">[48]</a></sup> As Jackson began to emerge as a solo performer in the early 1970s, he maintained ties to the Jackson 5 and Motown. Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown: <i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben (album)">Ben</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i> (1973), and <i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There_(song)" title="Got to Be There (song)">Got to Be There</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ben_(song)" title="Ben (song)">Ben</a>", the title tracks from his first two solo albums, became successful singles, as did a cover of <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Day" title="Bobby Day">Bobby Day</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_Robin_(song)" title="Rockin' Robin (song)">Rockin' Robin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Jackson 5 were later described as "a cutting-edge example of black <a href="/wiki/Crossover_music" title="Crossover music">crossover artists</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Although the group's sales began to decline in 1973, and the members chafed under Motown's refusal to allow them creative input, they achieved several top 40 hits, including the top five single "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>" (1974), before leaving Motown in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-G22_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G22-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19751981:_Move_to_Epic_and_Off_the_Wall"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1975.E2.80.931981:_Move_to_Epic_and_Off_the_Wall">19751981: Move to Epic and <i>Off the Wall</i></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacksonstvshow.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jacksonstvshow.jpg/220px-Jacksonstvshow.jpg" width="220" height="349" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jacksonstvshow.jpg/330px-Jacksonstvshow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jacksonstvshow.jpg/440px-Jacksonstvshow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1253" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacksonstvshow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+From left, back row: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie Jackson</a>, Michael Jackson, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon Jackson</a>. Middle row: Randy Jackson, <a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Rebbie Jackson</a>. Front row: <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1977)</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">CBS Records</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-G22_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G22-52">[52]</a></sup> and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine chose to stay with Motown and pursue a solo career.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> The Jacksons continued to tour internationally, and released six more albums between 1976 and 1984. Michael, the group's lead songwriter during this time, wrote hits such as "<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>" (1979), "<a href="/wiki/This_Place_Hotel" title="This Place Hotel">This Place Hotel</a>" (1980), and "<a href="/wiki/Can_You_Feel_It_(The_Jacksons_song)" title="Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)">Can You Feel It</a>" (1980).<sup id="cite_ref-RRHF_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRHF-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's work in film began in 1978, when he moved to New York City to star as the <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_(Oz)" title="Scarecrow (Oz)">Scarecrow</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)">The Wiz</a></i>, a musical directed by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a>. It costarred <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipsey_Russell" title="Nipsey Russell">Nipsey Russell</a>, and Ted Ross.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> The film was a box-office failure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Its score was arranged by <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, whom Jackson had previously met when he was 12 at <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>'s house.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album.<sup id="cite_ref-G23_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G23-57">[57]</a></sup> During his time in New York, Jackson frequented the <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a> nightclub and was exposed to early <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, influencing his <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a> on future tracks such as "<a href="/wiki/Working_Day_and_Night" title="Working Day and Night">Working Day and Night</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent <a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">rhinoplasty</a> was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Hoefflin" title="Steven Hoefflin">Steven Hoefflin</a>, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.<sup id="cite_ref-T20510_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T20510-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's fifth solo album, <i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i> (1979), co-produced by Jackson and Jones, established Jackson as a solo performer. The album helped Jackson transition from the <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a> of his youth to the more complex sounds he would create as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-Y25_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y25-48">[48]</a></sup> Songwriters for the album included Jackson, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Temperton" title="Rod Temperton">Rod Temperton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>. <i>Off the Wall</i> was the first solo album to generate four top 10 hits in the United States: "Off the Wall", "<a href="/wiki/She%27s_Out_of_My_Life" title="She's Out of My Life">She's Out of My Life</a>", and the chart-topping singles "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_%27Til_You_Get_Enough" title="Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough">Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Rock_with_You_(Michael_Jackson_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock with You (Michael Jackson song)">Rock with You</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> The album reached number three on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a> and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award" title="American Music Award">American Music Awards</a> for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> He also won <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End">Billboard Year-End</a> awards for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album, and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for 1979 with "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> In 1981 Jackson was the American Music Awards winner for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt <i>Off the Wall</i> should have made a bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> In 1980, he secured the highest <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson recorded with <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> from 1981 to 1983, including a demo of "<a href="/wiki/State_of_Shock_(song)" title="State of Shock (song)">State of Shock</a>", "Victory" and "There Must Be More to Life Than This".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> The recordings were intended for an album of duets but, according to Queen's then-manager <a href="/wiki/Jim_Beach" title="Jim Beach">Jim Beach</a>, the relationship between the singers soured when Jackson insisted on bringing a <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> into the recording studio.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> The collaborations were not officially released until 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a></sup> Jackson went on to record the single "State of Shock" with <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> for the <a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jacksons">Jacksons</a>' album <i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> Mercury included the solo version of "There Must Be More To Life Than This" on his <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bad_Guy" title="Mr. Bad Guy">Mr. Bad Guy</a></i> album (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> In 1982, Jackson combined his interests in songwriting and film when he contributed the song "Someone in the Dark" to the <a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(album)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)">storybook</a> for the film <i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i>. The song, with Jones as its producer, won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children for 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19821983:_Thriller_and_Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1982.E2.80.931983:_Thriller_and_Motown_25:_Yesterday.2C_Today.2C_Forever">19821983: <i>Thriller</i> and <i>Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</i></span></h3>
+<p>More success came with Jackson's sixth album, <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i>, released in late 1982. The album earned Jackson seven more Grammys<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy-74">[74]</a></sup> and eight American Music Awards, including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it.<sup id="cite_ref-Awards_1984_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awards_1984-75">[75]</a></sup> It was the best-selling album worldwide in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">best-selling album of all time worldwide</a>, selling an estimated <span class="nowrap">65 million</span> copies.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> It topped the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a> chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27" title="Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'">Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> In December 2015, <i>Thriller</i> was certified for 30 million shipments by the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">RIAA</a>, making it the only album to achieve that feat in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-RIAA_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIAA-81">[81]</a></sup> <i>Thriller</i> won Jackson and Quincy Jones the Grammy award for Producer of the Year (Non-Classical) for 1983. It also won Album of the Year, with Jackson as the album's artist and Jones as its co-producer, and a Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male, award for Jackson. "Beat It" won Record of the Year, with Jackson as artist and Jones as co-producer, and a Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male, award for Jackson. "Billie Jean" won Jackson two Grammy awards, Best R&B Song, with Jackson as its songwriter, and Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male, as its artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy-74">[74]</a></sup> <i>Thriller</i> also won another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording Non Classical in 1984, awarding <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Swedien" title="Bruce Swedien">Bruce Swedien</a> for his work on the album.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-82">[82]</a></sup> The AMA Awards for 1984 provided Jackson with an Award of Merit and AMAs for Favorite Male Artist, Soul/R&B, and Favorite Male Artist, Pop/Rock. "Beat It" won Jackson AMAs for Favorite Video, Soul/R&B, Favorite Video, Pop/Rock, and Favorite Single, Pop/Rock. <i>Thriller</i> won him AMAs for Favorite Album, Soul/R&B, and Favorite Album, Pop/Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Awards_1984_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awards_1984-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In addition to the album, Jackson released "<a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a>", a 14-minute <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a>, in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Registry_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Registry-84">[84]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombie</a>-themed video "defined music videos and broke racial barriers" on the Music Television Channel (<a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>), a fledgling entertainment television channel at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Y25_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y25-48">[48]</a></sup> In December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> selected the "Thriller" music video for inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>. It was one of 25 films named that year as "works of enduring importance to American culture" that would be "preserved for all time."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-86">[86]</a></sup> As of 2009, "Thriller" is the only music video to have been inducted into the registry.<sup id="cite_ref-Registry_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Registry-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg/330px-Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg/440px-Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson%27s_Glove_and_Cardigan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The jacket and white sequined gloves worn by Jackson at <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i>, one of Jackson's most famous signature looks</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point, approximately $2 for every album sold, and was making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary <i>The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller</i> sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties such as dolls modeled after Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-88">[88]</a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/J._Randy_Taraborrelli" title="J. Randy Taraborrelli">J. Randy Taraborrelli</a> writes that "<i>Thriller</i> stopped selling like a leisure itemlike a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movieand started selling like a household staple."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> In 1985, <i>The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller</i> won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy-74">[74]</a></sup> <i>Time</i> described Jackson's influence at that point as "star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-88">[88]</a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> wrote that "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On March 25, 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for a performance taped at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium for <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i>, an NBC television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an estimated audience of <span class="nowrap">47 million</span>, and featured the Jacksons and other Motown stars.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean", which earned Jackson his first <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" title="Emmy Award">Emmy</a> nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.tv_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.tv-92">[92]</a></sup> Wearing a distinctive black-<a href="/wiki/Sequin" title="Sequin">sequined</a> jacket and a golf glove decorated with <a href="/wiki/Rhinestone" title="Rhinestone">rhinestones</a>, he debuted his signature dance move, the <a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">moonwalk</a>, which former <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a></i> dancer and <a href="/wiki/Shalamar" title="Shalamar">Shalamar</a> member <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Daniel" title="Jeffrey Daniel">Jeffrey Daniel</a> had taught him three years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> Jackson had originally turned down the invitation to perform at the show, believing he had been doing too much television at the time; at the request of Motown founder <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>, he agreed to perform in exchange for time to do a solo performance.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> According to <i>Rolling Stone</i> reporter Mikal Gilmore, "There are times when you know you are hearing or seeing something extraordinary ... that came that night."<sup id="cite_ref-Y25_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y25-48">[48]</a></sup> Jackson's performance drew comparisons to <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' appearances on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> Anna Kisselgoff of <i>The New York Times</i> wrote in 1988: "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> Gordy said of the performance: "From the first beat of 'Billie Jean', I was mesmerized, and when he did his iconic moonwalk, I was shocked, it was magic, Michael Jackson went into orbit, and never came down."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19841985:_Pepsi,_"We_Are_the_World",_and_business_career"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1984.E2.80.931985:_Pepsi.2C_.22We_Are_the_World.22.2C_and_business_career">19841985: Pepsi, "We Are the World", and business career</span></h3>
+<p>In November 1983 Jackson and his brothers partnered with <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> in a $5 million promotional deal that broke records for a celebrity endorsement. The first <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi Cola</a> campaign, which ran in the United States from 1983 to 1984 and launched its iconic "New Generation" theme, included tour sponsorship, public relations events, and in-store displays. Jackson, who was involved in creating the advertisement, suggested using his song "Billie Jean" as its <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">jingle</a> with revised lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera2-98">[98]</a></sup> According to a <i>Billboard</i> report in 2009, Brian J. Murphy, executive VP of branded management at TBA Global, said: "You couldn't separate the tour from the endorsement from the licensing of the music, and then the integration of the music into the Pepsi fabric."<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera2_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera2-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi commercial overseen by executive <a href="/wiki/Phil_Dusenberry" title="Phil Dusenberry">Phil Dusenberry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/BBDO" title="BBDO">BBDO</a> ad agency executive, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Pottasch" title="Alan Pottasch">Alan Pottasch</a>, Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_Auditorium" title="Shrine Auditorium">Shrine Auditorium</a> in Los Angeles. During a simulated concert before a full house of fans, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire, causing <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">second-degree burns</a> to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars and had his third <a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">rhinoplasty</a> shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-T20510_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T20510-59">[59]</a></sup> Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated the $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>; its Michael Jackson Burn Center is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> Dusenberry recounted the episode in his memoir, <i>Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising</i>. Jackson signed a second agreement with Pepsi in the late 1980s for a reported $10 million. The second campaign had a global reach of more than 20 countries and would provide financial support for Jackson's <i>Bad</i> album and 198788 world tour.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera2_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera2-98">[98]</a></sup> Although Jackson had endorsements and advertising deals with other companies, such as <a href="/wiki/LA_Gear" title="LA Gear">LA Gear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, none were as significant as his deals with Pepsi, which later signed other music stars such as <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyonc">Beyonc</a> to promote its products.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera2_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera2-98">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Reagan wearing a suit and tie stands at a podium and turns to smile at Mrs Reagan, who is wearing a white outfit, and Jackson, who is wearing a white shirt with a blue jacket and a yellow strap across his chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg/220px-Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg/330px-Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg/440px-Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="372" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagans_with_Michael_Jackson.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson at the White House being presented with an award by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and first lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>, 1984.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jackson's humanitarian work was recognized on May 14, 1984, when he was invited to the White House to receive an award from President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> and in recognition of his support for the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Council" title="Ad Council">Ad Council</a>'s and the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>'s Drunk Driving Prevention campaign. Jackson donated the use of "Beat It" for the campaign's public service announcements.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Unlike later albums, <i>Thriller</i> did not have an official tour, but the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Tour_(The_Jacksons_tour)" title="Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)">Victory Tour</a> of 1984 headlined the Jacksons and showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. It was the last tour he would do with his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> Following controversy over the concert's ticket sales,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(January 2017)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> Jackson held a press conference and announced that he would donate his share of the proceeds, an estimated <span class="nowrap">$3 to 5 million</span>, to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> His charitable work and humanitarian awards continued with the release of "<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World" title="We Are the World">We Are the World</a>" (1985), co-written with <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WATW_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WATW-107">[107]</a></sup> The song was recorded on January 28, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-AMAs_1986_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMAs_1986-108">[108]</a></sup> and released worldwide in March 1985 to aid the poor in the United States and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup> The song earned $63 million for famine relief,<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup> and became one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">best-selling singles of all time</a>, with 20 million copies sold.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> It won four Grammys for 1985, including Song of the Year for Jackson and Richie as its writers.<sup id="cite_ref-WATW_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WATW-107">[107]</a></sup> Although the American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, the AMA show in 1986 concluded with a tribute to the song in honor of its first anniversary. The project's creators received two special AMA honors: one for the creation of the song and another for the <a href="/wiki/USA_for_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="USA for Africa">USA for Africa</a> idea. Jackson, Jones, and entertainment promoter Ken Kragan received special awards for their roles in the song's creation.<sup id="cite_ref-WATW_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WATW-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMAs_1986_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMAs_1986-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's financial interests in the music publishing business grew after he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> in the early 1980s and learned that McCartney was making approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup> By 1983, Jackson had begun investing in publishing rights to songs that others had written, but he was careful with his acquisitions, only bidding on a few of the dozens that were offered to him. Jackson's early acquisitions of <a href="/wiki/Music_catalog" title="Music catalog">music catalogs</a> and song copyrights such as the <a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a> collection included "Everyday People" (1968), <a href="/wiki/Len_Barry" title="Len Barry">Len Barry</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/1-2-3_(Len_Barry_song)" title="1-2-3 (Len Barry song)">1-2-3</a>" (1965), and <a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion DiMucci</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Dion_song)" title="The Wanderer (Dion song)">The Wanderer</a>" (1961) and "<a href="/wiki/Runaround_Sue" title="Runaround Sue">Runaround Sue</a>" (1961); however, his most significant purchase came in 1985, when he acquired the publishing rights to <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing#Acquisition" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">ATV Music Publishing</a> after months of negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup> ATV had acquired the publishing rights to nearly 4000 songs, including the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Songs" title="Northern Songs">Northern Songs</a> catalog that contained the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney" title="LennonMcCartney">LennonMcCartney</a> compositions recorded by the <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1984 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Holmes_%C3%A0_Court" title="Robert Holmes Court">Robert Holmes Court</a>, the wealthy Australian investor who owned ATV Music Publishing, announced he was putting the ATV catalog up for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup> In 1981, McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for 20 million ($40 million).<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T3338_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T3338-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcca_atv_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcca_atv-115">[115]</a></sup> According to McCartney, he contacted <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost at 10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for 5 million each.<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcca_atv_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcca_atv-115">[115]</a></sup> When they were unable to make a joint purchase, McCartney, who did not want to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs, did not pursue an offer on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-T3338_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T3338-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcca_atv_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcca_atv-115">[115]</a></sup> According to a negotiator for Holmes Court in the 1984 sale, McCartney was given first right of refusal and declined to purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-ch7news_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch7news-116">[116]</a></sup> Jackson was informed of the sale by his attorney, John Branca, in September 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup> An attorney for McCartney also assured Branca that McCartney was not interested in bidding. McCartney reportedly felt it was too expensive,<sup id="cite_ref-jdoyle_109-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdoyle-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T3338_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T3338-114">[114]</a></sup> but several other companies and investors were interested in bidding. Jackson submitted a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup> His agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate. In May 1985, Jackson's team left talks after having spent more than $1 million and four months of <a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a> work on the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup> In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koppelman" title="Charles Koppelman">Charles Koppelman</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bandier" title="Martin Bandier">Marty Bandier</a>'s The Entertainment Company had made a tentative agreement with Holmes Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million; however, in early August, Holmes Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million, which was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup> Jackson also agreed to visit Holmes Court in Australia, where he would appear on the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Seven_Perth_Telethon" title="Channel Seven Perth Telethon">Channel Seven Perth Telethon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ch7news_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch7news-116">[116]</a></sup> Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing#Acquisition" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">purchase of ATV Music</a> was finalized on August 10, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-hilburn_113-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilburn-113">[113]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19861990:_Changing_appearance,_tabloids,_Bad,_films,_autobiography,_and_Neverland"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1986.E2.80.931990:_Changing_appearance.2C_tabloids.2C_Bad.2C_films.2C_autobiography.2C_and_Neverland">19861990: Changing appearance, tabloids, <i>Bad</i>, films, autobiography, and Neverland</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_health_and_appearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson's health and appearance">Michael Jackson's health and appearance</a></div>
+<p>Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color during his youth, but from the mid-1980s gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might have been <a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">bleaching his skin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-C146_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C146-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, Jackson was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">vitiligo</a> in 1984; vitiligo results in white patches on the skin. Although Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo, Taraborrelli stated that Jackson had been skin bleaching. He said that Jackson was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>, and that while the vitiligo partially lightened Jackson's skin, the lupus was in <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a>. Both illnesses made Jackson's skin sensitive to sunlight. The treatments Jackson used for his condition further lightened his skin, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches he could appear pale.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> Jackson stated that although he used makeup to control the patchy appearance of his skin, he never purposely bleached his skin. He said of his vitiligo: "It is something I cannot help. When people make up stories that I don't want to be who I am, it hurts me. It's a problem for me. I can't control it."<sup id="cite_ref-Oprah-Jackson_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oprah-Jackson-121">[121]</a></sup> Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy, though not lupus.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson stated he had had only two rhinoplasties and no other facial surgery, although at one point mentioned having had a <a href="/wiki/Cleft_chin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft chin">dimple</a> created in his chin. He lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".<sup id="cite_ref-J22930_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J22930-123">[123]</a></sup> Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy, and speculated he was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>. Periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Klein" title="Arnold Klein">Arnold Klein</a>, and Klein's nurse <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Debbie Rowe</a>. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. He also relied heavily on Klein for medical and business advice.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloids</a> ran a story claiming that he slept in a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">hyperbaric oxygen chamber</a> to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson disseminated the fabricated story himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Image_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Image-126">[126]</a></sup> When Jackson bought a chimpanzee named <a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)" title="Bubbles (chimpanzee)">Bubbles</a> from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick" title="Joseph Merrick">Joseph Merrick</a> (the "Elephant Man") and, although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.<sup id="cite_ref-T35561_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T35561-128">[128]</a></sup> Although he initially saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently, the media began fabricating stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Image_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Image-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T3703_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T3703-129">[129]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything <i>you</i> say, because <i>you're a reporter</i>. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is <i>nuts</i>. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A black jacket with five round golden medals on its left and right shoulders, a gold band on its left arm sleeve, and two belt straps on the right bottom sleeve. Underneath the jacket is a golden belt, with a round ornament in its center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg" width="170" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg/255px-Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg/340px-Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="2318" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson%27s_%22Bad%22_Jacket_and_Belt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson wore a gold-plated military style jacket with belt during the <i>Bad</i> era.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jackson collaborated with filmmakers <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> on the 17-minute <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a></i>, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Epcot" title="Epcot">Epcot</a> in Florida, and in March 1987 at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland" title="Tokyo Disneyland">Tokyo Disneyland</a>. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Park_(Paris)" title="Disneyland Park (Paris)">Euro Disneyland</a> after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: the Paris installation was the last to close, in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, in response to their disapproval of the <i>Thriller</i> video.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson-3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Michael_Jackson-3.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson-3.jpg" width="170" height="338" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Michael_Jackson-3.jpg/255px-Michael_Jackson-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Michael_Jackson-3.jpg/340px-Michael_Jackson-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1181" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson-3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson performing in 1988.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i> (1987), was highly anticipated.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME2_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME2-137">[137]</a></sup> The album produced nine singles with seven charting in the U.S. Five of these singles ("<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You" title="I Just Can't Stop Loving You">I Just Can't Stop Loving You</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Bad (Michael Jackson song)">Bad</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel" title="The Way You Make Me Feel">The Way You Make Me Feel</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Diana" title="Dirty Diana">Dirty Diana</a>") reached number one on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>, a record for most number-one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including <i>Thriller.</i><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> By 2012, the album had sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> Bruce Swedien and <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Gatica" title="Humberto Gatica">Humberto Gatica</a> won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "<a href="/wiki/Leave_Me_Alone" title="Leave Me Alone">Leave Me Alone</a>" in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-82">[82]</a></sup> In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards after <i>Bad</i> became the first album to generate five number-one singles in the U.S., the first album to top in 25 countries, and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad World Tour</a> began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-LJ956_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ956-148">[148]</a></sup> In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> Jackson broke a <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Record</a></i> when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1988, Jackson released his only autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i>, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> He wrote about his childhood, the Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> He also wrote about his changing facial appearance, attributing it to <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hairstyle, and stage lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-J22930_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J22930-123">[123]</a></sup> <i>Moonwalk</i> reached the top position on <i>The New York Times</i> best sellers' list.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> Jackson released a film, <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i>, which featured live footage and short films starring Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a>. Due to financial issues, the film was only released theatrically in Germany; in other markets it was released <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a>. It debuted at the top of the <i>Billboard</i> Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by <i>Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-G434_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G434-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez,_California" title="Santa Ynez, California">Santa Ynez, California</a>, to build <a href="/wiki/Neverland_Ranch" title="Neverland Ranch">Neverland Ranch</a> at a cost of $17 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Malta_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malta-156">[156]</a></sup> He installed several carnival rides on the 2,700-acre (11 km<sup>2</sup>) property, including a <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">carousel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a>, movie theater and zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-Malta_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malta-156">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-157">[157]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup> A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-157">[157]</a></sup> In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Finances_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finances-159">[159]</a></sup> In 1989, Jackson's annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts were estimated at $125 million for that year alone.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Records_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Records-160">[160]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G434_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G434-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's success earned him the nickname the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">King of Pop</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LJ3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ3-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arar-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SBee_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBee-161">[161]</a></sup> It was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> From 1985 to 1990, he donated $455,000 to the <a href="/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> and all profits from his single "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>" went to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>'s 60th birthday celebration won Jackson a second Emmy nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-emmys.tv_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmys.tv-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G434_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G434-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19911993:_Dangerous,_Heal_the_World_Foundation,_and_Super_Bowl_XXVII"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1991.E2.80.931993:_Dangerous.2C_Heal_the_World_Foundation.2C_and_Super_Bowl_XXVII">19911993: <i>Dangerous</i>, Heal the World Foundation, and Super Bowl XXVII</span></h3>
+<p>In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> displacing <a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a>'s renewal contract with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> In 1991, he released his eighth album, <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i>, co-produced with <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Riley" title="Teddy Riley">Teddy Riley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> <i>Dangerous</i> was certified seven times platinum in the U.S., and by 2008 had sold approximately 30 million copies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Certifications_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Certifications-169">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> In the United States, the album's first single "<a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievements_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievements-171">[171]</a></sup> The second single, "<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>", spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 singles chart.<sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup> At the end of 1992, <i>Dangerous</i> was awarded the best-selling album of the year worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded best-selling single of the year worldwide at the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award" title="Billboard Music Award"><i>Billboard</i> Music Awards</a>. Jackson also won an award as best-selling artist of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> In 1993, he performed the song at the <a href="/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards" title="Soul Train Music Awards">Soul Train Music Awards</a> in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> In the UK and other parts of Europe, "<a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World" title="Heal the World">Heal the World</a>" was the album's most successful song; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson founded the <a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World_Foundation" title="Heal the World Foundation">Heal the World Foundation</a> in 1992. The charity brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy the property's theme park rides, and sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year, Jackson published his second book, <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_the_Dream" title="Dancing the Dream">Dancing the Dream</a>,</i> a collection of poetry, revealing a more intimate side. While it was a commercial success, it received mostly negative reviews. In 2009, the book was republished by <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a> and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's death. The <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a> began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993, having grossed <span class="nowrap">$100 million</span>; Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> He sold the broadcast rights to his <i>Dangerous</i> world tour to <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_jackson_1992.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_jackson_1992.jpg/170px-Michael_jackson_1992.jpg" width="170" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_jackson_1992.jpg/255px-Michael_jackson_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_jackson_1992.jpg/340px-Michael_jackson_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2560" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_jackson_1992.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson performing in 1992</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Following the illness and death of AIDS spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a>, Jackson helped draw public attention to <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, something that was controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton Administration</a> at <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala</a> to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited countries including <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebony_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebony-179">[179]</a></sup> His first stop to Gabon was greeted with an enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read "Welcome Home Michael."<sup id="cite_ref-Ebony_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebony-179">[179]</a></sup> In his trip to <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebony_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebony-179">[179]</a></sup> He thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship, and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebony_179-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebony-179">[179]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In January 1993, Jackson performed at the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVII" title="Super Bowl XXVII">Super Bowl XXVII</a> halftime show in Pasadena, California. Because of a dwindling interest during halftime in the preceding years a special live episode of <i><a href="/wiki/In_Living_Color" title="In Living Color">In Living Color</a></i> eroded the previous halftime show's audience by 10 ratings points the NFL decided to seek big-name talent that would keep ratings high, with Jackson selected for his universal appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> It was the first Super Bowl whose half-time performance drew greater audience figures than the game itself. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him, followed by four songs: "<a href="/wiki/Jam_(song)" title="Jam (song)">Jam</a>", "Billie Jean", "Black or White", and "Heal the World". Jackson's <i>Dangerous</i> album rose 90 places in the album chart after the performance.<sup id="cite_ref-C146_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C146-117">[117]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick" title="Joseph Merrick">Elephant Man</a>, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, and stated for the first time that he had vitiligo. <i>Dangerous</i> re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.<sup id="cite_ref-LJ1658_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ1658-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C146_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C146-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In February 1993, Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the <a href="/wiki/35th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="35th Annual Grammy Awards">35th Annual Grammy Awards</a> in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.<sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup> The <i>Dangerous</i> album won a Grammy for Best Engineered Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-82">[82]</a></sup> In the same year, Michael Jackson won three <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music Awards">American Music Awards</a> for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (<i>Dangerous</i>), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>"), and was the first to win the International Artist Award of Excellence, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson agreed to <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3#Michael_Jackson.27s_involvement" title="Sonic the Hedgehog 3">produce the soundtrack</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s 1994 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3" title="Sonic the Hedgehog 3">Sonic the Hedgehog 3</a></i> with collaborators <a href="/wiki/Brad_Buxer" title="Brad Buxer">Brad Buxer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Green_Brooks" title="Robert Green Brooks">Bobby Brooks</a>, Darryl Ross, Geoff Grace, Doug Grigsby, and Cirocco Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup> Jackson left the project before completion and was not credited; some sources state Jackson was dissatisfied with the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> console's audio chip, while others suggest Sega distanced itself from Jackson following the first allegations of child sexual abuse against him.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup></p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h3><span id="19931994:_First_child_sexual_abuse_allegations_and_first_marriage"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1993.E2.80.931994:_First_child_sexual_abuse_allegations_and_first_marriage">19931994: First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson</a></div>
+<p>In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> by a 13-year-old boy, Jordan Chandler, and his father, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Chandler" title="Evan Chandler">Evan Chandler</a>, a dentist.<sup id="cite_ref-Abuse_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abuse-191">[191]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T4778_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4778-193">[193]</a></sup> The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, which he refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.<sup id="cite_ref-T35561_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T35561-128">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup> Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.<sup id="cite_ref-T4778_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4778-193">[193]</a></sup> Evan was recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever..... Michael's career will be over."<sup id="cite_ref-T4778_193-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4778-193">[193]</a></sup> Jackson used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money.<sup id="cite_ref-T4778_193-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4778-193">[193]</a></sup> In January 1994, after an investigation, deputy Los Angeles County district attorney Michael J. Montagna stated that Chandler would not be charged with <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, due to lack of cooperation from Jackson's party and its willingness to negotiate with Chandler for several weeks, among other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In August 1993, police raided Jackson's home and, according to court documents, found books and photographs in his bedroom featuring young boys with little or no clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup> Since the books were legal to purchase and own, the jury decided not to indict Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup> Jordan Chandler gave police a description of Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">intimate parts</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">strip search</a> revealed that Jordan had correctly claimed Jackson had patchy-colored buttocks, short <a href="/wiki/Pubic_hair" title="Pubic hair">pubic hair</a>, and pink and brown marked <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T53440_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T53440-198">[198]</a></sup> Reportedly, Jordan had also drawn accurate pictures of a dark spot on Jackson's penis only visible when his penis was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup> Despite differing initial internal reports from prosecutors and investigators,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup> with reports of jurors feeling that the photos did not match the description,<sup id="cite_ref-Accuser_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accuser-201">[201]</a></sup> the DA stated his belief in a sworn <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> that the description was accurate,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup> along with the sheriff's photographer stating the description was accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup> A 2004 motion filed by Jackson's defense asserted that Jackson was never criminally indicted by any grand jury and that his settlement admitted no wrongdoing and contained no evidence of criminal misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-Court_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Court-204">[204]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were filed.<sup id="cite_ref-Accuser_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accuser-201">[201]</a></sup> Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.<sup id="cite_ref-Abuse_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abuse-191">[191]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T53440_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T53440-198">[198]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup> On January 1, 1994, Jackson settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994, without indicting Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup> The Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Court_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Court-204">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> The out-of-court settlement's documentation stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></sup> Feldman stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was made without his consent.<sup id="cite_ref-Court_204-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Court-204">[204]</a></sup> A later disclosure by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> of investigation documents compiled over nearly 20 years led Jackson's attorney to suggest that no evidence of molestation or sexual impropriety from Jackson toward minors existed.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup> According to reports, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Children_and_Family_Services_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="Department of Children and Family Services (Los Angeles County)">Department of Children and Family Services (Los Angeles County)</a> investigated Jackson beginning in 1993 with the Chandler allegation and again in 2003. Reports show the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">LAPD</a> and DCFS did not find credible evidence of abuse or sexual misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SG2003_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG2003-214">[214]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In May 1994, Jackson married <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Presley" title="Priscilla Presley">Priscilla Presley</a>. They had met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the <a href="/wiki/Bally%27s_Las_Vegas" title="Bally's Las Vegas">MGM Grand Hotel and Casino</a>, and reconnected through a mutual friend.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup> They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-T51820_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T51820-217">[217]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This is the first mention of Jackson being addicted to drugs; it needs more explanation and detail (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Presley said: "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></sup> She eventually persuaded him to settle the civil case out of court<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Confusing. Is the article therefore saying it was Presley who got Jackson to settle - in which case it seems like the story is told in the wrong order here - or is this just what she claims? (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and go into rehabilitation to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-T51820_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T51820-217">[217]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying: "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"<sup id="cite_ref-T51820_217-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T51820-217">[217]</a></sup> They married in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Divorce_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divorce-219">[219]</a></sup> The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active."<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup> The tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.<sup id="cite_ref-Divorce_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divorce-219">[219]</a></sup> The marriage ended less than two years later with an amicable divorce settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-T5801_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T5801-221">[221]</a></sup> In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley said they had spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up" until she decided to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19951997:_HIStory,_second_marriage,_and_fatherhood"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1995.E2.80.931997:_HIStory.2C_second_marriage.2C_and_fatherhood">19951997: <i>HIStory</i>, second marriage, and fatherhood</span></h3>
+<p>In June 1995, Jackson released the double album <i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I</a></i>. The first disc, <i>HIStory Begins</i>, is a 15-track <a href="/wiki/Greatest_hits_album" title="Greatest hits album">greatest hits album</a> (later reissued as <i>Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I</i> in 2001); the second disc, <i>HIStory Continues</i>, contains 13 original songs and two cover versions. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup> It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievements_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievements-171">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></sup> <i>HIStory</i> received a Grammy nomination for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Album of the Year">Album of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The first single released from <i>HIStory</i> was "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream/Childhood</a>". "Scream", a duet with Jackson's youngest sister <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet</a>, protests the media, particularly its treatment of him during the 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone" title="You Are Not Alone">You Are Not Alone</a>" was the second single released from <i>HIStory</i>; it holds the <i>Guinness World Record</i> for the first song ever to debut at number one on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 chart.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Records_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Records-160">[160]</a></sup> It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Close-up of a pale skinned Jackson with black hair. He is wearing a black jacket with white designs on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg" width="170" height="231" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg/255px-Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg/340px-Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="567" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Cannescropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Michael Jackson at the <a href="/wiki/1997_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1997 Cannes Film Festival">1997 Cannes Film Festival</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Ghosts</a></i> music video premiere.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance, caused by a stress-related <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup> In November, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division, creating <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a>. He retained ownership of half the company, earning $95 million up front as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing_artists" title="List of Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists">rights to more songs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sonydeal_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sonydeal-228">[228]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>" was the third single released from <i>HIStory</i>, and topped the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a> for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup> The track "<a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>" became controversial when the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> and other groups criticized its allegedly <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> lyrics. Jackson quickly released a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-ADL_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADL-229">[229]</a></sup> In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i>HIStory</i> was promoted with the successful <a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a>, beginning on September 7, 1996, and ending on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in five continents, 35 countries and 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed a total of <span class="nowrap">$165 million</span>, becoming Jackson's most successful tour in terms of audience figures.<sup id="cite_ref-LJ956_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ956-148">[148]</a></sup> During the tour, Jackson married his <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson#Debbie_Rowe" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">longtime friend</a> <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Deborah Jeanne Rowe</a>, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup> Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister <a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson</a> was born a year later on April 3, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-T5801_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T5801-221">[221]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup> The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson received full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-T599600_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T599600-233">[233]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ex_wife_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ex_wife-234">[234]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1997, Jackson released <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix</a></i>, which contained remixes of hit singles from <i>HIStory</i> and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at <span class="nowrap">6 million</span> copies, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_remix_albums" title="List of best-selling remix albums">best-selling remix album of all time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rojek_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojek-235">[235]</a></sup> It reached number one in the UK, as did the <a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor_(song)" title="Blood on the Dance Floor (song)">title track</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rojek_235-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojek-235">[235]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T6101_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6101-236">[236]</a></sup> In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.<sup id="cite_ref-Certifications_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Certifications-169">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup> Forbes placed Jackson's annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Finances_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finances-159">[159]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19972002:_Label_dispute_and_Invincible"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1997.E2.80.932002:_Label_dispute_and_Invincible">19972002: Label dispute and <i>Invincible</i></span></h3>
+<p>From October 1997 to September 2001, Jackson worked with collaborators including Teddy Riley and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins" title="Rodney Jerkins">Rodney Jerkins</a> to produce what would be his tenth solo album, <i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i>. The album cost <span class="nowrap">$30 million</span> to record, not including promotional expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkeman_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkeman-237">[237]</a></sup> Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">benefit concert</a> in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization <a href="/wiki/War_Child_(charity)" title="War Child (charity)">War Child</a>, and raised a million dollars for the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia</a>, and additional funds for the children of Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup> Later that month, Jackson organized a series of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included <a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">The Scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyz_II_Men" title="Boyz II Men">Boyz II Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Vandross" title="Luther Vandross">Luther Vandross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Deva" title="Prabhu Deva">Prabhu Deva Sundaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shobana" title="Shobana">Shobana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>. The proceeds went to the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Children%27s_Fund" title="Nelson Mandela Children's Fund">Nelson Mandela Children's Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup> From August 1999 through 2000, he lived in New York City at 4 <a href="/wiki/74th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="74th Street (Manhattan)">East 74th Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></sup> At the turn of the century, Jackson won an American Music Award as Artist of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-MTV_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV-241">[241]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In September 2001, two <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">30th Anniversary concerts</a> were held at Madison Square Garden to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by artists including <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDa" title="Ma">Ma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usher_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher (singer)">Usher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSYNC" title="NSYNC">NSYNC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monica_(singer)" title="Monica (singer)">Monica</a>, Luther Vandross, and Slash.<sup id="cite_ref-G503_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G503-242">[242]</a></sup> The second show took place the night before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></sup> After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the <a href="/wiki/United_We_Stand:_What_More_Can_I_Give" title="United We Stand: What More Can I Give">United We Stand: What More Can I Give</a> benefit concert at <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">RFK Stadium</a> in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "<a href="/wiki/What_More_Can_I_Give" title="What More Can I Give">What More Can I Give</a>" as the finale.<sup id="cite_ref-T6147_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6147-244">[244]</a></sup> Due to contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts, later edited into a two-hour TV special titled <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration</a></i> broadcast in November 2001, Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing backing vocals.</p>
+<p>The release of <i>Invincible</i> was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a>. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him some time in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits; however, clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future. Jackson discovered that the attorney who had represented him in the deal had also been representing Sony.<sup id="cite_ref-T6101_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6101-236">[236]</a></sup> He was also concerned that for years Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in its music catalog venture; he feared that Sony might have had a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a>, since if Jackson's career failed, he would have had to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.<sup id="cite_ref-T6147_244-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6147-244">[244]</a></sup> Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.<sup id="cite_ref-T6101_236-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6101-236">[236]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i>Invincible</i> was released on October 30, 2001 to much anticipation. It was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and the last album of original material he released in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-T6101_236-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6101-236">[236]</a></sup> It debuted at number one in 13 countries and went on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Certifications_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Certifications-169">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Achievements_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievements-171">[171]</a></sup> However, sales for <i>Invincible</i> were lower than Jackson's previous releases, due in part to the record label dispute and the lack of promotion or tour, and its release at a bad time<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></sup> for the music industry in general.<sup id="cite_ref-T6147_244-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6147-244">[244]</a></sup> <i>Invincible</i> spawned three singles, "<a href="/wiki/You_Rock_My_World" title="You Rock My World">You Rock My World</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Cry (Michael Jackson song)">Cry</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Butterflies (Michael Jackson song)">Butterflies</a>", the latter without a music video.</p>
+<p>On January 22, 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup> <span id="PrinceII"></span>On February 22 of the same year, his third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup> The mother's identity was not announced, but Jackson said Prince was the result of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">surrogate mother</a> and his own sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-T599600_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T599600-233">[233]</a></sup> Jackson alleged in July 2002 that the then-Sony Music chairman <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Mottola" title="Tommy Mottola">Tommy Mottola</a> was a "devil" and "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own gain.<sup id="cite_ref-T6147_244-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6147-244">[244]</a></sup> He charged that Mottola had called his colleague <a href="/wiki/Irv_Gotti" title="Irv Gotti">Irv Gotti</a> a "fat <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></sup> Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a <span class="nowrap">$25 million</span> promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkeman_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkeman-237">[237]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="20022005:_Second_child_sexual_abuse_allegations_and_acquittal"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2002.E2.80.932005:_Second_child_sexual_abuse_allegations_and_acquittal">20022005: Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">Trial of Michael Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Dangerous_Liaisons" title="Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons">Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg" width="220" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg/330px-Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg/440px-Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="406" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_Vegas_cropped-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson in Las Vegas, 2003.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bashir" title="Martin Bashir">Martin Bashir</a>, to follow him around nearly everywhere he went. On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his infant son Prince onto the balcony of his room at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Adlon" title="Hotel Adlon">Hotel Adlon</a> in Berlin as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm with a cloth loosely draped over Prince's face. Prince was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, prompting widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup> Bashir's crew was with Jackson during this incident; the program was broadcast in March 2003 as <i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i>. In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.<sup id="cite_ref-T640_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T640-250">[250]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. After an initial probe from the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">LAPD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" title="Child Protective Services">DCFS</a> was conducted in February 2003, they had initially concluded that molestation allegations were "unfounded" at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-SG2003_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG2003-214">[214]</a></sup> After the young boy involved in the documentary and his mother had told investigators that Jackson had behaved improperly, Jackson was arrested in November 2003 and charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage#United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverage">administering an intoxicating agent</a> in relation to the 13-year-old boy shown in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-T640_250-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T640-250">[250]</a></sup> Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i> trial began on January 31, 2005, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria,_California" title="Santa Maria, California">Santa Maria, California</a>, and lasted until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></sup> After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation, he moved to the Persian Gulf island of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> as a guest of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Abdullah bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Sheikh Abdullah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></sup> Unknown to Jackson, Bahrain was also where the family had intended to send Jackson if he had been convicted, according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London in September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On November 17, 2003, three days before Jackson's arrest, Sony released <i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)">Number Ones</a></i>, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the U.S., the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.<sup id="cite_ref-Certifications_169-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Certifications-169">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="20062009:_Closure_of_Neverland,_final_years,_and_This_Is_It"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2006.E2.80.932009:_Closure_of_Neverland.2C_final_years.2C_and_This_Is_It">20062009: Closure of Neverland, final years, and <i>This Is It</i></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg" width="170" height="279" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg/255px-Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg/340px-Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="1089" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson and his son Blanket in <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a>, 2006.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In March 2006, amidst reports that Jackson was having financial problems, the main house at Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></sup> Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music-publishing holdings, even though the holdings were reportedly making him as much as <span class="nowrap">$75 million</span> a year.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> sold the debt to <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group" title="Fortress Investment Group">Fortress Investments</a>. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly-owned publishing company, leaving Jackson with a 25% stake.<sup id="cite_ref-sonydeal_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sonydeal-228">[228]</a></sup> Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the details were not made public.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></sup> Jackson did not have a recording contract at the time. In early 2006, it was announced that Jackson had signed a contract with a <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>-based startup, Two Seas Records; nothing came of the deal, and Two Seas CEO <a href="/wiki/Gut_Records" title="Gut Records">Guy Holmes</a> later stated that it had never been finalized.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahrain_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahrain-261">[261]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the <i><a href="/wiki/Visionary:_The_Video_Singles" title="Visionary: The Video Singles">Michael Jackson: Visionary</a></i> series, which subsequently became a <a href="/wiki/Box_set" title="Box set">box set</a>. Most of the singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.<sup id="cite_ref-Ex_wife_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ex_wife-234">[234]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In October 2006, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News</a> entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">Westmeath, Ireland</a>. It was not known at the time what Jackson was working on, or who had paid for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahrain_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahrain-261">[261]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></sup> In November 2006, Jackson invited an <i><a href="/wiki/Access_Hollywood" title="Access Hollywood">Access Hollywood</a></i> camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> reported that he was working on a new album, produced by <a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievements_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievements-171">[171]</a></sup> Jackson performed at the <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Music_Awards" title="2006 World Music Awards">World Music Awards</a> in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over <span class="nowrap">100 million</span> records.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievements_171-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievements-171">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></sup> During his period in Ireland he sought Dr. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Treacy" title="Patrick Treacy">Patrick Treacy</a> for cosmetic treatment after reading about his experience with HLA fillers and his charitable work in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup> Treacy became his only doctor when he lived in Ireland in 2006. He started as Jackson's personal <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatologist</a> and developed a friendship with the singer.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>'s funeral in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, where he gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></sup> In 2011, Treacy appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pinsky" title="Drew Pinsky">Dr. Drew</a> show on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and said that he had gave propofol to Michael Jackson on two occasions but the singer always requested an anaesthetist to be present.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2007, Jackson and Sony bought another music publishing company, <a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music LLC</a>, formerly owned by <a href="/wiki/Viacom" title="Viacom">Viacom</a>. This deal gave him the rights to songs by <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beck" title="Beck">Beck</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></sup> In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> in Tokyo, where he said: "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></sup> That month, Jackson visited a U.S. Army post in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Camp_Zama" title="Camp Zama">Camp Zama</a>, to greet over 3,000 U.S. troops and their families. The hosts presented Jackson with a Certificate of Appreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In September 2007, Jackson was still working on his next album, but it was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></sup> In 2008, Jackson and Sony released <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25" title="Thriller 25">Thriller 25</a></i> to mark the 25th anniversary of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i>. The album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time", an outtake from the original sessions, as well as remixes by younger artists who had been inspired by Jackson's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Thriller_25_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller_25-273">[273]</a></sup> Two remixes were released as singles with modest success: "<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="The Girl Is Mine 2008">The Girl Is Mine 2008</a>" (with will.i.am), based on an early demo version of the original song without Paul McCartney, and "<a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008">Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008</a>" (with Akon). The album was a commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-Thriller_25_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller_25-273">[273]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></sup> In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest hits albums, <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Pop_(album)" title="King of Pop (album)">King of Pop</a></i>. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></sup> <i>King of Pop</i> reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NeverlandRides.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NeverlandRides.jpg/220px-NeverlandRides.jpg" width="220" height="129" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NeverlandRides.jpg/330px-NeverlandRides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NeverlandRides.jpg/440px-NeverlandRides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="322" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NeverlandRides.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An aerial view of part of Jackson's 2,800-acre (11 km<sup>2</sup>) Neverland Valley Ranch near Los Olivos, California, showing the many rides.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In late 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to <a href="/wiki/Colony_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony Capital">Colony Capital LLC</a>. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. The deal cleared Jackson's debt and reportedly earned him an additional <span class="nowrap">$35 million</span>. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake of unknown size in Neverland/Sycamore Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></sup> In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Julien%27s_Auctions" title="Julien's Auctions">Julien's Auction House</a> to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and 25.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></sup> An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but Jackson eventually cancelled the auction.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">O<sub>2</sub> Arena</a> to announce a series of comeback concerts titled <a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a>. The shows would have been Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested retirement after the shows, saying it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately 50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></sup> The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record-breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></sup> The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a>. Most of these rehearsals took place at the <a href="/wiki/Staples_Center" title="Staples Center">Staples Center</a>, owned by AEG.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></sup> Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London, with all concerts sold out, Jackson died after suffering <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></sup> Some time before his death, it was reported that he was starting a clothing line with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Audigier" title="Christian Audigier">Christian Audigier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's first posthumous song released entirely by his estate was "<a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="This Is It (Michael Jackson song)">This Is It</a>", which he had co-written in the 1980s with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anka" title="Paul Anka">Paul Anka</a>. It was not on the setlists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, Sony released a documentary film about the rehearsals, <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></sup> Despite a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest-grossing documentary or concert film of all time, with earnings of more than <span class="nowrap">$260 million</span> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></sup> Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></sup> The film was accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It_(album)" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)">compilation album of the same name</a>. Two versions of "This Is It" appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the film, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits and a spoken-word poem, "Planet Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2009" title="American Music Awards of 2009">2009 American Music Awards</a>, Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album <i>Number Ones</i>, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_memorial">Death and memorial</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Death of Michael Jackson">Death of Michael Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">Michael Jackson memorial service</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Jackson's Star with flowers and notes on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG/220px-Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG/330px-Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG/440px-Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Star.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Fans flocked to Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, adorning it with flowers and notes on the day of his death.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>On June 25, 2009, Jackson stopped breathing while attempting to sleep under the care of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Murray" title="Conrad Murray">Conrad Murray</a>, his personal physician. Murray had reportedly given Jackson an array of medications in an attempt to help him sleep at his rented mansion in <a href="/wiki/Holmby_Hills,_Los_Angeles" title="Holmby Hills, Los Angeles">Holmby Hills, Los Angeles</a>. Attempts at resuscitating Jackson were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Times_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-297">[297]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department" title="Los Angeles Fire Department">Los Angeles Fire Department</a> paramedics received a <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" title="9-1-1">911</a> call at 12:22 pm (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">PDT</a>, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></sup> Jackson was reportedly not breathing and <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a> was performed.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></sup> Resuscitation efforts continued en route to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center">Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center</a>, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 pm (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 pm Pacific time (21:26 UTC).<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_297-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-297">[297]</a></sup> The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and <a href="/wiki/Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crash</a> from user overload,<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></sup> and putting unprecedented strain<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-304">[304]</a></sup> on services and websites including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-305">[305]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AOL Instant Messenger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_304-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-304">[304]</a></sup> Twitter, and Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_305-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-305">[305]</a></sup> Overall, <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a> ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-crash_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crash-306">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a> aired <a href="/wiki/Marathon_(media)" title="Marathon (media)">marathons</a> of Jackson's music videos.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></sup> Jackson specials aired on television stations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></sup> MTV briefly returned to its original music video format,<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></sup> airing hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tylerc_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylerc-311">[311]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/330px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg/440px-Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Grave.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson's tomb in the Holly Terrace of the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Staples_Center" title="Staples Center">Staples Center</a> in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Hollywood_Hills#Court_of_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills">Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty</a>. Tickets to the memorial were distributed via lottery; over 1.6 million fans applied for tickets during the two-day application period. 8,750 names were drawn at random, and each recipient received two tickets.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></sup> Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. The memorial service was one of the most watched events in <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> history,<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></sup> with an estimated U.S. audience of 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated <span class="nowrap">35.1 million</span> that watched the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan</a> and the estimated <span class="nowrap">33.1 million</span> Americans who watched the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales">1997 funeral for Princess Diana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mayer" title="John Mayer">John Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson" title="Jennifer Hudson">Jennifer Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usher_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher (singer)">Usher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Jafargholi" title="Shaheen Jafargholi">Shaheen Jafargholi</a> performed at the event. <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a> gave eulogies, while <a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a> read "We Had Him", a poem written for the occasion by <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></sup> The Reverend <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children: "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></sup> Jackson's 11-year-old daughter Paris Katherine, speaking publicly for the first time, wept as she told the crowd: "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></sup> Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></sup></p>
+<p>At the time of death, Jackson had been administered <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">midazolam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></sup> and the Los Angeles coroner decided to treat the death as a <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></sup> Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician Conrad Murray, and <a href="/wiki/California_v._Murray" title="California v. Murray">charged him</a> with <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary manslaughter">involuntary manslaughter</a> in Los Angeles on February 8, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></sup> Jackson's body was entombed on September 3, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_Lawn2010.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portrait and other tributes, including mural and messages from 650 Spanish fans, letters, pictures, teddy bears, and flowers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Forest_Lawn2010.jpg/220px-Forest_Lawn2010.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Forest_Lawn2010.jpg/330px-Forest_Lawn2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Forest_Lawn2010.jpg/440px-Forest_Lawn2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_Lawn2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on the first anniversary of his death.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay tribute. They visited Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, his family home, and Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many carried sunflowers and other tributes to leave at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></sup> Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On June 26, fans marched in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building, and assembled a petition with thousands of signatures, demanding justice in the homicide investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></sup> The Jackson Family Foundation, in conjunction with Voiceplate, presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span></h3>
+<p>In the 12 months after his death, Jackson sold more than 8.2 million albums in the United States and 35 million albums worldwide, making him the best-selling albums artist of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift-Boyle_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift-Boyle-334">[334]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></sup> He became the first artist to sell one million downloads in a week in <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">music download</a> history, with a record-breaking 2.6 million downloads of his songs. Three of his albums, <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)">Number Ones</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Michael_Jackson" title="The Essential Michael Jackson">The Essential Michael Jackson</a></i>, sold more than any new album, the first time a catalog album has ever scanned more sales than any new album.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></sup> Jackson also became the first artist in history to have four of the top 20 best-selling albums in a single year in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift-Boyle_334-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift-Boyle-334">[334]</a></sup> Following this surge in sales, Sony extended its distribution rights for Jackson's material, which had been due to expire in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Sony_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sony-337">[337]</a></sup> On March 16, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a>, spearheaded by its <a href="/wiki/Columbia/Epic_Label_Group" title="Columbia/Epic Label Group">Columbia/Epic Label Group</a> division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, and release ten new albums of previously unreleased material and new collections of released work.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On November 4, 2010, Sony announced the first posthumous album, <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i>, released on December 14, with the promotional single, "<a href="/wiki/Breaking_News_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Breaking News (Michael Jackson song)">Breaking News</a>", released to radio on November 8.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a></sup> Sony Music paid the Jackson estate <span class="nowrap">$250 million</span> for the deal, plus royalties, making it the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Sony_337-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sony-337">[337]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a></sup> Video game developer <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a> announced a <a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">dancing-and-singing game</a> featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season, <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Experience" title="Michael Jackson: The Experience">Michael Jackson: The Experience</a>;</i> it was among the first games to use <a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a>, the motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> and Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On November 3, 2010, the theatre company <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a> announced that it would launch <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour" title="Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour">Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour</a></i> in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show would reside in Las Vegas.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></sup> The 90-minute $57-million production combined Jackson's music and choreography with the Cirque's artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></sup> On October 3, 2011, a compilation soundtrack album accompanying the tour, <i><a href="/wiki/Immortal_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Immortal (Michael Jackson album)">Immortal</a>,</i> was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a></sup> A second, larger and more theatrical Cirque show, <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a>,</i> designed for <a href="/wiki/Residency_show" title="Residency show">residency</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bay" title="Mandalay Bay">Mandalay Bay</a> resort in Las Vegas, was announced on February 21, 2013. This show began its run on May 23, 2013 in a newly renovated theater to critical and commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2011, billionaire businessman <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed" title="Mohamed Al-Fayed">Mohamed Al-Fayed</a>, chairman of <a href="/wiki/Fulham_F.C." title="Fulham F.C.">Fulham Football Club</a>, unveiled a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Statue of Michael Jackson">statue of Michael Jackson</a> outside the club's stadium, <a href="/wiki/Craven_Cottage" title="Craven Cottage">Craven Cottage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulham_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulham-349">[349]</a></sup> Fulham fans were bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a></sup> Al-Fayed defended the statue and told the fans to "go to hell" if they did not appreciate it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulham_349-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulham-349">[349]</a></sup> The statue was removed in September 2013<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a></sup> and moved to the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Museum" title="National Football Museum">National Football Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2012, in an attempt to end public family feuding, Jackson's brother <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a> retracted his signature on a public letter criticizing executors of Michael Jackson's estate and his mother's advisers concerning the legitimacy of his brother's will.<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></sup> T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson's children after false reports surfaced of Katherine Jackson going missing.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On May 16, 2013, choreographer <a href="/wiki/Wade_Robson" title="Wade Robson">Wade Robson</a> alleged on <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">The Today Show</a></i> that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years, beginning when Robson was 7 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></sup> Robson had previously testified in defence of Jackson at the singer's 2005 child molestation trial.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></sup> The attorney for Jackson's estate described Robson's claim as "outrageous and pathetic".<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></sup> The date for the hearing which will determine whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate was scheduled for June 2, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Precise_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated.">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> In February 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> reported that Jackson's estate owed $702 million, including $505 million in taxes, plus $197 million in penalties after the estate had undervalued Jackson's fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb-359">[359]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On March 31, 2014, Epic Records announced <i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i>, an album of eight songs of unreleased material.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></sup> It was released on May 13, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></sup> On May 12, 2014, another man, Jimmy Safechuck, sued Jackson's estate, claiming Jackson sexually abused him "from the age of 10 to about 14 or 15" in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Billboard_Music_Awards" title="2014 Billboard Music Awards">2014 Billboard Music Awards</a> on May 18, a "<a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a>" likeness of Jackson appeared, dancing to "<a href="/wiki/Slave_to_the_Rhythm_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Slave to the Rhythm (Michael Jackson song)">Slave to the Rhythm</a>", one of the tracks from <i>Xscape</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></sup> Later that year, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> released three duets that <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> had recorded with Jackson in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a></sup> A new compilation album, <i><a href="/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Scream (Michael Jackson album)">Scream</a></i>, was released on September 29, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson's earnings have exponentially increased following his death. According to a report by Forbes in 2016, he had been the top-earning dead celebrity each year since his death, with triple-digit millions per annum ($825 million in 2016).<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-17">[17]</a></sup> In December 2015, <i>Thriller</i> became the first album in the United States to surpass 30 million shipments, certifying it 30 platinum.<sup id="cite_ref-RIAA_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIAA-81">[81]</a></sup> One year later, the album was certified again at 33 platinum, surpassing 33 million shipments after <a href="/wiki/Soundscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundscan">Soundscan</a> added streams and audio downloads to album certifications.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Artistry">Artistry</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Influences">Influences</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Silver-colored statue of Jackson standing up with his arms bent inward and both legs spaced apart." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg" width="170" height="272" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg/255px-Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg/340px-Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2242" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_sculpture.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+One of many identical statues, based on <a href="/wiki/Diana_Walczak" title="Diana Walczak">Diana Walczak</a>'s original HIStory statue, positioned throughout Europe to promote <i>HIStory</i>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Jackson was influenced by musicians including <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-366">[366]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_366-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-366">[366]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_366-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-366">[366]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_366-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-366">[366]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Ruffin" title="David Ruffin">David Ruffin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-369">[369]</a></sup> While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a></sup> James Brown was his greatest inspiration; he said: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross, especially his use of the <i>oooh</i> interjection, which he used from a young age; Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with the <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">Supremes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></sup> Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></sup> He said: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></sup></p>
+<p>According to choreographer <a href="/wiki/David_Winters_(choreographer)" title="David Winters (choreographer)">David Winters</a>, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV special <i><a href="/wiki/Diana!" title="Diana!">Diana!</a></i>, Jackson watched the musical <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a></i> almost every week, and it was his favorite film; he paid tribute to it in "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>" and the "Bad" video.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_369-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-369">[369]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Musical_themes_and_genres">Musical themes and genres</span></h3>
+<p>Jackson explored a variety of music genres, including <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">post-disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-157">[157]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMOFW_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMOFW-377">[377]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Help_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Help-378">[378]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></sup> Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper and instead dictated into a sound recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></sup> When composing music, he preferred to <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatbox</a> and imitate instruments vocally rather than use instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Black and white photo of Jackson holding a microphone and singing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg/330px-Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg/440px-Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson in June 1988, in Vienna, Austria, during his <a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad World Tour</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>According to Steve Huey of <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> <i>Thriller</i> refined the strengths of <i>Off the Wall</i>; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> Its tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "<a href="/wiki/Human_Nature_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)">Human Nature</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine" title="The Girl Is Mine">The Girl Is Mine</a>", the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "<a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27" title="Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'">Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'</a>", and the disco set "<a href="/wiki/Baby_Be_Mine_(Michael_Jackson_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Be Mine (Michael Jackson song)">Baby Be Mine</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/P.Y.T._(Pretty_Young_Thing)" title="P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)">P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMThriller_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMThriller-383">[383]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thriller_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller-385">[385]</a></sup> With <i>Thriller</i>, Christopher Connelly of <i>Rolling Stone</i> commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> and darker imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-Thriller_385-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller-385">[385]</a></sup> AllMusic's <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Stephen Thomas Erlewine</a> noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".<sup id="cite_ref-AMThriller_383-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMThriller-383">[383]</a></sup> In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.<sup id="cite_ref-Thriller_385-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller-385">[385]</a></sup> "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a></i>, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bio_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-46">[46]</a></sup> He also observed that the title track "<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(song)" title="Thriller (song)">Thriller</a>" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World" title="We Are the World">We Are the World</a>"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em">
+<div class="haudio">
+<div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Thriller.ogg" title="File:Michael Jackson Thriller.ogg">"Thriller"</a></div>
+<div>
+<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="25.23641723356" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Michael_Jackson_Thriller.ogg" data-mwprovider="local">
+<source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/Michael_Jackson_Thriller.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (66 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="66350" />
+<track src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Michael_Jackson_Thriller.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Michael_Jackson_Thriller.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div>
+</div>
+<div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0">Jackson's song "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs, and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.<sup id="cite_ref-G23_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G23-57">[57]</a></sup></div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<div class="haudio">
+<div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Smooth_Criminal_by_Michael_Jackson.ogg" title="File:Smooth Criminal by Michael Jackson.ogg">"Smooth Criminal"</a></div>
+<div>
+<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="27.956825396825" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Smooth_Criminal_by_Michael_Jackson.ogg" data-mwprovider="local">
+<source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/Smooth_Criminal_by_Michael_Jackson.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (70 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="69807" />
+<track src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Smooth_Criminal_by_Michael_Jackson.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Smooth_Criminal_by_Michael_Jackson.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div>
+</div>
+<div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0">A single from the album <i>Bad</i>, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines, and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.<sup id="cite_ref-G24_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G24-386">[386]</a></sup></div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<div class="haudio">
+<div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg" title="File:Michael Jackson - Black Or White.ogg">"Black or White"</a></div>
+<div>
+<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="17.99201814059" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg" data-mwprovider="local">
+<source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (67 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="66808" />
+<track src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Michael_Jackson_-_Black_Or_White.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div>
+</div>
+<div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0">The lead single from <i>Dangerous</i>, "Black or White" is a danceable rock song with hard rock elements. It was one of Jackson's most successful recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a></sup></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em">
+<hr />
+<span><i>Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>In <i>Bad</i>, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Diana" title="Dirty Diana">Dirty Diana</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></sup> The lead single "<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You" title="I Just Can't Stop Loving You">I Just Can't Stop Loving You</a>" is a traditional love ballad, while "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror" title="Man in the Mirror">Man in the Mirror</a>" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution. "<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>" is an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME2_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME2-137">[137]</a></sup> AllMusic's <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Stephen Thomas Erlewine</a> states that <i>Dangerous</i> presents Jackson as a paradoxical individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Dangerous_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dangerous-390">[390]</a></sup> He comments the album is more diverse than his previous <i>Bad</i>, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "<a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World" title="Heal the World">Heal the World</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Dangerous_390-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dangerous-390">[390]</a></sup> The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "<a href="/wiki/Jam_(song)" title="Jam (song)">Jam</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> It was the first Jackson album in which social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> <i>Dangerous</i> contains sexually charged songs such as the multifaceted love song "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Closet" title="In the Closet">In the Closet</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "<a href="/wiki/Will_You_Be_There" title="Will You Be There">Will You Be There</a>", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> In the ballad "<a href="/wiki/Gone_Too_Soon" title="Gone Too Soon">Gone Too Soon</a>", Jackson gives tribute to his friend <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a> and the plight of those with AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></sup></p>
+<p><i>HIStory</i> creates an atmosphere of paranoia.<sup id="cite_ref-AMHIStory_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHIStory-393">[393]</a></sup> Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock tracks "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>" and "Tabloid Junkie", and the R&B ballad "<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone" title="You Are Not Alone">You Are Not Alone</a>", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.<sup id="cite_ref-RSHIStory_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSHIStory-394">[394]</a></sup> In the introspective ballad "<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_Moscow" title="Stranger in Moscow">Stranger in Moscow</a>", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Childhood</a>", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are operatic pop pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-AMHIStory_393-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHIStory-393">[393]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSHIStory_394-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSHIStory-394">[394]</a></sup> In the track "<a href="/wiki/D.S._(song)" title="D.S. (song)">D.S.</a>", Jackson launched a verbal attack against the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Sneddon_Jr." title="Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.">Tom Sneddon</a>, who had prosecuted him in both child sexual abuse cases. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said: "I have notshall we saydone him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot."<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a></sup> <i>Invincible</i> found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> The album comprises urban soul tracks such as "<a href="/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Cry (Michael Jackson song)">Cry</a>" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "<a href="/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Speechless (Michael Jackson song)">Speechless</a>", "Break of Dawn", and "<a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Butterflies (Michael Jackson song)">Butterflies</a>" and mixes <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, pop, and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vocal_style">Vocal style</span></h3>
+<p>Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, his voice descended from boy <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> to high <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a></sup> His vocal range as an adult was F2-E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"></span>6. Jackson first used the "vocal hiccup" technique, similar to gulping for air or gasping, in 1973, with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from the Jackson 5's album <i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></sup> Jackson did not use the technique fully until the recording of <i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off the Wall (album)">Off the Wall</a></i>: it can be seen in full force in the "<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>" promotional video.<sup id="cite_ref-G22_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G22-52">[52]</a></sup> With the arrival of <i>Off the Wall</i> in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded; at the time, <i>Rolling Stone</i> compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder, and wrote that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> that's used very daringly."<sup id="cite_ref-AMOFW_377-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMOFW-377">[377]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a></sup> 1982 saw the release of <i>Thriller</i>, and <i>Rolling Stone</i> was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".<sup id="cite_ref-Thriller_385-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller-385">[385]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "c'mon", "cha'mone", or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.<sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a></sup> The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album <i>Dangerous</i>. <i>The New York Times</i> noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391">[391]</a></sup> Of <i>Invincible</i>, <i>Rolling Stone</i> was of the opinion that, at age 43, Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></sup> Nelson George wrote: "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothnessthat combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".<sup id="cite_ref-G24_386-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G24-386">[386]</a></sup> Cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vogel" title="Joseph Vogel">Joseph Vogel</a> notes that Jackson had a "distinctive styles is his ability to convey emotion without the use of language: there are his trademark gulps, grunts, gasps, cries, exclamations; he also frequently scats or twists and contorts words until they are barely discernible."<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neil_McCormick" title="Neil McCormick">Neil McCormick</a> notes that Jackson's unorthodox singing style "was original and utterly distinctive, from his almost ethereal falsetto to his soft, sweet mid-tones; his fluid, seamless control of often very fast moving series of notes; his percussive yet still melodic outbursts, ululations and interjections (from those spooky "tee-hee-hees" to grunts and wails). Unusually for someone coming from a black American soul tradition, he did not often sing straight, unadorned ballads, though when he did (from '<a href="/wiki/Ben_(song)" title="Ben (song)">Ben</a>' to '<a href="/wiki/She%27s_Out_of_My_Life" title="She's Out of My Life">She's Out of My Life</a>') the effect was of a powerful simplicity and truth."<sup id="cite_ref-404" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music_videos_and_choreography">Music videos and choreography</span></h3>
+<p>Jackson has been called the King of Music Videos.<sup id="cite_ref-405" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a></sup> Steve Huey of AllMusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances, simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> Before <i>Thriller</i>, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.<sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a></sup> Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Video_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Video-407">[407]</a></sup> MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></sup> The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.<sup id="cite_ref-Video_407-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Video-407">[407]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-409" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a></sup> His performance on <i>Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</i> changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a></sup> Short films like <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a></i> largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a></sup> The choreography in <i>Thriller</i> has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian films</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(viral_video)" title="Thriller (viral video)">prisons in the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-412" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a></sup> The <i>Thriller</i> short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the <i>Guinness World Records</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Records_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Records-160">[160]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the 19-minute music video for "<a href="/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Bad (Michael Jackson song)">Bad</a>"directed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; <i>Time</i> magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a>; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.<sup id="cite_ref-T3703_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T3703-129">[129]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a></sup> For the "<a href="/wiki/Smooth_Criminal" title="Smooth Criminal">Smooth Criminal</a>" video, Jackson experimented with an anti-gravity lean where the performer leans forward at a 45 degree angle, beyond the performer's center of gravity. To accomplish this move live, Jackson and designers developed a special shoe that locks the performer's feet to the stage, allowing them to lean forward. They were granted <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5255452">U.S. Patent 5,255,452</a></span> for the device.<sup id="cite_ref-414" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a></sup> Although the music video for "<a href="/wiki/Leave_Me_Alone" title="Leave Me Alone">Leave Me Alone</a>" was not officially released in the US, in 1989 it was nominated for three <i>Billboard</i> Music Video Awards;<sup id="cite_ref-415" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a></sup> the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Video" title="Grammy Award for Best Music Video">Best Music Video, Short Form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G434_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G434-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
+<p>He received the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award" title="Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award">MTV Video Vanguard Award</a> in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievements_171-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievements-171">[171]</a></sup> It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.<sup id="cite_ref-416" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a></sup> Along with Jackson, it featured <a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lipton" title="Peggy Lipton">Peggy Lipton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Wendt" title="George Wendt">George Wendt</a>. It helped usher in <a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">morphing</a> as an important technology in music videos.<sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a></sup></p>
+<p>"<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Time" title="Remember the Time">Remember the Time</a>" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, it featured groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> and appearances by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>, along with a distinct complex dance routine.<sup id="cite_ref-418" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a></sup> The video for "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Closet" title="In the Closet">In the Closet</a>" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a> in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-G456_172-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G456-172">[172]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The music video for "<a href="/wiki/Scream/Childhood" title="Scream/Childhood">Scream</a>", directed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Romanek" title="Mark Romanek">Mark Romanek</a> and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained eleven <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award" title="MTV Video Music Award">MTV Video Music Award Nominations</a>more than any other music videoand won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".<sup id="cite_ref-419" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a></sup> The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a></sup> A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards <i>Guinness World Records</i> listed it as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos" title="List of most expensive music videos">most expensive music video ever made</a>, at a cost of $7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-421" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a></sup></p>
+<p>"<a href="/wiki/Earth_Song" title="Earth Song">Earth Song</a>" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video, which gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-422" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a></sup> Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Michael Jackson's Ghosts</a></i> was a short film written by Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Stan_Winston" title="Stan Winston">Stan Winston</a>. The video for <i>Ghosts</i> is over 38 minutes long and holds the <i>Guinness World Record</i> as the world's longest music video.<sup id="cite_ref-G4850_225-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4850-225">[225]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T6101_236-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6101-236">[236]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-423" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The music video for "<a href="/wiki/You_Rock_My_World" title="You Rock My World">You Rock My World</a>", which is thirteen and a half minutes long, was directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hunter_(director)" title="Paul Hunter (director)">Paul Hunter</a>, and was released in 2001. The video features appearances from <a href="/wiki/Chris_Tucker" title="Chris Tucker">Chris Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a></sup> The video won an <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="NAACP Image Award">NAACP Image Award</a> for Outstanding Music Video at the award shows 2002 ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-426" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy_and_influence">Legacy and influence</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Records_and_achievements_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Records and achievements of Michael Jackson">Records and achievements of Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_influenced_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson">List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Cultural impact of Michael Jackson">Cultural impact of Michael Jackson</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Pink star with a gold colored rim and the writing "Michael Jackson" in its center. The star is indented into the ground and is surrounded by a marble-colored floor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg/170px-1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg" width="170" height="161" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg/255px-1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg/340px-1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1557" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_walk_of_fame_michael_jackson.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Jackson's star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>, set in 1984.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The media has commonly referred to Jackson as the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">King of Pop</a>" because, throughout his career, he transformed the art of music videos and paved the way for modern pop music. For much of Jackson's career, he had an unparalleled worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian works.<sup id="cite_ref-ADL_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADL-229">[229]</a></sup> His music and videos, such as <i>Thriller</i>, <a href="/wiki/MTV#Breaking_the_color_barrier" title="MTV">fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster</a> and steered its focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous artists of various music genres. He is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CityNews_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityNews-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ditzian_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditzian-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:158px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg/156px-Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg" width="156" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg/234px-Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg/311px-Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1599" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Michael Jackson's wax statue at Madame Tussauds, London.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Danyel Smith, the chief content officer of Vibe Media Group and the editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)" title="Vibe (magazine)">Vibe</a></i> describes Jackson as "The Greatest Star".<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>'s Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a> described Jackson "as quite simply the greatest entertainer of all time" and someone who "revolutionized the music video and brought dances like the moonwalk to the world. Jackson's sound, style, movement and legacy continues to inspire artists of all genres."<sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1984, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's pop critic <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cocks" title="Jay Cocks">Jay Cocks</a> wrote that "Jackson is the biggest thing since <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>. He is the hottest single phenomenon since <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>. He just may be the most popular black singer ever."<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-88">[88]</a></sup> In 1990, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.<sup id="cite_ref-G434_155-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G434-155">[155]</a></sup> In 2003, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i> writer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Utley" title="Tom Utley">Tom Utley</a> described Jackson as "extremely important" and a "genius".<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a></sup> In 2007, Jackson said: "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."<sup id="cite_ref-430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a></sup></p>
+<p>At Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> proclaimed Jackson "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".<sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-433" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a></sup> In a June 28, 2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Sun">Baltimore Sun</a></i> article titled "7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World", Jill Rosen wrote that Jackson's legacy was "as enduring as it is multi-faceted", influencing fields including sound, dance, fashion, music videos and celebrity.<sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a></sup> On December 19, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> of Cultural Relations named Jackson's life one of the 80 most important cultural moments of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-435" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In July 2009, the Lunar Republic Society, which promotes the exploration, settlement, and development of the Moon, named a Moon crater after Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-436" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a></sup> In the same year, for Jackson's 51st birthday, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> dedicated their <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> to him.<sup id="cite_ref-437" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a></sup> In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended to <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, with references to Jackson in reports concerning music, popular culture, chemistry and an array of other topics.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_438-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-438">[438]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-440" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thriller_platinum_record,_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thriller_platinum_record%2C_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG/170px-Thriller_platinum_record%2C_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG" width="170" height="211" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thriller_platinum_record%2C_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG/255px-Thriller_platinum_record%2C_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thriller_platinum_record%2C_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG/340px-Thriller_platinum_record%2C_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1777" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Thriller_platinum_record,_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Hollywood.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<i>Thriller</i> platinum record on display at the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Cafe</a>, Hollywood in Universal City, California.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Michael Jackson was inducted onto the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> in 1980 as member of <a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jacksons">the Jacksons</a> and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Music_Awards" title="World Music Awards">World Music Awards</a>' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award" title="American Music Award">American Music Award</a>'s Artist of the Century Award and the <a href="/wiki/Bambi_Award" title="Bambi Award">Bambi</a> Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.<sup id="cite_ref-G503_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G503-242">[242]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a></sup> He was a double-inductee of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees#Performers" title="List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other halls of fame, including <a href="/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame#Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame_Inductees" title="Vocal Group Hall of Fame">Vocal Group Hall of Fame</a> (as a <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a> member) in 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/Inductees_of_the_Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame#J" class="mw-redirect" title="Inductees of the Songwriters Hall of Fame">Songwriters Hall of Fame</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-G503_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G503-242">[242]</a></sup> In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Dance_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame">Dance Hall of Fame</a> as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.<sup id="cite_ref-442" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a></sup> In 2014, Jackson was inducted into the second class of inductees to the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame">Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame</a>; his father Joe Jackson accepted on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a></sup></p>
+<p>His awards include many <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i> (eight in 2006 alone), including for the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time,<sup id="cite_ref-CityNews_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityNews-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ditzian_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditzian-11">[11]</a></sup> 13 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a><sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a></sup> (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Legend_Award" title="Grammy Legend Award">Grammy Legend Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a></sup> 26 <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award" title="American Music Award">American Music Awards</a> (including the "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s"),<sup id="cite_ref-MTV_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV-241">[241]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-447" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a></sup>more than any artist13 <a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_in_the_United_States#J" title="List of artists who reached number one in the United States">number-one singles in the US</a> in his solo careermore than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era<sup id="cite_ref-448" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a></sup>and estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-449" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="ref_Note_1"><a href="#endnote_Note_1">[Note 1]</a></sup> making him one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling artists in modern music history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-450" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a></sup> On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie <i>This Is It</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-451" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a></sup> Michael Jackson also received an Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a> Degree from the <a href="/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund</a><sup id="cite_ref-452" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a></sup> and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-453" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Earnings_and_wealth">Earnings and wealth</span></h2>
+<p>It is estimated that Michael Jackson earned about $750 million in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-454" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a></sup> Sales of his recordings through Sony's music unit earned him an estimated $300 million in royalties. He may have also earned an additional $400 million from concerts, music publishing (including his share of the Beatles catalog), endorsements, merchandising and music videos. Estimating how much of these earnings Jackson was able to personally pocket is difficult because one has to account for taxes, recording costs and production costs.<sup id="cite_ref-455" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="Net_worth_during_Jackson's_life"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Net_worth_during_Jackson.27s_life">Net worth during Jackson's life</span></h3>
+<p>There have also been several detailed estimates of Jackson's net worth during his life, which range from negative $285 million to positive $350 million for the years 2002, 2003 and 2007.</p>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<caption>Michael Jackson's estimated net-worth over the years</caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Year</th>
+<th>Assets</th>
+<th>Debt</th>
+<th>Net worth</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2002</td>
+<td>$130 million</td>
+<td>$415 million</td>
+<td>-$285 million</td>
+<td>Forensic accountant in 2005 recalling Jackson's 2002 balance sheet under oath<sup id="cite_ref-456" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2003</td>
+<td>$550 million ($100 million in properties including Neverland ranch; Encino and Las Vegas homes and other properties and $450 million in music holdings including 50% stake in Sony ATV and other music publishing)</td>
+<td>$200 million</td>
+<td>$350 million</td>
+<td><i>Forbes</i>, November 21, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-457" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2007</td>
+<td>$567.6 million (includes 50% share of the Sony/ATV catalog valued at $390.6 million, Neverland valued at $33 million, cars, antiques, collectibles and other property valued at $20 million, and $668,215 in cash)</td>
+<td>$331 million</td>
+<td>$236 million</td>
+<td>Michael Jackson's March 2007 statement of financial condition prepared by Washington-based accounting firm Thompson, Cobb, Bazilio & Associates; described by CBS News as the clearest account yet of Jackson's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-458" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span id="Net_worth_at_time_of_death;_U.S._federal_estate_tax_problems"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Net_worth_at_time_of_death.3B_U.S._federal_estate_tax_problems">Net worth at time of death; U.S. federal estate tax problems</span></h3>
+<p>On July 26, 2013, the executors of the Estate of Michael Jackson filed a petition in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tax_Court" title="United States Tax Court">United States Tax Court</a> as a result of a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> (IRS) over <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">U.S. federal estate taxes</a> imposed on the value of Jackson's Estate at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-459" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a></sup> The executors claim that the Estate was worth about $7 million. The IRS asserts that the Estate was worth over $1.1 billion, and that over $700 million in federal estate taxes (including penalties) are due.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb_359-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb-359">[359]</a></sup> A trial was held from February 6 to 24, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-460" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a></sup> As of early July 2017, no decision has been rendered.</p>
+<p>In 2016, Forbes magazine estimated annual gross earnings by the Jackson Estate at $825 million, the largest ever recorded for a celebrity. The majority was due to the sale of the Sony/ATV catalog. It marked the seventh consecutive year since his death where Jackson's annual earnings were over $100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Earnings_after_death">Earnings after death</span></h3>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th>Year</th>
+<th>Earnings</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2009</td>
+<td>(USD 90,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-461" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2010</td>
+<td>(USD 275,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-462" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2011</td>
+<td>(USD 170,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-463" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2012</td>
+<td>(USD 145,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-464" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2013</td>
+<td>(USD 160,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-465" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2014</td>
+<td>(USD 140,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-466" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2015</td>
+<td>(USD 115,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-467" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2016</td>
+<td>(USD 825,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-468" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2017</td>
+<td>(USD 75,000,000)</td>
+<td><sup id="cite_ref-469" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Discography">Discography</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_albums_discography" title="Michael Jackson albums discography">Michael Jackson albums discography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Michael Jackson singles discography</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography" title="The Jackson 5 discography">The Jackson 5 discography</a></div>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i> (1972)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben (album)">Ben</a></i> (1972)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i> (1973)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i> (1975)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i> (1979)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i> (1982)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i> (1987)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i> (1991)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I</a></i> (1995)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i> (2001)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Filmography">Filmography</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_videography" title="Michael Jackson videography">Michael Jackson videography</a></div>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)">The Wiz</a></i> (1978)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a></i> (1986)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i> (1988)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Michael Jackson's Ghosts</a></i> (1997)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_II" title="Men in Black II">Men in Black II</a></i> (2002)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Cast_Away_and_the_Island_Girls" title="Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls">Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls</a></i> (2004)</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Documentaries_after_death">Documentaries after death</span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i> (2009)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25_(film)" title="Bad 25 (film)">Bad 25</a></i> (2012)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Last_Photo_Shoot" title="Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot">Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot</a></i> (2014)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Journey_from_Motown_to_Off_the_Wall" title="Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall">Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall</a></i> (2016)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tours">Tours</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5</a></div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad World Tour</a> (19871989)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a> (19921993)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a> (19961997)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MJ_%26_Friends" title="MJ & Friends">MJ & Friends</a> (1999)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a> (20092010; cancelled)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg/26px-Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg" width="26" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg/38px-Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg/51px-Michael-jackson-vector-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg/21px-Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg" width="21" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg/31px-Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg/42px-Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">The Jackson Family portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/32px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png" width="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/48px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/64px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="592" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:African_American" title="Portal:African American">African American portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Book icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">
+<ul style="font-weight: bold">
+<li><a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book: Michael Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Honorific nicknames in popular music</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">List of best-selling music artists</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs" title="List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs">List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unreleased_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson">List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Michael Jackson-related games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">Personal relationships of Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_influenced_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson">List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">List of highest-grossing concert tours</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_impersonator" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson impersonator">Michael Jackson impersonator</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Cultural impact of Michael Jackson">Cultural impact of Michael Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
+<p><b>Note 1<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Note_1"><b><a href="#ref_Note_1">^</a></b></span></b></p>
+<div class="refbegin" style="">
+<ul>
+<li>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> and diverse news sites, the 750 million units sold by Michael Jackson is an inflated figure that was initially claimed by <a href="/wiki/Raymone_Bain" title="Raymone Bain">Raymone Bain</a> (2006),<sup id="cite_ref-470" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-471" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a></sup> who was the singer's publicist at that time, without any factual evidence and probably in an effort to promote album sales.<sup id="cite_ref-472" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_473-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-473">[473]</a></sup> From 2006 until present time, several sources such as RIAA, <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> have claimed that Michael Jackson has sold 750 million units (or even 1 billion),<sup id="cite_ref-RIAA_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIAA-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-474" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-475" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a></sup> however, Adrian Strain, a representative from the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">International Federation of the Phonographic Industry</a> (IFPI) has said that this figure is unreal.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_473-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-473">[473]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services (2009). <a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_death_certificate.jpg" title="File:Michael Jackson death certificate.jpg">Michael Jackson death certificate</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-allmusic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Huey, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-jackson-mn0000467203/biography">"Michael Jackson Artist Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Media_Network" title="All Media Network">All Media Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Artist+Biography&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft.aulast=Huey&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fmichael-jackson-mn0000467203%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Arar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Arar, Yardena (February 29, 1984). "Michael Jackson coronated latest king of rock 'n' roll". <i><a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton_News" title="Boca Raton News">Boca Raton News</a></i>. p. 7A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boca+Raton+News&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+coronated+latest+king+of+rock+%27n%27+roll&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=1984-02-29&rft.aulast=Arar&rft.aufirst=Yardena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/blogs/michael-jackson-10-achievements-that-made-him-the-king-of-pop">"Michael Jackson: 10 Achievements That Made Him The King Of Pop"</a>. Grammy.com. June 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+10+Achievements+That+Made+Him+The+King+Of+Pop&rft.pub=Grammy.com&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fblogs%2Fmichael-jackson-10-achievements-that-made-him-the-king-of-pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/michael-jackson/biography">"Michael Jackson Bio"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2017</span>. <q>In 2009 Jackson was the biggest-selling artist in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Bio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fartists%2Fmichael-jackson%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LJ3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LJ3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LJ3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Jones, 2005, p. 3 : "He wears the crown as the King Of Pop because no artist has broken his record of selling nearly 60 million copies of a single Album (Thriller)".</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fernandes, Kasmin (June 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/style-guide/Why-Michael-Jackson-was-a-style-icon/articleshow/37175580.cms?from=mdr">"Why Michael Jackson was a style icon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Why+Michael+Jackson+was+a+style+icon&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Kasmin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Flife-style%2Ffashion%2Fstyle-guide%2FWhy-Michael-Jackson-was-a-style-icon%2Farticleshow%2F37175580.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Lemon, Don (June 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/06/23/michael.jackson.fashion/">"Michael Jackson's style influence lives on"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+style+influence+lives+on&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FSHOWBIZ%2F06%2F23%2Fmichael.jackson.fashion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Vena, Jocelyn (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/1614819/michael-jacksons-style-legacy-from-military-jackets-to-one-glove/">"Michael Jackson's Style Legacy, From Military Jackets To One Glove"</a>. MTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Style+Legacy%2C+From+Military+Jackets+To+One+Glove&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Vena&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F1614819%2Fmichael-jacksons-style-legacy-from-military-jackets-to-one-glove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-CityNews-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CityNews_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CityNews_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CityNews_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citynews.ca/2006/11/15/michael-jackson-named-most-successful-entertainer-of-all-time/">"Michael Jackson Named Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CityNews" title="CityNews">CityNews</a></i>. November 15, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CityNews&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Named+Most+Successful+Entertainer+Of+All+Time&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citynews.ca%2F2006%2F11%2F15%2Fmichael-jackson-named-most-successful-entertainer-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ditzian-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ditzian_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ditzian_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ditzian_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ditzian, Eric (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/1614815/michael-jacksons-groundbreaking-career-by-the-numbers/">"Michael Jackson's Groundbreaking Career, By The Numbers"</a>. MTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Groundbreaking+Career%2C+By+The+Numbers&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Ditzian&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F1614815%2Fmichael-jacksons-groundbreaking-career-by-the-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lewis, Monica (June 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/2007/06/14/139458/20-people-who-changed-black-music.html">"20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=20+People+Who+Changed+Black+Music%3A+Michael+Jackson%2C+the+Child+Star-Turned-Adult+Enigma&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2F2007%2F06%2F14%2F139458%2F20-people-who-changed-black-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Trust, Gary (May 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6092276/michael-jackson-coldplay-hot-100-top-10-john-legend-no-1">"Michael Jackson, Coldplay Hit Hot 100's Top 10; John Legend Still No. 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%2C+Coldplay+Hit+Hot+100%27s+Top+10%3B+John+Legend+Still+No.+1&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft.aulast=Trust&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F6092276%2Fmichael-jackson-coldplay-hot-100-top-10-john-legend-no-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Orth, Maureen (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306064036/http://www.vanityfair.com/fame/features/2003/04/orth200304">"Losing His Grip"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/fame/features/2003/04/orth200304">the original</a> on March 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Losing+His+Grip&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Ffame%2Ffeatures%2F2003%2F04%2Forth200304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Mankiewicz, Josh (September 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5906855/ns/dateline_nbc-newsmakers/t/new-details-about-jackson-case/">"New details about 1993 Jackson case"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+details+about+1993+Jackson+case&rft.date=2004-09-03&rft.aulast=Mankiewicz&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F5906855%2Fns%2Fdateline_nbc-newsmakers%2Ft%2Fnew-details-about-jackson-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5592621">"Hazarika's funeral creates world record"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/MSN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN News">MSN News</a>. November 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazarika%27s+funeral+creates+world+record&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.in.msn.com%2Fnational%2Farticle.aspx%3Fcp-documentid%3D5592621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Forbes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a href="/wiki/Zack_O%27Malley_Greenburg" title="Zack O'Malley Greenburg">Greenburg, Zack O'Malley</a> (October 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/10/14/michael-jacksons-earnings-825-million-in-2016/">"Michael Jackson's Earnings: $825 Million In 2016"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Earnings%3A+%24825+Million+In+2016&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Zack+O%27Malley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzackomalleygreenburg%2F2016%2F10%2F14%2Fmichael-jacksons-earnings-825-million-in-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Daunt, Tina (July 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/08/entertainment/et-cause8">"Michael Jackson's generous legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+generous+legacy&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft.aulast=Daunt&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2009%2Fjul%2F08%2Fentertainment%2Fet-cause8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ice Pick Slim 17 (June 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiphopwired.com/2011/06/25/remembering-michael-jackson-the-global-humanitarian/">"Remembering Michael Jackson: The Global Humanitarian"</a>. <i>Hip-Hop Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hip-Hop+Wired&rft.atitle=Remembering+Michael+Jackson%3A+The+Global+Humanitarian&rft.date=2011-06-25&rft.au=Ice+Pick+Slim+17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiphopwired.com%2F2011%2F06%2F25%2Fremembering-michael-jackson-the-global-humanitarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/michael-jackson-38211/">"Michael Jackson Biography"</a>. <i>Biography</i>. June 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Biography&rft.date=2011-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fmichael-jackson-38211%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, 2009, p. 26.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, p. 18.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, pp. 17, 19.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, pp. 189.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G20-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G20_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G20_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G20_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G20_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, p. 20.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 14.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Secret-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Secret_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Secret_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915120706/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/vh1_news_presents/82010/episode_about.jhtml">"Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>. June 20, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/vh1_news_presents/82010/episode_about.jhtml">the original</a> on September 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Secret+Childhood&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vh1.com%2Fshows%2Fdyn%2Fvh1_news_presents%2F82010%2Fepisode_about.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 202.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8121599.stm">"Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. June 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+Michael+Jackson%27s+demons+be+explained%3F&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F8121599.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2719763.stm">"Jackson interview seen by 14m"</a>. BBC News Online. February 4, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson+interview+seen+by+14m&rft.date=2003-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2F2719763.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 602.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LJ1658-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LJ1658_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LJ1658_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Jones, 2005, pp. 16568.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldyRUqGN3XA"><i>Katherine Jackson: Michael's strict upbringing not abuse</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(video)</span>. CNN. May 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katherine+Jackson%3A+Michael%27s+strict+upbringing+not+abuse&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DldyRUqGN3XA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Friedman, Roger (February 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/2003/02/07/michael-jackson-unacceptable-behavior-revealed.html">"Michael Jackson's Unacceptable Behavior Revealed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Unacceptable+Behavior+Revealed&rft.date=2003-02-07&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F2003%2F02%2F07%2Fmichael-jackson-unacceptable-behavior-revealed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Duke, Alan (July 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/21/joe.jackson/index.html?iref=24hours">"Joe Jackson denies abusing Michael"</a> (Press release). CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Jackson+denies+abusing+Michael&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F07%2F21%2Fjoe.jackson%2Findex.html%3Firef%3D24hours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celebrity.yahoo.com/video/jackson-brothers-joe-jackson-abusive-170000051.html">"Jackson Brothers: Was Joe Jackson Abusive?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Celebrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Celebrity">Yahoo! Celebrity</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+Brothers%3A+Was+Joe+Jackson+Abusive%3F&rft.pub=Yahoo%21+Celebrity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelebrity.yahoo.com%2Fvideo%2Fjackson-brothers-joe-jackson-abusive-170000051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, p. 24.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schechter" title="Daniel Schechter">Schechter, Daniel</a>; Willheim, Erica (2009). "The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children". In <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Zeanah" title="Charles H. Zeanah">Zeanah, Charles H.</a> <i>Handbook of Infant Mental Health</i> (3rd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. pp. 197214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Violent+Experience+and+Maltreatment+on+Infants+and+Young+Children&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Infant+Mental+Health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197-214&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Willheim%2C+Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RRHF-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RRHF_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RRHF_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/bio/">"The Jackson 5 Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jackson+5+Biography&rft.pub=Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhall.com%2Finductees%2Fthe-jackson-five%2Fbio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 134</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, pp. 212.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rollingstoneindia.com/triumph-tragedy-the-life-of-michael-jackson/">"Triumph & Tragedy: The Life of Michael Jackson"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone India</i>. August 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triumph+%26+Tragedy%3A+The+Life+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frollingstoneindia.com%2Ftriumph-tragedy-the-life-of-michael-jackson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, p. 22.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, p. 21.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 5969.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bio-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bio_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402062429/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/michaeljackson/biography">"Michael Jackson Biography"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/michaeljackson/biography">the original</a> on April 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Fmichaeljackson%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 812.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Y25-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Y25_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y25_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y25_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y25_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 2009, p. 25.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McNulty, Bernadette (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5652389/Michael-Jacksons-music-the-solo-albums.html">"Michael Jackson's music: the solo albums"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+music%3A+the+solo+albums&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=McNulty&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fmichael-jackson%2F5652389%2FMichael-Jacksons-music-the-solo-albums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 989.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Alban, Debra (June 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/28/michael.jackson.black.community/">"Michael Jackson broke down racial barriers"</a> (Press release). CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+broke+down+racial+barriers&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Alban&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F06%2F28%2Fmichael.jackson.black.community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G22-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G22_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G22_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G22_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, p. 22.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 138144.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gibron, Bill (July 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popmatters.com/feature/107586-you-cant-win-michael-jackson-and-the-wiz/">"You Can't Win Michael Jackson and 'The Wiz<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PopMatters" title="PopMatters">PopMatters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PopMatters&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Win+Michael+Jackson+and+%27The+Wiz%27&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft.aulast=Gibron&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Ffeature%2F107586-you-cant-win-michael-jackson-and-the-wiz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 1789.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bronson, Fred (2003). <i>Billboard's Hottest Hot 100 Hits</i> (3rd ed.). Billboard Books. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7738-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7738-1">0-8230-7738-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard%27s+Hottest+Hot+100+Hits&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8230-7738-1&rft.aulast=Bronson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G23-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G23_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G23_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, p. 23.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Leight, Elias (February 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/10-things-we-learned-from-spike-lees-new-michael-jackson-doc-20160205">"10 Things We Learned From Spike Lee's Michael Jackson Doc"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Things+We+Learned+From+Spike+Lee%27s+Michael+Jackson+Doc&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft.aulast=Leight&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2F10-things-we-learned-from-spike-lees-new-michael-jackson-doc-20160205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T20510-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T20510_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T20510_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 205210.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, pp. 378.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/michael-jackson-is-born">"Aug 29, 1958: Michael Jackson is born"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aug+29%2C+1958%3A+Michael+Jackson+is+born&rft.pub=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fmichael-jackson-is-born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginmedia.com/music/classicalbums/michaeljackson-offthewall.php">"Michael Jackson: Off The Wall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Off+The+Wall&rft.pub=Virgin+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginmedia.com%2Fmusic%2Fclassicalbums%2Fmichaeljackson-offthewall.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wYEsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,1201107">"Donna Summer and Michael Jackson sweep Annual American Music Awards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ledger" title="The Ledger">The Ledger</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 20, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ledger&rft.atitle=Donna+Summer+and+Michael+Jackson+sweep+Annual+American+Music+Awards&rft.date=1980-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DwYEsAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D0_oDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6776%2C1201107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Peters, Ida (February 2, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EaMkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3100,419518">"Donna No. 1, Pop and Soul; Michael Jackson King of Soul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">The Afro-American</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro-American&rft.atitle=Donna+No.+1%2C+Pop+and+Soul%3B+Michael+Jackson+King+of+Soul&rft.date=1980-02-02&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Ida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DEaMkAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DZf4FAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3100%2C419518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geore, 2004, pp. 378.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sPIcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3GcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6226,95260">"Few Surprises In Music Awards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune" title="Sarasota Herald-Tribune">Sarasota Herald-Tribune</a></i>. Associated Press. February 1, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Few+Surprises+In+Music+Awards&rft.date=1981-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DsPIcAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D3GcEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6226%2C95260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 188.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 191.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/Songs/collabfreddie.htm">"Freddie Mercury - Collaborations"</a>. Ultimatequeen.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freddie+Mercury+-+Collaborations&rft.pub=Ultimatequeen.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatequeen.co.uk%2FSongs%2Fcollabfreddie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Locker, Melissa (July 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/">"Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+and+Freddie+Mercury%3A+Three+Duets+Coming+Out+This+Fall&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Locker&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.time.com%2F2013%2F07%2F29%2Fmichael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Greene, Andy (September 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-freddie-mercury-duet-20140919">"Hear Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury's Long-Lost Duet"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hear+Michael+Jackson+and+Freddie+Mercury%27s+Long-Lost+Duet&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fmichael-jackson-freddie-mercury-duet-20140919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/Songs/mrbadguy.htm#there">"Mr Bad Guy"</a>. Ultimatequeen.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr+Bad+Guy&rft.pub=Ultimatequeen.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatequeen.co.uk%2FSongs%2Fmrbadguy.htm%23there&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Grammy-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammy_74-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=%22Michael+Jackson%22&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All">"Past Winners Search: Michael Jackson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences">The Recording Academy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Winners+Search%3A+Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=The+Recording+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnominees%2Fsearch%3Fartist%3D%2522Michael%2BJackson%2522%26field_nominee_work_value%3D%26year%3DAll%26genre%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Awards_1984-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Awards_1984_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Awards_1984_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eQUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E0gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5127,2841948">"Michael Jackson sweeps American Music Awards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Kentucky)" title="The Daily News (Kentucky)">Daily News</a></i>. Associated Press. January 17, 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+sweeps+American+Music+Awards&rft.date=1984-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DeQUbAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DE0gEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5127%2C2841948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB296D5B072064E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"MICHAEL HE'S NOT JUST THE ROCK STAR OF THE YEAR, HE'S THE ROCK STAR OF THE '80S"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. December 20, 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=MICHAEL+HE%27S+NOT+JUST+THE+ROCK+STAR+OF+THE+YEAR%2C+HE%27S+THE+ROCK+STAR+OF+THE+%2780S&rft.date=1983-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DPI%26s_site%3Dphilly%26p_multi%3DPI%26p_theme%3Drealcities%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB296D5B072064E%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d9EfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cdYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1419,4981079">"Cash register's ring sweet music to record industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gadsden_Times" title="The Gadsden Times">The Gadsden Times</a></i>. Associated Press. March 26, 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gadsden+Times&rft.atitle=Cash+register%27s+ring+sweet+music+to+record+industry&rft.date=1984-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dd9EfAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DcdYEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1419%2C4981079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=top_tallies&ttt=T1A#search_section">"Diamond Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamond+Awards&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgold-platinum%2F%3Ftab_active%3Dtop_tallies%26ttt%3DT1A%23search_section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gitlin, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQakFJFPT4YC&pg=PA96&dq=%22with+65+million+albums+sold%22"><i>The Baby Boomer Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baby+Boomer+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQakFJFPT4YC%26pg%3DPA96%26dq%3D%2522with%2B65%2Bmillion%2Balbums%2Bsold%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Jones, 2005, p. 47.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RIAA-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RIAA_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIAA_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIAA_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/michael-jacksons-thriller-first-ever-30x-multi-platinum-riaa-certification/">"Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification"</a>. Recording Industry Association of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+%27Thriller%27+First+Ever+30X+Multi-Platinum+RIAA+Certification&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fmichael-jacksons-thriller-first-ever-30x-multi-platinum-riaa-certification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bruce-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Bruce+Swedien&title=&year=All&genre=All">"Past Winners Search: Bruce Swedien"</a>. The Recording Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Winners+Search%3A+Bruce+Swedien&rft.pub=The+Recording+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnominees%2Fsearch%3Fartist%3DBruce%2BSwedien%26title%3D%26year%3DAll%26genre%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamas.com/winners-database/winners-search/?winnerKeyword=%22Michael%20Jackson%22&winnerYear&winnerCategory">"Winner Search: Search Results for "Michael Jackson<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Clark_Productions" title="Dick Clark Productions">Dick Clark Productions</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winner+Search%3A+Search+Results+for+%22Michael+Jackson%22&rft.pub=Dick+Clark+Productions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamas.com%2Fwinners-database%2Fwinners-search%2F%3FwinnerKeyword%3D%2522Michael%2520Jackson%2522%26winnerYear%26winnerCategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since January 2017">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Registry-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Registry_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Registry_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Dobuzinskis, Alex (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/30/us-thriller-idUSTRE5BT43W20091230?type=musicNews">"Jackson "Thriller" film picked for U.S. registry"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+%22Thriller%22+film+picked+for+U.S.+registry&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Dobuzinskis&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F12%2F30%2Fus-thriller-idUSTRE5BT43W20091230%3Ftype%3DmusicNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/10012/films.html">"Zorro, Nemo, Muppets & More: Wide Variety Tapped for 2009 Film Registry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zorro%2C+Nemo%2C+Muppets+%26+More%3A+Wide+Variety+Tapped+for+2009+Film+Registry&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Floc%2Flcib%2F10012%2Ffilms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NYT-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Itzkoff, Dave (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/arts/music/31arts-THRILLERVIDE_BRF.html?_r=0">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Thriller%27+Video+Added+to+U.S.+Film+Registry&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Itzkoff&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F31%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F31arts-THRILLERVIDE_BRF.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Piazza, Jo (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/30/national.film.registry/index.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Thriller,' 'Muppet Movie' now in Library of Congress film registry"</a> (Press release). CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Thriller%2C%27+%27Muppet+Movie%27+now+in+Library+of+Congress+film+registry&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Piazza&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMovies%2F12%2F30%2Fnational.film.registry%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-TIME-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Cocks, Jay (March 19, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950053,00.html">"Why He's a Thriller"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+He%27s+a+Thriller&rft.date=1984-03-19&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C950053%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 226.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Pareles, Jon</a> (January 14, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/14/arts/michael-jackson-at-25-a-musical-phenomenon.html">"Michael Jackson at 25: A Musical Phenomenon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+at+25%3A+A+Musical+Phenomenon&rft.date=1984-01-14&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F01%2F14%2Farts%2Fmichael-jackson-at-25-a-musical-phenomenon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Williams, Janette (June 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whittierdailynews.com/general-news/20090625/michael-jackson-left-indelible-mark-on-pasadena">"Michael Jackson left indelible mark on Pasadena"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whittier_Daily_News" title="Whittier Daily News">Whittier Daily News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Whittier+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+left+indelible+mark+on+Pasadena&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Janette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whittierdailynews.com%2Fgeneral-news%2F20090625%2Fmichael-jackson-left-indelible-mark-on-pasadena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-emmys.tv-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emmys.tv_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmys.tv_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.emmys.com/news/fatal-cardiac-arrest-strikes-michael-jackson">"Fatal Cardiac Arrest Strikes Michael Jackson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" title="Emmy Award">Emmys.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatal+Cardiac+Arrest+Strikes+Michael+Jackson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.emmys.com%2Fnews%2Ffatal-cardiac-arrest-strikes-michael-jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 2434.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 2347.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 238241.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kisselgoff, Anna (March 6, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/06/arts/stage-the-dancing-feet-of-michael-jackson.html">"Stage: The Dancing Feet Of Michael Jackson"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stage%3A+The+Dancing+Feet+Of+Michael+Jackson&rft.date=1988-03-06&rft.aulast=Kisselgoff&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F03%2F06%2Farts%2Fstage-the-dancing-feet-of-michael-jackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hark.com/clips/lxbvwzgnms-berry-gordy-addresses-michael-jackson-memorial-service">"Berry Gordy Addresses Michael Jackson Memorial Service"</a>. Hark<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berry+Gordy+Addresses+Michael+Jackson+Memorial+Service&rft.pub=Hark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hark.com%2Fclips%2Flxbvwzgnms-berry-gordy-addresses-michael-jackson-memorial-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Herrera2-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrera2_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrera2_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrera2_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrera2_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Herrera, Monica (July 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268213/michael-jackson-pepsi-made-marketing-history?page=0%2C0">"Michael Jackson, Pepsi Made Marketing History"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%2C+Pepsi+Made+Marketing+History&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F268213%2Fmichael-jackson-pepsi-made-marketing-history%3Fpage%3D0%252C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Story, Louise (December 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html">"Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philip+B.+Dusenberry%2C+71%2C+Adman%2C+Dies&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F31dusenberry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 279287.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/hip-hop-media-training/beyonc%C3%A9-pepsi-strike-estimated-50-million-multi-level-184957741.html">"Beyonc And Pepsi Strike Estimated $50 Million Multi-Level Partnership"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(blog)</span>. Hip-Hop Media Training. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Music" title="Yahoo! Music">Yahoo! Music</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beyonc%C3%A9+And+Pepsi+Strike+Estimated+%2450+Million+Multi-Level+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fhip-hop-media-training%2Fbeyonc%25C3%25A9-pepsi-strike-estimated-50-million-multi-level-184957741.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 3047.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509144426/http://www.aef.com/exhibits/social_responsibility/ad_council/2399/%3Apf_printable">"Drunk Driving Prevention (1983 Present)"</a>. Advertising Education Foundation. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aef.com/exhibits/social_responsibility/ad_council/2399/:pf_printable">the original</a> on May 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drunk+Driving+Prevention+%281983+%E2%80%93+Present%29&rft.pub=Advertising+Education+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aef.com%2Fexhibits%2Fsocial_responsibility%2Fad_council%2F2399%2F%3Apf_printable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 320.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 314.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 315320.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WATW-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WATW_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WATW_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WATW_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&field_nominee_work_value=%22We+Are+The+World%22&year=All&genre=All">"Past Winners Search: "We Are The World<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. The Recording Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Winners+Search%3A+%22We+Are+The+World%22&rft.pub=The+Recording+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnominees%2Fsearch%3Fartist%3D%26field_nominee_work_value%3D%2522We%2BAre%2BThe%2BWorld%2522%26year%3DAll%26genre%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993, p. 114.</span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-mcca_atv-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcca_atv_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcca_atv_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcca_atv_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjjinfo.blogspot.fr/2010/11/paul-mccartney-refused-to-buy-atv.html">"Paul McCartney refused an offer to buy the ATV Catalog for 20 million ($40 million USD)"</a>. Mjjinfo.blogspot.fr. November 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+McCartney+refused+an+offer+to+buy+the+ATV+Catalog+for+%C2%A320+million+%28%2440+million+USD%29&rft.pub=Mjjinfo.blogspot.fr&rft.date=2010-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjjinfo.blogspot.fr%2F2010%2F11%2Fpaul-mccartney-refused-to-buy-atv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ch7news-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ch7news_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch7news_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation episode"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3htpIVyUtec">"Michael Jackson 19582009"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Today_Tonight" title="Today Tonight">Today Tonight</a></i>. June 25, 2009. Coverage of the sale of ATV Music at 2:36 minutes in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+Tonight&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3htpIVyUtec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-C146-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C146_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C146_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C146_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1995, pp. 146.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parameswaran, 2011, pp. 7577</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeMello, 2012, p. 152</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 4346.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Oprah-Jackson-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oprah-Jackson_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oprah.com/entertainment/oprah-reflects-on-her-interview-with-michael-jackson/3">"The Michael Jackson Interview: Oprah Reflects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a>. September 16, 2009. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Michael+Jackson+Interview%3A+Oprah+Reflects&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Oprah+Winfrey+Show&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Fentertainment%2Foprah-reflects-on-her-interview-with-michael-jackson%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmz.vo.llnwd.net/o28/newsdesk/tmz_documents/0208_mj_case_report_wm.pdf">"Michael Jackson case report"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Tmz.vo.llnwd.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+case+report&rft.pub=Tmz.vo.llnwd.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmz.vo.llnwd.net%2Fo28%2Fnewsdesk%2Ftmz_documents%2F0208_mj_case_report_wm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-J22930-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J22930_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J22930_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, 2009, pp. 229230.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 3123.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pittam, Nicola (May 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/michael-jackson-secret-boyfrie-227202.shtml">"Michael Jackson Secret Boyfriend Claims Draw Fury"</a>. <i>The National Ledger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Ledger&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Secret+Boyfriend+Claims+Draw+Fury&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft.aulast=Pittam&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalledger.com%2Fpop-culture-news%2Fmichael-jackson-secret-boyfrie-227202.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Image-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Image_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Image_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4584367.stm">"Music's misunderstood superstar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. June 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Music%27s+misunderstood+superstar&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4584367.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Goldberg, Michael; Handelman, David (September 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/is-michael-jackson-for-real-19870924">"Is Michael Jackson for Real?"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Michael+Jackson+for+Real%3F&rft.date=1987-09-24&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Handelman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fis-michael-jackson-for-real-19870924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T35561-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T35561_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T35561_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 35561.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T3703-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T3703_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T3703_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 3703.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Abimboye, Demola (July 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223193603/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1080&Itemid=1">"The Man, His Weird Ways"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newswatch_(Nigeria)" title="Newswatch (Nigeria)">Newswatch</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1080&Itemid=1">the original</a> on December 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man%2C+His+Weird+Ways&rft.date=2009-07-05&rft.aulast=Abimboye&rft.aufirst=Demola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswatchngr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1080%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation interview">Jackson, Michael (September 12, 1997). "Jackson interview with Barbara Walters". <i>20/20</i> (Interview). Interview with Barbara Walters. ABC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20%2F20&rft.atitle=Jackson+interview+with+Barbara+Walters&rft.date=1997-09-12&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. vii.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, p. 41.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/02/23/captain-eo-is-back-to-change-the-world">"Captain EO is Back to Change the World"</a>. IGN. February 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captain+EO+is+Back+to+Change+the+World&rft.pub=IGN&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F02%2F23%2Fcaptain-eo-is-back-to-change-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Johnson, Robert E. (September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Li0JBWU6E0C&pg=PA143">"Michael Jackson Comes Back!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i>. Vol. 42 no. 11. pp. 143, 1489. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Comes+Back%21&rft.pages=143%2C+148-9&rft.date=1987-09&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Li0JBWU6E0C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Jackson, Katherine (October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66">"Mother of Jackson Family Tells All"</a>. <i>Ebony</i>. Vol. 45 no. 12. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mother+of+Jackson+Family+Tells+All&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1990-10&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv9MDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-TIME2-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME2_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME2_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Cocks, Jay (September 14, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965452,00.html">"Music: The Badder They Come"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music%3A+The+Badder+They+Come&rft.date=1987-09-14&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C965452%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nme.com/photos/50-fastest-selling-albums-ever/213617">"50 fastest selling albums ever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i>. April 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+fastest+selling+albums+ever&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fphotos%2F50-fastest-selling-albums-ever%2F213617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"American Music Awards Monday". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modesto_Bee" title="The Modesto Bee">The Modesto Bee</a></i>. January 27, 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modesto+Bee&rft.atitle=American+Music+Awards+Monday&rft.date=1989-01-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993, p. 251.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Jackson tour on its way to u.s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a></i>. January 12, 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Jackson+tour+on+its+way+to+u.s.&rft.date=1988-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DSJ%26s_site%3Dmercurynews%26p_multi%3DSJ%26p_theme%3Drealcities%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB72CE855E5ADB3%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pqxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4496,2784310">"Winners of American Music Awards"</a>. <i>Lodi News-Sentinel</i>. UPI. January 26, 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lodi+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Winners+of+American+Music+Awards&rft.date=1988-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DpqxAAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DsDIHAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4496%2C2784310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LJ956-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LJ956_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LJ956_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Jones, 2005, pp. 956.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Harrington, Richard (January 12, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/306975947.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan%2012,%201988&author=Richard%20Harrington&pub=The%20Washington%20Post%20(pre-1997%20Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=b.03&desc=Jackson%20to%20Make%20First%20Solo%20U.S.%20Tour">"Jackson to Make First Solo U.S. Tour"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jackson+to+Make+First+Solo+U.S.+Tour&rft.date=1988-01-12&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost%2Fdoc%2F306975947.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DJan%252012%2C%25201988%26author%3DRichard%2520Harrington%26pub%3DThe%2520Washington%2520Post%2520%28pre-1997%2520Fulltext%29%26edition%3D%26startpage%3Db.03%26desc%3DJackson%2520to%2520Make%2520First%2520Solo%2520U.S.%2520Tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainz.org/16-michael-jacksons-greatest-non-musical-achievements/">"16 of Michael Jackson's Greatest Non-Musical Achievements"</a>. Brainz.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=16+of+Michael+Jackson%27s+Greatest+Non-Musical+Achievements&rft.pub=Brainz.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrainz.org%2F16-michael-jacksons-greatest-non-musical-achievements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808231207/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/michael-jackson-tour/past-tours.aspx">"Michael Jackson Solo Tours"</a>. Cirquedusoleil.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/michael-jackson-tour/past-tours.aspx">the original</a> on August 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Solo+Tours&rft.pub=Cirquedusoleil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirquedusoleil.com%2Fen%2Fshows%2Fmichael-jackson-tour%2Fpast-tours.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shanahan, Mark; Golstein, Meredith (June 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson">"Remembering Michael"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Remembering+Michael&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.aulast=Shanahan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Golstein%2C+Meredith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fcelebrity%2Farticles%2F2009%2F06%2F27%2Fwriter_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, 2009, pp. 2931.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, p. 42.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G434-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G434_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G434_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G434_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G434_155-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G434_155-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, pp. 434.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Malta-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malta_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malta_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150601/world/Michael-Jackson-s-Neverland-on-sale.570574">"Michael Jackson's Neverland on sale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i>. Reuters. June 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Neverland+on+sale&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20150601%2Fworld%2FMichael-Jackson-s-Neverland-on-sale.570574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bio2-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620063744/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/michaeljackson/biography">"Michael Jackson Biography"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/michaeljackson/biography">the original</a> on June 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Fmichaeljackson%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (August 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/01/michael-jackson-neverland-ranch-sell-50-million">"Michael Jackson Neverland Ranch expected to fetch up to $85m"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Neverland+Ranch+expected+to+fetch+up+to+%2485m&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Ellis-Petersen&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Faug%2F01%2Fmichael-jackson-neverland-ranch-sell-50-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Finances-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finances_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finances_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gundersen, Edna (November 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2003-11-24-jackson-finances_x.htm">"For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=For+Jackson%2C+scandal+could+spell+financial+ruin&rft.date=2003-11-24&rft.aulast=Gundersen&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2F2003-11-24-jackson-finances_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-World_Records-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Records_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Records_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Records_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165143/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=%2F14112006%2F344%2Fjackson-receives-world-records.html&e=l_news_dm">"NEWS Jackson receives his World Records"</a>. Yahoo!. November 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&e=l_news_dm">the original</a> on September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NEWS+%E2%80%93+Jackson+receives+his+World+Records&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.launch.yahoo.com%2Fdyna%2Farticle.html%3Fa%3D%2F14112006%2F344%2Fjackson-receives-world-records.html%26e%3Dl_news_dm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-SBee-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBee_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento Bee">Sacramento Bee</a></i>. July 27, 1987. p. B3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Is+the+thrill+gone+for+singer+Michael+Jackson%3F&rft.pages=B3&rft.date=1987-07-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993, pp. 2603.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=18331">"Remarks on the Upcoming Summit With President Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union"</a>. Presidency.ucsb.edu. April 5, 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+the+Upcoming+Summit+With+President+Mikhail+Gorbachev+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.date=1990-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D18331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oswDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&dq=%22united+negro+college+fund%22">"Blacks Who Give Something Back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i>. Vol. 45 no. 3. March 1990. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blacks+Who+Give+Something+Back&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1990-03&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoswDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA68%26dq%3D%2522united%2Bnegro%2Bcollege%2Bfund%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 382.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Montgomery, James (July 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml">"Michael Jackson's Life & Legacy: The Eccentric King Of Pop (19861999)"</a>. MTV News. Viacom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Life+%26+Legacy%3A+The+Eccentric+King+Of+Pop+%281986%E2%80%931999%29&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1615214%2Fmichael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gray, Chris; Shah, Saeed (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html">"Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Robbie+swings+historic+record+deal+with+EMI&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Shah%2C+Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Frobbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Willman, Chris (November 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/la-archive-dangerous-review-nov24-story.html">"Michael Jackson's 'Dangerous<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+%27Dangerous%27&rft.date=1991-11-24&rft.aulast=Willman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fla-archive-dangerous-review-nov24-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Certifications-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Certifications_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Certifications_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Certifications_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Certifications_169-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=michael+jackson#search_section">"Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Jackson, Michael"</a>. Recording Industry Association of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+%26+Platinum+Searchable+Database+%E2%80%93+Jackson%2C+Michael&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgold-platinum%2F%3Ftab_active%3Ddefault-award%26se%3Dmichael%2Bjackson%23search_section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Carter, Kelley L. (August 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-10/news/0808080318_1_new-edition-new-jack-city-swing">"5 Things You Can Learn About ... New jack swing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=5+Things+You+Can+Learn+About+...+New+jack+swing&rft.date=2008-08-10&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Kelley+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2008-08-10%2Fnews%2F0808080318_1_new-edition-new-jack-city-swing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Achievements-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Achievements_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achievements_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achievements_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achievements_171-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achievements_171-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achievements_171-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/id/15529981">"The return of the King of Pop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">Today</a></i>. June 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=The+return+of+the+King+of+Pop&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fid%2F15529981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G456-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G456_172-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, pp. 456.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493">"Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beaver_County_Times" title="The Beaver County Times">The Beaver County Times</a></i>. Associated Press. December 10, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Beaver+County+Times&rft.atitle=Garth+Brooks+ropes+in+most+Billboard+awards&rft.date=1992-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dw7QiAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DDbUFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3124%2C2012493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 459.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Harrington, Richard (February 5, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-989047.html">"Jackson to Tour Overseas"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jackson+to+Tour+Overseas&rft.date=1992-02-05&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-989047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 4524.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"Stars line up for Clinton celebration". <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News" title="Los Angeles Daily News">Los Angeles Daily News</a></i>. January 19, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Stars+line+up+for+Clinton+celebration&rft.date=1993-01-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Smith_(poet)" title="Patricia Smith (poet)">Smith, Patricia</a> (January 20, 1992). "Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala". <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Facing+the+music+and+the+masses+at+the+presidential+gala&rft.date=1992-01-20&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ebony-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebony_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebony_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebony_179-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebony_179-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">"Michael Jackson: Crowned in Africa, Pop Music King Tells Real Story Of Controversial Trip"</a>. <i>Ebony</i>. Vol. 47 no. 5. May 1992. pp. 3443. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Crowned+in+Africa%2C+Pop+Music+King+Tells+Real+Story+Of+Controversial+Trip&rft.pages=34-43&rft.date=1992-05&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMwDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sandomir, Richard (June 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/sports/football/30sandomir.html?_r=1">"How Jackson Redefined the Super Bowl"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Jackson+Redefined+the+Super+Bowl&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Sandomir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F30%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2F30sandomir.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rosenthal, Phil (February 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-02-06/business/ct-biz-0206-rosenthal--20110206_1_super-halftime-party-doritos-zaptime-halftime-show">"Goal of spectacle colors NFL's thinking about Super Bowl halftime show"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Goal+of+spectacle+colors+NFL%27s+thinking+about+Super+Bowl+halftime+show&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2011-02-06%2Fbusiness%2Fct-biz-0206-rosenthal--20110206_1_super-halftime-party-doritos-zaptime-halftime-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mBIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,6756235">"Cyrus, Bolton please the fans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo,_Ohio)" title="The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)">Toledo Blade</a></i>. Associated Press. January 27, 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Cyrus%2C+Bolton+please+the+fans&rft.date=1993-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DmBIVAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DTQMEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6811%2C6756235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sega (February 2, 1994). <i>Sonic the Hedgehog 3</i>. Sega Genesis. Sega. Scene: Staff credits. <q><b>Music Composers:</b> Brad Buxer, Bobby Brooks, Darryl Ross, Geoff Grace, Doug Grigsby III, Scirocco</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+the+Hedgehog+3&rft.pages=Scene%3A+Staff+credits&rft.pub=Sega&rft.date=1994-02-02&rft.au=Sega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoffgrace.com/index.htm">"About Geoff Grace"</a>. GeoffGrace.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Geoff+Grace&rft.pub=GeoffGrace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoffgrace.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicpowers.com/id31.html">"Cirocco: A Select Music Discography"</a>. MusicPowers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cirocco%3A+A+Select+Music+Discography&rft.pub=MusicPowers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicpowers.com%2Fid31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.sonicretro.org/Brad_Buxer_Interview_%28Black_%26_White,_November/December_2009%29">"Brad Buxer Interview"</a>. <i>Black & White</i>. No. NovemberDecember 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brad+Buxer+Interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.sonicretro.org%2FBrad_Buxer_Interview_%2528Black_%2526_White%2C_November%2FDecember_2009%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Horowitz, Ken (May 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sega-16.com/2009/05/sega-legends-michael-jackson-sonic-3/">"Sega Legends: Michael Jackson and Sonic 3"</a>. Sega-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+Legends%3A+Michael+Jackson+and+Sonic+3&rft.pub=Sega-16&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sega-16.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fsega-legends-michael-jackson-sonic-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gametrailers.com/full-episodes/zo88qk/pop-fiction-episode-39--sonic-3--michael-jackson">"Episode 39: Sonic 3: Michael Jackson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameTrailers" title="GameTrailers">GameTrailers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+39%3A+Sonic+3%3A+Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=GameTrailers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gametrailers.com%2Ffull-episodes%2Fzo88qk%2Fpop-fiction-episode-39--sonic-3--michael-jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Van Luling, Todd (January 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testkitchen.huffingtonpost.com/michaeljacksonsonic/">"The Michael Jackson Video Game Conspiracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Michael+Jackson+Video+Game+Conspiracy&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.aulast=Van+Luling&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestkitchen.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmichaeljacksonsonic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Abuse-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abuse_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abuse_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_2512000/2512077.stm">"1993: Michael Jackson accused of child abuse"</a>. BBC News Online. February 8, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1993%3A+Michael+Jackson+accused+of+child+abuse&rft.date=2003-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F24%2Fnewsid_2512000%2F2512077.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 4856.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T4778-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T4778_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T4778_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T4778_193-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T4778_193-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 4778.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 4968.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Newton, Jim (January 25, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-25/local/me-15027_1_civil-case">"Boy's Father in Jackson Case Won't Be Charged : Investigation: Singer claimed parent of alleged molestation victim tried to extort money from him. D.A. says decision not to prosecute is unrelated to reports that settlement is near"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Boy%27s+Father+in+Jackson+Case+Won%27t+Be+Charged+%3A+Investigation%3A+Singer+claimed+parent+of+alleged+molestation+victim+tried+to+extort+money+from+him.+D.A.+says+decision+not+to+prosecute+is+unrelated+to+reports+that+settlement+is+near.&rft.date=1994-01-25&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1994-01-25%2Flocal%2Fme-15027_1_civil-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mjfacts.com/resources/011805pltreqaseemd.pdf">"Jackson Vs. the State of California Michael Jackson"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Superior Court of California. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+Vs.+the+State+of+California+%E2%80%93+Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=Superior+Court+of+California&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjfacts.com%2Fresources%2F011805pltreqaseemd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Broder, John M. (April 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/national/30jackson.html">"Jackson's Books About Boys Are Allowed as Evidence in Trial"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson%27s+Books+About+Boys+Are+Allowed+as+Evidence+in+Trial&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F04%2F30%2Fnational%2F30jackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T53440-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T53440_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T53440_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 534540.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Orth, Maureen (May 1, 2005). <i>The Importance of Being Famous: Behind the Scenes of the Celebrity-Industial Complex</i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7847-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7847-3">978-0-8050-7847-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Being+Famous%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+the+Celebrity-Industial+Complex&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7847-3&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326035103/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/michaeljackson/010605jacksonsplotch.html">"The Case Against Michael Jackson: The Telltale "Splotch<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Smoking_Gun" title="The Smoking Gun">The Smoking Gun</a>. May 2, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/michaeljackson/010605jacksonsplotch.html">the original</a> on March 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Michael+Jackson%3A+The+Telltale+%22Splotch%22&rft.pub=The+Smoking+Gun&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fmichaeljackson%2F010605jacksonsplotch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Accuser-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accuser_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accuser_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McLean, Va. (January 28, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/55226686.html?did=55226686&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&desc=Photos+may+contradict+Michael%27s+accuser">"Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Photos+May+Contradict+Michael%27s+Accuser&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1994-01-28&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Va.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2FUSAToday%2F55226686.html%3Fdid%3D55226686%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DFT%26desc%3DPhotos%2Bmay%2Bcontradict%2BMichael%2527s%2Baccuser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbscpublicaccess.org/docs/ctdocs/052505pltmotchandler.pdf">"Superior Court of the State of California For the County of Santa Barbara Santa Maria Division"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2005. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superior+Court+of+the+State+of+California+For+the+County+of+Santa+Barbara+Santa+Maria+Division&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbscpublicaccess.org%2Fdocs%2Fctdocs%2F052505pltmotchandler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dimond, Diane. <i>Be Careful Who You Love: Inside the Michael Jackson Case</i>. pp. 1315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Careful+Who+You+Love%3A+Inside+the+Michael+Jackson+Case&rft.pages=13-15&rft.aulast=Dimond&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Court-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Court_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Court_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Court_204-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbscpublicaccess.org/docs/ctdocs/032205mjmemospprtobj.pdf">"Superior Court of the State of California For the County of Santa Barbara Santa Maria Division"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2004. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superior+Court+of+the+State+of+California+For+the+County+of+Santa+Barbara+Santa+Maria+Division&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbscpublicaccess.org%2Fdocs%2Fctdocs%2F032205mjmemospprtobj.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1995, pp. 4750.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Moret, Jim (May 2, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428133350/http://site2.mjeol.com/important-article/jackson-grand-jury-disbanded-1994.html">"Jackson Grand Jury Disbanded 1994"</a> (Press release). CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site2.mjeol.com/important-article/jackson-grand-jury-disbanded-1994.html">the original</a> on April 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+Grand+Jury+Disbanded+%E2%80%93+1994&rft.date=1994-05-02&rft.aulast=Moret&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite2.mjeol.com%2Fimportant-article%2Fjackson-grand-jury-disbanded-1994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225151006/http://atgbook.net/abcfinal.html">"Statement of Declination, Issued Jointly by the District Attorney's Offices of Los Angeles and Santa Barbara Counties"</a>. Atgbook.net. September 21, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atgbook.net/abcfinal.html">the original</a> on December 25, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Declination%2C+Issued+Jointly+by+the+District+Attorney%27s+Offices+of+Los+Angeles+and+Santa+Barbara+Counties&rft.pub=Atgbook.net&rft.date=1994-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatgbook.net%2Fabcfinal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 5405.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/celebrity/michael-jacksons-15-million-payoff">"Michael Jackson's $15 Million Payoff"</a>. The Smoking Gun. June 16, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+%2415+Million+Payoff&rft.pub=The+Smoking+Gun&rft.date=2004-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fdocuments%2Fcelebrity%2Fmichael-jacksons-15-million-payoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Newton, Jim (February 5, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-05/local/me-19273_1_santa-barbara">"Grand Jury to Convene in Jackson Case : Law: Sources close to the investigation say a panel in Santa Barbara will hear testimony next week about alleged molestation of boy"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Grand+Jury+to+Convene+in+Jackson+Case+%3A+Law%3A+Sources+close+to+the+investigation+say+a+panel+in+Santa+Barbara+will+hear+testimony+next+week+about+alleged+molestation+of+boy&rft.date=1994-02-05&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1994-02-05%2Flocal%2Fme-19273_1_santa-barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ferran, Lee; Murphy, Eileen (December 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/michael-jackson-attorney-fbi-files-vindication/story?id=9407615">"Jackson Attorney: FBI Files Are 'Almost Vindication<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson+Attorney%3A+FBI+Files+Are+%27Almost+Vindication%27&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.aulast=Ferran&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Eileen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2Fmichael-jackson-attorney-fbi-files-vindication%2Fstory%3Fid%3D9407615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Newton, Jim; Nazario, Sonia (August 27, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1993-08-27/news/mn-28516_1_jackson-case">"Police Say Seized Tapes Do Not Incriminate Jackson : Investigation: Officials continue to interview children in connection with molestation allegations"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Police+Say+Seized+Tapes+Do+Not+Incriminate+Jackson+%3A+Investigation%3A+Officials+continue+to+interview+children+in+connection+with+molestation+allegations.&rft.date=1993-08-27&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Nazario%2C+Sonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1993-08-27%2Fnews%2Fmn-28516_1_jackson-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Philips, Chick; Ferrell, David (August 31, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1993-08-31/news/mn-39718_1_michael-jackson">"Tapes Used to Allege Plot to Extort Jackson Released Inquiry: Singer's aides provide purported comments by boy's father, who has told friends allegations are untrue"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tapes+Used+to+Allege+Plot+to+Extort+Jackson+Released+Inquiry%3A+Singer%27s+aides+provide+purported+comments+by+boy%27s+father%2C+who+has+told+friends+allegations+are+untrue.&rft.date=1993-08-31&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Chick&rft.au=Ferrell%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1993-08-31%2Fnews%2Fmn-39718_1_michael-jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-SG2003-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SG2003_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG2003_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/celebrity/early-probe-cleared-michael-jackson">"Early Probe Cleared Michael Jackson"</a>. The Smoking Gun. December 9, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Probe+Cleared+Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=The+Smoking+Gun&rft.date=2003-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fdocuments%2Fcelebrity%2Fearly-probe-cleared-michael-jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 50007.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Gliatto, Tom (August 15, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20103653,00.html">"Neverland Meets Graceland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i>. Vol. 42 no. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neverland+Meets+Graceland&rft.date=1994-08-15&rft.aulast=Gliatto&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20103653%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T51820-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T51820_217-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T51820_217-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T51820_217-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 518520.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 510.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Divorce-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Divorce_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Divorce_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/jacko_presley/">"She's out of his life"</a> (Press release). CNN. January 18, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=She%27s+out+of+his+life&rft.date=1996-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9601%2Fjacko_presley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 5624.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T5801-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T5801_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T5801_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 5801.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120062601/http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Lisa-Marie-Presley-Opens-Up-About-Michael-Jackson/print/1">"Lisa Marie Presley Opens Up About Michael Jackson"</a>. Oprah.com. October 21, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Lisa-Marie-Presley-Opens-Up-About-Michael-Jackson/print/1">the original</a> on January 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lisa+Marie+Presley+Opens+Up+About+Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=Oprah.com&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Foprahshow%2FLisa-Marie-Presley-Opens-Up-About-Michael-Jackson%2Fprint%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=top_tallies&ttt=T1A&col=certified_units&ord=desc#search_section">"Top 100 Albums"</a>. Recording Industry Association of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+Albums&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgold-platinum%2F%3Ftab_active%3Dtop_tallies%26ttt%3DT1A%26col%3Dcertified_units%26ord%3Ddesc%23search_section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html">"Michael Jackson's best selling studio albums"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. June 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+best+selling+studio+albums&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fmichael-jackson%2F5648176%2FMichael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G4850-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4850_225-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, pp. 4850.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 5767.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/08/business/company-news-michael-jackson-sells-rights-to-beatles-songs-to-sony.html">"Company News; Michael Jackson sells rights to Beatles songs to Sony"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. November 8, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Company+News%3B+Michael+Jackson+sells+rights+to+Beatles+songs+to+Sony&rft.date=1995-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F11%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-michael-jackson-sells-rights-to-beatles-songs-to-sony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-sonydeal-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sonydeal_228-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sonydeal_228-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leeds, Jeff; Sorkin, Andrew Ross (April 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/business/media/13music.html?ex=1302580800&en=45bff2f7a4da68fe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Bailout+Said+to+Be+Close&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft.aulast=Leeds&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Sorkin%2C+Andrew+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F13music.html%3Fex%3D1302580800%26en%3D45bff2f7a4da68fe%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ADL-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_229-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_229-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/2471_12.asp">"ADL Welcomes Michael Jackson's Decision To Remove Anti-Semitic Lyrics From Song"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. June 22, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADL+Welcomes+Michael+Jackson%27s+Decision+To+Remove+Anti-Semitic+Lyrics+From+Song&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=1995-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2FPresRele%2FASUS_12%2F2471_12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Christensen, Thor (January 30, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LWUwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YzMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5552,8128572">"Brooks turns down award for favorite artist of the year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rome_News-Tribune" title="Rome News-Tribune">Rome News-Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rome+News-Tribune&rft.atitle=Brooks+turns+down+award+for+favorite+artist+of+the+year&rft.date=1996-01-30&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Thor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DLWUwAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DYzMDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5552%2C8128572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 570586.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 597.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T599600-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T599600_233-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T599600_233-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 599600.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Ex_wife-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ex_wife_234-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ex_wife_234-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5394792.stm">"Jackson child custody fight ends"</a>. BBC News Online. September 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson+child+custody+fight+ends&rft.date=2006-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F5394792.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Rojek-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rojek_235-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojek_235-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rojek, Chris (2007). <i>Cultural Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3683-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3683-7">0-7456-3683-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Studies&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-7456-3683-7&rft.aulast=Rojek&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T6101-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T6101_236-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6101_236-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6101_236-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6101_236-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6101_236-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 6101.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Burkeman-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkeman_237-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkeman_237-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Burkeman, Oliver (July 7, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/08/oliverburkeman">"Jacko gets tough: but is he a race crusader or just a falling star?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jacko+gets+tough%3A+but+is+he+a+race+crusader+or+just+a+falling+star%3F&rft.date=2002-07-07&rft.aulast=Burkeman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fjul%2F08%2Foliverburkeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018125558/http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml">"Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viacom_Media_Networks" title="Viacom Media Networks">MTV Networks</a>. May 5, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml">the original</a> on October 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ricky+Martin%2C+Mariah+Carey%2C+Michael+Jackson%2C+Others+To+Join+Pavarotti+For+Benefit&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vh1.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1426933%2F19990505%2Fcarey_mariah.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221074225/http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1429785/19990527/guns_n_roses.jhtml">"Slash, Scorpions, Others Scheduled For "Michael Jackson & Friends<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. VH1. MTV Networks. May 27, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1429785/19990527/guns_n_roses.jhtml">the original</a> on February 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slash%2C+Scorpions%2C+Others+Scheduled+For+%22Michael+Jackson+%26+Friends%22&rft.date=1999-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vh1.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1429785%2F19990527%2Fguns_n_roses.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rozhon, Tracie (November 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/16/garden/big-deal-an-old-chagall-haunt-repainted.html">"BIG DEAL; An Old Chagall Haunt, Repainted"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BIG+DEAL%3B+An+Old+Chagall+Haunt%2C+Repainted&rft.date=2000-11-16&rft.aulast=Rozhon&rft.aufirst=Tracie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F16%2Fgarden%2Fbig-deal-an-old-chagall-haunt-repainted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-MTV-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTV_241-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTV_241-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Basham, David (January 18, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/.jhtml">"Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards"</a>. MTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lauryn+Hill%2C+Backstreet+Boys%2C+DMX+Honored+With+American+Music+Awards&rft.date=2000-01-18&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1425174%2F.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G503-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G503_242-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G503_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G503_242-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, pp. 503.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Burkeman, Oliver (July 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2009/jul/07/michaeljackson">"Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Liveblogging+Michael+Jackson%27s+funeral+and+memorial+service&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft.aulast=Burkeman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fjul%2F07%2Fmichaeljackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T6147-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T6147_244-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6147_244-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6147_244-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T6147_244-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 6147.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Goldman, David (February 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2010/02/02/news/companies/napster_music_industry/">"Music's lost decade: Sales cut in half"</a> (Press release). CNN Money<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music%27s+lost+decade%3A+Sales+cut+in+half&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2010%2F02%2F02%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Fnapster_music_industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,889435">"Keys, Destiny's Child, McGraw win at American Music Awards"</a>. <i>Lodi News-Sentinel</i>. Associated Press. January 10, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lodi+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Keys%2C+Destiny%27s+Child%2C+McGraw+win+at+American+Music+Awards&rft.date=2002-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DOc40AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DGyEGAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5669%2C889435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/all-about/michael%20jackson">"Michael Jackson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fall-about%2Fmichael%2520jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation interview"><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jackson, Jermaine</a> (December 31, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/31/cct.00.html">"Interview with Jermaine Jackson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Connie_Chung_Tonight" title="Connie Chung Tonight">Connie Chung Tonight</a></i> (Interview). Interview with <a href="/wiki/Connie_Chung" title="Connie Chung">Connie Chung</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connie+Chung+Tonight&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Jermaine+Jackson&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jermaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0212%2F31%2Fcct.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Vineyard, Jennifer (November 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458799/20021120/jackson_michael.jhtml">"Michael Jackson Calls Baby-Dangling Incident A 'Terrible Mistake<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. MTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Calls+Baby-Dangling+Incident+A+%27Terrible+Mistake%27&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.aulast=Vineyard&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1458799%2F20021120%2Fjackson_michael.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-T640-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T640_250-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T640_250-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 640.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 661.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Davis, Matthews (June 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4612897.stm">"Trial health problems for Jackson"</a>. BBC News Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trial+health+problems+for+Jackson&rft.date=2005-06-06&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Matthews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4612897.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/jackson/story/0,15819,1505806,00.html">"Jackson cleared of child molestation"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Associated Press. June 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jackson+cleared+of+child+molestation&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fjackson%2Fstory%2F0%2C15819%2C1505806%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Toumi, Habib (January 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/jackson-settles-down-to-his-new-life-in-the-gulf-1.222403">"Jackson settles down to his new life in the Gulf"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Jackson+settles+down+to+his+new+life+in+the+Gulf&rft.date=2006-01-23&rft.aulast=Toumi&rft.aufirst=Habib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fbahrain%2Fjackson-settles-down-to-his-new-life-in-the-gulf-1.222403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/jermaine-jackson-reveals-escape-plan-michael-112521219.html">"Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael"</a> (Press release). Associated Press. September 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jermaine+Jackson+reveals+escape+plan+for+Michael&rft.date=2011-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fjermaine-jackson-reveals-escape-plan-michael-112521219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx">"Certified Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">British Phonographic Industry</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Certified+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpi.co.uk%2Fcertified-awards.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jackson-closes-neverland-house/">"Jackson Closes Neverland House"</a>. CBS News. July 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson+Closes+Neverland+House&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjackson-closes-neverland-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2005/06/14/jackson-celebrity-trial-cx_da_0614topnews.html">"Really Odd Facts About Michael Jackson"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. June 14, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Really+Odd+Facts+About+Michael+Jackson&rft.date=2005-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2005%2F06%2F14%2Fjackson-celebrity-trial-cx_da_0614topnews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4909412.stm">"Jackson strikes deal over loans"</a>. BBC News Online. April 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson+strikes+deal+over+loans&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4909412.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/58713/michael-jackson-sails-with-two-seas">"Michael Jackson Sails With Two Seas"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Sails+With+Two+Seas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F58713%2Fmichael-jackson-sails-with-two-seas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bahrain-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahrain_261-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahrain_261-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5380654.stm">"Jackson parts with Bahrain label"</a>. BBC News Online. September 26, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jackson+parts+with+Bahrain+label&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F5380654.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Friedman, Roger (October 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,222797,00.html">"Who's Funding Jackson's Retreat to Irish Recording Studio?"</a>. Fox News Channel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Funding+Jackson%27s+Retreat+to+Irish+Recording+Studio%3F&rft.date=2006-10-21&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C222797%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204051554/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm">"2006 World Music Awards"</a>. Chiff. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+World+Music+Awards&rft.pub=Chiff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiff.com%2Fpop-culture%2Fworld-music-awards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Maher, Rebecca (October 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/michael-jacksons-irish-doctor-releases-memoir-358363.html">"Michael Jackson's Irish doctor releases memoir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Examiner" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Irish+doctor+releases+memoir&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Fmichael-jacksons-irish-doctor-releases-memoir-358363.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200931/http://www.legendarymichaeljackson.nl/dr-patrick-treacys-new-book-behind-the-mask-the-irishman-who-became-michael-jacksons-doctor/">"Dr. Patrick Treacy's New Book : "Behind The Mask" (the Irishman who became Michael Jackson's doctor)"</a>. <i>LMJ Magazine</i>. August 4, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legendarymichaeljackson.nl/dr-patrick-treacys-new-book-behind-the-mask-the-irishman-who-became-michael-jacksons-doctor/">the original</a> on March 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Patrick+Treacy%27s+New+Book+%3A+%22Behind+The+Mask%22+%28the+Irishman+who+became+Michael+Jackson%E2%80%99s+doctor%29&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legendarymichaeljackson.nl%2Fdr-patrick-treacys-new-book-behind-the-mask-the-irishman-who-became-michael-jacksons-doctor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Reid, Shaheem (December 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1549061/20061230/brown_james.jhtml">"James Brown Saluted By Michael Jackson at Public Funeral Service"</a>. MTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=James+Brown+Saluted+By+Michael+Jackson+at+Public+Funeral+Service&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Shaheem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1549061%2F20061230%2Fbrown_james.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cite agency (page does not exist)">Template:Cite agency</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Michael Jackson buys rights to Eminem tunes and more". <i>Rolling Stone</i>. May 31, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+buys+rights+to+Eminem+tunes+and+more&rft.date=2007-05-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation interview"><a href="/wiki/RedOne" title="RedOne">RedOne</a> (March 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitquarters.com/dev/index.php3?page=intrview/2009/March23_1_12_9.html">"Interview with RedOne, producer and songwriter for Lady Gaga, Michael Jackson, Akon, Kat DeLuna and Darin"</a> (Interview). Interview with Jan Blumentrath. <a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+RedOne%2C+producer+and+songwriter+for+Lady+Gaga%2C+Michael+Jackson%2C+Akon%2C+Kat+DeLuna+and+Darin&rft.pub=HitQuarters&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft.au=RedOne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitquarters.com%2Fdev%2Findex.php3%3Fpage%3Dintrview%2F2009%2FMarch23_1_12_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Talmadge, Eric (March 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/2007-03-08-2208485574_x.htm">"Michael Jackson 'wouldn't change' career"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+%27wouldn%27t+change%27+career&rft.date=2007-03-08&rft.aulast=Talmadge&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fmusic%2F2007-03-08-2208485574_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Halaby, Valerie (June 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/XiuIY">"Michael Jackson was long-time U.S. Military supporter"</a>. Clarity Digital Group LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+was+long-time+U.S.+Military+supporter&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Halaby&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2FXiuIY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Goodman, Elizabeth (September 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/will-i-am-on-working-with-michael-jackson-were-taking-it-day-by-day-20070924">"Will.i.am On Working With Michael Jackson"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will.i.am+On+Working+With+Michael+Jackson&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fwill-i-am-on-working-with-michael-jackson-were-taking-it-day-by-day-20070924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Thriller_25-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thriller_25_273-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thriller_25_273-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zm.nu/detalle.php?base=zmnews&lay=cgi&form=detalle&tok4=notici&tok5=Noticias&id=17840">"Zona Musical"</a> (in Spanish). Zm.nu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zona+Musical&rft.pub=Zm.nu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzm.nu%2Fdetalle.php%3Fbase%3Dzmnews%26lay%3Dcgi%26form%3Ddetalle%26tok4%3Dnotici%26tok5%3DNoticias%26id%3D17840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2013">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalproducer.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=312105&afterinter=true">"Michael Jackson's Thriller 25 The 25th Anniversary Edition of the World's Top-Selling Album of All Time Is America's #2 Best-Selling Album This Week!!!"</a>. <i>Digital Producer</i>. <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. February 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Producer&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Thriller+25+%E2%80%93+The+25th+Anniversary+Edition+of+the+World%27s+Top-Selling+Album+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+Is+America%27s+%232+Best-Selling+Album+This+Week%21%21%21&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalproducer.com%2Farticles%2Fviewarticle.jsp%3Fid%3D312105%26afterinter%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Thriller+25&cat=a">"Michael Jackson Thriller 25"</a> (in Dutch). Ultratop<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Thriller+25&rft.pub=Ultratop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultratop.be%2Fnl%2Fshowitem.asp%3Finterpret%3DMichael%2BJackson%26titel%3DThriller%2B25%26cat%3Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Friedman, Roger (May 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,356282,00.html#3">"Jacko: Neverland East in Upstate New York"</a>. Fox News Channel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jacko%3A+Neverland+East+in+Upstate+New+York&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C356282%2C00.html%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628015938/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do%3B.tomcat2?newsId=20030829005656">"Choose The Tracks On Michael Jackson's 50th Birthday Album!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a>. June 20, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do;.tomcat2?newsId=20030829005656">the original</a> on June 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choose+The+Tracks+On+Michael+Jackson%27s+50th+Birthday+Album%21&rft.pub=Sony+BMG&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonybmg.com.au%2Fnews%2Fdetails.do%3B.tomcat2%3FnewsId%3D20030829005656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acharts.us/album/37399">"Michael Jackson King Of Pop"</a>. Charts.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+King+Of+Pop&rft.pub=%CE%B1Charts.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facharts.us%2Falbum%2F37399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Whitcomb, Dan; Isensee, Laura (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/26/us-jackson-idUSTRE55O6AK20090626">"Michael Jackson death still unsolved after autopsy"</a> (Press release). Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+death+still+unsolved+after+autopsy&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Whitcomb&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Isensee%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F06%2F26%2Fus-jackson-idUSTRE55O6AK20090626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Rawlinson, Linnie; Hunt, Nick (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/26/michael.jackson.internet/">"Jackson dies, almost takes Internet with him"</a> (Press release). CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+dies%2C+almost+takes+Internet+with+him&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Linnie&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FTECH%2F06%2F26%2Fmichael.jackson.internet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Wood-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_304-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_304-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wood, Daniel B. (June 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0627/p25s09-usgn.html">"Outpouring over Michael Jackson unlike anything since Princess Di"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Outpouring+over+Michael+Jackson+unlike+anything+since+Princess+Di&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2009%2F0627%2Fp25s09-usgn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-:3-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_305-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_305-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shiels, Maggie (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm">"Web slows after Jackson's death"</a>. BBC News Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Web+slows+after+Jackson%27s+death&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Shiels&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8120324.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/id/37957972/ns/today-entertainment/">"Jackson sells 35 million albums since death"</a>. <i>Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Jackson+sells+35+million+albums+since+death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fid%2F37957972%2Fns%2Ftoday-entertainment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-Sony-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sony_337-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sony_337-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Smith, Ethan (March 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704588404575124023860735864">"Sony Places Big Bet on a Fallen 'King<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Sony+Places+Big+Bet+on+a+Fallen+%27King%27&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704588404575124023860735864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119031148/http://breakingnews.michaeljackson.com/IE/pressrelease.html">"Official Michael Jackson Single <i>Hold My Hand</i> To Be Released On November 15th"</a> (Press release). Breakingnews.michaeljackson.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://breakingnews.michaeljackson.com/IE/pressrelease.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Michael+Jackson+Single+Hold+My+Hand+To+Be+Released+On+November+15th&rft.pub=Breakingnews.michaeljackson.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbreakingnews.michaeljackson.com%2FIE%2Fpressrelease.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/03/100316_jackson_biz_music_deal.shtml">"Michael Jackson in 'record' $200m music deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. March 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+in+%27record%27+%24200m+music+deal&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fbusiness%2F2010%2F03%2F100316_jackson_biz_music_deal.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957768/michael-jackson-fans-will-moonwalk-in-motion-sensing-game">"Michael Jackson Fans Will Moonwalk In Motion-Sensing Game"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Associated Press. June 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Fans+Will+Moonwalk+In+Motion-Sensing+Game&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F957768%2Fmichael-jackson-fans-will-moonwalk-in-motion-sensing-game&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hicks, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment-headlines/ci_16517946?nclick_check=1">"People: Cirque du Soleil mounting Michael Jackson tour"</a>. <i>San Jose Mercury News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=People%3A+Cirque+du+Soleil+mounting+Michael+Jackson+tour&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fentertainment-headlines%2Fci_16517946%3Fnclick_check%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/music/story/2010/11/03/cirque-michael-jackson-immortal-tour.html">"Cirque plans $57M touring Jackson show"</a>. CBC News. November 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cirque+plans+%2457M+touring+Jackson+show&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fstory%2F2010%2F11%2F03%2Fcirque-michael-jackson-immortal-tour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/company-news/press-releases/epic-records/2011/epic-records-set-to-release-immortal-the-new-album.html?icid=pr-newswire-feed">"Epic Records Set To Release IMMORTAL The New Album From Michael Jackson On November 21"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. October 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epic+Records+Set+To+Release+IMMORTAL+The+New+Album+From+Michael+Jackson+On+November+21&rft.pub=Sony&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2Fen_us%2FSCA%2Fcompany-news%2Fpress-releases%2Fepic-records%2F2011%2Fepic-records-set-to-release-immortal-the-new-album.html%3Ficid%3Dpr-newswire-feed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/video/choreographer-michael-jackson-sexually-abused-me-30450243877">"Choreographer: Michael Jackson 'sexually abused me<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">Today</a></i>. May 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Choreographer%3A+Michael+Jackson+%27sexually+abused+me%27&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fvideo%2Fchoreographer-michael-jackson-sexually-abused-me-30450243877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Broder, John M. (May 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/06/us/2-witnesses-say-they-shared-jacksons-bed-and-were-never-molested.html">"2 Witnesses Say They Shared Jackson's Bed and Were Never Molested"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Witnesses+Say+They+Shared+Jackson%27s+Bed+and+Were+Never+Molested&rft.date=2005-05-06&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F06%2Fus%2F2-witnesses-say-they-shared-jacksons-bed-and-were-never-molested.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Blake, Emily (May 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/1706987/michael-jackson-wade-robson-molestation-claim/">"Michael Jackson Estate Calls Wade Robson's Molestation Claims 'Pathetic<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. MTV News. Viacom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Estate+Calls+Wade+Robson%27s+Molestation+Claims+%27Pathetic%27&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F1706987%2Fmichael-jackson-wade-robson-molestation-claim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Herron, Martin (June 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scarborougheveningnews.co.uk/news/39Michael-Jackson-saved-my-life39.5407768.jp">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Michael Jackson saved my life<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarborough_News" title="The Scarborough News">Scarborough Evening News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scarborough+Evening+News&rft.atitle=%27Michael+Jackson+saved+my+life%27&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.aulast=Herron&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scarborougheveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2F39Michael-Jackson-saved-my-life39.5407768.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contactmusic.com/james-brown/news/jackson-attends-browns-public-funeral_1017673">"Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contactmusic.com" title="Contactmusic.com">Contactmusic.com</a>. January 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+Attends+Brown%27s+Public+Funeral&rft.pub=Contactmusic.com&rft.date=2007-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contactmusic.com%2Fjames-brown%2Fnews%2Fjackson-attends-browns-public-funeral_1017673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 64.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Simon, Mallory (July 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/03/michael.jackson.diana.ross/index.html?iref=nextin">"Jackson shared bond with 'very dear friend Diana Ross<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a> (Press release). CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+shared+bond+with+%27very+dear+friend+Diana+Ross%27&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Mallory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F07%2F03%2Fmichael.jackson.diana.ross%2Findex.html%3Firef%3Dnextin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, p. 60.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Winters, David (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702033511/http://www.magickpapers.com/blog/?p=400">"David Winters remembers Michael Jackson"</a>. Magick Papers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magickpapers.com/blog/?p=400">the original</a> on July 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Winters+remembers+Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=Magick+Papers&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magickpapers.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hernandez, Eugene (June 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627205050/http://www.indiewire.com/article/michael_jackson_on_screen">"Remembering Michael Jackson, On Screen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IndieWire" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiewire.com/article/michael_jackson_on_screen">the original</a> on June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+Michael+Jackson%2C+On+Screen&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2Farticle%2Fmichael_jackson_on_screen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AMOFW-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMOFW_377-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMOFW_377-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/off-the-wall-mw0000190332">"Michael Jackson Off the Wall Overview"</a>. AllMusic. All Media Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Off+the+Wall+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Foff-the-wall-mw0000190332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Help-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Help_378-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Heyliger, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204150926/http://music.consumerhelpweb.com/artists/jackson/thriller.htm">"A State-of-the-Art Pop Album: Thriller by Michael"</a>. Consumerhelpweb.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.consumerhelpweb.com/artists/jackson/thriller.htm">the original</a> on December 4, 2008. <q>Not many artists could pull off such a variety of styles (funk, post-disco, rock, easy listening, ballads)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+State-of-the-Art+Pop+Album%3A+Thriller+by+Michael&rft.pub=Consumerhelpweb.com&rft.aulast=Heyliger&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.consumerhelpweb.com%2Fartists%2Fjackson%2Fthriller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L70DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58">"Michael Jackson Turns 30!"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. Vol. 74 no. 35. August 29, 1988. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Turns+30%21&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1988-08-29&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL70DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(writer)" title="Robert Palmer (writer)">Palmer, Robert</a> (1995). <i>Rock & Roll: An Unruly History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Books" title="Harmony Books">Harmony Books</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70050-1">978-0-517-70050-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+%26+Roll%3A+An+Unruly+History&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-517-70050-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraborrelli, 2009, pp. 209210.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Jones, Lucy (April 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/the-incredible-way-michael-jackson-wrote-music/">"The Incredible Way Michael Jackson Wrote Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+Way+Michael+Jackson+Wrote+Music&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fblogs%2Fnme-blogs%2Fthe-incredible-way-michael-jackson-wrote-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AMThriller-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMThriller_383-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMThriller_383-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/thriller-mw0000056882">"Michael Jackson Thriller Overview"</a>. AllMusic. All Media Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Thriller+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fthriller-mw0000056882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Henderson, Eric (October 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/michael-jackson-thriller">"Michael Jackson Thriller"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slant_Magazine" title="Slant Magazine">Slant Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slant+Magazine&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Thriller&rft.date=2003-10-18&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slantmagazine.com%2Fmusic%2Freview%2Fmichael-jackson-thriller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Thriller-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thriller_385-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thriller_385-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thriller_385-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thriller_385-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Connelly, Christopher (January 28, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/thriller-19830128">"Michael Jackson: Thriller"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Thriller&rft.date=1983-01-28&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Fthriller-19830128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-G24-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G24_386-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G24_386-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, p. 24.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204230345/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5044242000">"Dangerous (Remastered)"</a>. Sony BMG. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5044242000">the original</a> on December 4, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dangerous+%28Remastered%29&rft.pub=Sony+BMG&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonybmg.com.au%2Fcd%2FreleaseDetails.do%3FcatalogueNo%3D5044242000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDnUQkn28lUC"><i>Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings</i></a>. Allyn and Bacon. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-31745-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-31745-6">0-205-31745-6</a>. <q>'Black or White', described by the record company as 'a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+arguments%3A+a+rhetoric+with+readings&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-205-31745-6&rft.aulast=Ramage&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Bean%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDnUQkn28lUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pareles, Jon (September 3, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/03/arts/critic-s-notebook-how-good-is-jackson-s-bad.html">"Critic's Notebook; How Good Is Jackson's 'Bad'?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Critic%27s+Notebook%3B+How+Good+Is+Jackson%27s+%27Bad%27%3F&rft.date=1987-09-03&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F03%2Farts%2Fcritic-s-notebook-how-good-is-jackson-s-bad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Dangerous-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dangerous_390-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dangerous_390-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/dangerous-mw0000674875">"Michael Jackson Dangerous Overview"</a>. AllMusic. All Media Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Dangerous+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fdangerous-mw0000674875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NYT_Dangerous-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_391-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pareles, Jon (November 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/24/arts/recordings-view-michael-jackson-in-the-electronic-wilderness.html">"RECORDINGS VIEW; Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RECORDINGS+VIEW%3B+Michael+Jackson+in+the+Electronic+Wilderness&rft.date=1991-11-24&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F24%2Farts%2Frecordings-view-michael-jackson-in-the-electronic-wilderness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Harrington, Richard (November 24, 1991). "Jackson's 'Dangerous' Departures; Stylistic Shifts Mar His First Album in 4 Years". <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jackson%27s+%27Dangerous%27+Departures%3B+Stylistic+Shifts+Mar+His+First+Album+in+4+Years&rft.date=1991-11-24&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-AMHIStory-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMHIStory_393-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMHIStory_393-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/history-past-present-and-future-book-i-mw0000123992">"Michael Jackson HIStory Overview"</a>. AllMusic. All Media Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+HIStory+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fhistory-past-present-and-future-book-i-mw0000123992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RSHIStory-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSHIStory_394-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSHIStory_394-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Hunter, James (August 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/history-past-present-future-book-i-19950810">"Michael Jackson: HIStory: Past, Present, Future, Book I"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+HIStory%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future%2C+Book+I&rft.date=1995-08-10&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Fhistory-past-present-future-book-i-19950810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627020903/http://www.ndaa.org/ndaa/profile/tom_sneddon_jan_feb_2003.html">"Thomas W. (Tom) Sneddon Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act" title="National Defense Authorization Act">National Defense Authorization Act</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndaa.org/ndaa/profile/tom_sneddon_jan_feb_2003.html">the original</a> on June 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+W.+%28Tom%29+Sneddon+Jr.&rft.pub=National+Defense+Authorization+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndaa.org%2Fndaa%2Fprofile%2Ftom_sneddon_jan_feb_2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/invincible-mw0000011263">"Michael Jackson Invincible Overview"</a>. AllMusic. All Media Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+%E2%80%93+Invincible+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic.+All+Media+Network&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Finvincible-mw0000011263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Beaumont, Mark (November 30, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nme.com/reviews/michael-jackson/5780">"Michael Jackson: Invincible"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Invincible&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Freviews%2Fmichael-jackson%2F5780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide" title="The Rolling Stone Album Guide">The Rolling Stone Album Guide</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Books">Fireside</a>. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8">0-7432-0169-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+Album+Guide&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-0169-8&rft.aulast=Brackett&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Hoard%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, Geoff. <i>The Complete Guide to the Music of Michael Jackson & The Jackson Family</i>. <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+the+Music+of+Michael+Jackson+%26+The+Jackson+Family&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holden" title="Stephen Holden">Holden, Stephen</a> (November 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/off-the-wall-19791101">"Michael Jackson: Off The Wall"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Off+The+Wall&rft.date=1979-11-01&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Foff-the-wall-19791101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lewarne, Rory (July 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music-news.com/ShowReview.asp?nReviewID=363&nType=4">"Pink Grease"</a>. Music News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pink+Grease&rft.pub=Music+News&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft.aulast=Lewarne&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music-news.com%2FShowReview.asp%3FnReviewID%3D363%26nType%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Hunter, James (December 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/invincible-20011206">"Michael Jackson: Invincible"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Invincible&rft.date=2001-12-06&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Finvincible-20011206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, 2012, p. 9.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Neil_McCormick" title="Neil McCormick">McCormick, Neil</a> (June 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/neilmccormick/100000966/michael-jackson-bruce-springsteen-bono-great-singing-is-about-more-than-the-notes/">"Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen & Bono"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%2C+Bruce+Springsteen+%26+Bono&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fneilmccormick%2F100000966%2Fmichael-jackson-bruce-springsteen-bono-great-singing-is-about-more-than-the-notes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cheryn, Carl. <i>XXL: Michael Jackson Special Collecters Edition</i>. American Press. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=XXL%3A+Michael+Jackson+Special+Collecters+Edition&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=American+Press&rft.aulast=Cheryn&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Michael Jackson, "Billie Jean," directed by Steve Barron, produced by Simon Fields & Paul Flattery,". <i><a href="/wiki/Blender_(magazine)" title="Blender (magazine)">Blender</a></i>. October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%2C+%22Billie+Jean%2C%22+directed+by+Steve+Barron%2C+produced+by+Simon+Fields+%26+Paul+Flattery%2C&rft.date=2005-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Video-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Video_407-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Video_407-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gundersen, Edna (August 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-08-25-mtv_x.htm">"Music videos changing places"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Music+videos+changing+places&rft.date=2005-08-25&rft.aulast=Gundersen&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Ftelevision%2Fnews%2F2005-08-25-mtv_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-152869241.html">"Why it took MTV so long to play black music videos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i>. October 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+it+took+MTV+so+long+to+play+black+music+videos&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-152869241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Robinson, Bryan (February 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/LegalCenter/story?id=464753&page=1">"Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted?"</a>. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Michael+Jackson%27s+Fans+So+Devoted%3F&rft.date=2005-02-23&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2FLegalCenter%2Fstory%3Fid%3D464753%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Inglis, Ian (2006). <i>Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 119, 127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4057-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4057-8">978-0-7546-4057-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+and+Popular+Music%3A+History%2C+Place+and+Time&rft.pages=119%2C+127&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4057-8&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Michael. <i>Thriller Special Edition</i> Audio.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6917318.stm">"Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller"</a>. BBC News Online. July 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Philippine+jailhouse+rocks+to+Thriller&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6917318.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corliss" title="Richard Corliss">Corliss, Richard</a> (September 6, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979177,00.html">"Michael Jackson: Who's Bad?"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+Who%27s+Bad%3F&rft.date=1993-09-06&rft.aulast=Corliss&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C979177%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5255452">US Michael J. Jackson, Michael L. Bush, Dennis Tompkins: "Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion", filed June 29, 1992, issued October 26, 1993 5255452</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5255452&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993, p. 273.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Jackson <i>Dangerous</i> on Film VHS/DVD</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993, p. 303.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1993, pp. 3134.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boepple, Leanne (November 1, 1995). <i>Scream: Space Odyssey, Jackson-Style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video)</i>. <b>29</b>. Theatre Crafts International. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-9497">1063-9497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scream%3A+Space+Odyssey%2C+Jackson-Style.%28video+production%3B+Michael+and+Janet+Jackson+video%29&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Theatre+Crafts+International&rft.date=1995-11-01&rft.issn=1063-9497&rft.aulast=Boepple&rft.aufirst=Leanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bark, Ed (June 26, 1995). "Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers". <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i>. p. 06E.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+Interview+Raises+Questions%2C+Answers&rft.pages=06E&rft.date=1995-06-26&rft.aulast=Bark&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Guinness World Records (2005). <i>Guinness World Records 2006</i>. Guinness. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-904994-02-4">1-904994-02-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2006&rft.pub=Guinness&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-904994-02-4&rft.au=Guinness+World+Records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Jackson <i>HIStory</i> on Film volume II VHS/DVD</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Jones, 2005, pp. 1256.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Guinness World Records (2003). <i>Guinness World Records 2004</i>. Guinness. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892051-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-892051-20-6">1-892051-20-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2004&rft.pub=Guinness&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-892051-20-6&rft.au=Guinness+World+Records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Montgomery, James (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614795/20090626/jackson_michael.jhtml">"Michael Jackson's Video Co-Stars: From Eddie Murphy to Marlon Brando"</a>. MTV News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Video+Co-Stars%3A+From+Eddie+Murphy+to+Marlon+Brando&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1614795%2F20090626%2Fjackson_michael.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L70DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58">"NAACP Image Award Spotlight Black' Achievements"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. Vol. 101 no. 13. March 18, 2002. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Image+Award+Spotlight+Black%27+Achievements&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2002-03-18&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL70DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Smith, Danyel (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/26/smith.jackson.appreciation/">"Commentary: Michael Jackson, the greatest star"</a> (Press release). CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentary%3A+Michael+Jackson%2C+the+greatest+star&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Danyel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F06%2F26%2Fsmith.jackson.appreciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bet.com/topics/m/michael-jackson.html">"Michael Jackson"</a>. Search.bet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson&rft.pub=Search.bet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bet.com%2Ftopics%2Fm%2Fmichael-jackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Utley" title="Tom Utley">Utley, Tom</a> (February 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3587259/Of-course-Jackson%27s-odd---but-his-genius-is-what-matters.html">"Of course Jackson's oddbut his genius is what matters"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Of+course+Jackson%27s+odd%E2%80%94but+his+genius+is+what+matters&rft.date=2003-02-07&rft.aulast=Utley&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2F3587259%2FOf-course-Jackson%2527s-odd---but-his-genius-is-what-matters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Monroe, Bryan (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94">"Michael Jackson in His Own Words"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+in+His+Own+Words&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdMDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Bartolomeo, Joey; Tan, Michelle; Tresniowski, Alex (July 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20292614,00.html">"Farewell to a King"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farewell+to+a+King&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Bartolomeo&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft.au=Tan%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Tresniowski%2C+Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20292614%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contactmusic.com/news/gordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973">"Gordy Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute"</a>. July 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordy+Brings+Mourners+To+Their+Feet+With+Jackson+Tribute&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contactmusic.com%2Fnews%2Fgordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Tourtellotte, Bob (July 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/07/08/us-jackson-idUKTRE5615KN20090708">"Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer, best dad"</a> (Press release). Reuters UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+hailed+as+greatest+entertainer%2C+best+dad&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft.aulast=Tourtellotte&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F08%2Fus-jackson-idUKTRE5615KN20090708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rosen, Jill (June 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-06-28/news/0906260178_1_michael-jackson-jackson-changed-jackson-five">"7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=7+Ways+Michael+Jackson+Changed+The+World&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.baltimoresun.com%2F2009-06-28%2Fnews%2F0906260178_1_michael-jackson-jackson-changed-jackson-five&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-435"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishcouncil.org/80moments/?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C5655166218">"80 moments that shaped the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=80+moments+that+shaped+the+world&rft.pub=British+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2F80moments%2F%3F_e_pi_%3D7%252CPAGE_ID10%252C5655166218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-436"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leach, Ben (July 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5784734/Moon-crater-named-after-Michael-Jackson.html">"Moon crater named after Michael Jackson"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Moon+crater+named+after+Michael+Jackson&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fmichael-jackson%2F5784734%2FMoon-crater-named-after-Michael-Jackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chivers, Tom (September 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/6239929/Googles-Doodles-10-of-the-best-including-UFOs-and-Googlle.html">"Google's Doodles: 10 of the best including UFOs and Googlle"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Google%27s+Doodles%3A+10+of+the+best+including+UFOs+and+Googlle&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fgoogle%2F6239929%2FGoogles-Doodles-10-of-the-best-including-UFOs-and-Googlle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Chandler-438"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_438-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chandler, Cory (May 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature">"Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Librarians+Prove+Michael+Jackson+Was+a+Rock+Star+in+Academic+Literature&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.ttu.edu%2F2010%2F05%2Flibrarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-439"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidalgo & Weiner 2010, pp. 1428.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-440"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidalgo & Weiner 2010, p. 25.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-441"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2002/11/22/michaeljackson/">"Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hello_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello (magazine)">Hello!</a></i>. November 22, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+and+Halle+Berry+Pick+Up+Bambi+Awards+in+Berlin&rft.date=2002-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellomagazine.com%2Fcelebrities%2F2002%2F11%2F22%2Fmichaeljackson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-442"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Keiser, Tom (August 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Photos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php">"Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News-Times" title="The News-Times">The News-Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News-Times&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+Michael+Jackson+induction+ceremony&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.aulast=Keiser&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FPhotos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yarborough, Chuck (August 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/08/rb_hall_of_fame_sets_big_weeke.html">"R&B Music Hall of Fame sets big weekend to induct sophomore class featuring Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Marvin Gaye, Norm N. Nite and more"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=R%26B+Music+Hall+of+Fame+sets+big+weekend+to+induct+sophomore+class+featuring+Michael+Jackson%2C+Whitney+Houston%2C+Marvin+Gaye%2C+Norm+N.+Nite+and+more&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.aulast=Yarborough&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fentertainment%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F08%2Frb_hall_of_fame_sets_big_weeke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-444"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Collett-White, Mike (March 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52A44W20090311">"Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout"</a> (Press release). Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+to+add+concerts+after+sellout&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft.aulast=Collett-White&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE52A44W20090311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-445"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/legends">"GRAMMY Legend Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences">National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRAMMY+Legend+Award&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Recording+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.org%2Frecording-academy%2Fawards%2Flegends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-446"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards">"Lifetime Achievement Award"</a>. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifetime+Achievement+Award&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Recording+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.org%2Frecording-academy%2Fawards%2Flifetime-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-447"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2004, pp. 3752.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-448"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044523/hot-100-anniversary-most-no-1s-by-artist">"Hot 100 Anniversary: Most No. 1s By Artist"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. August 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+100+Anniversary%3A+Most+No.+1s+By+Artist&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F1044523%2Fhot-100-anniversary-most-no-1s-by-artist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">Wilkinson, Peter (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson.world/index.html">"Jackson was star the world could not ignore"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+was+star+the+world+could+not+ignore&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F06%2F25%2Fmichael.jackson.world%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-450"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hinckley, David (June 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/daily-news-covered-michael-jackson-tragic-death-article-1.1842401">"Michael Jackson remembered 5 years later: How the Daily News covered the tragic story of icon's death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+remembered+5+years+later%3A+How+the+Daily+News+covered+the+tragic+story+of+icon%27s+death&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft.aulast=Hinckley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic-arts%2Fdaily-news-covered-michael-jackson-tragic-death-article-1.1842401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-451"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Serjeant, Jill (December 29, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments". ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Death+Among+2009%27s+Major+Moments&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft.aulast=Serjeant&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-452"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010025538/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/985184">"Michael Jackson United Negro College Fund"</a>. Michaeljackson.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/985184">the original</a> on October 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+United+Negro+College+Fund&rft.pub=Michaeljackson.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaeljackson.com%2Fus%2Fnode%2F985184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-453"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Viegas, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/human/pop-star-michael-jackson-influenced-academics-received-phd.htm">"Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics, Received PhD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pop+Star+Michael+Jackson+Influenced+Academics%2C+Received+PhD&rft.aulast=Viegas&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fhuman%2Fpop-star-michael-jackson-influenced-academics-received-phd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-454"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Stress-killed-MJ-says-ex-publicist/articleshow/4709371.cms?referral=PM">"Stress killed MJ, says ex-publicist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. June 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Stress+killed+MJ%2C+says+ex-publicist&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhollywood%2Fnews-interviews%2FStress-killed-MJ-says-ex-publicist%2Farticleshow%2F4709371.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-455"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Brien, Timothy L (May 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/business/yourmoney/14michael.html">"What Happened to the Fortune Michael Jackson Made?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Happened+to+the+Fortune+Michael+Jackson+Made%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2006-05-14&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Fyourmoney%2F14michael.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Deutsch, Linda (May 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20050504/news_1n4jackson.html">"Forensic accountant tells court Jackson is in financial straits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Union-Tribune">San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Forensic+accountant+tells+court+Jackson+is+in+financial+straits&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Funiontrib%2F20050504%2Fnews_1n4jackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-462"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Rose, Lacey; Pomerantz, Dorothy (October 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/21/michael-jackson-elvis-presley-tolkien-business-entertainment-dead-celebs-10-intro.html">"Top-Earning Dead Celebrities"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top-Earning+Dead+Celebrities&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Lacey&rft.au=Pomerantz%2C+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F21%2Fmichael-jackson-elvis-presley-tolkien-business-entertainment-dead-celebs-10-intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-463"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Pomerantz, Dorothy (October 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2011/10/25/the-top-earning-dead-celebrities/#80b64746e9aa">"The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top-Earning+Dead+Celebrities&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Pomerantz&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdorothypomerantz%2F2011%2F10%2F25%2Fthe-top-earning-dead-celebrities%2F%2380b64746e9aa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-464"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (October 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2012/10/31/the-top-earning-dead-musicians-of-2012/">"The Top-Earning Dead Musicians of 2012"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top-Earning+Dead+Musicians+of+2012&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Zack+O%27Malley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzackomalleygreenburg%2F2012%2F10%2F31%2Fthe-top-earning-dead-musicians-of-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-465"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Pomerantz, Dorothy (October 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2013/10/23/michael-jackson-leads-our-list-of-the-top-earning-dead-celebrities/#227d36782341">"Michael Jackson Leads Our List Of The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Leads+Our+List+Of+The+Top-Earning+Dead+Celebrities&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.aulast=Pomerantz&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdorothypomerantz%2F2013%2F10%2F23%2Fmichael-jackson-leads-our-list-of-the-top-earning-dead-celebrities%2F%23227d36782341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-466"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Pomerantz, Dorothy (October 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2014/10/15/michael-jackson-tops-forbes-list-of-top-earning-dead-celebrities/#4a9881f167b0">"Michael Jackson Tops Forbes' List Of Top-Earning Dead Celebrities With $140 Million Haul"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+Tops+Forbes%27+List+Of+Top-Earning+Dead+Celebrities+With+%24140+Million+Haul&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Pomerantz&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdorothypomerantz%2F2014%2F10%2F15%2Fmichael-jackson-tops-forbes-list-of-top-earning-dead-celebrities%2F%234a9881f167b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-467"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (October 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/10/27/the-13-top-earning-dead-celebrities-of-2015/">"The 13 Top-Earning Dead Celebrities Of 2015"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+13+Top-Earning+Dead+Celebrities+Of+2015&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Zack+O%27Malley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzackomalleygreenburg%2F2015%2F10%2F27%2Fthe-13-top-earning-dead-celebrities-of-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+</ol>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h3>
+<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Lisa D (1993). <i>Michael Jackson: The King of Pop</i>. Branden. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8283-1957-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8283-1957-X">0-8283-1957-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+King+of+Pop&rft.pub=Branden&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8283-1957-X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lisa+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Lisa D (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1"><i>Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour</i></a>. Branden. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8283-2003-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8283-2003-9">0-8283-2003-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+King+of+Pop%27s+Darkest+Hour&rft.pub=Branden&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8283-2003-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lisa+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVC9zltjf-EC%26lpg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">DeMello, Margo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39B8fpdg_NwC&pg=PA152"><i>Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-618-8">978-1-59884-618-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+Around+the+World%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Human+Face&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-618-8&rft.aulast=DeMello&rft.aufirst=Margo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39B8fpdg_NwC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation AV-media-notes"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">George, Nelson</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Ultimate_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection">Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection</a></i> (booklet). <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+Ultimate+Collection&rft.pub=Sony+BMG&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Hidalgo, Susan; Weiner, Robert G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602050831/http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf">"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Pan African Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (7). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on June 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pan+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Wanna+Be+Startin%27+Somethin%27%3A+MJ+in+the+Scholarly+Literature%3A+A+Selected+Bibliographic+Guide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hidalgo&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpanafrican.com%2Fdocs%2Fvol3no7%2F3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71698-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71698-9">978-0-307-71698-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moonwalk&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-71698-9&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Lewis Jones, Jel D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuEPnk7irOMC"><i>Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture: the Music! the Man! the Legend! the Interviews: an Anthology</i></a>. Amber Books Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9749779-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9749779-0-4">978-0-9749779-0-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%2C+the+King+of+Pop%3A+The+Big+Picture%3A+the+Music%21+the+Man%21+the+Legend%21+the+Interviews%3A+an+Anthology&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9749779-0-4&rft.aulast=Lewis+Jones&rft.aufirst=Jel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLuEPnk7irOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Parameswaran, Radhika (2011). "E-Race-ing Color: Gender and Transnational Visual Economies of Beauty in India". In Sarma Hegde, Radha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXaPIHee5GkC&pg=PA75"><i>Circuits of Visibility: Gender and Transnational Media Cultures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9060-1">978-0-8147-9060-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=E-Race-ing+Color%3A+Gender+and+Transnational+Visual+Economies+of+Beauty+in+India&rft.btitle=Circuits+of+Visibility%3A+Gender+and+Transnational+Media+Cultures&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9060-1&rft.aulast=Parameswaran&rft.aufirst=Radhika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXaPIHee5GkC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/J._Randy_Taraborrelli" title="J. Randy Taraborrelli">Taraborrelli, J. Randy</a> (2009). <i>Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 19582009</i>. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-56474-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-56474-5">0-446-56474-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%3A+The+Magic%2C+The+Madness%2C+The+Whole+Story%2C+1958%E2%80%932009&rft.place=Terra+Alta%2C+WV&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing%2C+2009&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-446-56474-5&rft.aulast=Taraborrelli&rft.aufirst=J.+Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vogel" title="Joseph Vogel">Vogel, Joseph</a> (2012). <i>Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40277-938-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40277-938-1">978-1-40277-938-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+in+the+Music%3A+The+Creative+Life+and+Work+of+Michael+Jackson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-40277-938-1&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><cite class="citation journal">Young, Julie (Fall 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/magazines/michaeljackson">"A Hoosier Thriller: Gary, Indiana's Michael Jackson"</a>. <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. <b>21</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=A+Hoosier+Thriller%3A+Gary%2C+Indiana%27s+Michael+Jackson&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianahistory.org%2Four-services%2Fbooks-publications%2Fmagazines%2Fmichaeljackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Jackson" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
+<div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<b style="display:block;">Michael Jackson</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
+<ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;">
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Michael Jackson">Media</a> from Commons</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Jackson" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Michael Jackson">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Jackson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Michael Jackson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li>
+<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2831" class="extiw" title="d:Q2831">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaeljackson.com">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/298845">Michael Jackson</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopdia Britannica">Encyclopdia Britannica</a></i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmoztools.net/Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/J/Jackson%2C_Michael">Michael Jackson</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>'s website</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=38746353">Michael Jackson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001391/">Michael Jackson</a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch27618/">Michael Jackson (Character)</a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Michael_Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;">
+<div id="Articles_related_to_Michael_Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Michael Jackson</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f0e68c;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Jackson" title="Template:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_Jackson" title="Template talk:Michael Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michael_Jackson&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #f0e68c;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Michael_Jackson" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Jackson</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_albums_discography" title="Michael Jackson albums discography">Albums</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_singles_discography" title="Michael Jackson singles discography">Singles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_videography" title="Michael Jackson videography">Videography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unreleased_songs_recorded_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson">Unreleased songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Michael_Jackson" title="List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson">Awards</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Records_and_achievements_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Records and achievements of Michael Jackson">Records and achievements</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_There" title="Got to Be There">Got to Be There</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Ben (Michael Jackson album)">Ben</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Me" title="Music & Me">Music & Me</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Forever,_Michael" title="Forever, Michael">Forever, Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Invincible (Michael Jackson album)">Invincible</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Posthumous albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(album)" title="Michael (album)">Michael</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xscape_(album)" title="Xscape (album)">Xscape</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Soundtracks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(soundtrack)" title="The Wiz (soundtrack)">The Wiz</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(album)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It_(album)" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortal_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Immortal (Michael Jackson album)">Immortal</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Remix albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Soul_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Original Soul of Michael Jackson">The Original Soul of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix" title="Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix">Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stripped_Mixes" title="The Stripped Mixes">The Stripped Mixes</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remix_Suite" title="The Remix Suite">The Remix Suite</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="The Best of Michael Jackson">The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_Your_Life_(album)" title="One Day in Your Life (album)">One Day in Your Life</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Jackson_Mix" title="The Michael Jackson Mix">The Michael Jackson Mix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Masters_%E2%80%93_The_Millennium_Collection:_The_Best_of_Michael_Jackson" title="20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson">20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory:_Past,_Present_and_Future,_Book_I" title="HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I">Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Michael_Jackson" title="The Essential Michael Jackson">The Essential Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Pop_(album)" title="King of Pop (album)">King of Pop</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Definitive_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Definitive Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Definitive Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon (Michael Jackson album)">Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Scream (Michael Jackson album)">Scream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Box sets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Anthology (Michael Jackson album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Ultimate Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Visionary:_The_Video_Singles" title="Visionary: The Video Singles">Visionary: The Video Singles</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25:_Limited_Japanese_Single_Collection" title="Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection">Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/50_Best_Songs_%E2%80%93_The_Motown_Years:_Michael_Jackson_%26_The_Jackson_5" title="50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5">50 Best Songs The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="The Collection (Michael Jackson album)">The Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello_World:_The_Motown_Solo_Collection" title="Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection">Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i>The Indispensable Collection</i></li>
+<li><i>The Ultimate Fan Extras Collection</i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Summer_Love" title="Farewell My Summer Love">Farewell My Summer Love</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_to_Yesterday" title="Looking Back to Yesterday">Looking Back to Yesterday</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25" title="Thriller 25">Thriller 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25" title="Bad 25">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bad_(tour)" title="Bad (tour)">Bad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour" title="Dangerous World Tour">Dangerous World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HIStory_World_Tour" title="HIStory World Tour">HIStory World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_It_(concerts)" title="This Is It (concerts)">This Is It</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Filmography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Michael Jackson's Thriller</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Ghosts" title="Michael Jackson's Ghosts">Michael Jackson's Ghosts</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Cast_Away_and_the_Island_Girls" title="Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls">Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It" title="Michael Jackson's This Is It">Michael Jackson's This Is It</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Life_of_an_Icon" title="Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon">Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_25_(film)" title="Bad 25 (film)">Bad 25</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Last_Photo_Shoot" title="Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot">Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Journey_from_Motown_to_Off_the_Wall" title="Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall">Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Video albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous:_The_Short_Films" title="Dangerous: The Short Films">Dangerous: The Short Films</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_HIStory" title="Video Greatest Hits HIStory">Video Greatest Hits HIStory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/HIStory_on_Film,_Volume_II" title="HIStory on Film, Volume II">HIStory on Film, Volume II</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_Ones_(video)" title="Number Ones (video)">Number Ones</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_(video)" title="The One (video)">The One</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_in_Bucharest:_The_Dangerous_Tour" title="Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour">Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Vision" title="Michael Jackson's Vision">Michael Jackson's Vision</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_July_16,_1988" title="Live at Wembley July 16, 1988">Live at Wembley July 16, 1988</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror:_The_Michael_Jackson_Story" title="Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story">Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Move_Like_Michael_Jackson" title="Move Like Michael Jackson">Move Like Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/Stark_Raving_Dad" title="Stark Raving Dad">Stark Raving Dad</a>" <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Video games</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Moonwalker" title="Michael Jackson's Moonwalker">Michael Jackson's Moonwalker</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3" title="Sonic the Hedgehog 3">Sonic the Hedgehog 3</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5" title="Space Channel 5">Space Channel 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ready_2_Rumble_Boxing:_Round_2" title="Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2">Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Channel_5:_Part_2" title="Space Channel 5: Part 2">Space Channel 5: Part 2</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Experience" title="Michael Jackson: The Experience">Michael Jackson: The Experience</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Michael" title="Planet Michael">Planet Michael</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Bibliography</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_the_Dream" title="Dancing the Dream">Dancing the Dream</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/MJ_%26_Friends" title="MJ & Friends">MJ & Friends</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Celebration" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_We_Stand:_What_More_Can_I_Give" title="United We Stand: What More Can I Give">United We Stand: What More Can I Give</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_Live_at_the_Apollo_2002" title="Michael Jackson: Live at the Apollo 2002">Live at the Apollo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Assets</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neverland_Ranch" title="Neverland Ranch">Neverland Ranch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Songs" title="Northern Songs">Northern Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> <small>(formerly)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Influence on society</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Heal_the_World_Foundation" title="Heal the World Foundation">Heal the World Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_the_World" title="Thrill the World">Thrill the World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(viral_video)" title="Thriller (viral video)"><i>Thriller</i> viral video</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_%E2%80%93_Live" title="Thriller Live">Thriller Live</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour" title="Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour">Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One" title="Michael Jackson: One">Michael Jackson: One</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_appearance_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Health and appearance of Michael Jackson">Health and appearance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Personal relationships of Michael Jackson">Personal relationships</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Death of Michael Jackson">Death</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California_v._Murray" title="California v. Murray">Trial of personal physician</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">Memorial service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs" title="List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs">Cover versions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_jacket" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller jacket">Thriller jacket</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_HIStory_statue" title="Michael Jackson HIStory statue">HIStory statue</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson-related_games" title="Michael Jackson-related games">Michael Jackson-related games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesoparapylocheles" title="Mesoparapylocheles">Mesoparapylocheles</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)" title="Bubbles (chimpanzee)">Bubbles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award" title="Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award">Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World_(album)" title="We Are the World (album)">We Are the World</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Is_the_Magic:_Anthem_for_the_Las_Vegas_Show" title="Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show">Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye:_The_Music_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson">Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Forever" title="Queen Forever">Queen Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forever_%E2%80%93_The_Tribute_Concert" title="Michael Forever The Tribute Concert">Michael Forever The Tribute Concert</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Relatives</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Esther Scruse</a> <small>(mother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph Walter Jackson</a> <small>(father)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Maureen Reillette Brown</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Sigmund Esco Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Toriano Adaryll Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine La Juane Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya Yvonne Jackson</a> <small>(elder sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon David Jackson</a> <small>(elder brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Steven Randall Jackson</a> <small>(younger brother)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Damita Jo Jackson</a> <small>(younger sister)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Brown" title="Austin Brown">Nathaniel Austin Brown</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jackson_(singer)" title="T. J. Jackson (singer)">Tito Joe Jackson</a> <small>(nephew)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Deborah Jeanne Rowe</a> <small>(ex-wife)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Michael_Jackson" title="Book:Michael Jackson">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michael_Jackson" title="Portal:Michael Jackson">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jackson_5" title="Template:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jackson_5" title="Template talk:The Jackson 5"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Jackson_5&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Jackson_5.2FThe_Jacksons" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Jackie Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Tito Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Randy Jackson</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Studio albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jackson 5</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Presents_The_Jackson_5" title="Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5">Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 album)">ABC</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Album" title="Third Album">Third Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5_Christmas_Album" title="Jackson 5 Christmas Album">Jackson 5 Christmas Album</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album)">Maybe Tomorrow</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lookin%27_Through_the_Windows" title="Lookin' Through the Windows">Lookin' Through the Windows</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Skywriter" title="Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine_(album)" title="Dancing Machine (album)">Dancing Machine</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Violation" title="Moving Violation">Moving Violation</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">The Jacksons</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(album)" title="The Jacksons (album)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Places_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)">Goin' Places</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Destiny (The Jacksons album)">Destiny</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Triumph (The Jacksons album)">Triumph</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_(The_Jacksons_album)" title="Victory (The Jacksons album)">Victory</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2300_Jackson_Street" title="2300 Jackson Street">2300 Jackson Street</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Live albums</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_in_Japan" title="The Jackson 5 in Japan">The Jackson 5 in Japan</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_Live!" title="The Jacksons Live!">The Jacksons Live!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Forum_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album)">Live at the Forum</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Compilations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Greatest Hits (The Jackson 5 album)">Greatest Hits</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(The_Jackson_5_album)" title="Anthology (The Jackson 5 album)">Anthology</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Joyful_Jukebox_Music" title="Joyful Jukebox Music">Joyful Jukebox Music</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(Jackson_5_Album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie (Jackson 5 Album)">Boogie</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Soulsation!" title="Soulsation!">Soulsation!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_5:_The_Ultimate_Collection" title="Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection">Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Jacksons" title="The Essential Jacksons">The Essential Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_The_Jacksons" title="The Very Best of The Jacksons">The Very Best of The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back!_Unreleased_Masters" title="I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters">I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It:_The_Rare_Pearls" title="Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls">Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_tours_by_Michael_Jackson_and_the_Jackson_5" title="List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5">Concert tours</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_First_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 First National Tour">First National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_Second_National_Tour" title="The Jackson 5 Second National Tour">Second National Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_World_Tour" title="Destiny World Tour">Destiny World Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Tour" title="Triumph Tour">Triumph Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Tour_(The_Jacksons_tour)" title="Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)">Victory Tour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Tour" title="Unity Tour">Unity Tour</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5ive_(TV_series)" title="The Jackson 5ive (TV series)">The Jackson 5ive</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(TV_series)" title="The Jacksons (TV series)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream" title="The Jacksons: An American Dream">The Jacksons: An American Dream</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_A_Family_Dynasty" title="The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty">The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Specials</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special">Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related articles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5_discography" title="The Jackson 5 discography">Discography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_The_Jackson_5" title="List of songs recorded by The Jackson 5">Songs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Jackson_5_band_members" title="List of The Jackson 5 band members">Chronology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steeltown_Records" title="Steeltown Records">Steeltown Records</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Jackson_5" title="Book:The Jackson 5">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Jackson_5" title="Category:The Jackson 5">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jackson_family" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jackson_family" title="Template:Jackson family"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jackson_family" title="Template talk:Jackson family"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jackson_family&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #b0c4de;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Jackson_family" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_family" title="Jackson family">Jackson family</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Parents</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)" title="Joe Jackson (manager)">Joseph Walter Jackson</a>: 1928</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jackson" title="Katherine Jackson">Katherine Esther Jackson (ne Scruse)</a>: 1930</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Children</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson" title="Rebbie Jackson">Maureen Reillette (Rebbie)</a>: 1950</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson" title="Jackie Jackson">Sigmund Esco (Jackie)</a>: 1951</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Jackson" title="Tito Jackson">Toriano Adaryll (Tito)</a>: 1953</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine La Jaune</a>: 1954</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson" title="La Toya Jackson">La Toya Yvonne</a>: 1956</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Jackson" title="Marlon Jackson">Marlon David</a>: 1957</li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Joseph</a>: 19582009</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Jackson_(The_Jacksons)" title="Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)">Steven Randall (Randy)</a>: 1961</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Damita Jo</a>: 1966</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Grandchildren</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TJ_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="TJ Jackson">TJ Jackson</a>: 1978</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Brown" title="Austin Brown">Austin Brown</a>: 1985</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Jackson_(actress)" title="Paris Jackson (actress)">Paris Jackson</a>: 1998</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Musical groups</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5/The Jacksons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/3T" title="3T">3T</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Television</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons_(TV_series)" title="The Jacksons (TV series)">The Jacksons</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream" title="The Jacksons: An American Dream">The Jacksons: An American Dream</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_A_Family_Dynasty" title="The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty">The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons:_Next_Generation" title="The Jacksons: Next Generation">The Jacksons: Next Generation</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;">
+<div><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Jackson_Family" title="Portal:The Jackson Family">The Jackson Family portal</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_v._Jackson" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_v._Jackson" title="Template:People v. Jackson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_v._Jackson" title="Template talk:People v. Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:People_v._Jackson&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="People_v._Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Trial of Michael Jackson">People v. Jackson</a></i></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Jackson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Melville" title="Rodney Melville">Rodney Melville</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecution figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Sneddon_Jr." title="Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.">Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witnesses for the prosecution</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Rowe" title="Debbie Rowe">Debbie Rowe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">June Chandler</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brafman" title="Benjamin Brafman">Benjamin Brafman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Geragos" title="Mark Geragos">Mark Geragos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mesereau" title="Thomas Mesereau">Thomas Mesereau</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witnesses for the defense</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Tucker" title="Chris Tucker">Chris Tucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Lopez" title="George Lopez">George Lopez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Robson" title="Wade Robson">Wade Robson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other elements</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson" title="1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson">1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson" title="Living with Michael Jackson">Living with Michael Jackson</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_Class_of_2001" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:2001 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2001_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:2001 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2001_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_Class_of_2001" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees">Class of 2001</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performers</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(musician)" title="Tom Hamilton (musician)">Tom Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joey_Kramer" title="Joey Kramer">Joey Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)" title="Joe Perry (musician)">Joe Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Tyler" title="Steven Tyler">Steven Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Whitford" title="Brad Whitford">Brad Whitford</a>)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Burke" title="Solomon Burke">Solomon Burke</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Flamingos" title="The Flamingos">The Flamingos</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jake_Carey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jake Carey (page does not exist)">Jake Carey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeke_Carey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeke Carey (page does not exist)">Zeke Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Carter_(singer)" title="Johnny Carter (singer)">Johnny Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hunt" title="Tommy Hunt">Tommy Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_%22Buzzy%22_Johnson" title="Terry "Buzzy" Johnson">Terry "Buzzy" Johnson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sollie_McElroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sollie McElroy (page does not exist)">Sollie McElroy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nate_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nate Nelson (page does not exist)">Nate Nelson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wilson_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Wilson (singer) (page does not exist)">Paul Wilson</a>)</li>
+<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Jackson</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/John_Deacon" title="John Deacon">John Deacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)" title="Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)">Roger Taylor</a>)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Steely_Dan" title="Steely Dan">Steely Dan</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Becker" title="Walter Becker">Walter Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Fagen" title="Donald Fagen">Donald Fagen</a>)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-performers<br />
+(Ahmet Ertegun Award)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sidemen</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton" title="James Burton">James Burton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Johnnie Johnson (musician)">Johnnie Johnson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/27092134">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27092134">27092134</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83133203">n83133203</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/000000011023081X">0000 0001 1023 081X</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118711083">118711083</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/211389">211389</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Systme universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027644693">027644693</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12088047p">cb12088047p</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12088047p">(data)</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" class="mw-redirect" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90702688">90702688</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f27ec8db-af05-4f36-916e-3d57f91ecf5e">f27ec8db-af05-4f36-916e-3d57f91ecf5e</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35868345">35868345</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00468849">00468849</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603166&CON_LNG=ENG">jn20000603166</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Espaa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX876501">XX876501</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Technology_in_the_Humanities" title="Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities">IATH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w64467gw">w64467gw</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+ Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson&oldid=808944951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson&oldid=808944951</a>" </div>
+ <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_Jackson" title="Category:Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_births" title="Category:1958 births">1958 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2009_deaths" title="Category:2009 deaths">2009 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_singers" title="Category:20th-century American singers">20th-century American singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_singers" title="Category:21st-century American singers">21st-century American singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accidental_deaths_in_California" title="Category:Accidental deaths in California">Accidental deaths in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_choreographers" title="Category:African-American choreographers">African-American choreographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_choreographers" title="Category:American choreographers">American choreographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_male_dancers" title="Category:African-American male dancers">African-American male dancers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_dancers" title="Category:African-American dancers">African-American dancers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_male_singers" title="Category:African-American male singers">African-American male singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_singers" title="Category:American male singers">American male singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_singers" title="Category:African-American singers">African-American singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_record_producers" title="Category:African-American record producers">African-American record producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_rock_singers" title="Category:African-American rock singers">African-American rock singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_songwriters" title="Category:African-American songwriters">African-American songwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_beatboxers" title="Category:American beatboxers">American beatboxers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_dance_musicians" title="Category:American dance musicians">American dance musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_disco_singers" title="Category:American disco singers">American disco singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Ireland" title="Category:American expatriates in Ireland">American expatriates in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_funk_singers" title="Category:American funk singers">American funk singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_humanitarians" title="Category:American humanitarians">American humanitarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_dancers" title="Category:American male dancers">American male dancers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_pop_singers" title="Category:American male pop singers">American male pop singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_pop_singers" title="Category:American pop singers">American pop singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_manslaughter_victims" title="Category:American manslaughter victims">American manslaughter victims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_multi-instrumentalists" title="Category:American multi-instrumentalists">American multi-instrumentalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_rhythm_and_blues_singers" title="Category:American rhythm and blues singers">American rhythm and blues singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_rock_singers" title="Category:American rock singers">American rock singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_rock_songwriters" title="Category:American rock songwriters">American rock songwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_songwriters" title="Category:American male songwriters">American male songwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_soul_singers" title="Category:American soul singers">American soul singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_tenors" title="Category:American tenors">American tenors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boy_sopranos" title="Category:Boy sopranos">Boy sopranos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brit_Award_winners" title="Category:Brit Award winners">Brit Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_pop_musicians" title="Category:Child pop musicians">Child pop musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dancers_from_California" title="Category:Dancers from California">Dancers from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dancers_from_Indiana" title="Category:Dancers from Indiana">Dancers from Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drug-related_deaths_in_California" title="Category:Drug-related deaths in California">Drug-related deaths in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_Records_artists" title="Category:Epic Records artists">Epic Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammy_Award_winners" title="Category:Grammy Award winners">Grammy Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammy_Legend_Award" title="Category:Grammy Legend Award">Grammy Legend Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_winners" title="Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Gary,_Indiana" title="Category:History of Gary, Indiana">History of Gary, Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson_family_(show_business)" title="Category:Jackson family (show business)">Jackson family (show business)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motown_artists" title="Category:Motown artists">Motown artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Gary,_Indiana" title="Category:Musicians from Gary, Indiana">Musicians from Gary, Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Museum_of_Dance_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="Category:National Museum of Dance Hall of Fame inductees">National Museum of Dance Hall of Fame inductees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_acquitted_of_sex_crimes" title="Category:People acquitted of sex crimes">People acquitted of sex crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Category:People from Santa Barbara County, California">People from Santa Barbara County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_with_lupus" title="Category:People with lupus">People with lupus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_with_Vitiligo" title="Category:People with Vitiligo">People with Vitiligo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-disco_musicians" title="Category:Post-disco musicians">Post-disco musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Record_producers_from_California" title="Category:Record producers from California">Record producers from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Record_producers_from_Indiana" title="Category:Record producers from Indiana">Record producers from Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singers_from_California" title="Category:Singers from California">Singers from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Indiana" 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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ach</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ak"><a href="https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Akan" lang="ak" hreflang="ak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Akan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D_%E1%8C%83%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title=" Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">nglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragons</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Aromanian" lang="roa-rup" hreflang="roa-rup" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avae'</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykl_Cekson" title="Maykl Cekson Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title=" Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Basa Banyumasan" lang="map-bms" hreflang="map-bms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title=" Belarusian (Tarakievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target"> ()</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title=" Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Chavacano" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvismegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BB_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title=" Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emilin e rumagnl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Froyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" title=" Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title=" Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8" title=" Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / Gychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">/Hak-k-ng</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%EC%9E%AD%EC%8A%A8" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaii</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AC_%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title=" Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iupiak</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMichael_Jackson" title="UMichael Jackson Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title=" ' Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title=" Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title=" Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99_%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99" title=" Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikls_D%C5%BEeksons" title="Maikls Deksons Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ltzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingla</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/maikel.djakson" title="maikel.djakson Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(%C3%A9nekes,_1958%E2%80%932009)" title="Michael Jackson (nekes, 19582009) Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title=" Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title=" Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title=" Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title=" Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title=" Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title=" Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mng-dng-ng</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title=" Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Nhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title=" Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title=" Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title=", Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title=" Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title=" Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title=" Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title=" Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9B_%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B" title=" Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(Singer)" title="Michael Jackson (Singer) Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdtsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qrmtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title=", Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sng</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title=" Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">lnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title=" Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title=" Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Tarantino" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">/tatara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title=" Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D2%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetshesthese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trkmene</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuj</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title=" Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%83%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%86" title=" Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Volapk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksoni_Michael" title="Jacksoni Michael Vro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%81%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" title=" Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(zanger)" title="Michael Jackson (zanger) West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a 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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Moonwalk (dance)</h1>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>The <b>moonwalk</b> is a dance move in which the dancer moves backwards while seemingly walking forwards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">popping</a> move, it became popular around the world after <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> performed the dance move during a performance of "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>" on <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i> on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Specials_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Specials-2">[2]</a></sup> It subsequently became his signature move.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thriller25_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thriller25-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Technique">Technique</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moonwalk_(dance)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technique">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>An <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> is involved in creating the appearance of the dancer gliding backwards. Initially, the front foot is held flat on the ground, while the back foot is in a <a href="/wiki/Tiptoe" title="Tiptoe">tiptoe</a> position. The flat front foot remains on the ground but is slid lightly and smoothly backward past the tip-toe back foot. What is now the front foot is lowered flat, while the back foot is raised into the tiptoe position. These steps are repeated over and over creating the illusion that the dancer is being pulled backwards by an unseen force while trying to walk forward. Variations of this move allow moonwalking to appear to glide forward, sideways, or even in a circle.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moonwalk_(dance)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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+<div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:322px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm/322px--Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:322px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="465.942" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Minnie_the_Moocher_(1932).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm.240p.webm#t=00:00:26,00:01:07" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="314552" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm#t=00:00:26,00:01:07" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original WebM file, 322 240 (858 kbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="322" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="857522" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm.160p.webm#t=00:00:26,00:01:07" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="209184" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Minnie the Moocher (1932).webm" style="width:220px;height:164px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm/220px-seek%3D26-Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Minnie_the_Moocher_%281932%29.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div>
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+<a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a> executed steps similar to the moonwalk (sidewalk or toe stand) as early as 1932.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>There are many recorded instances of the moonwalk; similar steps are reported as far back as 1932, used by <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> In 1985, Calloway said that the move was called "The Buzz" when he and others performed it in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-DiLorenzo1985_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiLorenzo1985-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> featured something like the move in their performance of "Under the Bamboo Tree" in <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_In_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Meet Me In St. Louis">Meet Me In St. Louis</a>,</i> though their performance lacks the illusion created by the genuine moonwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1955, it was recorded in a performance by tap dancer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bailey_(dancer)" title="Bill Bailey (dancer)">Bill Bailey</a>. He performs a tap routine, and at the end, backslides into the wings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The French <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Marceau" title="Marcel Marceau">Marcel Marceau</a> used it throughout his career (from the 1940s through the 1980s), as part of the drama of his mime routines. In Marceau's "Walking Against the Wind" routine, he pretends to be pushed backwards by a gust of wind.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a> performed a similar variation of the moonwalk and <a href="/wiki/Camel_Walk#1950s.2F1960s_Variant" title="Camel Walk">camel walk</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">comedy routine</a> called "Mailing A Letter On A Windy Corner".</p>
+<p>In 1958, Mexican dancer-comedian Adalberto Martinez "Resortes" also performed the moonwalk in the film <i>Colegio de Verano</i> (Summer School).</p>
+<p>In a November 1969 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/H.R._Pufnstuf" title="H.R. Pufnstuf">H.R. Pufnstuf</a></i>, Judy the Frog teaches everyone a new dance called "The Moonwalk", which includes two instances of a stationary moonwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>1972 Lucie Arnaz in Here's Lucy Episode 9 of Season 5 "Lucy and Jim Bailey" Lucie does the Moonwalk whilst singing "Fever" with Jim Bailey</p>
+<p>Choreographer <a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> moonwalks in his role as the Snake in the 1974 film "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince_(1974_film)" title="The Little Prince (1974 film)">The Little Prince</a>". <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>It has also a been acknowledged that the professional wrestlers <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayes_(wrestler)" title="Michael Hayes (wrestler)">Michael "Pure Sexy" Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gordy" title="Terry Gordy">Terry Gordy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roberts" title="Buddy Roberts">Buddy Roberts</a> started doing the moonwalk as their trademark ring entrance by 1979 when they formed a wrestling stable known as <a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Freebirds" title="The Fabulous Freebirds">The Fabulous Freebirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birds_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birds-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> used the move<sup id="cite_ref-Inglis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inglis-14">[14]</a></sup> and can be seen performing it in the 1980 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a></i>. In 1981 in the promotional single and music video <i><a href="/wiki/Crosseyed_and_Painless" title="Crosseyed and Painless">Crosseyed and Painless</a></i> by new wave band <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>, authentic street dancers, picked by David Byrne, are featuring, including Stephen "Skeeter Rabbit" Nichols doing the moonwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> It reached to 20 on the US dance charts. Another early moonwalker was <a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">popper</a> and singer <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Daniel" title="Jeffrey Daniel">Jeffrey Daniel</a>, who moonwalked in a performance of <a href="/wiki/Shalamar" title="Shalamar">Shalamar</a>'s "A Night To Remember" on <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i> in the UK in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> and was known to perform backslides in public performances (including weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a></i> episodes) as far back as 1974. Michael Jackson was a fan of Jeffrey Daniel's dancing and would eventually seek him out.</p>
+<p>Also in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Allen" title="Debbie Allen">Debbie Allen</a> performs a moonwalk during a scene with <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Verdon" title="Gwen Verdon">Gwen Verdon</a> in Season 1, Episode 10 ("Come One, Come All") of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Fame_(1982_TV_series)" title="Fame (1982 TV series)">Fame</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a></i>, the move was used in the B-boy scene, where Rock Steady Crew's Mr. Freeze (Marc Lemberger), with an umbrella prop, <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mimed</a> the wind blowing him backward as he first walks forward, fighting the wind, then starts moonwalking backwards. Mr. Freeze's version was also shown in the first hip hop movie <i>Wild Style</i> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren" title="Malcolm McLaren">Malcolm McLaren</a> film clip "<a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Gals_(Malcolm_McLaren_song)" title="Buffalo Gals (Malcolm McLaren song)">Buffalo Gals</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Derek (Cooley) Jackson and Geron (Caszper) Canidate taught Michael Jackson the moonwalk. He saw Cooley and Caszper do the moonwalk dance on <i>Soul Train</i>, so he had his manager call <i>Soul Train</i> to introduce Cooley and Caszper to Jackson.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The dance was popularized in 1983 when Jackson performed it during a television special, <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i>, on March 25 of that year. Dressed in his <a href="/wiki/Trademark_look" title="Trademark look">signature</a> black trousers, silver socks, silver shirt, black-sequined jacket, sequined glove, and black fedora, Jackson spun around, posed, and began moonwalking. Music critic Ian Inglis later wrote that Jackson encapsulated a long tradition of <a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American dance</a> movements in that one performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Inglis_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inglis-14">[14]</a></sup> The audience cheered Michael's moonwalk. Moonwalking received widespread attention, and from then on, the moonwalk became Jackson's signature move for his song "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>". <a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a> said that Jackson's rendition "combined <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a>'s athleticism with James Brown's <a href="/wiki/Camel_walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel walk">camel walk</a>". Michael Jackson's autobiography was titled <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(book)" title="Moonwalk (book)">Moonwalk</a></i>, and he also starred in a 1988 film titled <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i>.</p>
+<p>In the 1984 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Fire" title="Streets of Fire">Streets of Fire</a></i>, actor and performer <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Jackson" title="Stoney Jackson">Stoney Jackson</a> executed a moonwalk as the leader of a fictional group, The Sorels, who lip-synced to the <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hartman" title="Dan Hartman">Dan Hartman</a> song "<a href="/wiki/I_Can_Dream_About_You" title="I Can Dream About You">I Can Dream About You</a>".</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kovalev" title="Alexei Kovalev">Alexei Kovalev</a> has been known for using the moonwalk in his <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> career.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> He performed the move after scoring a goal on February 7, 2001, and on January 3, 2010. Kovalev moonwalked onto the ice after being named one of the stars of the game and again after scoring in a 2008 celebrity charity soccer game.</p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moonwalk_(dance)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moonwalk_(dance)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk (dance)</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banes, Sally. <i>Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism</i>, Wesleyan University Press, 1994, p. 139.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Time_Specials-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_Specials_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1907409,00.html">"Michael Jackson 1958-2009. TIME looks back on the King of Pop's life and Career"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2012</span>, <q>We first worked with him in 1980, but he did not do the moonwalk publicly until 1983 [on Motown's 25th-anniversary TV special].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson+1958-2009.+TIME+looks+back+on+the+King+of+Pop%27s+life+and+Career&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.pages=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Fcompletelist%2F0%2C29569%2C1907409%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#chapter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suddath, Claire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1907320,00.html">"How to Moonwalk like Michael"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, June 25, 2009.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Thriller25-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thriller25_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_25" title="Thriller 25">Thriller 25</a>: The Book</i>, ML Publishing Group Ltd, 2008. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9768891-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9768891-9-9">978-0-9768891-9-9</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pagett, Matt. <i>The Best Dance Moves in the World - Ever!</i> Chronicle Books, 2008, p. 72.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-DiLorenzo1985-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiLorenzo1985_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">DiLorenzo, Kris (April 1985). "The Arts. Dance: Michael Jackson did not invent the Moonwalk". <i>The Crisis</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 143. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1422">0011-1422</a>. <q>Shoot ... We did that back in the '30s! Only it was called The Buzz back then.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=The+Arts.+Dance%3A+Michael+Jackson+did+not+invent+the+Moonwalk&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft.aulast=DiLorenzo&rft.date=1985-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0011-1422&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis&rft.pages=143&rft.volume=92&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCOvG_vGzRc"><i>Cab Calloway in 1932 film "The Big Broadcast"</i></a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.btitle=Cab+Calloway+in+1932+film+%22The+Big+Broadcast%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjCOvG_vGzRc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8qpMcrEtTg">"Under The Bamboo Tree - Judy Garland (Meet Me In St. Louis)"</a>. YouTube. 2010-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.btitle=Under+The+Bamboo+Tree+-+Judy+Garland+%28Meet+Me+In+St.+Louis%29&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Ds8qpMcrEtTg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BillBailey"><i>Bill Bailey in 1955</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.btitle=Bill+Bailey+in+1955&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBillBailey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/arts/theatre/story/2007/09/23/marceau-obit.html">"Grand master of mime, Marcel Marceau, dies"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Associated Press. 23 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=Grand+master+of+mime%2C+Marcel+Marceau%2C+dies&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farts%2Ftheatre%2Fstory%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fmarceau-obit.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tressugar.com/Moonwalk-HR-Pufnstuf-1093896">"Did Jacko Jack the Moonwalk?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.btitle=Did+Jacko+Jack+the+Moonwalk%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tressugar.com%2FMoonwalk-HR-Pufnstuf-1093896&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUTEhEPONgc">"sssssSnake in the Grasssss"</a>. <i>YouTube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=sssssSnake+in+the+Grasssss&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeUTEhEPONgc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Birds-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birds_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greg Oliver and Steve Johnson (2005). "Top 20: 7 The Fabulous Freebirds". <i>The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Tag Teams</i>. ECW Press. pp. 4651. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-683-6">978-1-55022-683-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=Top+20%3A+7+The+Fabulous+Freebirds&rft.au=Greg+Oliver+and+Steve+Johnson&rft.btitle=The+Pro+Wrestling+Hall+of+Fame%3A+The+Tag+Teams&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-55022-683-6&rft.pages=46-51&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Inglis-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inglis_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inglis_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inglis, Ian. <i>Performance and popular music</i>, Ashgate Publishing, 2006, p. 122.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zrkf65GmwE">"Talking Heads - Crosseyed and Painless - Official Original Video, 1981"</a>. <i>YouTube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=Talking+Heads+-+Crosseyed+and+Painless+-+Official+Original+Video%2C+1981&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_Zrkf65GmwE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=END_WYdf8pw">"A Night to Remember, Shalamar, Top of the Pops, 1982"</a>. <i>YouTube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.atitle=A+Night+to+Remember%2C+Shalamar%2C+Top+of+the+Pops%2C+1982&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEND_WYdf8pw&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFr4tBnXJ38">"Fame: Season 1 Episode 10 - "Evolution of Dance" Original Air Date: March 11th 1982"</a>. YouTube.com. 2006-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.btitle=Fame%3A+Season+1+Episode+10+-+%22Evolution+of+Dance%22+Original+Air+Date%3A+March+11th+1982&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=YouTube.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKFr4tBnXJ38&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RME_Qqaju9w"><i>Buffalo Gals</i></a> (first 12 seconds sample) at <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mE7yOppnwHQ">"Youtube "Alex Kovalev Moonwalk on ice<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoonwalk+%28dance%29&rft.btitle=Youtube+%22Alex+Kovalev+Moonwalk+on+ice%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmE7yOppnwHQ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
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+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Street_dance" title="Template:Street dance"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_dance" title="Template talk:Street dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breakdancing</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">Toprock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">Downrock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze (breakdance move)">Freezes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Power_moves" class="mw-redirect" title="Power moves">Power moves</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_patch_dance" title="Cabbage patch dance">Cabbage patch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Daddy" title="Cat Daddy">Cat Daddy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crip_Walk" title="Crip Walk">Crip Walk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dab_(dance)" title="Dab (dance)">Dab</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dougie" title="Dougie">Dougie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)" title="Electric boogaloo (dance)">Electric boogaloo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_Walking" title="Gangsta Walking">Memphis jookin'</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_shake_(dance)" title="Harlem shake (dance)">Harlem shake</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Krumping" title="Krumping">Krumping</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robot_(dance)" title="Robot (dance)">Robot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Running_Man_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Running Man (dance)">The Running Man</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Turfing" title="Turfing">Turfing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uprock" title="Uprock">Uprock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jacking" title="Jacking">Jacking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(dance)" title="Vogue (dance)">Vogue</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electro_dance" title="Electro dance">Electro dance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard dance">Hardcore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth#industrial_dance" title="Cybergoth">Industrial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_and_digits" title="Liquid and digits">Liquid and digits</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Shuffle" title="Melbourne Shuffle">Melbourne Shuffle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass#Dancing" title="Drum and bass">X-Outing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Jazz dance</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">Cakewalk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap dance</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Street_dance#List_of_street_dances" title="Street dance">Other</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Air_guitar" title="Air guitar">Air guitar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flexing_(dance)" title="Flexing (dance)">Flexing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(dance)" title="Pogo (dance)">Pogo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall#Dancehall_dances" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">Salsa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1" title=" Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay_g%C9%99zi%C5%9Fi" title="Ay gzii Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(tanec)" title="Moonwalk (tanec) Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Moonwalk () Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(baile)" title="Moonwalk (baile) Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunpa%C5%9Dado" title="Lunpaado Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_(%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5)" title=" () Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(baile)" title="Moonwalk (baile) Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97_(%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93)" title=" () Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97nulio_eisena" title="Mnulio eisena Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D)" title=" () Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(dans)" title="Moonwalk (dans) Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81)" title=" () Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(dans)" title="Moonwalk (dans) Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk" title="Moonwalk Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%9E" title=" Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E6%BC%AB%E6%AD%A5_(%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88)" title=" () Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Mountain View, California</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places in California named "Mountain View", see <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_(disambiguation)#United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mountain View (disambiguation)">Mountain View (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">City of Mountain View</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" title="Charter city">Charter city</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_05_01_8.jpg" class="image" title="City Hall and the Center for the Performing Arts in the Downtown area"><img alt="City Hall and the Center for the Performing Arts in the Downtown area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2008_05_01_8.jpg/250px-2008_05_01_8.jpg" width="250" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2008_05_01_8.jpg/375px-2008_05_01_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2008_05_01_8.jpg/500px-2008_05_01_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a>
+<div>City Hall and the Center for the Performing Arts in the Downtown area</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center">
+<table style="width:100%; background:none;">
+<tr>
+<td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mountain_View,_CA.png" class="image" title="Official seal of City of Mountain View"><img alt="Official seal of City of Mountain View" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Mountain_View%2C_CA.png/100px-Seal_of_Mountain_View%2C_CA.png" width="100" height="102" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/Seal_of_Mountain_View%2C_CA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="132" /></a><br />
+<small>Seal</small></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg" class="image" title="Location of Mountain View within Santa Clara County, California"><img alt="Location of Mountain View within Santa Clara County, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg/250px-Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg.png" width="250" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg/375px-Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg/500px-Santa_Clara_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mountain_View_Highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><br />
+<small>Location of Mountain View within <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County, California</a></small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg" class="image" title="Mountain View city map, California, USA"><img alt="Mountain View city map, California, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg/250px-Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg.png" width="250" height="260" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg/375px-Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg/500px-Mountain_View_city_plan_California_USA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="982" /></a><br />
+<small>Mountain View city map, California, USA</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
+<div style="width:250px;padding:0">
+<div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="image" title="City of Mountain View is located in the US"><img alt="City of Mountain View is located in the US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" width="250" height="155" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a>
+<div style="position:absolute;top:44.059%;left:5.866%">
+<div style="position:absolute;left:-3px;top:-3px;line-height:0"><img alt="City of Mountain View" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" title="City of Mountain View" width="6" height="6" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div>
+<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">City of Mountain View</span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<small>Location in the United States</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mountain_View,_California&params=37_23_22_N_122_4_55_W_region:US-CA_type:city(74066)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">372322N</span> <span class="longitude">122455W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.38944N 122.08194W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.38944; -122.08194</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mountain_View,_California&params=37_23_22_N_122_4_55_W_region:US-CA_type:city(74066)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">372322N</span> <span class="longitude">122455W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.38944N 122.08194W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.38944; -122.08194</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">County</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th>
+<td>November 7, 1902<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Government</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Type</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Council-manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager government">Council-manager</a><sup id="cite_ref-ca_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th>
+<td>Ken Rosenberg<sup id="cite_ref-ca_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  <a href="/wiki/Vice_mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice mayor">Vice mayor</a></th>
+<td>Leonard Siegel<sup id="cite_ref-ca_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  <a href="/wiki/City_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="City Manager">City Manager</a></th>
+<td>Dan Rich<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Area<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Total</th>
+<td>12.273 sq mi (31.788 km<sup>2</sup>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Land</th>
+<td>11.995 sq mi (31.068 km<sup>2</sup>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Water</th>
+<td>0.278 sq mi (0.720 km<sup>2</sup>)  2.26%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row">Elevation<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></span></th>
+<td>105 ft (32 m)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">April 1, 2010</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-quif_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quif-7">[7]</a></sup></span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Total</th>
+<td>74,066</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Estimate <span style="font-weight:normal">(2013)<sup id="cite_ref-quif_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quif-7">[7]</a></sup></span></th>
+<td>77,846</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row">  Density</th>
+<td>6,000/sq mi (2,300/km<sup>2</sup>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%928" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC8">UTC8</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row"><span style="white-space:nowrap">  Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Daylight Time">PDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%927" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC7">UTC7</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP codes</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></th>
+<td class="adr"><span class="postal-code">94035, 9403994043</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area code</a></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Area_code_650" title="Area code 650">650</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS</a> code</th>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US0649670">06-49670</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedrow">
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature IDs</th>
+<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:277611">277611</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:2411186">2411186</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="mergedtoprow">
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov">www<wbr />.mountainview<wbr />.gov</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Mountain View</b> is a city located in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County, California</a>, United States, named for its views of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> From its origins as a stagecoach stop, it grew to a large suburb with a pedestrian-friendly downtown and a population of 74,066. The city borders <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Federal Airfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a> to the east.</p>
+<p>Situated in the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, Mountain View is home to many <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> companies. In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a>, the first company to develop silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, was established in the city by <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>. Today, many of the largest technology companies in the world are headquartered in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symantec" title="Symantec">Symantec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intuit" title="Intuit">Intuit</a>. The original <a href="/wiki/Byte_Shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte Shop">Byte Shop</a> computer store was opened at 1063 El Camino Real, Mountain View by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Terrell" title="Paul Terrell">Paul Terrell</a>, and the first 50 <a href="/wiki/Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a> computers were sold from that location. The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority" title="Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority">Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority</a> integrates the city with the neighboring cities of <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Top_employers"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Top employers</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Economic_past"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic past</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#2010"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">2010</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#2000"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2000</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#State_and_federal_representatives"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">State and federal representatives</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#City_Council"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">City Council</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Public"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Private"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Private</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Library"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Library</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Utilities"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Utilities</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Points_of_interest"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Points of interest</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Downtown"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Downtown</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Parks"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parks</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sister cities</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Other_points_of_interest"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other points of interest</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California" title="Timeline of Mountain View, California">Timeline of Mountain View, California</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg/220px-2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg/330px-2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg/440px-2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-0723-CA-MtnViewAdobe.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Adobe_Building" title="Historic Adobe Building">Historic Adobe Building</a> was constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> project in 1934.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Mexican land grant of <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Pastoria_de_las_Borregas" title="Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas">Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas</a> was given in 1842 by <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Juan Alvarado</a> to Francisco Estrada. This grant was later passed on to Mariano Castro, who sold half of the land to Martin Murphy, Jr. Eventually, the former land grant became the cities of Mountain View and <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a>.</p>
+<p>First known as the major center of Fremont Twp. before the first California 1852 census, for Santa Clara County (online). [Fremont township is bounded on the north by San Mateo county and a portion of the bay of San Francisco; on the east by Alviso and Santa Clara townships; on the south by Redwood township, and on the west by San Mateo county.] Which meant that it was a predecessor to Mayfield and Palo Alto. Mountain View Station, officially named in 1864, had its beginnings earlier as a <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a> stop on the route between <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Overland Mail</a>. Incorporated on November 7, 1902. Phyllis Ave. & El Camino Real of today, was closer to what was once the original town center and its then San Jose Road. The early pioneers were commonly buried at the old cemetery between Mercy & Church, off Castro Street, now the present city Library and park, aka Pioneer Park. Reverend Henry Merrill Henderson, born in Maryland, age 35, arrived in Spring of 1852, with his family to meet with relatives Ricketts and many others from Missouri & Kentucky. He was the first Baptist minister in town and soon was going by horse to Half-Moon Bay, and McCartersville (Saratoga) for services. His next-door neighbor arrived later that year, Seligman Weilheimer and brother Samuel from Dossenheim, Baden, Germany, who built at that property, the first big general merchandise store in 1856. The Fremont twp. population was about 560 by 1860, less Mayfield Post office section, which began north of present San Antonio Road. The town's early growth was due to agriculture, William Bubb later being a town figure, buying 80 acres to farm in October 1851, where he died in 1864. His heirs expanded and intermarried in the area. Agriculture remained the primary industry into the middle of the 20th century. The U.S. Navy's adjacent 1000 acre Moffet Field Complex began after 1931 and brought many economic opportunities . After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the population grew significantly with the development of the aerospace and electronics industries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Between 1950 and 1960, the population grew from 6,563 to 30,889, an increase of 370.7%.</p>
+<p>Today, high technology is the foundation of the local economy, and there exist few remnants of the city's agricultural past. In 1990, Kevin Duggan began his position as city manager. He built a relationship with Google, Inc., and issued a long-term lease to that and other technology companies. As of 2014, those leases generate over $5 million per year in city revenue. Duggan reinstituted a special tax district for the Shoreline area, which was a landfill and pig farm in 1990. That money allowed the city to create a large park and golf course on the site. The Castro Street downtown area also benefitted from a special tax district.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibboney_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibboney-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 12.3 sq mi (31.8 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 12.0 sq mi (31.1 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 0.27 sq mi (0.7 km<sup>2</sup>) (2.26%) is water.</p>
+<p>Mountain View is located at the north end of <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_85" title="California State Route 85">State Route 85</a>, where it meets <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California" title="U.S. Route 101 in California">U.S. Route 101</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_82" title="California State Route 82">State Route 82</a> follows the route of the historic <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)" title="El Camino Real (California)">El Camino Real</a> through Mountain View. The city is bounded to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>, to the north by the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">Bay</a>, to the south and southwest by <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a>, and to the east by <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Federal Airfield</a>.</p>
+<p>To the west lie the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>, after which the city is named and which separate it from the Pacific Ocean. To the east lies the <a href="/wiki/Diablo_Range" title="Diablo Range">Diablo Range</a>. Both ranges, which together form the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a>, are visible from many parts of the city.</p>
+<p>Most of Mountain View consists of residential neighborhoods. Business parks are located mostly in the North Shoreline neighborhood, north of Highway 101, and east of Highway 85.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Mountain View has a <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">warm-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Kppen climate classification">Kppen climate classification</a> <i>Csb</i>: dry-summer subtropical).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Summers are warm and dry, while winters are mild and wet. However, both summers and winters are somewhat moderated due to its relative proximity to the Pacific, although it has a lesser maritime influence than San Francisco further north on the peninsula.</p>
+<table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="14">Climate data for Mountain View</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Month</th>
+<th scope="col">Jan</th>
+<th scope="col">Feb</th>
+<th scope="col">Mar</th>
+<th scope="col">Apr</th>
+<th scope="col">May</th>
+<th scope="col">Jun</th>
+<th scope="col">Jul</th>
+<th scope="col">Aug</th>
+<th scope="col">Sep</th>
+<th scope="col">Oct</th>
+<th scope="col">Nov</th>
+<th scope="col">Dec</th>
+<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high F (C)</th>
+<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;">75<br />
+(24)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;">81<br />
+(27)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;">82<br />
+(28)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;">95<br />
+(35)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;">102<br />
+(39)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">104<br />
+(40)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">104<br />
+(40)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;">100<br />
+(38)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;">106<br />
+(41)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;">99<br />
+(37)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;">86<br />
+(30)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;">75<br />
+(24)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">104<br />
+(40)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high F (C)</th>
+<td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;">58.6<br />
+(14.8)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;">61.9<br />
+(16.6)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;">64.9<br />
+(18.3)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;">68.7<br />
+(20.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;">72.1<br />
+(22.3)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;">76.3<br />
+(24.6)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;">77.2<br />
+(25.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;">77.4<br />
+(25.2)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;">77.5<br />
+(25.3)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;">73.4<br />
+(23.0)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;">65.1<br />
+(18.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;">58.8<br />
+(14.9)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">69.4<br />
+(20.8)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean F (C)</th>
+<td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;">50.7<br />
+(10.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;">53.6<br />
+(12.0)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;">56.1<br />
+(13.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;">59<br />
+(15.0)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;">62.8<br />
+(17.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;">66.4<br />
+(19.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;">68.2<br />
+(20.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;">68.4<br />
+(20.2)</td>
+<td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;">67.6<br />
+(19.8)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;">63.7<br />
+(17.6)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;">56.1<br />
+(13.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;">50.9<br />
+(10.5)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">60.3<br />
+(15.7)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low F (C)</th>
+<td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;">43<br />
+(6.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;">45.3<br />
+(7.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;">47.3<br />
+(8.5)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;">49.5<br />
+(9.7)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;">53.2<br />
+(11.8)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;">56.7<br />
+(13.7)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;">59.2<br />
+(15.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;">59.2<br />
+(15.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;">57.7<br />
+(14.3)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;">53.8<br />
+(12.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;">47.3<br />
+(8.5)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;">43<br />
+(6.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">51.3<br />
+(10.7)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low F (C)</th>
+<td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;">21<br />
+(6)</td>
+<td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;">27<br />
+(3)</td>
+<td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;">30<br />
+(1)</td>
+<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">32<br />
+(0)</td>
+<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;">37<br />
+(3)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;">43<br />
+(6)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;">45<br />
+(7)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;">46<br />
+(8)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;">41<br />
+(5)</td>
+<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">32<br />
+(0)</td>
+<td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;">30<br />
+(1)</td>
+<td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;">23<br />
+(5)</td>
+<td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">21<br />
+(6)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm)</th>
+<td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;">2.799<br />
+(71.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;">3.098<br />
+(78.7)</td>
+<td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;">2.299<br />
+(58.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;">1<br />
+(25.4)</td>
+<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;">0.5<br />
+(12.7)</td>
+<td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;">0.098<br />
+(2.5)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0<br />
+(0)</td>
+<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0<br />
+(0)</td>
+<td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;">0.201<br />
+(5.1)</td>
+<td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;">0.598<br />
+(15.2)</td>
+<td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;">1.598<br />
+(40.6)</td>
+<td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;">2.598<br />
+(66.0)</td>
+<td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">14.701<br />
+(373.4)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align: center;">
+<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days</th>
+<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;">10</td>
+<td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;">10.5</td>
+<td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;">9.6</td>
+<td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;">5.2</td>
+<td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;">2.6</td>
+<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;">0.7</td>
+<td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;">0.2</td>
+<td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;">0.2</td>
+<td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;">1.5</td>
+<td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;">4.1</td>
+<td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;">8.3</td>
+<td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;">11.1</td>
+<td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">63.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-Weatherbase.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weatherbase.org-13">[13]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Sign.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Google_Sign.jpg/220px-Google_Sign.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Google_Sign.jpg/330px-Google_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Google_Sign.jpg/440px-Google_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Sign.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">headquarters</a> is located in Mountain View, is also the largest employer of the city's residents.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Mountain View is one of the major cities that make up <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, and has many notable Silicon Valley companies either headquartered there or with a large presence.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Top_employers">Top employers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Top employers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>According to the City's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> the main employers in the city are:</p>
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr>
+<th>#</th>
+<th>Employer</th>
+<th># of employees</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a></td>
+<td>19,711</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Linkedin" class="mw-redirect" title="Linkedin">Linkedin</a></td>
+<td>2,018</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td>
+<td>1,668</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Intuit" title="Intuit">Intuit</a></td>
+<td>1,287</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>5</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Hospital" title="El Camino Hospital">El Camino Hospital</a></td>
+<td>1,273</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>6</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></td>
+<td>1,085</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>7</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Synopsys" title="Synopsys">Synopsys</a></td>
+<td>1,031</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>8</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Pure_Storage" title="Pure Storage">Pure Storage</a></td>
+<td>900</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>9</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Veritas_Technologies" title="Veritas Technologies">Veritas Technologies</a></td>
+<td>801</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>10</td>
+<td>City of Mountain View</td>
+<td>596</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_past">Economic past</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic past">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Due to its history as a center for semiconductor manufacturing, Mountain View has seven sites on the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>'s Final <a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a> (NPL), a list of hazardous waste sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action financed under the federal <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> program. The sites were formerly used by companies including <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>, Spectra-Physics, Jasco Chemical, <a href="/wiki/GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teledyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Teledyne">Teledyne</a>. These seven sites make up a portion of the 22 NPL sites in Santa Clara County, which are included in the total of 94 sites in California.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table class="toccolours" style="border-spacing: 1px; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:right">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="4" class="navbox-title" style="padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px; font-size:110%; text-align:center">Historical population</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="font-size:95%">
+<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">Census</th>
+<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th>
+<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"></th>
+<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"><abbr title="Percent change">%</abbr></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_Census" title="1880 United States Census">1880</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">250</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" title="1930 United States Census">1930</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">3,308</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Census" title="1940 United States Census">1940</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">3,946</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">19.3%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Census" title="1950 United States Census">1950</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">6,563</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">66.3%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Census" title="1960 United States Census">1960</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">30,889</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">370.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Census" title="1970 United States Census">1970</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">54,132</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">75.2%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Census" title="1980 United States Census">1980</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">58,655</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">8.4%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Census" title="1990 United States Census">1990</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">67,460</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">15.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" title="2000 United States Census">2000</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">70,708</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">4.8%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010</a></b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">74,066</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">4.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center"><b>Est. 2016</b></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px;">80,447</td>
+<td style="font-size:85%"><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2016-16">[16]</a></sup></td>
+<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">8.6%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:left">
+<center>U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-17">[17]</a></sup></center>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2010">2010</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> reported that Mountain View had a population of 74,066. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 6,034.8 people per square mile (2,330.0/km). The racial makeup of Mountain View was 56.0% (41,468) <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 26.0% (19,232) <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 2.2% (1,629) <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.5% (391) <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.5% (344) <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 9.8% (7,241) from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 5.1% (3,761) from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">Non-Hispanic Whites</a> numbered 32,638 (44.1%) while there were 16,071 <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> residents of any race (21.7% of the population).</p>
+<p>The census reported that 73,801 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 145 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 120 (0.2%) were institutionalized.</p>
+<p>There were 31,957 households, out of which 8,731 (27.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,806 (43.2%) were <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">opposite-sex married couples</a> living together, 2,456 (7.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,253 (3.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,928 (6.0%) <a href="/wiki/POSSLQ" title="POSSLQ">unmarried opposite-sex partnerships</a>, and 280 (0.9%) <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex partnerships">same-sex married couples or partnerships</a>. 10,961 households (34.3%) were made up of individuals and 2,471 (7.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31. There were 17,515 <a href="/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (U.S. Census)">families</a> (54.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.01.</p>
+<p>The population was spread out with 14,594 people (19.7%) under the age of 18, 5,401 people (7.3%) aged 18 to 24, 28,577 people (38.6%) aged 25 to 44, 17,647 people (23.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,846 people (10.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.9 years. For every 100 females there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.</p>
+<p>There were 33,881 housing units at an average density of 2,760.6 per square mile (1,065.9/km), of which 13,332 (41.7%) were owner-occupied, and 18,625 (58.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.4%. 32,002 people (43.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 41,799 people (56.4%) lived in rental housing units.</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">
+<table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: right;font-size: 90%;">
+<tr>
+<th>Demographic profile<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></th>
+<th>2010</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Total Population</td>
+<td>74,066 - 100.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">One Race</td>
+<td>70,305 - 94.9%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">White alone</td>
+<td>34,052 - 46.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Asian alone</td>
+<td>19,064 - 25.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Hispanic or Latino (of any race)</td>
+<td>16,071 - 21.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Black or African American alone</td>
+<td>1,468 - 2.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone</td>
+<td>372 - 0.5%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">American Indian and Alaska Native alone</td>
+<td>116 - 0.2%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">One other race alone</td>
+<td>241 - 0.3%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Two or more races alone</td>
+<td>2,682 - 3.6%</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2000">2000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>As of the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a><sup id="cite_ref-GR2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-21">[21]</a></sup> of 2000, there were 70,708 people, 31,242 households, and 15,902 families residing in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 2,263.7/km (5,861.4/mi). There were 32,432 housing units at an average density of 1,038.3/km (2,688.5/mi). The racial makeup of the city was 63.77% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 20.67% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 18.26% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> (of any race), 2.53% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.39% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 0.26% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 8.32% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 4.07% from two or more races.</p>
+<p>There were 31,242 households out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.97.</p>
+<p>In the city, the population was spread out with 18.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 43.4% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.</p>
+<p>According to a 2007 estimate the median income for a household in the city was $82,648, and the median income for a family was $105,079.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Males had a median income of $64,585 versus $44,358 for females. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $39,693. About 3.6% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View,_City_Hall.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mountain_View%2C_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Mountain_View%2C_City_Hall.jpg" width="220" height="294" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mountain_View%2C_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Mountain_View%2C_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mountain_View%2C_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Mountain_View%2C_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View,_City_Hall.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Mountain View City Hall</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg/220px-Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg/330px-Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg/440px-Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View_Fire_Station_Number_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Mountain View Fire Station Number 1</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Mountain View has a <a href="/wiki/Council-manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager government">council-manager government</a> system. An executive city manager is in charge of several departments, while the city council, supported by several boards, commissions, and committees, is the legislature responsible for the ordinances of the city code. The executive in turn enforces the code and promulgates administrative regulations to execute it. The city clerk and attorney perform supporting roles. The Community Development Department is the agency responsible for planning and zoning.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_and_federal_representatives">State and federal representatives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State and federal representatives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">state legislature</a>, Mountain View is in <a href="/wiki/California%27s_13th_State_Senate_district" title="California's 13th State Senate district">the 13th Senate District</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hill_(politician)" title="Jerry Hill (politician)">Jerry Hill</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/California%27s_24th_State_Assembly_district" title="California's 24th State Assembly district">the 24th Assembly District</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Berman" title="Marc Berman">Marc Berman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, Mountain View is in <a href="/wiki/California%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="California's 18th congressional district">California's 18th congressional district</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Eshoo" title="Anna Eshoo">Anna Eshoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="City_Council">City Council</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: City Council">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Mountain View is represented by a 7-member council elected at-large. The mayor is a council member appointed by their peers each year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Mountain View has both public and private schools.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public">Public</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The public elementary (Bubb, Castro, Huff, Landels, <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral_Elementary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriela Mistral Elementary School">Mistral</a>, Monta Loma, Stevenson, and Theuerkauf) and middle schools (Crittenden and Graham) are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View-Whisman_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain View-Whisman School District">Mountain View-Whisman School District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Springer Elementary, although located within the borders of Mountain View, is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_School_District" title="Los Altos School District">Los Altos School District</a>. The public high schools are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View-Los_Altos_Union_High_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain View-Los Altos Union High School District">Mountain View-Los Altos Union High School District</a> and consist of <a href="/wiki/Alta_Vista_High_School_(California)" title="Alta Vista High School (California)">Alta Vista High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_High_School_(Mountain_View,_California)" title="Mountain View High School (Mountain View, California)">Mountain View High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_High_School_(Los_Altos,_California)" title="Los Altos High School (Los Altos, California)">Los Altos High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Mountain View High and Los Altos High each contain approximately 50% Los Altos residents and 50% Mountain View residents. Some Mountain View residents attend Almond Elementary and Egan Junior High in the Los Altos School District.</p>
+<p>Mountain View taxed a large portion of its most valuable commercial and industrial properties in the Shoreline Regional Park Community at very low relative levels, and until the creation of a joint-powers agreement (JPA) in 2006, none of those property taxes reached the local schools. After the creation of the JPA, the Shoreline Regional Park Community shared less than $1 million per year with the elementary and high school districts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
+<p>A citizen-supported parcel tax, largely aimed at reducing class size, was recently renewed with an overwhelming positive vote.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> The current ratio of students to full-time-equivalent teachers in the Mountain View public elementary schools is 20.4 to one.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Private">Private</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Private">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Notable private schools in Mountain View include: <a href="/wiki/Khan_Lab_School" title="Khan Lab School">Khan Lab School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory school</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_High_School_(Mountain_View)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis High School (Mountain View)">Saint Francis High School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_International_School_of_Silicon_Valley" title="German International School of Silicon Valley">German International School of Silicon Valley</a>(GISSV), a <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K12 (education)">PK-12</a> German-English bilingual international school; and <a href="/wiki/Yew_Chung_International_School_of_Silicon_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yew Chung International School of Silicon Valley">Yew Chung International School of Silicon Valley</a>, a PK-12 Chinese-English bilingual international school.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Library">Library</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Library">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg/220px-City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg/330px-City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg/440px-City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Mountain_View_Public_Library_exterior.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Library exterior and sign</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Mountain View has one central public library, the Mountain View Public Library, offering video, music, books, self-check out, and access to the Internet. During the 2006-2007 fiscal year, 810,589 customers visited the Library. Circulation was more than 1.4 million, 105,870 reference and information questions were answered, 36,693 children listened to stories and participated in children's programs and 27,342 new books and media items were added to the collection which includes holdings of 300,000, including 210,000 books and 423 periodical subscriptions. The library also provides valuable outreach services through the bookmobile and S.O.S. volunteer program to those in Mountain View, who are unable to come to the main branch. The building was built in 1997. The second floor of the library has a special collection in a room devoted to the history of Mountain View, which features a portrait of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisanto_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisanto Castro (page does not exist)">Crisanto Castro</a>, for whom the downtown main street is named. The library hosts the Mountain View Reads Together program.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Outside the library one can find a piece of the torn down Berlin Wall on display.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg/220px-Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg/330px-Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg/440px-Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Caltrain_at_Mountain_View.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Caltrain" title="Caltrain">Caltrain</a> commuter rail at the Downtown Mountain View Station</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VTA_Tasman_Station_(August_11th,_2005).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/VTA_Tasman_Station_%28August_11th%2C_2005%29.jpg/220px-VTA_Tasman_Station_%28August_11th%2C_2005%29.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/VTA_Tasman_Station_%28August_11th%2C_2005%29.jpg/330px-VTA_Tasman_Station_%28August_11th%2C_2005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/VTA_Tasman_Station_%28August_11th%2C_2005%29.jpg/440px-VTA_Tasman_Station_%28August_11th%2C_2005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:VTA_Tasman_Station_(August_11th,_2005).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority" title="Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority">Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority</a> (VTA) light rail</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Mountain_View_Station" title="Downtown Mountain View Station">Downtown Mountain View Station</a> is the transit center for the city, connecting the public commuter rail, light rail, bus, and private shuttle systems. Mountain View is served by the <a href="/wiki/Caltrain" title="Caltrain">Caltrain</a> commuter rail system, which runs from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gilroy,_California" title="Gilroy, California">Gilroy</a>. The two Caltrain stations in the city are Downtown Mountain View Station and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_(Caltrain_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio (Caltrain station)">San Antonio Station</a>. The city is also served by the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority" title="Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority">Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority</a> (VTA), which operates various bus lines and the light rail system. There are a total of four stations in the city on the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_%E2%80%93_Winchester_(VTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain View Winchester (VTA)">Mountain View Winchester</a> VTA <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> line, with Downtown Mountain View Station serving as the northern terminus, while the other three stations are <a href="/wiki/Whisman_(VTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisman (VTA)">Whisman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlefield_(VTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlefield (VTA)">Middlefield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bayshore-NASA_(VTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayshore-NASA (VTA)">Bayshore/NASA</a>. Many large local employers (including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">NASA Ames Research Center</a>) operate employee shuttles that stop at the Downtown Mountain View Station. There is also a free community shuttle bus that serves 50 stops within Mountain View.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The nearest major airports are <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_International_Airport" title="San Jose International Airport">San Jose International Airport</a> (SJC), <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a> (SFO), and <a href="/wiki/Oakland_International_Airport" title="Oakland International Airport">Oakland International Airport</a> (OAK), in that order. <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Federal Airfield</a> is located just north of Mountain View, but it is restricted to government, military, and private use. The nearest <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airport is the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Airport_of_Santa_Clara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto Airport of Santa Clara County">Palo Alto Airport of Santa Clara County</a>.</p>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports in the San Francisco Bay area">List of airports in the San Francisco Bay area</a></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Utilities">Utilities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On August 16, 2006, after over a year of test deployments, Google announced that its implementation for free <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11g</a> wireless service for all of the City was fully operational.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On February 19, 2014 the City of Mountain View and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> announced a new connectivity plan for residents to replace the existing system. Service will be available along the downtown corridor of Mountain View, primarily on Castro Street. Other areas to be covered include Rengstorff Park, the Mountain View Public Library, Senior, Community, and Teen Centers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Points_of_interest">Points of interest</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Points of interest">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Downtown">Downtown</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Downtown">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg/220px-Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg/330px-Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg/440px-Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountainviewcentennialplaza.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Centennial Plaza at the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Mountain_View_Station" title="Downtown Mountain View Station">Downtown Mountain View Station</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Mountain View has a pedestrian-friendly downtown centered on Castro Street. The downtown area consists of the seven blocks of Castro Street from the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Mountain_View_Station" title="Downtown Mountain View Station">Downtown Mountain View Station</a> transit center in the north to the intersection with <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_82" title="California State Route 82">El Camino Real</a> in the south. The transit center links the <a href="/wiki/Caltrain" title="Caltrain">Caltrain</a> commuter rail and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority" title="Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority">Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority</a> (VTA) light rail and bus systems.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg/220px-Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg/330px-Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg/440px-Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chez_TJ_Mountain_View_California.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Chez TJ, a Michelin Guide-rated restaurant in Mountain View</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Four blocks with a concentration of restaurants, cafes, and shops extend south from the downtown station. Chez TJ, one of the few restaurants rated by the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a> in the Bay Area, is located a block from Castro Street on Villa Street. Tied House, located next door, was one of the first brewpubs in the Bay Area, and is a popular stop in downtown.</p>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg/220px-Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg/330px-Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg/440px-Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_Street_Mountain_View_sidewalk.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Sidewalk along Castro Street in downtown Mountain View</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The core of downtown is the plaza shared by City Hall, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts">Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts</a> (MVCPA) and the Mountain View Public Library. The plaza is used for many community gatherings and events, and features a collection of public art. Peninsula Youth Theatre and TheatreWorks are among the home companies of the MVCPA.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> The City Hall and MVCPA complex, designed by William Turnbull of San Francisco, opened in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Behind those buildings is Pioneer Park, formerly the site of Mountain View's first cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Mountain View Police Department is located two blocks away from Castro Street on Villa Street.</p>
+<p>Since 1971, the city has held the annual Mountain View Art & Wine Festival on Castro Street by closing down the street to traffic for two days. There is a farmer's market in the Caltrain parking lot every Sunday morning. Every summer, once a month, the city celebrates Thursday Night Live by closing off Castro street to cars and providing live music events and car shows on Castro Street.</p>
+<p>The entire length of El Camino in Mountain View is a low-density commercial area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<div style="clear:both;"></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parks">Parks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg/220px-Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg/330px-Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg/440px-Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_View_Farmers_Market.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The Mountain View Farmer's Market is held every Sunday in the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Mountain_View_Station" title="Downtown Mountain View Station">Downtown Mountain View Station</a> parking lot.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The largest park in the city is <a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Park,_Mountain_View" title="Shoreline Park, Mountain View">Shoreline Park</a>, which was built on a landfill and runs along the Bay north of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California" title="U.S. Route 101 in California">U.S. Route 101</a>. It includes <a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre" title="Shoreline Amphitheatre">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a>, Shoreline Golf Course, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rengstorff_House" title="Rengstorff House">Rengstorff House</a>, which is listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. On the north side, facing the Bay, the park includes tidal ponds and mudflats, accessible via pedestrian and bicycle paths. The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Trail" title="San Francisco Bay Trail">San Francisco Bay Trail</a> runs along Shoreline Park.</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)" title="Stevens Creek (California)">Stevens Creek</a> runs through Mountain View from the south and empties into the Bay in Shoreline Park. A paved pedestrian and bicycle path, the Stevens Creek Trail, runs alongside the creek for nearly its entire distance in Mountain View.</p>
+<p>Other parks include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Eagle Park, which holds a public swimming pool, dog-friendly lawn, and World War II <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a></li>
+<li>Cuesta Park, a sprawling park with tennis courts, barbecue areas, and playgrounds, near El Camino Hospital and the YMCA</li>
+<li>Rengstorff Park, home to a public swimming pool, community center, skate park, and multiple playgrounds and picnic areas</li>
+<li>Charleston Park, a five-acre park located near the <a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a>. The park was designed by SWA Group who received an ASLA Centennial Medallion in 1999 for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_of_Mountain_View,_California" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parks of Mountain View, California">Parks of Mountain View, California</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in a list format that may be better presented using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Prose">prose</a>.</b> <span class="hide-when-compact">You can help by converting this section to prose, if <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Embedded list">appropriate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <small><i>(March 2009)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_history_museum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Computer_history_museum.jpg/220px-Computer_history_museum.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Computer_history_museum.jpg/330px-Computer_history_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Computer_history_museum.jpg/440px-Computer_history_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_history_museum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg/220px-Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg/330px-Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg/440px-Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="954" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoreline_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre" title="Shoreline Amphitheatre">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li>The <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> is home to the largest and most significant collection of computing artifacts in the world.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Field</a> is a joint civil-military federal airfield located between northern Mountain View and northern <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>. It is home to <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">NASA Ames Research Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangars</a> for <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigid_airship" title="Rigid airship">rigid airships</a> (now mostly vacant) make unique landmarks for motorists on Highway 101.</li>
+<li>The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Adobe_Building" title="Historic Adobe Building">Historic Adobe Building</a>, a small events center on Moffett Boulevard, is listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Parish_(Mountain_View,_California)" title="Saint Joseph Parish (Mountain View, California)">St. Joseph Parish</a> was founded in 1905, and survived the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>, only to burn down in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Joey_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joey-42">[42]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Mountain_View,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Seminary (Mountain View, California)">St. Joseph's Seminary</a> operated here between 1924 and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-welcome_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welcome-43">[43]</a></sup> The current St. Joseph church building was built in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Joey_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joey-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sister cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The Mountain View Sister City Affiliation was incorporated in 1974 as an independent non-profit governed by a Board of Directors. Mountain View is affiliated with the cities of</p>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iwata,_Shizuoka" title="Iwata, Shizuoka">Iwata, Shizuoka</a>, Japan</li>
+<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>, Belgium</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The rock garden in Pioneer Park was a gift from the sister city of Iwata to celebrate the completion of Mountain View's City Hall building.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/64px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California" title="Timeline of Mountain View, California">Timeline of Mountain View, California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Mountain_View,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Seminary (Mountain View, California)">St. Joseph's Seminary (Mountain View, California)</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Mountain_View,_California" title="Category:People from Mountain View, California">Category:People from Mountain View, California</a></div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tully_Banta-Cain" title="Tully Banta-Cain">Tully Banta-Cain</a>, two-time <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> champion<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Clark" title="Carroll Clark">Carroll Clark</a>, seven-time <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Art Direction">Academy Award for Best Art Direction</a> nominee<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Assaf_Cohen" title="Assaf Cohen">Assaf Cohen</a>, supporting actor, <i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_(TV_series)" title="Heroes (TV series)">Heroes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Entourage_(U.S._TV_series)" title="Entourage (U.S. TV series)">Entourage</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Crawford" title="Brandon Crawford">Brandon Crawford</a>, professional baseball player in MLB, plays for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants" title="San Francisco Giants">San Francisco Giants</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Creamer" title="Paula Creamer">Paula Creamer</a>, professional golfer and formerly <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Golf_Rankings" title="Women's World Golf Rankings">Women's World Golf Rankings</a> number two player<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Gates" title="Doris Gates">Doris Gates</a>, author and librarian<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Green_(Powerlifter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Green (Powerlifter)">Dan Green</a>, powerlifter, world record holder in 220 and 242 lbs weight classes<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, technology entrepreneur, co-founder and CEO of Apple<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman Khan (educator)">Salman Khan</a>, online educator, resides in Mountain View<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Leonard_(baseball)" title="Mark Leonard (baseball)">Mark Leonard</a>, former left fielder for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants" title="San Francisco Giants">San Francisco Giants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Baltimore Orioles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sally_J._Lieber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sally J. Lieber">Sally J. Lieber</a>, former mayor of Mountain View and politician</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Roberts,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Kenny Roberts, Jr.">Kenny Roberts, Jr.</a>, 2000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_500cc/MotoGP_Motorcycle_World_Champions" title="List of 500cc/MotoGP Motorcycle World Champions">500cc Road Racing World Champion</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Antonio_Vargas" title="Jose Antonio Vargas">Jose Antonio Vargas</a>, Pulitzer Prize winner and founder of Define American<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?blobid=2386">"Celebrating our Hundredth Birthday: 1902-2002"</a>. City of Mountain View<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+our+Hundredth+Birthday%3A+1902-2002&rft.pub=City+of+Mountain+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainview.gov%2Fcivicax%2Ffilebank%2Fblobdload.aspx%3Fblobid%3D2386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc">"California Cities by Incorporation Date"</a>. California Association of <a href="/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission" title="Local Agency Formation Commission">Local Agency Formation Commissions</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Word)</span> on November 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Cities+by+Incorporation+Date&rft.pub=California+Association+of+Local+Agency+Formation+Commissions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calafco.org%2Fdocs%2FCities_by_incorp_date.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-ca-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ca_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov/council/roster/default.asp">"City Council Roster"</a>. City of Mountain View<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Council+Roster&rft.pub=City+of+Mountain+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainview.gov%2Fcouncil%2Froster%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mountainview.gov/depts/manager/default.asp">"Office of the City Manager"</a>. City of Mountain View<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+City+Manager&rft.pub=City+of+Mountain+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmountainview.gov%2Fdepts%2Fmanager%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_06.txt">"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files Places California"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files+%E2%80%93+Places+%E2%80%93+California&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2010_place_list_06.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:277611">"Mountain View"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.atitle=Mountain+View&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A277611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-quif-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quif_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quif_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6AA1QacCN?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0649670.html">"Mountain View (city) QuickFacts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0649670.html">the original</a> on August 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+View+%28city%29+QuickFacts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fstates%2F06%2F0649670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action">"ZIP Code(tm) Lookup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZIP+Code%28tm%29+Lookup&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.usps.com%2Fgo%2FZipLookupAction%21input.action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Munro-Fraser, J. P. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Vwe-eHfqsC"><i>History of Santa Clara County, California</i></a>. San Francisco: Alley, Bowen & Co. p. 262<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Santa+Clara+County%2C+California&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Alley%2C+Bowen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Munro-Fraser&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_Vwe-eHfqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov/services/learn_about_our_city/default.asp">"City of Mountain View - Learn About Our City"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Mountain+View+-+Learn+About+Our+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainview.gov%2Fservices%2Flearn_about_our_city%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Gibboney-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibboney_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gibboney, Tom (July 4, 2014). "A front-row seat watching the city boom: Farewell to the Voice". <i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain View Voice">Mountain View Voice</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+View+Voice&rft.atitle=A+front-row+seat+watching+the+city+boom%3A+Farewell+to+the+Voice&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft.aulast=Gibboney&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=90547&cityname=Mountain+View%2C+California%2C+United+States+of+America&units=">"Mountain View, California Climate Summary"</a>. Weatherbase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+View%2C+California+Climate+Summary&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D90547%26cityname%3DMountain%2BView%252C%2BCalifornia%252C%2BUnited%2BStates%2Bof%2BAmerica%26units%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Weatherbase.org-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weatherbase.org_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=90547&cityname=Mountain-View-California">"Mountain View, California Temperature Averages"</a>. Weaterbase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+View%2C+California+Temperature+Averages&rft.pub=Weaterbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D90547%26cityname%3DMountain-View-California&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?BlobID=21317">"Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2016"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. City of Mountain View, California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Annual+Financial+Report+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30%2C+2016&rft.pub=City+of+Mountain+View%2C+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainview.gov%2Fcivicax%2Ffilebank%2Fblobdload.aspx%3FBlobID%3D21317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/nplfin.htm#CA">"Final National Priorities List (NPL) Sites - by State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+National+Priorities+List+%28NPL%29+Sites+-+by+State&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsites%2Fquery%2Fqueryhtm%2Fnplfin.htm%23CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0649670">"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Mountain View city"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Interactive+Population+Search%3A+CA+-+Mountain+View+city&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F2010census%2Fpopmap%2Fipmtext.php%3Ffl%3D06%3A0649670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bureau, US Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov">"Census.gov"</a>. <i>www.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=Census.gov&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=US+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov">"Bay Area Census"</a>. <i>www.bayareacensus.ca.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bayareacensus.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Bay+Area+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayareacensus.ca.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-GR2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov">"American FactFinder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder2.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US0649670&-format=&-_lang=en">"Factfinder.census.gov"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factfinder.census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FSTTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-context%3Dst%26-qr_name%3DACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901%26-ds_name%3DACS_2007_1YR_G00_%26-CONTEXT%3Dst%26-tree_id%3D307%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-_caller%3Dgeoselect%26-geo_id%3D16000US0649670%26-format%3D%26-_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.mtnview.ca.us/city_hall/default.asp">"City of Mountain View - Departments"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Mountain+View+-+Departments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.mtnview.ca.us%2Fcity_hall%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html">"Statewide Database"</a>. UC Regents<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statewide+Database&rft.pub=UC+Regents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatewidedatabase.org%2Fgis%2Fgis2011%2Findex_2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/18">"California's 18th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map"</a>. Civic Impulse, LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California%27s++18th+Congressional+District+-+Representatives+%26+District+Map&rft.pub=Civic+Impulse%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fmembers%2FCA%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mountainview.gov/council/default.asp">"City of Mountain View - City Council"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Mountain+View+-+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmountainview.gov%2Fcouncil%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070724021047/http://www.mvwsd.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27">"Mountain View Whisman School District - School Info"</a>. <i>mvwsd.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvwsd.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27">the original</a> on July 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mvwsd.org&rft.atitle=Mountain+View+Whisman+School+District+-+School+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvwsd.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvla.net/Home.aspx">"MVLA High School District"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MVLA+High+School+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvla.net%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mv-voice.com/story.php?story_id=1732">"Flush times at high school district,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084607/http://www.mv-voice.com/story.php?story_id=1732">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Mountain View Voice,</i> June 30, 2006</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/kopec/b155/html/tab-234.html">"Mountain View Shoreline Regional Park Community Act,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903100613/http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/kopec/b155/html/tab-234.html">Archived</a> September 3, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. uncodified Act of the California Legislature, 1969, Chapter 1109.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Casey Weiss (4 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mv-voice.com/news/2008/06/04/measure-c-passes-by-a-landslide">"Measure C passes by a landslide"</a>. <i>mv-voice.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mv-voice.com&rft.atitle=Measure+C+passes+by+a+landslide&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.au=Casey+Weiss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mv-voice.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F06%2F04%2Fmeasure-c-passes-by-a-landslide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&details=1&DistrictID=0626280&ID2=0626280">"District Detail for Mountain View-Whisman Elementary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Detail+for+Mountain+View-Whisman+Elementary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fccd%2Fdistrictsearch%2Fdistrict_detail.asp%3FSearch%3D2%26details%3D1%26DistrictID%3D0626280%26ID2%3D0626280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov/city_hall/library/default.asp">"City of Mountain View - Library"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Mountain+View+-+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainview.gov%2Fcity_hall%2Flibrary%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Berlin_Wall_segments#Mountain_View.2C_California.2C_USA" title="List of Berlin Wall segments">List of Berlin Wall segments#Mountain View.2C California.2C USA</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mvcommunityshuttle.com/"><i>Mountain View Community Shuttle</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+View+Community+Shuttle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmvcommunityshuttle.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/technology/16google.html?ex=1313380800&en=864282a6c3d29764&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Google Says It Has No Plans for National Wi-Fi Service</a></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.mtnview.ca.us/mvcpa/gen_info.html">"MVCPA General Info"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MVCPA+General+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.mtnview.ca.us%2Fmvcpa%2Fgen_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Newman, Morris (June 16, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/16/realestate/national-notebook-mountain-view-calif-a-civic-center-for-a-revival.html">"National Notebook: Mountain View, Calif.; A Civic Center For a Revival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=National+Notebook%3A+Mountain+View%2C+Calif.%3B+A+Civic+Center+For+a+Revival&rft.date=1991-06-16&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F16%2Frealestate%2Fnational-notebook-mountain-view-calif-a-civic-center-for-a-revival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mv-voice.com/special_pubs/mountainview/55/section1.pdf">"Info Mountain View 201415"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (pdf). <i>Mountain View Voice</i>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Info+Mountain+View+2014%E2%80%9315&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=%27%27Mountain+View+Voice%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mv-voice.com%2Fspecial_pubs%2Fmountainview%2F55%2Fsection1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Taylor, Helaine (2011-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newslikethis.com/company-headquarters-google-inc-googleplex-california-receive-asla-national-honor-award-2001">"Company Headquarters For Google Inc Googleplex In California Receive ASLA National Honor Award 2001"</a>. NewsLikeThis.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Company+Headquarters+For+Google+Inc+Googleplex+In+California+Receive+ASLA+National+Honor+Award+2001&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Helaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslikethis.com%2Fcompany-headquarters-google-inc-googleplex-california-receive-asla-national-honor-award-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Joey-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joey_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joey_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228074626/http://www.sjpmv.org/content/history/">"St. Joseph Parish: History"</a>. <i>sjpmv.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjpmv.org/content/history/">the original</a> on February 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sjpmv.org&rft.atitle=St.+Joseph+Parish%3A+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjpmv.org%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-welcome-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-welcome_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintjosephscollege.ws/">"Welcome Friends"</a>. St. Josephs - St. Patricks College Alumni Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+Friends&rft.pub=St.+Joseph%E2%80%99s+-+St.+Patrick%E2%80%99s+College+Alumni+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintjosephscollege.ws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mv-voice.com/morgue/2002/2002_02_01.andy.html">"Former Mayor Dies"</a>. <i>Mountain View Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+View+Voice&rft.atitle=Former+Mayor+Dies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mv-voice.com%2Fmorgue%2F2002%2F2002_02_01.andy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9AFZ_Pioneer_Park_Rock_Garden_Mountain_View_CA">"Pioneer Park Rock Garden"</a>. Waymarking.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Park+Rock+Garden&rft.pub=Waymarking.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWM9AFZ_Pioneer_Park_Rock_Garden_Mountain_View_CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=BANTATUL01">"Tully Banta-Cain"</a>. databaseFootball.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tully+Banta-Cain&rft.pub=databaseFootball.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.databasefootball.com%2Fplayers%2Fplayerpage.htm%3Filkid%3DBANTATUL01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fan.tcm.com/_Carroll-Clark-and-Emile-Kuri/blog/6176929/66470.html?createPassive=true">"CARROLL CLARK AND EMILE KURI"</a>. Turner Classic Movies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CARROLL+CLARK+AND+EMILE+KURI&rft.pub=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffan.tcm.com%2F_Carroll-Clark-and-Emile-Kuri%2Fblog%2F6176929%2F66470.html%3FcreatePassive%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/people/assaf-cohen/">"Assaf Cohen"</a>. TV.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assaf+Cohen&rft.pub=TV.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv.com%2Fpeople%2Fassaf-cohen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=crawfbr01">"Brandon Crawford Stats"</a>. Baseball Almanac<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brandon+Crawford+Stats&rft.pub=Baseball+Almanac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-almanac.com%2Fplayers%2Fplayer.php%3Fp%3Dcrawfbr01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golf.com/photos/hottest-players-lpga-tour/paula-creamer-0">"Hottest players on the LPGA Tour"</a>. Golf.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hottest+players+on+the+LPGA+Tour&rft.pub=Golf.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golf.com%2Fphotos%2Fhottest-players-lpga-tour%2Fpaula-creamer-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sarkissian, Adele (editor) (1986). <i>Something About the Author, Autobiography Series, Vol. 1</i>. Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4450-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4450-1">978-0-8103-4450-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+About+the+Author%2C+Autobiography+Series%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-4450-1&rft.aulast=Sarkissian&rft.aufirst=Adele+%28editor%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerliftingwatch.com/records/raw/world">"Men's Raw World Records"</a>. <i>powerliftingwatch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=powerliftingwatch.com&rft.atitle=Men%27s+Raw+World+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerliftingwatch.com%2Frecords%2Fraw%2Fworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mv-voice.com/news/show_story.php?id=4823">"Mountain View Online : Steve Jobs called Mountain View home as a child"</a>. Mv-voice.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+View+Online+%3A+Steve+Jobs+called+Mountain+View+home+as+a+child&rft.pub=Mv-voice.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mv-voice.com%2Fnews%2Fshow_story.php%3Fid%3D4823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Begos, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/rss/ci_25223089?source=rss">"Salman Khan among three Bay Area residents getting $250,000 Heinz awards"</a>. San Jose Mercury News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salman+Khan+among+three+Bay+Area+residents+getting+%24250%2C000+Heinz+awards&rft.pub=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.aulast=Begos&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Frss%2Fci_25223089%3Fsource%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Kenny+Roberts+Jr">"Kenny Roberts Jr"</a>. <i>motogp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motogp.com&rft.atitle=Kenny+Roberts+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motogp.com%2Fen%2Friders%2FKenny%2BRoberts%2BJr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+View%2C+California" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Mountain View, California">Bibliography of the history of Mountain View, California</a></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_View,_California" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainview.gov">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rick-heli.info/mvtour/">Historic Homes of Mountain View</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blocksnap.com/block/explore?query=mountain+view&submit=Search">Block by Block Photo Tour of Castro Street, Downtown Mountain View</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(California)#Q486860" class="extiw" title="voy:Mountain View (California)">Mountain View (California)</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_points_of_interest">Other points of interest</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View,_California&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other points of interest">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montaloma.org/"><i>Monta Loma Neighborhood</i></a> Neighborhood Web Site</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omvna.org/"><i>Old Mountain View Neighborhood</i></a> Neighborhood Web Site</li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountain_View.2C_California" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountain_View,_California" title="Template:Mountain View, California"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #FCC200;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountain_View,_California" title="Template talk:Mountain View, California"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #FCC200;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mountain_View,_California&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #FCC200;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Mountain_View.2C_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain View, California</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Education</b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Primary and secondary schools</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View%E2%80%93Whisman_School_District" title="Mountain ViewWhisman School District">Mountain ViewWhisman School District</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral_Elementary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriela Mistral Elementary School">Gabriela Mistral Elementary School</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_School_District" title="Los Altos School District">Los Altos School District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View%E2%80%93Los_Altos_Union_High_School_District" title="Mountain ViewLos Altos Union High School District">Mountain ViewLos Altos Union High School District</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_High_School_(Mountain_View,_California)" title="Mountain View High School (Mountain View, California)">Mountain View High School</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/German_International_School_of_Silicon_Valley" title="German International School of Silicon Valley">German International School of Silicon Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_High_School_(Mountain_View)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis High School (Mountain View)">Saint Francis High School</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yew_Chung_International_School_%E2%80%93_Silicon_Valley" title="Yew Chung International School Silicon Valley">Yew Chung International School Silicon Valley</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Other education</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College_(Santa_Clara_County,_California)" title="St. Joseph's College (Santa Clara County, California)">St. Joseph's College</a> (closed)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Other</b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Landmarks</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Adobe_Building" title="Historic Adobe Building">Historic Adobe Building</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts">Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rengstorff_House" title="Rengstorff House">Rengstorff House</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre" title="Shoreline Amphitheatre">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Park,_Mountain_View" title="Shoreline Park, Mountain View">Shoreline Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Parish_(Mountain_View,_California)" title="Saint Joseph Parish (Mountain View, California)">Saint Joseph Parish</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Transportation</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Mountain_View_Station" title="Downtown Mountain View Station">Downtown Mountain View Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Federal Airfield</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">History</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California" title="Timeline of Mountain View, California">Timeline</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Santa_Clara_County.2C_California.2C_United_States" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FCC200;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Template:Santa Clara County, California"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Template talk:Santa Clara County, California"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Santa_Clara_County,_California&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Santa_Clara_County.2C_California.2C_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California"><span class="region">Santa Clara County, California</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FCC200;">
+<div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California"><span>San Jose</span></a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" title="List of cities and towns in California">Cities and towns</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Campbell,_California" title="Campbell, California">Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cupertino,_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilroy,_California" title="Gilroy, California">Gilroy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills,_California" title="Los Altos Hills, California">Los Altos Hills</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California" title="Los Gatos, California">Los Gatos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Sereno,_California" title="Monte Sereno, California">Monte Sereno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California" title="Morgan Hill, California">Morgan Hill</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain View</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div>
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg.png" title="Santa Clara County map" width="87" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg/131px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg/174px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1171" /></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alum_Rock,_California" title="Alum Rock, California">Alum Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Burbank,_Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Burbank, Santa Clara County, California">Burbank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Park,_California" title="Cambrian Park, California">Cambrian Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Foothills,_California" title="East Foothills, California">East Foothills</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fruitdale,_California" title="Fruitdale, California">Fruitdale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Hills,_California" title="Lexington Hills, California">Lexington Hills</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loyola,_California" title="Loyola, California">Loyola</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Martin,_California" title="San Martin, California">San Martin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />
+communities</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama,_California" title="Ashrama, California">Ashrama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Station,_California" title="Bell Station, California">Bell Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma,_Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Casa Loma, Santa Clara County, California">Casa Loma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chemeketa_Park,_California" title="Chemeketa Park, California">Chemeketa Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coyote,_California" title="Coyote, California">Coyote</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_City,_California" title="Holy City, California">Holy City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Chiquita,_California" title="Loma Chiquita, California">Loma Chiquita</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home_(Santa_Clara_County,_California)" title="Mountain Home (Santa Clara County, California)">Mountain Home</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Almaden,_California" title="New Almaden, California">New Almaden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gilroy,_California" title="Old Gilroy, California">Old Gilroy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_Estates,_California" title="Redwood Estates, California">Redwood Estates</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rucker,_California" title="Rucker, California">Rucker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Valley,_California" title="San Antonio Valley, California">San Antonio Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sargent,_California" title="Sargent, California">Sargent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sveadal,_California" title="Sveadal, California">Sveadal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/Census_county_division" title="Census county division">CCDs</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Range_(census_county_division)" title="Diablo Range (census county division)">Diablo Range</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Hills_(Santa_Clara_County,_California)" title="Lexington Hills (Santa Clara County, California)">Lexington Hills</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Llagas-Uvas,_California" title="Llagas-Uvas, California">Llagas-Uvas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_Santa_Clara_Valley,_California" title="South Santa Clara Valley, California">South Santa Clara Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/West_Santa_Clara,_California" title="West Santa Clara, California">West Santa Clara</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alma,_California" title="Alma, California">Alma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_California" title="Lexington, California">Lexington</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patchen,_California" title="Patchen, California">Patchen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wrights,_California" title="Wrights, California">Wrights</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions" title="Template:San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions" title="Template talk:San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_in_Silicon_Valley" title="List of attractions in Silicon Valley">San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Arboreta / Gardens</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden" title="Arizona Cactus Garden">Arizona Cactus Garden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Garden" title="Chinese Cultural Garden">Chinese Cultural Garden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Prusch_Farm_Park" title="Emma Prusch Farm Park">Emma Prusch Farm Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hakone_Gardens" title="Hakone Gardens">Hakone Gardens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hollyhill_Hummingbird_Farm" title="Hollyhill Hummingbird Farm">Hollyhill Hummingbird Farm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_(Kelley_Park)" title="Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)">Japanese Friendship Garden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Overfelt_Gardens" title="Overfelt Gardens">Overfelt Gardens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden" title="San Jose Municipal Rose Garden">SJ Municipal Rose Garden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum" title="Stanford University Arboretum">Stanford Arboretum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center#Arboretum" title="Montalvo Arts Center">Villa Montalvo Arboretum</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Cultural</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Musical_Theatre_of_San_Jose" title="American Musical Theatre of San Jose">American Musical Theatre of SJ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_San_Jose" title="Ballet San Jose">Ballet San Jose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Joseph_(San_Jose,_California)" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose, California)">Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Choral_Project" title="The Choral Project">Choral Project</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum" title="De Saisset Museum">De Saisset Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library" title="Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Sahib_of_San_Jose" title="Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose">Gurdwara Sahib</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies" title="Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies">Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza" title="Mexican Heritage Plaza">Mexican Heritage Plaza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center" title="Montalvo Arts Center">Montalvo Arts Center</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center" title="Montalvo Arts Center">Villa Montalvo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opera_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Opera San Jos">Opera San Jos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall" title="San Jose City Hall">SJ City Hall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Flea_Market" title="San Jose Flea Market">SJ Flea Market</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Improv" title="San Jose Improv">SJ Improv</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art" title="San Jose Museum of Art">SJ Museum of Art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Repertory_Theatre" title="San Jose Repertory Theatre">SJ Rep Theatre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SjDANCEco" title="SjDANCEco">sjDANCEco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Silicon_Valley" title="Symphony Silicon Valley">Symphony Silicon Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triton_Museum_of_Art" title="Triton Museum of Art">Triton Museum of Art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Museum" title="Viet Museum">Viet Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vivace_Youth_Chorus_of_San_Jose" title="Vivace Youth Chorus of San Jose">Vivace Youth Chorus</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Event venues</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Avaya_Stadium" title="Avaya Stadium">Avaya Stadium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CEFCU_Stadium" title="CEFCU Stadium">CEFCU Stadium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/City_National_Civic" title="City National Civic">City National Civic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium" title="Levi's Stadium">Levi's Stadium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PAL_Stadium" title="PAL Stadium">PAL Stadium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="San Jose Center for the Performing Arts">San Jose Center for the Performing Arts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Center at San Jose">SAP Center at San Jose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Convention_Center" title="Santa Clara Convention Center">SC Convention Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre" title="Shoreline Amphitheatre">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Convention_Center" title="San Jose Convention Center">SJ Convention Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Stadium" title="San Jose Municipal Stadium">SJ Municipal Stadium</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Event_Center_Arena" title="Event Center Arena">SJSU Event Center Arena</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Stadium" title="Stevens Stadium">Stevens Stadium</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Events</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BayCon" title="BayCon">BayCon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cinequest_Film_Festival" title="Cinequest Film Festival">Cinequest Film Festival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FanimeCon" title="FanimeCon">FanimeCon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Further_Confusion" title="Further Confusion">Further Confusion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Livestrong_Foundation#Livestrong_Challenge" title="Livestrong Foundation">LiveStrong Challenge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Holiday_Parade" title="San Jose Holiday Parade">SJ Holiday Parade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Jazz_Festival" title="San Jose Jazz Festival">SJ Jazz Festival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Comic_Con" title="Silicon Valley Comic Con">Silicon Valley Comic Con</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Jazz_Workshop" title="Stanford Jazz Workshop">Stanford Jazz Festival</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Park_(San_Jose)" title="Christmas in the Park (San Jose)">Christmas in the Park</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Historical</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza" title="Circle of Palms Plaza">Circle of Palms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza" title="Hotel De Anza">Hotel De Anza</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hangar_One_(Mountain_View,_California)" title="Hangar One (Mountain View, California)">Hangar One</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park" title="History Park at Kelley Park">History Park at Kelley Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HP_Garage" title="HP Garage">HP Garage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Museum_of_San_Jose" title="Japanese American Museum of San Jose">Japanese American Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Almaden" title="New Almaden">New Almaden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peralta_Adobe" title="Peralta Adobe">Peralta Adobe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum" title="Portuguese Historical Museum">Portuguese Historical Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rengstorff_House" title="Rengstorff House">Rengstorff House</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum" title="Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum">Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles" title="San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles">SJ Museum of Quilts & Textiles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House" title="Winchester Mystery House">Winchester Mystery House</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Parks / Trails</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park" title="Almaden Quicksilver County Park">Almaden Quicksilver County Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park" title="Alum Rock Park">Alum Rock Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)" title="Anderson Lake (California)">Anderson Lake</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Ridge_Trail" title="Bay Area Ridge Trail">Bay Area Ridge Trail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Calero_Reservoir" title="Calero Reservoir">Calero Reservoir</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_State_Park_(California)" title="Castle Rock State Park (California)">Castle Rock State Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coyote%E2%80%93Bear_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="CoyoteBear Park">CoyoteBear Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ed_R._Levin_County_Park" title="Ed R. Levin County Park">Ed Levin Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Ranch_County_Park" title="Grant Ranch County Park">Grant Ranch County Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_Trail" title="Guadalupe River Trail">Guadalupe River Trail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park" title="Henry W. Coe State Park">Henry W. Coe State Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kelley_Park" title="Kelley Park">Kelley Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Cunningham" title="Lake Cunningham">Lake Cunningham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alamitos_Creek" title="Alamitos Creek">Los Alamitos Creek Trail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos_Creek_Trail" title="Los Gatos Creek Trail">Los Gatos Creek Trail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Plaza de Csar Chvez">Plaza de Csar Chvez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Antonio_County_Park" title="Rancho San Antonio County Park">Rancho San Antonio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park" title="Rosicrucian Park">Rosicrucian Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_County_Park" title="Sanborn County Park">Sanborn County Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Trail" title="San Francisco Bay Trail">SF Bay Trail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Park,_Mountain_View" title="Shoreline Park, Mountain View">Shoreline Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)" title="Stevens Creek (California)">Stevens Creek Trail</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uvas_Canyon_County_Park" title="Uvas Canyon County Park">Uvas Canyon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uvas_Creek_Preserve" title="Uvas Creek Preserve">Uvas Creek Preserve</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uvas_Reservoir" title="Uvas Reservoir">Uvas Reservoir</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vasona_Park" title="Vasona Park">Vasona Park</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Science / Tech / Education</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose" title="Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose">Children's Discovery Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Museum" title="Intel Museum">Intel Museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Exploration_Center" title="NASA Ames Exploration Center">NASA Ames Exploration Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">SJSU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">SCU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation" title="The Tech Museum of Innovation">The Tech Museum of Innovation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Shopping</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eastridge" title="Eastridge">Eastridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mall_of_the_Bay_Area" title="Great Mall of the Bay Area">Great Mall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Oakridge" title="Westfield Oakridge">Oakridge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PruneYard_Shopping_Center" title="PruneYard Shopping Center">PruneYard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Shopping_Center" title="San Antonio Shopping Center">San Antonio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santana_Row" title="Santana Row">Santana Row</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center" title="Stanford Shopping Center">Stanford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vallco_Shopping_Mall" title="Vallco Shopping Mall">Vallco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Valley_Fair" title="Westfield Valley Fair">Valley Fair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_Mall_(San_Jose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westgate Mall (San Jose)">Westgate</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Theme parks and tours</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_%22Billy%22_Jones#The_.22Wildcat_Railroad.22" title="William "Billy" Jones">Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/California%27s_Great_America" title="California's Great America">California's Great America</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilroy_Gardens" title="Gilroy Gardens">Gilroy Gardens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Hollow_Park_%26_Zoo" title="Happy Hollow Park & Zoo">Happy Hollow Park & Zoo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Raging_Waters#Raging_Waters_San_Jose" title="Raging Waters">Raging Waters</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Vineyards / Wineries</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Byington_Vineyard" title="Byington Vineyard">Byington Vineyard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Lohr_Vineyards_and_Wines" title="J. Lohr Vineyards and Wines">J Lohr Vineyards and Wines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Winery" title="Mountain Winery">Mountain Winery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picchetti_Brothers_Winery" title="Picchetti Brothers Winery">Picchetti Brothers Winery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Savannah%E2%80%93Chanelle_Vineyards" title="SavannahChanelle Vineyards">SavannahChanelle Vineyards</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="San_Francisco_Bay_Area" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FCC200">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SF_Bay_Area" title="Template:SF Bay Area"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SF_Bay_Area" title="Template talk:SF Bay Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SF_Bay_Area&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="San_Francisco_Bay_Area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Bodies of water</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay" title="Bodega Bay">Bodega Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carquinez_Strait" title="Carquinez Strait">Carquinez Strait</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Court_Forebay" title="Clifton Court Forebay">Clifton Forebay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate" title="Golden Gate">Golden Gate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_Bay" title="Grizzly Bay">Grizzly Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(California)" title="Guadalupe River (California)">Guadalupe River</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Bay_(California)" title="Half Moon Bay (California)">Half Moon Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Berryessa" title="Lake Berryessa">Lake Berryessa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Napa_River" title="Napa River">Napa River</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Estuary" title="Oakland Estuary">Oakland Estuary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petaluma_River" title="Petaluma River">Petaluma River</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Bay" title="Richardson Bay">Richardson Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Inner_Harbor" title="Richmond Inner Harbor">Richmond Inner Harbor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_River_(California)" title="Russian River (California)">Russian River</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Leandro_Bay" title="San Leandro Bay">San Leandro Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_Bay" title="San Pablo Bay">San Pablo Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Creek" title="Sonoma Creek">Sonoma Creek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_Bay" title="Suisun Bay">Suisun Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tomales_Bay" title="Tomales Bay">Tomales Bay</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:BayareaUSGS.jpg" class="image" title="San Francisco Bay Area"><img alt="San Francisco Bay Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BayareaUSGS.jpg/100px-BayareaUSGS.jpg" width="100" height="104" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BayareaUSGS.jpg/150px-BayareaUSGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BayareaUSGS.jpg/200px-BayareaUSGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="798" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Counties</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Major cities</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />
+100k250k</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antioch,_California" title="Antioch, California">Antioch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_California" title="Concord, California">Concord</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daly_City,_California" title="Daly City, California">Daly City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_California" title="Fairfield, California">Fairfield</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hayward,_California" title="Hayward, California">Hayward</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vallejo,_California" title="Vallejo, California">Vallejo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />
+50k99k</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alameda,_California" title="Alameda, California">Alameda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_California" title="Brentwood, California">Brentwood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Valley,_California" title="Castro Valley, California">Castro Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cupertino,_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain View</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Napa,_California" title="Napa, California">Napa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Novato,_California" title="Novato, California">Novato</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Petaluma,_California" title="Petaluma, California">Petaluma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_California" title="Pittsburg, California">Pittsburg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pleasanton,_California" title="Pleasanton, California">Pleasanton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Leandro,_California" title="San Leandro, California">San Leandro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_California" title="San Mateo, California">San Mateo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Rafael,_California" title="San Rafael, California">San Rafael</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Ramon,_California" title="San Ramon, California">San Ramon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/South_San_Francisco,_California" title="South San Francisco, California">South San Francisco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Union_City,_California" title="Union City, California">Union City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vacaville,_California" title="Vacaville, California">Vacaville</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />
+25k-50k</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_California" title="Belmont, California">Belmont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benicia,_California" title="Benicia, California">Benicia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame,_California" title="Burlingame, California">Burlingame</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Campbell,_California" title="Campbell, California">Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_California" title="Danville, California">Danville</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_California" title="Dublin, California">Dublin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Palo_Alto,_California" title="East Palo Alto, California">East Palo Alto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foster_City,_California" title="Foster City, California">Foster City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gilroy,_California" title="Gilroy, California">Gilroy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California" title="Los Gatos, California">Los Gatos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Martinez,_California" title="Martinez, California">Martinez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California" title="Morgan Hill, California">Morgan Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_California" title="Newark, California">Newark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oakley,_California" title="Oakley, California">Oakley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pacifica,_California" title="Pacifica, California">Pacifica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Hill,_California" title="Pleasant Hill, California">Pleasant Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rohnert_Park,_California" title="Rohnert Park, California">Rohnert Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Bruno,_California" title="San Bruno, California">San Bruno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_California" title="San Carlos, California">San Carlos</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo,_California" title="San Pablo, California">San Pablo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_City,_California" title="Suisun City, California">Suisun City</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_California" title="Windsor, California">Windsor</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />
+10k25k</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alamo,_California" title="Alamo, California">Alamo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_California" title="Albany, California">Albany</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alum_Rock,_California" title="Alum Rock, California">Alum Rock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Canyon,_California" title="American Canyon, California">American Canyon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_California" title="Ashland, California">Ashland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Point,_California" title="Bay Point, California">Bay Point</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cherryland,_California" title="Cherryland, California">Cherryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_California" title="Clayton, California">Clayton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Bay,_California" title="Discovery Bay, California">Discovery Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dixon,_California" title="Dixon, California">Dixon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Cerrito,_California" title="El Cerrito, California">El Cerrito</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/El_Sobrante,_California" title="El Sobrante, California">El Sobrante</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emeryville,_California" title="Emeryville, California">Emeryville</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_California" title="Fairview, California">Fairview</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Bay,_California" title="Half Moon Bay, California">Half Moon Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Healdsburg,_California" title="Healdsburg, California">Healdsburg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hercules,_California" title="Hercules, California">Hercules</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_California" title="Hillsborough, California">Hillsborough</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_California" title="Lafayette, California">Lafayette</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Larkspur,_California" title="Larkspur, California">Larkspur</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Millbrae,_California" title="Millbrae, California">Millbrae</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California" title="Mill Valley, California">Mill Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Moraga,_California" title="Moraga, California">Moraga</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/North_Fair_Oaks,_California" title="North Fair Oaks, California">North Fair Oaks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orinda,_California" title="Orinda, California">Orinda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont,_California" title="Piedmont, California">Piedmont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pinole,_California" title="Pinole, California">Pinole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Anselmo,_California" title="San Anselmo, California">San Anselmo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_California" title="San Lorenzo, California">San Lorenzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma,_California" title="Sonoma, California">Sonoma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tamalpais-Homestead_Valley,_California" title="Tamalpais-Homestead Valley, California">Tamalpais-Homestead Valley</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Sub-regions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley#San_Francisco_South_Bay" title="Santa Clara Valley">South Bay</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FCC200">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Politics in the San Francisco Bay Area">Politics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area">Sports</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area">Transportation</a></li>
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title=" () Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauntin_Vyu_(Kaliforniya)" title="Mauntin Vyu (Kaliforniya) Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title=" South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89,_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title=" , Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Santa_Clara)" title="Mountain View (Santa Clara) Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%96%D1%8E_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="- () Belarusian (Tarakievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target"> ()</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%8E" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Kalifornija)" title="Mountain View (Kalifornija) Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(comtat_de_Santa_Clara)" title="Mountain View (comtat de Santa Clara) Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(lungsod_sa_Estados_Unidos,_California,_Santa_Clara_County)" title="Mountain View (lungsod sa Estados Unidos, California, Santa Clara County) Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View" title="Mountain View Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Santa_Clara_County,_Kalifornien)" title="Mountain View (Santa Clara County, Kalifornien) German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(California)" title="Mountain View (California) Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Kalifornio)" title="Mountain View (Kalifornio) Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Kalifornia)" title="Mountain View (Kalifornia) Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Californie)" title="Mountain View (Californie) French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B4%ED%8B%B4%EB%B7%B0_(%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A3%BC)" title=" ( ) Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title=" , Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Kalifornija" title="Mountain View, Kalifornija Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(contea_di_Santa_Clara)" title="Mountain View (contea di Santa Clara) Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Kalif%C3%B2ni" title="Mountain View, Kalifni Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_Montis_(California)" title="Prospectus Montis (California) Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauntinvj%C5%AB" title="Mauntinvj Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Kalifornia" title="Mountain View, Kalifornia Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title=" , Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(Santa_Clara_County)" title="Mountain View (Santa Clara County) Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title=" , Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title=" , Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View" title="Mountain View Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(California)" title="Mountain View (California) Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(hrabstwo_Santa_Clara)" title="Mountain View (hrabstwo Santa Clara) Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(condado_de_Santa_Clara)" title="Mountain View (condado de Santa Clara) Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%8C%D1%8E_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="- () Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Californie" title="Mountain View, Californie Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(hrabstwo_Santa_Clara)" title="Mountain View (hrabstwo Santa Clara) Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">lnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%98%D1%83_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title=" () Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Kalifornien" title="Mountain View, Kalifornien Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82,_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title=" , Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Kaliforniya" title="Mountain View, Kaliforniya Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%92%27%D1%8E" title="-' Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title=" Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_(California)" title="Mountain View (California) Volapk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AF%E5%9F%8E_(%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title=" () Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AF%E5%9F%8E_(%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E)" title=" () Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Nintendo</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Nintendo corporation. For the third-generation video game console from the company, see <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.</div>
+<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="fn org">Nintendo Co., Ltd.</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="logo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Nintendo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/220px-Nintendo.svg.png" width="220" height="73" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/330px-Nintendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/440px-Nintendo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200" /></a>
+<div>Nintendo's current logo, in use since 2016</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="logo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Nintendo office.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nintendo_office.jpg/220px-Nintendo_office.jpg" width="220" height="154" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nintendo_office.jpg/330px-Nintendo_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nintendo_office.jpg/440px-Nintendo_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1323" /></a>
+<div>Headquarters in Kyoto</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Native name</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nickname" lang="jp"></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> name</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">Nintend kabushikigaisha</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Formerly called</div>
+</th>
+<td class="nickname" style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li>Nintendo Karuta Co., Ltd.</li>
+<li>The Nintendo Playing Card Co.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_entities" title="List of business entities">Type</a></div>
+</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">TYO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.tse.or.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=&topSearchStr=7974">7974</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Industry</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video game industry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Founded</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">23 September 1889<span class="noprint">; 128 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1889-09-23</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Founder</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Fusajiro_Yamauchi" title="Fusajiro Yamauchi">Fusajiro Yamauchi</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Headquarters</th>
+<td class="adr" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></span>, <span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Area served</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">Worldwide</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Key people</div>
+</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tatsumi_Kimishima" title="Tatsumi Kimishima">Tatsumi Kimishima</a></li>
+<li><small>(President)</small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a></li>
+<li><small>(Fellow)</small></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Products</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#Products">List of Nintendo consoles</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nintendo_games" title="Lists of Nintendo games">Lists of Nintendo games</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Production output</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Hardware:</b> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 16.30 million</li>
+<li><b>Software:</b> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 123.20 million</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+ (2014)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Services</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Revenue</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen"></a>489.095 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Report_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Report-1">[1]</a></sup> (2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <span style="white-space: nowrap">29.362 billion</span> (2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Profit</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <span style="white-space: nowrap">102.574 billion</span> (2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <span style="white-space: nowrap">1.469 trillion</span> (2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <span style="white-space: nowrap">1.251 trillion</span> (2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Number of employees</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 5,166<sup id="cite_ref-num_employees_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-num_employees-2">[2]</a></sup> (2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Entertainment Planning & Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_European_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo European Research & Development">European Research & Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network_Service_Database" title="Nintendo Network Service Database">Network Service Database</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Platform Technology Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology" title="Nintendo Software Technology">Software Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Technology_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Technology Development">Technology Development</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">
+<div class="plainlist">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-UP_Studio" title="1-UP Studio">1-UP Studio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nd_Cube" title="Nd Cube">Nd Cube</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IQue" title="IQue">iQue</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Website</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nintendo.com">nintendo<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Nintendo Co., Ltd.</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. Nintendo is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_game_companies" title="Lists of video game companies">video game companies</a> by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)">Mario</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokmon">Pokmon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> Founded on 23 September 1889<sup id="cite_ref-history_NOJ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_NOJ-5">[4]</a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Fusajiro_Yamauchi" title="Fusajiro Yamauchi">Fusajiro Yamauchi</a>, it originally produced handmade <a href="/wiki/Hanafuda" title="Hanafuda">hanafuda</a> <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_NOA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_NOA-6">[5]</a></sup> By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and <a href="/wiki/Love_hotel" title="Love hotel">love hotels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_N-Sider_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_N-Sider-7">[6]</a></sup> Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">industry</a> and Japan's third most-valuable company with a market value of over $85 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> From 1992 until 2016, Nintendo was also the majority shareholder of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1889.E2.80.931956:_As_a_card_company"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">18891956: As a card company</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1956.E2.80.931974:_New_ventures"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">19561974: New ventures</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1974.E2.80.931978:_Early_electronic_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">19741978: Early electronic era</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1979.E2.80.932003:_Success_with_video_games"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">19792003: Success with video games</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#2004.E2.80.932011:_Nintendo_DS_and_Wii"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">20042011: Nintendo DS and Wii</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2011.E2.80.932015:_Nintendo_3DS_and_Wii_U"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">20112015: Nintendo 3DS and Wii U</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#2015.E2.80.93present:_Mobile_and_Nintendo_Switch"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">2015present: Mobile and Nintendo Switch</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Products"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Products</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Home_consoles"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Home consoles</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Color_TV-Game"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Color TV-Game</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Nintendo_Entertainment_System"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo Entertainment System</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nintendo_64"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo 64</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#GameCube"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">GameCube</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Wii"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Wii</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Wii_U"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Wii U</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Nintendo_Switch"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo Switch</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Handheld_consoles"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Handheld consoles</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Game_.26_Watch"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Game & Watch</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Game_Boy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Game Boy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Nintendo_DS"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo DS</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Nintendo_3DS"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo 3DS</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Company_structure"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Company structure</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Marketing"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Marketing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Board_of_directors"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Board of directors</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Representative_Directors"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Representative Directors</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Directors"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Directors</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Outside_Directors"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Outside Directors</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Executive_officers"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Executive officers</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Senior_Executive_Officers"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Senior Executive Officers</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Executive_Officers_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Executive Officers</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Divisions"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Divisions</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Entertainment_Planning_.26_Development_.28EPD.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment Planning & Development (EPD)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Platform_Technology_Development_.28PTD.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Platform Technology Development (PTD)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Business_Development_.28NBD.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Business Development (NBD)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#International_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">International divisions</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-38"><a href="#Nintendo_Co..2C_Ltd."><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo Co., Ltd.</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-39"><a href="#Nintendo_of_America"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo of America</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-40"><a href="#Nintendo_of_Europe"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo of Europe</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-41"><a href="#Nintendo_Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo Australia</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-42"><a href="#iQue"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">iQue</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-43"><a href="#Nintendo_of_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Nintendo of Korea</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Subsidiaries"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Subsidiaries</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Logos"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Logos</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Policy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Policy</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Content_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Content guidelines</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#License_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">License guidelines</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Emulation"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Emulation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Seal_of_Quality"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Seal of Quality</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#NTSC_regions"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">NTSC regions</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#PAL_regions"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">PAL regions</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Charitable_projects"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Charitable projects</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Environmental_record"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental record</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Trademark"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Trademark</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nintendo" title="History of Nintendo">History of Nintendo</a></div>
+<h3><span id="18891956:_As_a_card_company"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1889.E2.80.931956:_As_a_card_company">18891956: As a card company</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tleft">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/220px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/330px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/440px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1521" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Former headquarters plate, from when Nintendo was solely a playing card company</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Nintendo was founded as a card company by <a href="/wiki/Fusajiro_Yamauchi" title="Fusajiro Yamauchi">Fusajiro Yamauchi</a> on September 23, 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> Based in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, the business produced and marketed a <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing card</a> game called "<i><a href="/wiki/Hanafuda" title="Hanafuda">Hanafuda</a></i>". The handmade cards soon became popular, and Yamauchi hired assistants to mass-produce cards to satisfy demand.<sup id="cite_ref-ninhistory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ninhistory-10">[9]</a></sup> In 1949, the company adopted the name Nintendo Karuta Co., Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a></sup>, doing business as The Nintendo Playing Card Co. outside Japan. Nintendo continues to manufacture playing cards in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-nintendo.27s_card_game_product_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nintendo.27s_card_game_product-12">[10]</a></sup> and organizes its own <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">contract bridge</a> tournament called the "Nintendo Cup".<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_japan_contract_bridge_league_tournaments_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_japan_contract_bridge_league_tournaments-13">[11]</a></sup> The word <i>Nintendo</i> can be translated as "leave luck to heaven", or alternatively as "the temple of free hanafuda".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="19561974:_New_ventures"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1956.E2.80.931974:_New_ventures">19561974: New ventures</span></h3>
+<p>In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a>, grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi, visited the U.S. to talk with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Playing_Card_Company" title="United States Playing Card Company">United States Playing Card Company</a>, the dominant playing card manufacturer there. He found that the biggest playing card company in the world was using only a small office. Yamauchi's realization that the playing card business had limited potential was a turning point. He then acquired the license to use Disney characters on playing cards to drive sales.</p>
+<p>In 1963, Yamauchi renamed Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. to Nintendo Co., Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_History_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-16">[14]</a></sup> The company then began to experiment in other areas of business using newly injected capital during the period of time between 1963 and 1968. Nintendo set up a <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> company called <i>Daiya</i>. This business was initially successful. However, Nintendo was forced to sell it because problems with the labour unions were making it too expensive to run the service. It also set up a <a href="/wiki/Love_hotel" title="Love hotel">love hotel</a> chain, a TV network, a food company (selling <a href="/wiki/Instant_rice" title="Instant rice">instant rice</a>) and several other ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> All of these ventures eventually failed, and after the 1964 <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">Tokyo Olympics</a>, playing card sales dropped, and Nintendo's stock price plummeted to its lowest recorded level of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen"></a>60.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1966, Nintendo moved into the Japanese toy industry with the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Hand" title="Ultra Hand">Ultra Hand</a>, an extendable arm developed by its maintenance engineer <a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a> in his free time. Yokoi was moved from maintenance to the new "Nintendo Games" department as a product developer. Nintendo continued to produce popular toys, including the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Machine" title="Ultra Machine">Ultra Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love_Tester" title="Love Tester">Love Tester</a> and the <i>Kousenjuu</i> series of <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a> games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite some successful products, Nintendo struggled to meet the fast development and manufacturing turnaround required in the toy market, and fell behind the well-established companies such as <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomy" title="Tomy">Tomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ninhistory_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ninhistory-10">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1973, its focus shifted to family entertainment venues with the <a href="/wiki/Laser_Clay_Shooting_System" title="Laser Clay Shooting System">Laser Clay Shooting System</a>, using the same light gun technology used in Nintendo's <i>Kousenjuu</i> series of toys, and set up in abandoned bowling alleys. Following some success, Nintendo developed several more light gun machines (such as the <a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" title="Light gun shooter">light gun shooter</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Gunman" title="Wild Gunman">Wild Gunman</a></i>) for the emerging arcade scene. While the Laser Clay Shooting System ranges had to be shut down following excessive costs, Nintendo had found a new market.</p>
+<h3><span id="19741978:_Early_electronic_era"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1974.E2.80.931978:_Early_electronic_era">19741978: Early electronic era</span></h3>
+<p>Nintendo's first venture into the video gaming industry was securing rights to distribute the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> in Japan in 1974. Nintendo began to produce its own hardware in 1977, with the <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a> home video game consoles. Four versions of these consoles were produced, each including variations of a single game (for example, Color TV Game 6 featured six versions of <i>Light Tennis</i>).</p>
+<p>A student product developer named <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> was hired by Nintendo at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_CBS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_CBS-20">[18]</a></sup> He worked for Yokoi, and one of his first tasks was to design the casing for several of the Color TV-Game consoles. Miyamoto went on to create, direct and produce some of Nintendo's most famous video games and become one of the most recognizable figures in the video game industry.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_CBS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_CBS-20">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1975, Nintendo moved into the video <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> industry with <i><a href="/wiki/EVR_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="EVR Race">EVR Race</a></i>, designed by their first game designer, <a href="/wiki/Genyo_Takeda" title="Genyo Takeda">Genyo Takeda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Iwata_Asks-Punch_Out.21.21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwata_Asks-Punch_Out.21.21-21">[19]</a></sup> and several more titles followed. Nintendo had some small success with this venture, but the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (video game)">Donkey Kong</a></i> in 1981, designed by Miyamoto, changed Nintendo's fortunes dramatically. The success of the game and many licensing opportunities (such as ports on the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a> and <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a>) gave Nintendo a huge boost in profit and in addition, the game also introduced an early iteration of <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a>, then known in Japan as Jumpman, the eventual company <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a>.</p>
+<h3><span id="19792003:_Success_with_video_games"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1979.E2.80.932003:_Success_with_video_games">19792003: Success with video games</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/NES" class="mw-redirect" title="NES">NES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNES" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES">SNES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">Game Boy Advance SP</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_%26_Watch.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Game_%26_Watch.png/220px-Game_%26_Watch.png" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Game_%26_Watch.png/330px-Game_%26_Watch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Game_%26_Watch.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="282" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_%26_Watch.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <i><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a></i> series was Nintendo's first worldwide success in <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1979, Gunpei Yokoi conceived the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Handheld_video_game" title="Handheld video game">handheld video game</a>, while observing a fellow bullet train commuter who passed the time by interacting idly with a portable LCD calculator, which gave birth to <i><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Searching_for_Gunpei_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searching_for_Gunpei-22">[20]</a></sup> In 1980, Nintendo launched <i>Game & Watch</i>a handheld video game series developed by Yokoi. These systems do not contain interchangeable cartridges and thus the hardware was tied to the game. The first Game & Watch game released, titled <i>Ball</i>, was distributed worldwide. The modern "cross" <a href="/wiki/D-pad" title="D-pad">D-pad</a> design was developed in 1982, by Yokoi for a <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (video game)">Donkey Kong</a></i> version. Proven to be popular, the design was patented by Nintendo. It later earned a <a href="/wiki/Technology_%26_Engineering_Emmy_Award" title="Technology & Engineering Emmy Award">Technology & Engineering Emmy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1983, Nintendo launched the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Family Computer</a> (colloquialized as "Famicom") home <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> in Japan, alongside ports of its most popular arcade titles. In 1985, a cosmetically reworked version of the system known outside Japan as the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES, launched in North America. The practice of bundling the system along with select games helped to make <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i> one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">best-selling video games in history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-search.japantimes.co.jp_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.japantimes.co.jp-25">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1988, Gunpei Yokoi and his team at <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_1" title="Nintendo Research & Development 1">Nintendo R&D1</a> conceived the new <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> handheld system, with the purpose of merging the two very successful ideas of the Game & Watch's portability along with the NES's cartridge interchangeability. Nintendo released the Game Boy in Japan on 21 April 1989, and in North America on 31 July 1989. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo of America">Nintendo of America</a> president <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Arakawa" title="Minoru Arakawa">Minoru Arakawa</a> managed a deal to bundle the popular third party game <i><a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a></i> along with the Game Boy, and the pair launched as an instant success.</p>
+<p>In 1989, Nintendo announced plans to release the successor to the Famicom, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Famicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Famicom">Super Famicom</a>. Based on a <a href="/wiki/16-bit" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">processor</a>, Nintendo boasted significantly superior hardware specifications of graphics, sound, and game speed over the original 8-bit Famicom. The system was also said to have backwards compatibility with Famicom games, though this feature was ultimately cut upon release. The Super Famicom was finally released relatively late to the market in Japan on 21 November 1990, and released as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> (officially abbreviated the Super NES or SNES and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo) in North America on 23 August 1991 and in Europe in 1992. Its main rival was the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive</a>, known in North America as Genesis, which had been advertised aggressively against the nascent 8-bit NES. A <a href="/wiki/Console_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Console wars">console war</a> between Sega and Nintendo ensued during the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> From 1990 to 1992, Nintendo opened <i>World of Nintendo</i> shops in the United States where consumers could test and buy Nintendo products.</p>
+<p>In August 1993, Nintendo announced the SNES's successor, code-named <i>Project Reality</i>. Featuring <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fifth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fifth generation)">64-bit graphics</a>, the new system was developed as a joint venture between Nintendo and North-American-based technology company <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>. The system was announced to be released by the end of 1995, but was subsequently delayed. Meanwhile, Nintendo continued the Nintendo Entertainment System family with the release of the <a href="/wiki/NES-101" class="mw-redirect" title="NES-101">NES-101</a>, a smaller redesign of the original NES. Nintendo also announced a <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a> drive peripheral called the <a href="/wiki/SNES-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES-CD">Super NES CD-ROM Adapter</a>, which was co-developed first by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> with the name "Play Station" and then by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>. Bearing prototypes and joint announcements at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>, it was on track for a 1994 release, but was controversially cancelled.</p>
+<p>During 1995, Nintendo announced that it had sold one billion game cartridges worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> ten percent of those being from the <a href="/wiki/Mario_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario franchise">Mario franchise</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nintendo deemed 1994 the "Year of the Cartridge". To further their support for cartridges, Nintendo announced that Project Reality, which had now been renamed the Ultra 64, would not use a CD format as expected, but would rather use cartridges as its primary media format. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Integrated_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Integrated Research & Development">Nintendo IRD</a> general manager <a href="/wiki/Genyo_Takeda" title="Genyo Takeda">Genyo Takeda</a> was impressed by video game development company <a href="/wiki/Rare_(company)" title="Rare (company)">Rare</a>'s progress with real-time 3D graphics technology, using state of the art <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> workstations. As a result, Nintendo bought a 25% stake in the company, eventually expanding to 49%, and offered their catalogue of characters to create a CGI game around, making Rare Nintendo's first western-based <a href="/wiki/Video_game_development_party#Second-party_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game development party">second-party developer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rare_history_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rare_history-29">[27]</a></sup> Their first game as partners with Nintendo was <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country" title="Donkey Kong Country">Donkey Kong Country</a></i>. The game was a critical success and sold over eight million copies worldwide, making it the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_video_games" title="List of best-selling Super Nintendo Entertainment System video games">best-selling game in the SNES library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rare_history_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rare_history-29">[27]</a></sup> In September 1994, Nintendo, along with six other video game giants including Sega, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, Atari, <a href="/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment" title="Acclaim Entertainment">Acclaim</a>, Philips, and <a href="/wiki/3DO_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Company">3DO</a> approached the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and demanded a ratings system for video games to be enforced, which prompted the decision to create the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a>.</p>
+<p>Aiming to produce an affordable <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> console, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a> in 1995, designed by Gunpei Yokoi. The console consists of a head-mounted semi-portable system with one red-colored screen for each of the user's eyes, featuring <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic graphics</a>. Games are viewed through a binocular eyepiece and controlled using an affixed gamepad. Critics were generally disappointed with the quality of the games and the red-colored graphics, and complained of gameplay-induced headaches.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-30">[28]</a></sup> The system sold poorly and was quietly discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-31">[29]</a></sup> Amid the system's failure, Yokoi retired from Nintendo.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup> During the same year, Nintendo launched the <a href="/wiki/Satellaview" title="Satellaview">Satellaview</a> in Japan, a peripheral for the Super Famicom. The accessory allowed users to play video games via broadcast for a set period of time. Various games were made exclusively for the platform, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Remake_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remake (software)">remakes</a>.</p>
+<p>In 1996, Nintendo released the Ultra 64 as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> in Japan and North America. The console was later released in Europe and Australia in 1997. The Nintendo 64 continued what had become a Nintendo tradition of hardware design which is focused less on high performance specifications than on design innovations intended to inspire game development.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup> With its market shares slipping to the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a> and partner-turned-rival <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>, Nintendo revitalized its brand by launching a $185 million marketing campaign centered around the "Play it Loud" slogan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup> During the same year, Nintendo also released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy Pocket">Game Boy Pocket</a> in Japan, a smaller version of the Game Boy that generated more sales for the platform. On 4 October 1997, famed Nintendo developer Gunpei Yokoi died in a car crash. In 1997, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/SNS-101" class="mw-redirect" title="SNS-101">SNS-101</a> (called Super Famicom Jr. in Japan), a smaller redesigned version of the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.</p>
+<p>In 1998, the successor to the Game Boy, the Game Boy Color, was released. The system had improved technical specifications allowing it to run games made specifically for the system as well as games released for the Game Boy, albeit with added color. The <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Camera" title="Game Boy Camera">Game Boy Camera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Printer" title="Game Boy Printer">Printer</a> were also released as accessories. In October 1998, Retro Studios was founded as an alliance between Nintendo and former <a href="/wiki/Iguana_Entertainment" title="Iguana Entertainment">Iguana Entertainment</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Spangenberg" title="Jeff Spangenberg">Jeff Spangenberg</a>. Nintendo saw an opportunity for the new studio to create games for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> targeting an older demographic, in the same vein as Iguana Entertainment's successful <i><a href="/wiki/Turok:_Dinosaur_Hunter" title="Turok: Dinosaur Hunter">Turok</a></i> series for the Nintendo 64.<sup id="cite_ref-nsiderhistory_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsiderhistory-35">[33]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2001, just three years later, Nintendo introduced the redesigned Game Boy Advance. The same year, Nintendo also released the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> to lukewarm sales, and it ultimately failed to regain the market share lost by the Nintendo 64. When Yamauchi, the company's president since 1949, retired on 24 May 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Iwata" title="Satoru Iwata">Satoru Iwata</a> succeeded as Nintendo's fourth president, becoming the first Nintendo president who was unrelated to the Yamauchi family through blood or marriage since its founding in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-39">[37]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2003, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">Game Boy Advance SP</a>, a redesign of the Game Boy Advance that featured a clamshell design that would later be used in Nintendo's DS and 3DS handheld video game systems.</p>
+<h3><span id="20042011:_Nintendo_DS_and_Wii"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2004.E2.80.932011:_Nintendo_DS_and_Wii">20042011: Nintendo DS and Wii</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></div>
+<p>In 2004, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>, its fourth major handheld system. The DS is a dual screened handheld featuring <a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">touch screen</a> capabilities, which respond to either a stylus or the touch of a finger. Former Nintendo president and now chairman <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a> was translated by GameScience as explaining, "If we can increase the scope of the industry, we can re-energise the global market and lift Japan out of depression that is Nintendo's mission." Regarding lukewarm GameCube sales which had yielded the company's first reported operating loss in over 100 years, Yamauchi continued: "The DS represents a critical moment for Nintendo's success over the next two years. If it succeeds, we rise to the heavens, if it fails, we sink into hell."<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_talks_with_Nintendo.27s_Yamauchi_and_Iwata_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei_talks_with_Nintendo.27s_Yamauchi_and_Iwata-40">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwata.2C_Yamauchi_Speak_Out_on_Nintendo_DS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwata.2C_Yamauchi_Speak_Out_on_Nintendo_DS-41">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DS_history_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS_history-42">[40]</a></sup> Thanks to titles such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendogs" title="Nintendogs">Nintendogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart_DS" title="Mario Kart DS">Mario Kart DS</a>, the DS became a success. In 2005, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Game Boy Micro</a> in North America, a redesign of the Game Boy Advance. The last system in the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_line" title="Game Boy line">Game Boy line</a>, it was also the smallest Game Boy, and the least successful. In the middle of 2005, Nintendo opened the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_World_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo World Store">Nintendo World Store</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, which would sell Nintendo games, present a museum of Nintendo history, and host public parties such as for product launches. The store was renovated and renamed as Nintendo New York in 2016.</p>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wii_Remote_Image.jpg/220px-Wii_Remote_Image.jpg" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wii_Remote_Image.jpg/330px-Wii_Remote_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wii_Remote_Image.jpg/440px-Wii_Remote_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="1605" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, was said to be revolutionary because of its motion detection capabilities</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In the first half of 2006, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite" title="Nintendo DS Lite">Nintendo DS Lite</a>, a version of the original Nintendo DS with lighter weight, brighter screen, and better battery life. In addition to this streamlined design, its prolific subset of <a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">casual games</a> appealed to the masses, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Brain_Age_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Age (series)">Brain Age</a></i> series. Meanwhile, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Super_Mario_Bros." title="New Super Mario Bros.">New Super Mario Bros.</a></i> provided a substantial addition to the <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario" title="Super Mario"><i>Mario</i> series</a> when it was launched to the top of sales charts. The successful direction of the Nintendo DS had a big influence on Nintendo's next home console (including the common <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Wi-Fi_Connection" title="Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection">Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Famitsu_March_2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Famitsu_March_2006-43">[41]</a></sup> which had been codenamed "Revolution" and was now renamed to "<a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In August 2006, Nintendo published ES, a now-dormant, <a href="/wiki/Open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source">open source</a> research <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> project designed around <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">integration</a> but for no specific purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-gamasutra:_es_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamasutra:_es-44">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ES_operating_system_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES_operating_system-45">[43]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the latter half of 2006, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> as the backward-compatible successor to the GameCube. Based upon intricate <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> motion controls and a <a href="/wiki/Wii_Balance_Board" title="Wii Balance Board">balance board</a>, the Wii inspired several new game franchises, some targeted at entirely new market segments of casual and fitness gaming. At more than 100 million units, the Wii is the best selling console of the seventh generation, regaining the market share lost during the tenures of the Nintendo 64 and the GameCube.</p>
+<p>On 1 May 2007, Nintendo acquired an 80% stake on video game development company <a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a>, previously owned by <a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandai Namco">Bandai Namco</a>. Monolith Soft is best known for developing <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Xenosaga" title="Xenosaga">Xenosaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baten_Kaitos_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Baten Kaitos series">Baten Kaitos series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During the holiday season of 2008, Nintendo followed up the success of the DS with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">Nintendo DSi</a> in Japan. The system features a more powerful CPU and more RAM, two cameras, one facing towards the player and one facing outwards, and had an <a href="/wiki/Online_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Online distribution">online distribution</a> store called <a href="/wiki/DSiWare" class="mw-redirect" title="DSiWare">DSiWare</a>. The DSi was later released worldwide during 2009. In the latter half of 2009, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo DSi XL">Nintendo DSi XL</a> in Japan, a larger version of the DSi. This updated system was later released worldwide in 2010.</p>
+<h3><span id="20112015:_Nintendo_3DS_and_Wii_U"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2011.E2.80.932015:_Nintendo_3DS_and_Wii_U">20112015: Nintendo 3DS and Wii U</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/220px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" width="220" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/330px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/440px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1933" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 2011, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>, based upon a <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostereoscopic">glasses-free</a> stereoscopic 3D display. In February 2012, Nintendo acquired <a href="/wiki/Mobiclip" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobiclip">Mobiclip</a>, a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>-based research and development company specialized in highly optimized software technologies such as video compression. The company's name was later changed to Nintendo European Research & Development.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup> During the fourth quarter of 2012, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>. It sold slower than expected,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup> despite being the first eighth generation console. By September 2013, however, sales had rebounded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Intending to broaden the 3DS market, Nintendo released 2013's cost-reduced <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_2DS" title="Nintendo 2DS">Nintendo 2DS</a>. The 2DS is compatible with but lacks the 3DS's more expensive but cosmetic <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> 3D feature. Nintendo also released the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Mini" class="mw-redirect" title="Wii Mini">Wii Mini</a>, a cheaper and non-networked redesign of the Wii.</p>
+<p>On 25 September 2013, Nintendo announced it had purchased a 28% stake in a <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> spin-off company called PUX Corporation. The company specializes in face and voice recognition technology, with which Nintendo intends to improve the usability of future game systems. Nintendo has also worked with this company in the past to create character recognition software for a Nintendo DS touchscreen.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup> After announcing a 30% dive in profits for the April to December 2013 period, president <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Iwata" title="Satoru Iwata">Satoru Iwata</a> announced he would take a 50% pay-cut, with other executives seeing reductions by 20%30%.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In January 2015, Nintendo announced its exit from the Brazilian market after four years of distributing products in the country. Nintendo cited high import <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a> and lack of local manufacturing operation as reasons for leaving. Nintendo continues its partnership with Juegos de Video Latinoamrica to distribute products to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On 11 July 2015, Iwata died from a <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile duct tumor">bile duct tumor</a> at the age of 55. Following his death, representative directors Genyo Takeda and Shigeru Miyamoto jointly led the company on an interim basis until the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Tatsumi_Kimishima" title="Tatsumi Kimishima">Tatsumi Kimishima</a> as Iwata's successor on 16 September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-52">[50]</a></sup> In addition to Kimishima's appointment, the company's management organization was also restructuredMiyamoto was named "Creative Fellow" and Takeda was named "Technology Fellow".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="2015present:_Mobile_and_Nintendo_Switch"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2015.E2.80.93present:_Mobile_and_Nintendo_Switch">2015present: Mobile and Nintendo Switch</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Takashi_Tezuka,_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg/220px-Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg/330px-Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg/440px-Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="1706" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Takashi_Tezuka,_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Takashi_Tezuka" title="Takashi Tezuka">Takashi Tezuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a> in 2015</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>On 17 March 2015, Nintendo announced a partnership with Japanese mobile developer <a href="/wiki/DeNA" title="DeNA">DeNA</a> to produce games for <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_March_17.2C_2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_March_17.2C_2015-55">[53]</a></sup> The first of these, <i><a href="/wiki/Miitomo" title="Miitomo">Miitomo</a></i>, was released in March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On the same day, Nintendo announced a new "dedicated games platform with a brand new concept" with the codename "NX" that would be further revealed in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_March_17.2C_2015_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_March_17.2C_2015-55">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CnetNX_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CnetNX-57">[55]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Reggie Fils-Aim">Reggie Fils-Aim</a>, president of Nintendo of America, referred to NX as "our next home console" in a June 2015 interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Needleman_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needleman-58">[56]</a></sup> In a later article from October 2015, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> relayed speculation from unnamed inside sources that the NX was intended to feature "industry leading" hardware specifications and be usable as both a home and portable console. It was also reported that Nintendo had begun distributing <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">software development kits</a> (SDKs) for it to third-party developers, with the unnamed source further speculating that these moves suggested that the company was on track to introduce it as early as 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_Begins_NX_WSJ_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Begins_NX_WSJ-59">[57]</a></sup> At an investor's meeting on 27 April 2016, Nintendo announced that the NX would be released worldwide in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-60">[58]</a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a> in May 2016, Kimishima stated that the NX was a new concept that would not succeed the 3DS or Wii U product lines.<sup id="cite_ref-vg247.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg247.com-61">[59]</a></sup> At a shareholders' meeting following E3 2016, <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> stated that the company chose not to present the NX during the conference due to concerns that competitors could copy from it if they revealed it too soon.<sup id="cite_ref-polygon-e3imitator_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polygon-e3imitator-62">[60]</a></sup> The same day, Kimishima also revealed during a Q&A session with investors that they were also researching <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR-63">[61]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Parks_%26_Resorts" title="Universal Parks & Resorts">Universal Parks & Resorts</a> announced that it was partnering with Nintendo to create attractions at Universal theme parks based upon Nintendo properties.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></sup> In May 2016, Nintendo also expressed a desire to enter the animated film market.<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendomovie_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendomovie-65">[63]</a></sup> In November 2016, it was stated that the area to be created at Universal theme parks is known as <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_World" title="Super Nintendo World">Super Nintendo World</a>, which will be completed by 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a> in time of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Tokyo Olympics</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Universal_Orlando" title="Universal Orlando">Universal Orlando Resort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood" title="Universal Studios Hollywood">Universal Studios Hollywood</a> will get the themed area in an unspecified date after the Japanese version.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In July 2016, the company announced it was bringing back the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a> (called Nintendo Classic Mini in Europe). The plug-and-play console will support <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, two-player modes, and have a controller similar to the original NES controller. The controller would be able to connect to a <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> for use with <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> Virtual Console titles. The NES Classic Edition came with 30 games pre-installed, including <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_(video_game)" title="Final Fantasy (video game)">Final Fantasy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kid_Icarus" title="Kid Icarus">Kid Icarus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zelda_II:_The_Adventure_of_Link" title="Zelda II: The Adventure of Link">Zelda II: The Adventure of Link</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Mario" title="Dr. Mario">Dr. Mario</a></i>, among others. It was released in November 2016. Additional controllers were also available.<sup id="cite_ref-NES_Classic_Edition_Verge_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NES_Classic_Edition_Verge-67">[65]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The July 2016 release of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go" title="Pokmon Go">Pokmon Go</a></i> mobile app by <a href="/wiki/Niantic,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Niantic, Inc">Niantic</a> caused shares in Nintendo to double, due to investor misunderstanding that the software was the property of Nintendo. Later that month, Nintendo released a statement clarifying its relation with Niantic, Nintendo stated it owned 32% of Pokmon <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> owner <a href="/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company" title="The Pokmon Company">The Pokmon Company</a>, and though it would receive some licensing and other revenues from the game it expected the impact on Nintendo's total income to be limited. As a result of the statement Nintendo's share price fell substantially, losing 17% in one day of trading.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup> After a reduction in shareprice from the <i>Pokmon Go</i> peak, the company was still valued at over 100 times its net income, a <a href="/wiki/Price%E2%80%93earnings_ratio" title="Priceearnings ratio">priceearnings ratio</a> greatly exceeding the average on the <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bl2016_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl2016-70">[68]</a></sup> Analysts speaking to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> both commented on the potential future value of Nintendo's IP if transferred to the mobile phone game business.<sup id="cite_ref-bl2016_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl2016-70">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In August 2016, Nintendo of America sold 90% of its controlling stake (55%) in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a> to a group of investors led by mobile phone businessman <a href="/wiki/John_W._Stanton" title="John W. Stanton">John Stanton</a> for $640 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel-72">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup></p>
+<p>After the announcement of the mobile game <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Run" title="Super Mario Run">Super Mario Run</a></i> in September 2016, Nintendo's stock soared to just under its recent high point after the release and success of <i>Pokmon Go</i> earlier in the year, something noted by journalists as even more significant than <i>Pokmon Go</i>, as <i>Super Mario Run</i> was developed in-house by Nintendo, which was not the case with <i>Pokmon Go</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup> In a December 2016 interview prior to the release of <i>Super Mario Run</i>, Miyamoto explained that the company believed that with some of their game franchises, "the longer you continue to make a series, the more complex the gameplay becomes, and the harder it becomes for new players to be able to get into the series", and that the company sees mobile games with simplified controls, such as <i>Super Mario Run</i>, not only allows them to "make a game that the broadest audience of people could play", but to also reintroduce these properties to newer audiences and draw them to their consoles.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On 20 October 2016, Nintendo released a preview trailer about the NX, revealing the official name to be the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-polygon-homefirst_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polygon-homefirst-76">[74]</a></sup> According to Fils-Aim, the console gave game developers new abilities to bring their creative concepts to life by opening up the concept of gaming without limits.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></sup> In December 2016, Nintendo released <i>Super Mario Run</i> for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices, with the game surpassing over 50 million downloads within a week of its release. Due to the success of the title, Kimishima stated that Nintendo would begin to release a couple of mobile games each year from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In September 2017, Nintendo announced a partnership with the Chinese gaming company <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> to publish a global version of their commercially successful mobile game, <i><a href="/wiki/Honor_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor of Kings">Honor of Kings</a></i>, for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>. The announcement lead some to believe that Nintendo could soon have a bigger footprint in China, a region where the Switch is not sold and is largely dominated by Tencent.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Products">Products</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Home_consoles">Home consoles</span></h3>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Color_TV-Game">Color TV-Game</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a></div>
+<p>Released in 1977, Japan's <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles" title="List of best-selling game consoles">highest selling</a> first generation console is Nintendo's <b>Color TV Game</b>, with 3 million units sold.<sup id="cite_ref-CTGsales_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTGsales-80">[78]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_Entertainment_System">Nintendo Entertainment System</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> and <a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/200px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" width="200" height="109" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/300px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/400px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="3020" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, Nintendo's first major success in the home console market</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <b>Nintendo Entertainment System</b> (abbreviated as <b>NES</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/8-bit" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> video game console, which released in North America in 1985, and in Europe throughout 1986 and 1987. The console was initially released in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as the <b>Family Computer</b> (abbreviated as <b>Famicom</b>) in 1983. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-selling_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-selling game consoles">best-selling gaming console</a> of its time,<sup id="cite_ref-dominate_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominate-81">[79]</a></sup><sup id="ref_e" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_e">e[]</a></sup> the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the <a href="/wiki/North_American_video_game_crash_of_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="North American video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup> With the NES, Nintendo introduced a now-standard <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> of licensing <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">third-party developers</a>, authorizing them to produce and distribute titles for Nintendo's platform.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup> The NES was bundled with <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">best-selling video games of all time</a>, and received ports of Nintendo's most popular arcade titles.<sup id="cite_ref-search.japantimes.co.jp_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.japantimes.co.jp-25">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Nintendo also produced a limited run of the <a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a> in 2016. The NES Classic System was a <a href="/wiki/Dedicated_console" title="Dedicated console">dedicated console</a> modeled after an NES with 30 built-in classic first- and third-party games from the NES library. By the end of its production in April 2017, Nintendo shipped 2.3 million units.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Classic_Edition" title="Super NES Classic Edition">Super NES Classic Edition</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/200px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" width="200" height="104" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/300px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/400px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2840" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <b>Super Nintendo Entertainment System</b> (abbreviated as the <b>Super NES</b> or <b>SNES</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">16-bit</a> video game console, which was released in North America in 1991, and in Europe in 1992. The console was initially released in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1990 as the <b>Super Famicom</b>, officially adopting the colloquially abbreviated name of its predecessor. The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other consoles at the time. Soon, the development of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Super_NES_enhancement_chips" title="List of Super NES enhancement chips">a variety of enhancement chips</a> which were integrated onto each new game cartridge's circuit boards, progressed the SNES's competitive edge. While even crude <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">three-dimensional</a> graphics had previously rarely been seen on home consoles,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></sup> the Super NES's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Super_NES_enhancement_chips" title="List of Super NES enhancement chips">enhancement chips</a> suddenly enabled a new caliber of games containing increasingly sophisticated faux 3D effects as seen in 1991's <i><a href="/wiki/Pilotwings" title="Pilotwings">Pilotwings</a></i> and 1992's <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Kart" title="Super Mario Kart">Super Mario Kart</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Argonaut_Games" title="Argonaut Games">Argonaut Games</a> developed the Super FX chip in order to replicate 3D graphics from their earlier <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Starglider" title="Starglider">Starglider</a></i> series on the Super NES (more specifically, <i><a href="/wiki/Starglider_2" title="Starglider 2">Starglider 2</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup> starting with <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Fox_(video_game)" title="Star Fox (video game)">Star Fox</a></i> in 1993. The SNES is the best-selling console of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">16-bit era</a> although having experienced a relatively late start and fierce competition from <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive/Genesis</a> console.</p>
+<p>Nintendo also plans to release a limited run of the <a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Classic_Edition" title="Super NES Classic Edition">Super NES Classic Edition</a> in September 2017 through the end of the year. Like the NES Classic Edition, the Super NES Classic Edition is a dedicated console with 21 built-in games from its library, including the never-before-released <i><a href="/wiki/Starfox_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Starfox 2">Starfox 2</a></i>.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_64">Nintendo 64</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/200px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg" width="200" height="92" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/300px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/400px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5900" data-file-height="2700" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, named for its 64-bit graphics, was Nintendo's first home console to feature 3D computer graphics</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <b>Nintendo 64</b> was released in 1996, featuring <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D polygon model rendering</a> capabilities and built-in <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> for up to four players. The system's controller introduced the <a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog stick</a> and later introduced the <a href="/wiki/Rumble_Pak" title="Rumble Pak">Rumble Pak</a>, an accessory for the controller that produces <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">force feedback</a> with compatible games. Both are the first such features to have come to market for home console gaming and eventually became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> industry standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup> Announced in 1995, prior to the console's 1996 launch, the <a href="/wiki/64DD" title="64DD">64DD</a> ("DD" standing for "Disk Drive") was designed to enable the development of new genre of video games<sup id="cite_ref-The_64Dream_Dec_1997_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_64Dream_Dec_1997-87">[85]</a></sup> by way of 64 MB writable magnetic disks, video editing, and Internet connectivity. Eventually released only in Japan in 1999, the 64DD peripheral's commercial failure there resulted in only nine games being released and precluded further worldwide release.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GameCube">GameCube</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GameCube-Console-Set.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/200px-GameCube-Console-Set.png" width="200" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/300px-GameCube-Console-Set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/400px-GameCube-Console-Set.png 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2110" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GameCube-Console-Set.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> was Nintendo's first home console to use <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> as a primary storage medium</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <b>GameCube</b> (officially called <b>Nintendo GameCube</b>, abbreviated <b>NGC</b> in Japan and <b>GCN</b> in North America) was released in 2001, in Japan and North America, and in 2002 worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(sixth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (sixth generation)">sixth-generation console</a> is the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> and competed with Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a>, and Sega's <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a>. The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> as its primary storage medium.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup> The discs are similar to the <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">miniDVD</a> format, but the system was not designed to play standard <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">audio CDs</a>. Nintendo introduced a variety of connectivity options for the GameCube. The GameCube's game library has sparse support for <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Internet gaming</a>, a feature that requires the use of the aftermarket <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_GameCube_Broadband_Adapter_and_Modem_Adapter" title="Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter">Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter</a>. The GameCube supports connectivity to the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a>, allowing players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a <a href="/wiki/Second_screen" title="Second screen">second screen</a> and controller.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Wii">Wii</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii-Console.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/200px-Wii-Console.png" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/300px-Wii-Console.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/400px-Wii-Console.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii-Console.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, Nintendo's best selling home video game console and first to use <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">motion controls</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <b>Wii</b> was released during the holiday season of 2006 worldwide. The system features the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">controller</a>, which can be used as a handheld <a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device</a> and which <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">detects movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three dimensions</a>. Another notable feature of the console is <a href="/wiki/WiiConnect24" title="WiiConnect24">WiiConnect24</a>, which enables it to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in <a href="/wiki/Sleep_mode" title="Sleep mode">standby mode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwata_Speech_06_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwata_Speech_06-89">[87]</a></sup> It also features a game download service, called "<a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a>", which features emulated games from past systems. Since its release, the Wii has spawned many peripheral devices, including the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Balance_Board" title="Wii Balance Board">Wii Balance Board</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Plus">Motion Plus</a>, and has had several <a href="/wiki/Wii#Revisions" title="Wii">hardware revisions</a>. The <i>Wii Family Edition</i> variant is identical to the original model, but is designed to sit horizontally and removes the GameCube compatibility. The <i>Wii Mini</i> is a smaller, redesigned Wii which lacks GameCube compatibility, online connectivity, the <a href="/wiki/SD_card" class="mw-redirect" title="SD card">SD card</a> slot and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> support, and has only one <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> port unlike the previous models' two.<sup id="cite_ref-EurogamerReview_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EurogamerReview-90">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WiiMiniManual_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiiMiniManual-91">[89]</a></sup> As of 31 March 2017<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Nintendo reports sales of 101.63 million Wii hardware units and 914.28 million Wii software units worldwide, making it Nintendo's best-selling home video game console.<sup id="cite_ref-hw-sw-sales_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hw-sw-sales-92">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Wii_U">Wii U</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/200px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" width="200" height="97" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/300px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/400px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1400" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>, the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <b>Wii U</b>, the successor to the Wii, was released during the holiday season of 2012 worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pricerelease_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pricerelease-94">[92]</a></sup> The Wii U is the first Nintendo console to support <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">graphics</a>. The Wii U's primary <a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">controller</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">Wii U GamePad</a>, which features an embedded <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>. Each software title may be designed to utilize this touchscreen as being supplemental to the main TV, or as the only screen for <a href="/wiki/Off-TV_Play" title="Off-TV Play">Off-TV Play</a>. The system supports most Wii controllers and accessories, and the more classically shaped <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_Pro_Controller" title="Wii U Pro Controller">Wii U Pro Controller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> The system is <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatible</a> with Wii software and accessories; this mode also utilizes Wii-based controllers, and it optionally offers the GamePad as its primary Wii display and motion sensor bar. The console has various online services powered by <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a>, including: the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a> for online distribution of software and content; and <a href="/wiki/Miiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Miiverse">Miiverse</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> which can be variously integrated with games and applications. As of 31 March 2017, worldwide Wii U sales had totaled 12.80 million hardware units and 84.04 million software units.<sup id="cite_ref-hw-sw-sales_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hw-sw-sales-92">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_Switch">Nintendo Switch</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Switch_Console.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nintendo_Switch_Console.png/200px-Nintendo_Switch_Console.png" width="200" height="94" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nintendo_Switch_Console.png/300px-Nintendo_Switch_Console.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nintendo_Switch_Console.png/400px-Nintendo_Switch_Console.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="800" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Switch_Console.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Nintendo's new hybrid console, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Switch</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>On 17 March 2015, Nintendo announced a new "dedicated games platform with a brand new concept" with the codename "NX" that would be further revealed in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_March_17.2C_2015_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_March_17.2C_2015-55">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CnetNX_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CnetNX-57">[55]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Reggie Fils-Aim">Reggie Fils-Aim</a>, president of Nintendo of America, referred to NX as "our next home console" in a June 2015 interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Needleman_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needleman-58">[56]</a></sup> In a later article on 16 October 2015, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> relayed speculation from unnamed inside sources that, although the NX hardware specifications were unknown, it may be intended to feature "industry leading" hardware specifications and include both a console and a mobile unit that could either be used with the console or taken on the road for separate use. It was also reported that Nintendo had begun distributing <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">software development kits</a> (SDKs) for NX to third-party developers, with the unnamed source further speculating that these moves "[suggest that] the company is on track to introduce [NX] as early as [2016]."<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_Begins_NX_WSJ_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Begins_NX_WSJ-59">[57]</a></sup> At an investor's meeting on 27 April 2016, Nintendo announced that the NX would be released worldwide in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-60">[58]</a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a> in May 2016, Kimishima referred to the NX as "neither the successor to the Wii U nor to the 3DS", as well as it being a "new way of playing games," but it would "slow Wii U sales" upon reveal and dissemination.<sup id="cite_ref-vg247.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg247.com-61">[59]</a></sup> In June 2016, Miyamoto stated that the reason Nintendo had not released any information on the "NX" up until that point was because they were afraid of imitators, saying he and Nintendo thought other companies could copy "an idea that [they're] working on."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup> The same day, Kimishima revealed during a Q&A session with investors that they were also researching <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR-63">[61]</a></sup> On 19 October 2016, Nintendo announced they would release a trailer for the console the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-nx_trailer_reveal_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nx_trailer_reveal-98">[96]</a></sup> The next day, Nintendo unveiled the trailer that revealed the final name of the platform called Nintendo Switch.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup> As of 31 March 2017, worldwide Nintendo Switch sales had totaled 2.74 million hardware units and 5.46 million software units.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Handheld_consoles">Handheld consoles</span></h3>
+<h4><span id="Game_&_Watch"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Game_.26_Watch">Game & Watch</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a></div>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(March 2014)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Game & Watch</b> is a line of <a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game" title="Handheld electronic game">handheld electronic games</a> produced by Nintendo from <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_video_gaming" title="1980s in video gaming">1980 to 1991</a>. Created by game designer <a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a>, each <i>Game & Watch</i> features a single game to be played on an <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> screen in addition to a clock, an alarm, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup> It was the earliest Nintendo product to garner major success.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Game_Boy">Game Boy</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_line" title="Game Boy line">Game Boy line</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/200px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg" width="200" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/300px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/400px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3420" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The original Game Boy</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>After the success of the <i>Game & Watch</i> series, Yokoi developed the <b><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></b> handheld console, which was released in 1989. Eventually becoming the best-selling handheld of all time, the Game Boy remained dominant for more than a decade, seeing critically and commercially popular games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Yellow" title="Pokmon Yellow">Pokmon Yellow</a></i> released as late as 1998 in Japan, 1999 in North America, and 2000 in Europe. Incremental updates of the Game Boy, including <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy Pocket">Game Boy Pocket</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy Light">Game Boy Light</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a></i>, did little to change the original formula, though the latter introduced color graphics to the Game Boy line.</p>
+<p>The first major update to its handheld line since 1989, <b><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a></b> features improved technical specifications similar to those of the SNES. The <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">Game Boy Advance SP</a></i> was the first revision to the GBA line and introduced screen lighting and a clam shell design, while later iteration, the <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Game Boy Micro</a></i>, brought a smaller form factor.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_DS">Nintendo DS</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo DS line">Nintendo DS line</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg/200px-Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg" width="200" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg/300px-Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg/400px-Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2700" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-DS-Lite-Black-Open.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite" title="Nintendo DS Lite">Nintendo DS Lite</a> is the best-selling handheld console of all time</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Although originally advertised as an alternative to the Game Boy Advance, the <b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a></b> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_line" title="Game Boy line">Game Boy line</a> after its initial release in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-newconsole_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newconsole-102">[100]</a></sup> It was distinctive for its dual screens and a microphone, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touch-sensitive lower screen</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite" title="Nintendo DS Lite">Nintendo DS Lite</a></i> brought a smaller form factor<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">Nintendo DSi</a></i> features larger screens and two cameras,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup> and was followed by an even larger model, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo DSi XL">Nintendo DSi XL</a></i>, with a 90% bigger screen.<sup id="cite_ref-mcvuk_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcvuk-105">[103]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_3DS">Nintendo 3DS</span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_family" title="Nintendo 3DS family">Nintendo 3DS family</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg/200px-Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg" width="200" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg/300px-Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg/400px-Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="3780" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-XL-angled.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Nintendo 3DS XL</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Further expanding the Nintendo DS line, the <b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a></b> uses the process of <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopy</a> to produce a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> three-dimensional effect without <a href="/wiki/3D_viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="3D viewer">glasses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup> Released to major markets during 2011, the 3DS got off to a slow start, initially missing many key features that were promised before the system launched.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a></sup> Partially as a result of slow sales, Nintendo stock declined in value. Subsequent price cuts and game releases helped to boost 3DS and 3DS software sales and to renew investor confidence in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup> As of August 2013, the 3DS was the best selling console in the United States for four consecutive months.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo 3DS XL">Nintendo 3DS XL</a></i> was introduced in August 2012 and includes a 90% larger screen, a 4 GB SD card and extended battery life. In August 2013, Nintendo announced the cost-reduced <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_2DS" title="Nintendo 2DS">Nintendo 2DS</a></i>, a version of the 3DS without the 3D display. It has a slate-like design as opposed to the hinged, <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Clamshell design">clamshell design</a> of its predecessors.</p>
+<p>A hardware revision, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New Nintendo 3DS</a></i>, was unveiled in August 2014. It is produced in a standard-sized model and a larger XL model; both models feature upgraded processors and additional RAM, an eye-tracking sensor to improve the stability of the autostereoscopic 3D image, colored face buttons, and <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> support for native use of <a href="/wiki/Amiibo" title="Amiibo">Amiibo</a> products. The standard-sized model also features slightly larger screens, and support for faceplate accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-New_N3DS_at_Polygon_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_N3DS_at_Polygon-110">[108]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Company_structure">Company structure</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Marketing">Marketing</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_marketing" title="Nintendo marketing">Nintendo marketing</a></div>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo of America">Nintendo of America</a> has engaged in several high-profile marketing campaigns to define and position its brand. One of its earliest and most enduring slogans was "Now you're playing with power!", used first to promote its Nintendo Entertainment System.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It modified the slogan to include "SUPER power" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and "PORTABLE power" for the Game Boy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its 1994 "Play It Loud!" campaign played upon teenage rebellion and fostered an edgy reputation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Nintendo 64 era, the slogan was "Get N or get out."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the GameCube era, the "Who Are You?" suggested a link between the games and the players' identities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The company promoted its Nintendo DS handheld with the tagline "Touching is Good."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the Wii, they used the "Wii would like to play" slogan to promote the console with the people who tried the games including <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Galaxy" title="Super Mario Galaxy">Super Mario Galaxy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Paper_Mario" title="Super Paper Mario">Super Paper Mario</a></i>. The Nintendo 3DS used the slogan "Take a look inside".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> used the slogan "How U will play next."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> uses the slogan "Switch and Play" in North America, and "Play anywhere, anytime, with anyone" in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</span></h3>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Representative_Directors">Representative Directors</span></h4>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tatsumi_Kimishima" title="Tatsumi Kimishima">Tatsumi Kimishima</a>, President</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>, Creative Fellow</li>
+</ul>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Directors">Directors</span></h4>
+<ul>
+<li>Shinya Takahashi, Managing Executive Officer, General Manager of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a></li>
+<li>Shuntaro Furukawa, Managing Executive Officer</li>
+<li>Ko Shiota, Senior Executive Officer</li>
+</ul>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Outside_Directors">Outside Directors</span></h4>
+<ul>
+<li>Naoki Noguchi, Audit and Supervisory Committee Member</li>
+<li>Naoki Mizutani, Audit and Supervisory Committee Member</li>
+<li>Yoshimi Mitamura, Audit and Supervisory Committee Member</li>
+<li>Katsuhiro Umeyama, Audit and Supervisory Committee Member</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Executive_officers">Executive officers</span></h3>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Senior_Executive_Officers">Senior Executive Officers</span></h4>
+<ul>
+<li>Shigeyuki Takahashi, General Manager of Finance Administration Division, Supervisor of General Affairs Division</li>
+<li>Satoshi Yamato, General Manager of Marketing Division, In charge of Advertising Department</li>
+<li>Susumu Tanaka, General Manager of Licensing Division</li>
+<li>Hirokazu Shinshi, General Manager of Manufacturing Division</li>
+</ul>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Executive_Officers_2">Executive Officers</span></h4>
+<ul>
+<li>Satoru Shibata, President of Nintendo of Europe</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Reggie Fils-Aim">Reggie Fils-Aim</a>, President and <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a> of Nintendo of America</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Divisions">Divisions</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_of_Nintendo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of divisions of Nintendo">List of divisions of Nintendo</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_EAD_logo.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Nintendo_EAD_logo.png/250px-Nintendo_EAD_logo.png" width="250" height="43" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Nintendo_EAD_logo.png/375px-Nintendo_EAD_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f9/Nintendo_EAD_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="72" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_EAD_logo.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Nintendo's former EAD division developed games for Nintendo's most well known franchises, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Mario (series)">Super Mario</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Nintendo's internal research and development operations are divided into three main divisions: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a> (or EPD), the main software development division of Nintendo, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> development; <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Nintendo Platform Technology Development</a> (or PTD), which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handheld_video_game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld video game console">handheld video game console</a> hardware development; and Nintendo Business Development (or NBD), which focuses on refining business strategy and is responsible for overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart device</a> arm of the business.</p>
+<h4><span id="Entertainment_Planning_&_Development_(EPD)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment_Planning_.26_Development_.28EPD.29">Entertainment Planning & Development (EPD)</span></h4>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a> division is the primary software development division at Nintendo, formed as a merger between their former <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Analysis_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development">Entertainment Analysis & Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Software Planning & Development">Software Planning & Development</a> divisions in 2015. Led by Shinya Takahashi, the division holds the largest concentration of staff at the company, housing more than 800 engineers and designers. The division is primarily located in the central Kyoto R&D building, where they are overseen by <a href="/wiki/Katsuya_Eguchi" title="Katsuya Eguchi">Katsuya Eguchi</a>, and also has a studio in Tokyo overseen by <a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Koizumi" title="Yoshiaki Koizumi">Yoshiaki Koizumi</a>.</p>
+<h4><span id="Platform_Technology_Development_(PTD)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Platform_Technology_Development_.28PTD.29">Platform Technology Development (PTD)</span></h4>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Nintendo Platform Technology Development</a> division is a combination of Nintendo's former <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Integrated_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Integrated Research & Development">Integrated Research & Development</a> (or IRD) and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_System_Development" title="Nintendo System Development">System Development</a> (or SDD) divisions. Led by Ko Shiota, the division is responsible for designing hardware and developing Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, developer environment and internal network as well as maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a>.</p>
+<h4><span id="Business_Development_(NBD)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Business_Development_.28NBD.29">Business Development (NBD)</span></h4>
+<p>The Nintendo Business Development division was formed following Nintendo's foray into software development for <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>. They are responsible for refining Nintendo's business model for the dedicated video game system business, and for furthering Nintendo's venture into development for smart devices.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="International_divisions">International divisions</span></h4>
+<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:33px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nintendo_office.jpg/120px-Nintendo_office.jpg" width="120" height="84" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nintendo_office.jpg/180px-Nintendo_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nintendo_office.jpg/240px-Nintendo_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1323" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<p>The exterior of Nintendo's main headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/120px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/180px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/240px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<p>Nintendo of America headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond</a>, Washington</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/79px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg" width="79" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/119px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/158px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<p>Nintendo of Europe headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
+<div style="width: 155px">
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
+<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg/90px-%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg/135px-%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg/180px-%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%97%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="gallerytext">
+<p>Nintendo's Tokyo office</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h5><span id="Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd."></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_Co..2C_Ltd.">Nintendo Co., Ltd.</span></h5>
+<p>Headquartered in Kyoto, Japan since the beginning, Nintendo Co., Ltd. oversees the organization's global operations and manages Japanese operations specifically. The company's two major subsidiaries, Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe, manage operations in North America and Europe respectively. Nintendo Co., Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup> moved from its original Kyoto location<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[c]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2014)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> to a new office in <a href="/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto" title="Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto">Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto</a>,;<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[d]</a></sup> in 2000, this became the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> building when the head office relocated to its present<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> location in <a href="/wiki/Minami-ku,_Kyoto" title="Minami-ku, Kyoto">Minami-ku, Kyoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[e]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a></sup></p>
+<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_of_America">Nintendo of America</span></h5>
+<p>Nintendo's North American subsidiary is based in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>. Originally, the American headquarters handled sales, marketing, and advertising. However, the office in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood City">Redwood City</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> now directs those functions. The company maintains distribution centers in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (Nintendo Atlanta) and <a href="/wiki/North_Bend,_Washington" title="North Bend, Washington">North Bend, Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nintendo_North_Bend" title="Nintendo North Bend">Nintendo North Bend</a>). The 380,000-square-foot (35,000 m<sup>2</sup>) Nintendo North Bend facility processes more than 20,000 orders a day to Nintendo customers, which include <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail stores</a> that sell Nintendo products in addition to <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> who <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">shop</a> Nintendo's web site.<sup id="cite_ref-casestudy_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casestudy-116">[111]</a></sup> Nintendo of America's Canadian branch,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></sup> Nintendo of Canada, Ltd., is based in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Distribution_center" title="Distribution center">distribution center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nintendo of America's localization team, dubbed Treehouse, is composed of around eighty staff, who are responsible for translating text from Japanese to English, creating videos and marketing plans, and ensuring that Nintendo's games release in a polished state.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a></sup></p>
+<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_of_Europe">Nintendo of Europe</span></h5>
+<p>Nintendo's European subsidiary was established in June 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-history_9911_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_9911-119">[114]</a></sup> based in <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fostheim" title="Groostheim">Groostheim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a></sup> close to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany. The company handles operations in Europe and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_9911_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_9911-119">[114]</a></sup> Nintendo of Europe's <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> branch<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a></sup> handles operations in that country and in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> from its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>. In June 2014, NOE initiated a reduction and consolidation process, yielding a combined 130 layoffs: the closing of its office and warehouse, and termination of all employment, in Groostheim; and the consolidation of all of those operations into, and terminating some employment at, its Frankfurt location.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a></sup></p>
+<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_Australia">Nintendo Australia</span></h5>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Australia" title="Nintendo Australia">Nintendo Australia</a></div>
+<p>Nintendo's Australian subsidiary is based in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Victoria</a>. It handles the publishing, distribution, sales and marketing of Nintendo products in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>). It also manufactures some Wii games locally. Nintendo Australia is also a third-party distributor of some titles from <a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_Games" title="Rising Star Games">Rising Star Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment" title="Bandai Namco Entertainment">Bandai Namco Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlus" title="Atlus">Atlus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tetris_Company" title="The Tetris Company">The Tetris Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koei_Tecmo" title="Koei Tecmo">Koei Tecmo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>.</p>
+<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="iQue">iQue</span></h5>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IQue" title="IQue">iQue</a></div>
+<p>A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between its founder, <a href="/wiki/Wei_Yen" title="Wei Yen">Wei Yen</a>, and Nintendo, manufactures and distributes official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market, under the iQue brand. The product lineup for the Chinese market is considerably different from that for other markets. For example, Nintendo's only console in China is the <a href="/wiki/IQue_Player" title="IQue Player">iQue Player</a>, a modified version of the Nintendo 64. The company has not released its more modern GameCube or Wii to the market, although a version of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo 3DS XL">Nintendo 3DS XL</a> was released in 2012. As of 2013, it is a 100% Nintendo-owned subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a></sup></p>
+<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Nintendo_of_Korea">Nintendo of Korea</span></h5>
+<p>Nintendo's South Korean subsidiary was established on 7 July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a></sup> In March 2016, the subsidiary was heavily downsized due to a corporate restructuring decision after analyzing shifts in the current market, laying off 80% of its employees, leaving only ten people at its helm, including <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> Hiroyuki Fukuda. However, this did not affect any game titles being scheduled for release in South Korea at the time, and Nintendo continued operations there as usual.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</span></h3>
+<p>Although most of the Research & Development is being done in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, there are some R&D facilities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> that are focused on developing software and hardware technologies used in Nintendo products. Although they all are subsidiaries of Nintendo (and therefore first party), they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo's internal developers by the Japanese personal involved. This can be seen in a variety of "Iwata asks..." interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology" title="Nintendo Software Technology">Nintendo Software Technology</a> (NST) and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Technology_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Technology Development">Nintendo Technology Development</a> (NTD) are located in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_European_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo European Research & Development">Nintendo European Research & Development</a> (<i>NERD</i>) is located in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network_Service_Database" title="Nintendo Network Service Database">Nintendo Network Service Database</a> (NSD) is located in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</p>
+<p>Most external <a href="/wiki/First-party_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="First-party developer">first-party</a> software development is done in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, since the only overseas subsidiary is <a href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</a> in the United States. Although these studios are all subsidiaries of Nintendo, they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo's internal developers by the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a> (EPD) division. <a href="/wiki/1-UP_Studio" title="1-UP Studio">1-UP Studio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nd_Cube" title="Nd Cube">Nd Cube</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a> has one studio located in Tokyo and another in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. <a href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin">Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Logos">Logos</span></h3>
+<table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1889.png" class="image" title="18891950"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nintendo_-_1889.png/150px-Nintendo_-_1889.png" width="150" height="47" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nintendo_-_1889.png/225px-Nintendo_-_1889.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nintendo_-_1889.png/300px-Nintendo_-_1889.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="129" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">18891950 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1950.png" class="image" title="19501960"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/77px-Nintendo_-_1950.png" width="77" height="100" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/116px-Nintendo_-_1950.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/155px-Nintendo_-_1950.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="359" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19501960 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1960.png" class="image" title="19601965"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/100px-Nintendo_-_1960.png" width="100" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/150px-Nintendo_-_1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/200px-Nintendo_-_1960.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19601965 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1965.png" class="image" title="19651970"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/90px-Nintendo_-_1965.png" width="90" height="100" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/135px-Nintendo_-_1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/181px-Nintendo_-_1965.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="664" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19651970 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1967.png" class="image" title="19671975"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/150px-Nintendo_-_1967.png" width="150" height="37" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/225px-Nintendo_-_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/300px-Nintendo_-_1967.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="148" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19671975 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1968.png" class="image" title="19681975"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/150px-Nintendo_-_1968.png" width="150" height="62" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/225px-Nintendo_-_1968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/300px-Nintendo_-_1968.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="249" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19681975 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Logo_1970.png" class="image" title="19701975"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/102px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png" width="102" height="100" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/153px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/205px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="391" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19701975 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1972.png" class="image" title="1972"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/82px-Nintendo_-_1972.png" width="82" height="100" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/123px-Nintendo_-_1972.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/163px-Nintendo_-_1972.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="384" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">1972 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_red_logo.svg" class="image" title="19752006"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/150px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png" width="150" height="37" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/225px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/300px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="100" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">19752006 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_gray_logo.svg" class="image" title="20062016"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/150px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png" width="150" height="37" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/225px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/300px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="126" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">20062016 </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table style="width:120px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
+<tr>
+<td style="height:120px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
+<div class="center">
+<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo.svg" class="image" title="2016present"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/150px-Nintendo.svg.png" width="150" height="50" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/225px-Nintendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/300px-Nintendo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200" /></a></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top">
+<td style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
+<div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:1.6em;width:107px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">2016present </div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Policy">Policy</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Content_guidelines">Content guidelines</span></h3>
+<p>For many years, Nintendo had a policy of strict content guidelines for video games published on its consoles. Although Nintendo allowed <a href="/wiki/Graphic_violence" title="Graphic violence">graphic violence</a> in its video games released in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_sexuality" title="Nudity and sexuality">nudity and sexuality</a> were strictly prohibited. Former Nintendo president <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a> believed that if the company allowed the licensing of <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> games, the company's image would be forever tarnished.<sup id="cite_ref-Game_Over_1993_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Game_Over_1993-130">[125]</a></sup> Nintendo of America went further in that games released for Nintendo consoles could not feature nudity, sexuality, <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">slurs</a>), blood, graphic or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, political messages or <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbols</a> (with the exception of widely unpracticed religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek Pantheon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a></sup> The Japanese parent company was concerned that it may be viewed as a "Japanese Invasion" by forcing Japanese <a href="/wiki/Community_standards" title="Community standards">community standards</a> on North American and European children. Despite the strict guidelines, some exceptions have occurred: <i><a href="/wiki/Bionic_Commando_(Nintendo_Entertainment_System)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bionic Commando (Nintendo Entertainment System)">Bionic Commando</a></i> (though <a href="/wiki/Nazi_swastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi swastika">swastikas</a> were eliminated in the US version), <i><a href="/wiki/Smash_TV" title="Smash TV">Smash TV</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Golgo_13:_Top_Secret_Episode" title="Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode">Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode</a></i> contained human violence, the latter also containing implied <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">tobacco use</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/River_City_Ransom" title="River City Ransom">River City Ransom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taboo:_The_Sixth_Sense" title="Taboo: The Sixth Sense">Taboo: The Sixth Sense</a></i> contained nudity, and the latter also contained religious images, as did <i><a href="/wiki/Castlevania_II:_Simon%27s_Quest" title="Castlevania II: Simon's Quest">Castlevania II</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Castlevania_III:_Dracula%27s_Curse" title="Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse">III</a></i>.</p>
+<p>A known side effect of this policy was the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis</a> version of <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1992_video_game)" title="Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)">Mortal Kombat</a></i> selling over double the number of the Super NES version, mainly because Nintendo had forced publisher <a href="/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment" title="Acclaim Entertainment">Acclaim</a> to recolor the red blood to look like white sweat and replace some of the more gory graphics in its release of the game, making it less violent.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> allowed blood and gore to remain in the Genesis version (though a code was required to unlock the gore). Nintendo allowed the Super NES version of <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_II" title="Mortal Kombat II">Mortal Kombat II</a></i> to ship uncensored the following year with a content warning on the packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 1994 and 2003, when the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">ESRB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information" title="Pan European Game Information">PEGI</a> (respectively) video game ratings systems were introduced, Nintendo chose to abolish most of these policies in favor of consumers making their own choices about the content of the games they played. Today, changes to the content of games are done primarily by the game's developer or, occasionally, at the request of Nintendo. The only clear-set rule is that ESRB AO-rated games will not be licensed on Nintendo consoles in North America,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a></sup> a practice which is also enforced by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, its two greatest competitors in the present market. Nintendo has since allowed several mature-content games to be published on its consoles, including: <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Dark" title="Perfect Dark">Perfect Dark</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Conker%27s_Bad_Fur_Day" title="Conker's Bad Fur Day">Conker's Bad Fur Day</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(series)" title="Doom (series)">Doom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_64" title="Doom 64">Doom 64</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/BMX_XXX" title="BMX XXX">BMX XXX</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Killer7" title="Killer7">Killer7</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat" title="Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Darkness:_Sanity%27s_Requiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem">Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/BloodRayne" title="BloodRayne">BloodRayne</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geist_(video_game)" title="Geist (video game)">Geist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dementium:_The_Ward" title="Dementium: The Ward">Dementium: The Ward</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bayonetta_2" title="Bayonetta 2">Bayonetta 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Third" title="Devil's Third">Devil's Third</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Frame:_Maiden_of_Black_Water" title="Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water">Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water</a></i>. Certain games have continued to be modified, however. For example, <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a> was forced to remove all references to cigarettes in the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(Game_Boy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal Gear Solid (Game Boy)">Metal Gear Solid</a></i> (although the previous NES version of <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear" title="Metal Gear">Metal Gear</a></i> and the subsequent GameCube game <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:_The_Twin_Snakes" title="Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes">Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes</a></i> both included such references, as did Wii title <i><a href="/wiki/MadWorld" title="MadWorld">MadWorld</a></i>), and maiming and blood were removed from the Nintendo 64 <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">port</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Cruis%27n_USA" title="Cruis'n USA">Cruis'n USA</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a></sup> Another example is in the Game Boy Advance game <i><a href="/wiki/Mega_Man_Zero_3" title="Mega Man Zero 3">Mega Man Zero 3</a></i>, in which one of the bosses, called Hellbat Schilt in the Japanese and European releases, was renamed Devilbat Schilt in the North American <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localization</a>. In North America releases of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mega_Man_Zero" title="Mega Man Zero">Mega Man Zero</a></i> games, enemies and bosses killed with a saber attack would not gush blood as they did in the Japanese versions. However, the release of the Wii was accompanied by a number of even more controversial titles, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_2" title="Manhunt 2">Manhunt 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(video_game)" title="No More Heroes (video game)">No More Heroes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead:_Overkill" title="The House of the Dead: Overkill">The House of the Dead: Overkill</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/MadWorld" title="MadWorld">MadWorld</a></i>, the latter three of which were published exclusively for the console.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="License_guidelines">License guidelines</span></h3>
+<p>Nintendo of America also had guidelines before 1993 that had to be followed by its licensees to make games for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, in addition to the above content guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Game_Over_1993_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Game_Over_1993-130">[125]</a></sup> Guidelines were enforced through the <a href="/wiki/10NES" class="mw-redirect" title="10NES">10NES</a> lockout chip.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Licensees were not permitted to release the same game for a competing console until two years had passed.</li>
+<li>Nintendo would decide how many cartridges would be supplied to the licensee.</li>
+<li>Nintendo would decide how much space would be dedicated for articles, advertising, etc. in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Power" title="Nintendo Power">Nintendo Power</a></i> magazine.</li>
+<li>There was a minimum number of cartridges that had to be ordered by the licensee from Nintendo.</li>
+<li>There was a yearly limit of five games that a licensee may produce for a Nintendo console.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></sup> This rule was created to prevent market over-saturation, which had contributed to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_video_game_crash_of_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="North American video game crash of 1983">North American video game crash of 1983</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The last rule was circumvented in a number of ways; for example, Konami, wanting to produce more games for Nintendo's consoles, formed <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Games" title="Ultra Games">Ultra Games</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Games" title="Ultra Games">Palcom</a> to produce more games as a technically different publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-Game_Over_1993_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Game_Over_1993-130">[125]</a></sup> This disadvantaged smaller or emerging companies, as they could not afford to start additional companies. In another side effect, <a href="/wiki/Square_(company)" title="Square (company)">Square Co</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a>) executives have suggested that the price of publishing games on the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> along with the degree of censorship and control that Nintendo enforced over its games, most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI" title="Final Fantasy VI">Final Fantasy VI</a></i>, were factors in switching its focus towards <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> console.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>In 1993, a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> suit was taken against Nintendo under allegations that their lockout chip enabled <a href="/wiki/Unfair_business_practices" title="Unfair business practices">unfair business practices</a>. The case was settled, with the condition that California consumers were entitled to a $3 discount coupon for a game of Nintendo's choice.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Emulation">Emulation</span></h3>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td>
+<td class="mbox-text">
+<div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(October 2014)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Nintendo is opposed to any third-party <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">emulation</a> of its video games and consoles, stating that it is the single largest threat to the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights of video game developers.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a></sup> However, emulators have been used by Nintendo and licensed third party companies as a means to re-release older games (through the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a>).</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seal_of_Quality">Seal of Quality</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tmulti tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px">
+<div style="clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;background-color:transparent">Nintendo Seal of Quality</div>
+<div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:172px;max-width:172px">
+<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/170px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png" width="170" height="131" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/255px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/340px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="262" /></a></div>
+<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Seal in <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> regions</div>
+</div>
+<div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:172px;max-width:172px">
+<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/170px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png" width="170" height="169" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/255px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/340px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="147" /></a></div>
+<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Seal of Quality in <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> regions</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The gold sunburst seal was first used by <a href="#Offices_and_locations">Nintendo of America</a>, and later Nintendo of Europe. It is displayed on any game, system, or accessory licensed for use on one of its <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, denoting the game has been properly approved by Nintendo. The seal is also displayed on any Nintendo-licensed merchandise, such as trading cards, game guides, or apparel, albeit with the words "Official Nintendo Licensed Product".<sup id="cite_ref-Seal_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seal-139">[134]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2008, game designer <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier" title="Sid Meier">Sid Meier</a> cited the Seal of Quality as one of the three most important innovations in video game history, as it helped set a standard for game quality that protected consumers from <a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">shovelware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arendt20080304_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arendt20080304-140">[135]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="NTSC_regions">NTSC regions</span></h4>
+<p>In <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> regions, this seal is an elliptical starburst titled "Official Nintendo Seal." Originally, for NTSC countries, the seal was a large, black and gold circular starburst. The seal read as follows: "This seal is your assurance that NINTENDO has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product." This seal was later altered in 1988: "approved and guaranteed" was changed to "evaluated and approved." In 1989, the seal became gold and white, as it currently appears, with a shortened phrase, "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality." It was changed in 2003 to read "Official Nintendo Seal."<sup id="cite_ref-Seal_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seal-139">[134]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The seal currently reads:<sup id="cite_ref-3DS-XL-manual_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3DS-XL-manual-141">[136]</a></sup></p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>The official seal is your assurance that this product is licensed or manufactured by Nintendo. Always look for this seal when buying video game systems, accessories, games and related products.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="PAL_regions">PAL regions</span></h4>
+<p>In <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> regions, the seal is a circular starburst titled, "Original Nintendo Seal of Quality." Text near the seal in the <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> manual states:</p>
+<blockquote class="templatequote">
+<p>This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has reviewed this product and that it has met our standards for excellence in workmanship, reliability and entertainment value. Always look for this seal when buying games and accessories to ensure complete compatibility with your Nintendo product.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Charitable_projects">Charitable projects</span></h3>
+<p>Since 1992 Nintendo has teamed with the <a href="/wiki/Starlight_Children%27s_Foundation" title="Starlight Children's Foundation">Starlight Children's Foundation</a> to build Starlight Fun Center mobile entertainment units and install them in hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-GPro88_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPro88-143">[138]</a></sup> 1,000 Starlight Nintendo Fun Center units were installed by the end of 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-GPro88_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPro88-143">[138]</a></sup> These units combine several forms of multimedia entertainment, including gaming, and serve as a distraction to brighten moods and boost kids' morale during hospital stays.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_record">Environmental record</span></h3>
+<p>Nintendo has consistently been ranked last in <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>'s "Guide to Greener Electronics" due to Nintendo's failure to publish information.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a></sup> Similarly, they are ranked last in the <a href="/wiki/Enough_Project" title="Enough Project">Enough Project</a>'s "Conflict Minerals Company Rankings" due to Nintendo's refusal to respond to multiple requests for information.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Like many other electronics companies, Nintendo offers a take-back <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> program which allows customers to mail in old products they no longer use. Nintendo of America claimed that it took in 548 tons of returned products in 2011, 98% of which was either reused or recycled.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Trademark">Trademark</span></h2>
+<p>During the peak of Nintendo's success in the video game industry in the 1990s, their name was ubiquitously used to refer to any video game console, regardless of the manufacturer. To prevent their trademark from becoming <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic</a>, Nintendo pushed usage of the term "game console", and succeeded in preserving their trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_development_teams" title="List of Nintendo development teams">List of Nintendo development teams</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nintendo_characters" title="Lists of Nintendo characters">Lists of Nintendo characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nintendo_games" title="Lists of Nintendo games">Lists of Nintendo games</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Galoob_Toys,_Inc._v._Nintendo_of_America,_Inc." title="Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.">Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_City_Studios,_Inc._v._Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd." title="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.">Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nintend kabushikigaisha</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja"></span>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nintend karuta kabushikigaisha</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja"></span>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nintendo&params=34_59_30.03_N_135_45_58.66_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">345930.03N</span> <span class="longitude">1354558.66E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.9916750N 135.7662944E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.9916750; 135.7662944</span></span></span></a></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nintendo&params=34_58_29.00_N_135_46_10.48_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">345829.00N</span> <span class="longitude">1354610.48E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.9747222N 135.7695778E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.9747222; 135.7695778</span></span></span></a></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nintendo&params=34_58_11.89_N_135_45_22.33_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">345811.89N</span> <span class="longitude">1354522.33E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.9699694N 135.7562028E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.9699694; 135.7562028</span></span></span></a></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
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+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Tidbits...". <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly" title="Electronic Gaming Monthly">Electronic Gaming Monthly</a></i>. No. 78. <a href="/wiki/Ziff_Davis" title="Ziff Davis">Ziff Davis</a>. January 1996. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.btitle=Tidbits...&rft.date=1996-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Ziff+Davis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-Rare_history-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rare_history_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rare_history_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McLaughlin, Rus (29 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.retro.ign.com/articles/894/894511p1.html">"IGN Presents the History of Rare"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805122442/http://uk.retro.ign.com/articles/894/894511p1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.aufirst=Rus&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.btitle=IGN+Presents+the+History+of+Rare&rft.date=2008-07-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IGN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.retro.ign.com%2Farticles%2F894%2F894511p1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-polygon-e3imitator-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polygon-e3imitator_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/2016/6/29/12059030/nintendo-nx-e3-no-show-virtual-reality-details">"Report: Nintendo's fear of imitators kept NX out of E3"</a>. <i>Polygon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Nintendo%27s+fear+of+imitators+kept+NX+out+of+E3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2016%2F6%2F29%2F12059030%2Fnintendo-nx-e3-no-show-virtual-reality-details&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report:_Nintendo_Is_Researching_VR_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ashcraft, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kotaku.com/report-nintendo-is-researching-vr-1782797521">"Report: Nintendo Is Researching VR"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Nintendo+Is+Researching+VR&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Freport-nintendo-is-researching-vr-1782797521&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-Nintendomovie-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nintendomovie_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">GHOSHAL, ABHIMANYU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenextweb.com/insider/2016/05/16/nintendo-getting-movie-business/#gref">"Nintendo is getting into the movie business"</a>. <i>The Next Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Nintendo+is+getting+into+the+movie+business&rft.aufirst=ABHIMANYU&rft.aulast=GHOSHAL&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Next+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Finsider%2F2016%2F05%2F16%2Fnintendo-getting-movie-business%2F%23gref&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McWhertor, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/12/13917504/super-nintendo-world-nintendo-universal-studios-japan-park-attraction">"Nintendos first Universal Studios park attraction is called Super Nintendo World"</a>. <i>Polygon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Nintendo%E2%80%99s+first+Universal+Studios+park+attraction+is+called+Super+Nintendo+World&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=McWhertor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2016%2F12%2F12%2F13917504%2Fsuper-nintendo-world-nintendo-universal-studios-japan-park-attraction&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NES_Classic_Edition_Verge-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NES_Classic_Edition_Verge_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Webster, Andrew (14 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/14/12187296/nintendo-nes-classic-edition-announced-price-games">"Nintendo is releasing a miniature NES with 30 built-in games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Nintendo+is+releasing+a+miniature+NES+with+30+built-in+games&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F7%2F14%2F12187296%2Fnintendo-nes-classic-edition-announced-price-games&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/237ab9e6-4724-11e6-b387-64ab0a67014c.html">"Pokmon GO shows Nintendo the promise of mobile"</a>. <i>The FT</i>. 11 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Pok%C3%A9mon+GO+shows+Nintendo+the+promise+of+mobile&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F237ab9e6-4724-11e6-b387-64ab0a67014c.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-polygon-homefirst-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polygon-homefirst_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/20/13347910/nintendo-switch-home-gaming-system">"Nintendo: Switch is a home gaming system first and foremost"</a>. <i>Polygon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Nintendo%3A+Switch+is+a+home+gaming+system+%E2%80%98first+and+foremost%E2%80%99&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2016%2F10%2F20%2F13347910%2Fnintendo-switch-home-gaming-system&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americasmarkets.usatoday.com/2014/06/06/nintendo-to-close-european-headquarters-lay-off-130/">"Nintendo to close European headquarters, lay off 130"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 6 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Nintendo+to+close+European+headquarters%2C+lay+off+130&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericasmarkets.usatoday.com%2F2014%2F06%2F06%2Fnintendo-to-close-european-headquarters-lay-off-130%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nintendoeverything.com/up-to-date-listing-of-nintendo-subsidiaries/">"Up-to-date listing of Nintendo subsidiaries"</a>. Nintendo Everything. 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.btitle=Up-to-date+listing+of+Nintendo+subsidiaries&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nintendo+Everything&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnintendoeverything.com%2Fup-to-date-listing-of-nintendo-subsidiaries%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2013/security_q1303.pdf#page=5">""</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nintendo. 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.btitle=%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fir%2Fpdf%2F2013%2Fsecurity_q1303.pdf%23page%3D5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span><cite class="citation web">Paul, Loughrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nintendo-establishes-korean-subsidiary">"Nintendo establishes Korean subsidiary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.au=Paul%2C+Loughrey&rft.btitle=Nintendo+establishes+Korean+subsidiary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Farticles%2Fnintendo-establishes-korean-subsidiary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-GPro88-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPro88_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPro88_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">"Quick Hits". <i><a href="/wiki/GamePro" title="GamePro">GamePro</a></i>. No. 88. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. January 1996. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.btitle=Quick+Hits&rft.date=1996-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=IDG&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alexander, Leigh (June 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kotaku.com/5019333/nintendo-hooks-up-hospitalized-kids-with-wii-fun-centers">"Nintendo Hooks Up Hospitalized Kids With Wii Fun Centers"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=Nintendo+Hooks+Up+Hospitalized+Kids+With+Wii+Fun+Centers&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5019333%2Fnintendo-hooks-up-hospitalized-kids-with-wii-fun-centers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ashcraft, Brian (27 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kotaku.com/5549072/greenpeace-still-says-nintendo-is-bad-for-the-environment/">"Greenpeace Still Says Nintendo Is Bad For the Environment"</a>. Kokaku<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.btitle=Greenpeace+Still+Says+Nintendo+Is+Bad+For+the+Environment&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Kokaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5549072%2Fgreenpeace-still-says-nintendo-is-bad-for-the-environment%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/content/conflict-minerals-company-rankings">"2012 Conflict Minerals Company Rankings"</a>. Enough Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.btitle=2012+Conflict+Minerals+Company+Rankings&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Enough+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raisehopeforcongo.org%2Fcontent%2Fconflict-minerals-company-rankings&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/recycle.jsp">"Nintendo Product Recycling and Take Back Program"</a>. Nintendo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.btitle=Nintendo+Product+Recycling+and+Take+Back+Program&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.com%2Fconsumer%2Frecycle.jsp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/genericide-when-brands-get-too-big-2295428.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Genericide': When brands get too big"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.atitle=%27Genericide%27%3A+When+brands+get+too+big&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fanalysis-and-features%2Fgenericide-when-brands-get-too-big-2295428.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Plunkett, Luke (7 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotaku.com.au/2014/07/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-nintendo/">"There's No Such Thing As A Nintendo"</a>. Kotaku<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.btitle=There%27s+No+Such+Thing+As+A+Nintendo&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotaku.com.au%2F2014%2F07%2Ftheres-no-such-thing-as-a-nintendo%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Kent" title="Steven L. Kent">Kent, Steven L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTrcTeAqeaEC&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World</i></a>. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4">0-7615-3643-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47254175">47254175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games%3A+The+Story+Behind+the+Craze+that+Touched+our+Lives+and+Changed+the+World&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.place=Roseville%2C+California&rft.pub=Prima+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTrcTeAqeaEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47254175&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><cite class="citation book">Sloan, Daniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utONPpgEWDUC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Playing to Wiin: Nintendo and the Video Game Industry's Greatest Comeback</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82512-9">978-0-470-82512-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/707935885">707935885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.btitle=Playing+to+Wiin%3A+Nintendo+and+the+Video+Game+Industry%27s+Greatest+Comeback&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-82512-9&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutONPpgEWDUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707935885&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nintendo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nintendo">Nintendo</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nintendo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nintendo">Nintendo</a></b></i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nintendo.com">Official website</a></span></span></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nintendo_development_teams" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nintendo_developers" title="Template:Nintendo developers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nintendo_developers" title="Template talk:Nintendo developers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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+</ul>
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+<div id="Nintendo_development_teams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_development_teams" title="List of Nintendo development teams">Nintendo development teams</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Entertainment Planning & Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_European_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo European Research & Development">European Research & Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network_Service_Database" title="Nintendo Network Service Database">Network Service Database</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Platform Technology Development</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology" title="Nintendo Software Technology">Software Technology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/80px-Nintendo.svg.png" width="80" height="27" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/120px-Nintendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/160px-Nintendo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200" /></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/1-UP_Studio" title="1-UP Studio">1-UP Studio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nd_Cube" title="Nd Cube">Nd Cube</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IQue" title="IQue">iQue</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Creatures_(company)" title="Creatures (company)">Creatures</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Camelot_Software_Planning" title="Camelot Software Planning">Camelot Software Planning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DeNA" title="DeNA">DeNA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Freak" title="Game Freak">Game Freak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Sonority" title="Genius Sonority">Genius Sonority</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Good-Feel" title="Good-Feel">Good-Feel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grezzo" title="Grezzo">Grezzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HAL_Laboratory" title="HAL Laboratory">HAL Laboratory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Systems" title="Intelligent Systems">Intelligent Systems</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Next_Level_Games" title="Next Level Games">Next Level Games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company" title="The Pokmon Company">The Pokmon Company</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former divisions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_1" title="Nintendo Research & Development 1">Research & Development 1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_2" title="Nintendo Research & Development 2">Research & Development 2</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Analysis_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development">Entertainment Analysis & Development</a> (EAD)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Software Planning & Development">Software Planning & Development</a> (SPD)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Integrated_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Integrated Research & Development">Integrated Research & Development</a> (IRD)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_System_Development" title="Nintendo System Development">System Development</a> (NSD)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nintendo_video_game_hardware" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nintendo_hardware" title="Template:Nintendo hardware"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nintendo_hardware" title="Template talk:Nintendo hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nintendo_hardware&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Nintendo_video_game_hardware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_video_game_consoles" title="Nintendo video game consoles">Nintendo video game hardware</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consoles</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Famicom_Titler" title="Famicom Titler">Famicom Titler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Famicom" title="Twin Famicom">Twin Famicom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System_(Model_NES-101)" title="Nintendo Entertainment System (Model NES-101)">NES-101</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Nintendo_Television" title="Sharp Nintendo Television">Sharp Nintendo Television</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_accessories" title="List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories">accessories</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New-Style_Super_NES" title="New-Style Super NES">New-Style</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Famicom_Naizou_TV_SF1" title="Super Famicom Naizou TV SF1">SF Naizou TV SF1</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Classic_Edition" title="Super NES Classic Edition">Super NES Classic Edition</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/IQue_Player" title="IQue Player">iQue Player</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Q" title="Panasonic Q">Panasonic Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameCube_accessories" title="GameCube accessories">accessories</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">SP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Micro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Visteon_Dockable_Entertainment" title="Visteon Dockable Entertainment">Dockable Entertainment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Mini" title="Pokmon Mini">Pokmon Mini</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite" title="Nintendo DS Lite">Lite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">DSi</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_2DS" title="Nintendo 2DS">2DS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_2DS_XL" title="New Nintendo 2DS XL">New 2DS XL</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dedicated</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Classic_Edition" title="Super NES Classic Edition">Super NES Classic Edition</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Mini_Classics" title="Nintendo Mini Classics">Mini Classics</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Pikachu" title="Pokmon Pikachu">Pokmon Pikachu</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arcade</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_VS._System" title="Nintendo VS. System">VS. System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PlayChoice-10" title="PlayChoice-10">PlayChoice-10</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Famicom_Box" title="Super Famicom Box">Super Famicom Box</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Super_System" title="Nintendo Super System">Nintendo Super System</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:NintendoStack.jpg" class="image"><img alt="NintendoStack.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NintendoStack.jpg/80px-NintendoStack.jpg" width="80" height="144" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NintendoStack.jpg/120px-NintendoStack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NintendoStack.jpg/160px-NintendoStack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="2055" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Famicom_3D_System" title="Famicom 3D System">3D System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Famicom_Data_Recorder" title="Famicom Data Recorder">Data Recorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Family_Computer_Disk_System" title="Family Computer Disk System">Disk System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Satellaview" title="Satellaview">Satellaview</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_NES_CD-ROM" title="Super NES CD-ROM">Super NES CD-ROM</a> (unreleased)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Game_Boy" title="Super Game Boy">Super Game Boy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Camera" title="Game Boy Camera">Game Boy Camera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Printer" title="Game Boy Printer">Game Boy Printer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/64DD" title="64DD">64DD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_Pak" title="Rumble Pak">Rumble Pak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_e-Reader" title="Nintendo e-Reader">e-Reader</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Player" title="Game Boy Player">Game Boy Player</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectivity</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NES_Four_Score" title="NES Four Score">NES Four Score</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NES_Satellite" title="NES Satellite">NES Satellite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Link_Cable" title="Game Link Cable">Game Link Cable</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_GameCube_%E2%80%93_Game_Boy_Advance_link_cable" title="Nintendo GameCube Game Boy Advance link cable">GCN-GBA Link Cable</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controllers</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Family_BASIC" title="Family BASIC">Family BASIC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NES_Advantage" title="NES Advantage">NES Advantage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NES_Zapper" title="NES Zapper">NES Zapper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Power_Pad" title="Power Pad">Power Pad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/R.O.B." title="R.O.B.">R.O.B.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Speedboard" title="Speedboard">Speedboard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Mouse" title="Super NES Mouse">SNES Mouse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Scope" title="Super Scope">Super Scope</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64_controller" title="Nintendo 64 controller">Nintendo 64 controller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameCube_controller" title="GameCube controller">GameCube controller</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WaveBird_Wireless_Controller" title="WaveBird Wireless Controller">WaveBird Wireless</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Balance_Board" title="Wii Balance Board">Wii Balance Board</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Controller" title="Classic Controller">Classic Controller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_MotionPlus" title="Wii MotionPlus">MotionPlus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Zapper" title="Wii Zapper">Wii Zapper</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_accessories_for_the_Wii_Remote" title="Third-party accessories for the Wii Remote">Third-party accessories</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Speak" title="Wii Speak">Wii Speak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">Wii U GamePad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_U_Pro_Controller" title="Wii U Pro Controller">Wii U Pro Controller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Family_Computer_Network_System" title="Family Computer Network System">Family Computer Network System</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Teleplay_Modem" title="Teleplay Modem">Teleplay Modem</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/XBAND" title="XBAND">XBAND</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Satellaview" title="Satellaview">Satellaview</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_GameCube_Broadband_Adapter_and_Modem_Adapter" title="Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter">GCN Modem and Broadband Adapter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Wi-Fi_USB_Connector" title="Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector">Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Power_(cartridge)" title="Nintendo Power (cartridge)">Nintendo Power</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_%26_DSi_Browser" title="Nintendo DS & DSi Browser">Nintendo DS & DSi Browser</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amiibo" title="Amiibo">Amiibo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System_Game_Pak" title="Nintendo Entertainment System Game Pak">NES Game Pak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_Game_Pak" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System Game Pak">SNES Game Pak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64_Game_Pak" title="Nintendo 64 Game Pak">N64 Game Pak</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">Game Boy Advance Video</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical discs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_game_card" title="Nintendo game card">Nintendo game card</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processors</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_2A03" title="Ricoh 2A03">2A03</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Picture_Processing_Unit" title="Picture Processing Unit">PPU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_5A22" title="Ricoh 5A22">5A22</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_S-SMP" title="Nintendo S-SMP">S-APU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_FX" title="Super FX">GSU</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Coprocessor" title="Reality Coprocessor">RCP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gekko_(microprocessor)" title="Gekko (microprocessor)">Gekko</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_(microprocessor)" title="Broadway (microprocessor)">Broadway</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(graphics_chip)" title="Hollywood (graphics chip)">Hollywood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PICA200" title="PICA200">PICA200</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_(microprocessor)" title="Espresso (microprocessor)">Espresso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tegra#Tegra_X1" title="Tegra">Erista</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_products" title="List of Nintendo products">List of products</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nintendo_Network" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nintendo_Network" title="Template:Nintendo Network"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nintendo_Network" title="Template talk:Nintendo Network"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nintendo_Network&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Nintendo_Network" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_system_software" title="Nintendo 3DS system software">Nintendo 3DS system software</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_U_system_software" title="Wii U system software">Wii U system software</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User Information</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Wi-Fi_Connection" title="Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection">Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection</a> (absorbed)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mii" title="Mii">Mii</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nintendo_Network.svg/80px-Nintendo_Network.svg.png" width="80" height="24" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nintendo_Network.svg/120px-Nintendo_Network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nintendo_Network.svg/160px-Nintendo_Network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="156" /></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_Network_games" title="List of Nintendo Network games">Games</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_messaging_applications_for_Nintendo_game_consoles" title="List of messaging applications for Nintendo game consoles">Communication</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swapnote" title="Swapnote">Swapnote</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SpotPass_and_StreetPass" title="SpotPass and StreetPass">SpotPass and StreetPass</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/StreetPass_Mii_Plaza" title="StreetPass Mii Plaza">StreetPass Mii Plaza</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Video" title="Nintendo Video">Nintendo Video</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_Direct_presentations" title="List of Nintendo Direct presentations">List of Nintendo Direct presentations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internet Navigation</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Browser_(Nintendo_3DS)" title="Internet Browser (Nintendo 3DS)">Internet Browser (Nintendo 3DS)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Program</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Club_Nintendo" title="Club Nintendo">Club Nintendo</a> (defunct)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/My_Nintendo" title="My Nintendo">My Nintendo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nintendo_franchises" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nintendo_franchises" title="Template:Nintendo franchises"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nintendo_franchises" title="Template talk:Nintendo franchises"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nintendo_franchises&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Nintendo_franchises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nintendo</a> franchises</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)">Mario</a></i></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario" title="Super Mario">Super Mario</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart" title="Mario Kart">Mario Kart</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Party" title="Mario Party">Mario Party</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_puzzle_games" title="List of Mario puzzle games">Dr. Mario</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_role-playing_games" title="List of Mario role-playing games">Mario RPG</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_sports_games" title="List of Mario sports games">Mario Sports</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong" title="Donkey Kong">Donkey Kong</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Luigi_video_games" title="List of Luigi video games">Luigi</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoshi_video_games" title="List of Yoshi video games">Yoshi</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wario_(franchise)" title="Wario (franchise)">Wario</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Nintendo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/80px-Nintendo.svg.png" width="80" height="27" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/120px-Nintendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/160px-Nintendo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/1080%C2%B0_Snowboarding" title="1080 Snowboarding">1080</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing" title="Animal Crossing">Animal Crossing</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Code:_Two_Memories" title="Another Code: Two Memories">Another Code</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_Academy_(video_game)" title="Art Academy (video game)">Art Academy</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_Style" title="Art Style">Art Style</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Balloon_Fight" title="Balloon Fight">Balloon Fight</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bit_Generations" title="Bit Generations">Bit Generations</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Brain_Age" title="Brain Age">Brain Age</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Chibi-Robo!_(series)" title="Chibi-Robo! (series)">Chibi-Robo!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Custom_Robo" title="Custom Robo">Custom Robo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Ocean" title="Endless Ocean">Endless Ocean</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Excitebike" title="Excitebike">Excite</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Famicom_Tantei_Club:_Kieta_K%C5%8Dkeisha" title="Famicom Tantei Club: Kieta Kkeisha">Famicom Detective Club</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/F-Zero" title="F-Zero">F-Zero</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Emblem" title="Fire Emblem">Fire Emblem</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Sun_(series)" title="Golden Sun (series)">Golden Sun</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kid_Icarus_(series)" title="Kid Icarus (series)">Kid Icarus</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirby_(series)" title="Kirby (series)">Kirby</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legendary_Starfy" title="The Legendary Starfy">The Legendary Starfy</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Metroid" title="Metroid">Metroid</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_(series)" title="Mother (series)">Mother</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/NES_Remix" title="NES Remix">NES Remix</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nintendogs" title="Nintendogs">Nintendogs</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pikmin_(series)" title="Pikmin (series)">Pikmin</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilotwings_(series)" title="Pilotwings (series)">Pilotwings</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)" title="Pokmon (video game series)">Pokmon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pushmo" title="Pushmo">Pushmo</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Punch-Out!!" title="Punch-Out!!">Punch-Out!!</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_League_(series)" title="Puzzle League (series)">Puzzle League</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dillon%27s_Rolling_Western" title="Dillon's Rolling Western">Rolling Western</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Tengoku" title="Rhythm Tengoku">Rhythm Heaven</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_(video_game)" title="Sheriff (video game)">Sheriff</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sin_and_Punishment" title="Sin and Punishment">Sin and Punishment</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Fever" title="Space Fever">Space Fever</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Splatoon" title="Splatoon">Splatoon</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/StarTropics" title="StarTropics">StarTropics</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Fox" title="Star Fox">Star Fox</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Steel_Diver" title="Steel Diver">Steel Diver</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Style_Savvy" title="Style Savvy">Style Savvy</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros." title="Super Smash Bros.">Super Smash Bros.</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tomodachi_Collection" title="Tomodachi Collection">Tomodachi</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Touch!_Generations" title="Touch! Generations">Touch! Generations</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegas_Dreams" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegas Dreams">Vegas</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wars_(series)" title="Wars (series)">Wars</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wave_Race" title="Wave Race">Wave Race</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wii_(video_game_series)" title="Wii (video game series)">Wii</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xeno_(series)" title="Xeno (series)">Xenoblade Chronicles</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/X_(1992_video_game)" title="X (1992 video game)">X</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mario_franchise" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mario_franchise" title="Template:Mario franchise"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mario_franchise" title="Template talk:Mario franchise"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mario_franchise&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Mario_franchise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)"><i>Mario</i> franchise</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
+<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_featuring_Mario" title="List of video games featuring Mario">List of video games featuring Mario</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game series</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario" title="Super Mario">Super Mario</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart" title="Mario Kart">Mario Kart</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Party" title="Mario Party">Mario Party</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Artist" title="Mario Artist">Mario Artist</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_vs._Donkey_Kong" title="Mario vs. Donkey Kong">Mario vs. Donkey Kong</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genre</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_educational_games" title="List of Mario educational games">Educational games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_puzzle_games" title="List of Mario puzzle games">Puzzle games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_racing_games" title="List of Mario racing games">Racing games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_role-playing_games" title="List of Mario role-playing games">Role-playing games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_sports_games" title="List of Mario sports games">Sports games</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-series</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong" title="Donkey Kong">Donkey Kong</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Luigi_video_games" title="List of Luigi video games">Luigi</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wario_(franchise)" title="Wario (franchise)">Wario</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoshi_video_games" title="List of Yoshi video games">Yoshi</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LCD_games_featuring_Mario" title="List of LCD games featuring Mario">LCD games</a>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch_ports_and_remakes" title="Game & Watch ports and remakes">Game & Watch</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_emblem.svg/75px-Mario_emblem.svg.png" width="75" height="75" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_emblem.svg/113px-Mario_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_emblem.svg/150px-Mario_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="65" /></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bros." title="Mario Bros.">Mario Bros.</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinball_(video_game)" title="Pinball (video game)">Pinball</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Paint" title="Mario Paint">Mario Paint</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Mario" title="Hotel Mario">Hotel Mario</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario%27s_Game_Gallery" title="Mario's Game Gallery">Mario's Game Gallery</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Clash" title="Mario Clash">Mario Clash</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pinball_Land" title="Mario Pinball Land">Mario Pinball Land</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Princess_Peach" title="Super Princess Peach">Super Princess Peach</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Toad:_Treasure_Tracker" title="Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker">Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled games</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario%27s_Wacky_Worlds" title="Super Mario's Wacky Worlds">Super Mario's Wacky Worlds</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_128" title="Super Mario 128">Super Mario 128</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Spikers" title="Super Mario Spikers">Super Mario Spikers</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universe</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_franchise_characters" title="List of Mario franchise characters">Characters</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)" title="Donkey Kong (character)">Donkey Kong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luigi" title="Luigi">Luigi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toad_(Nintendo)" title="Toad (Nintendo)">Toad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bowser_(character)" title="Bowser (character)">Bowser</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Peach" title="Princess Peach">Princess Peach</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Birdo" title="Birdo">Birdo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Koopalings" title="Koopalings">Koopalings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Daisy" title="Princess Daisy">Princess Daisy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yoshi" title="Yoshi">Yoshi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wario" title="Wario">Wario</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diddy_Kong" title="Diddy Kong">Diddy Kong</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Waluigi" title="Waluigi">Waluigi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bowser_Jr." title="Bowser Jr.">Bowser Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fawful" title="Fawful">Fawful</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rosalina_(character)" title="Rosalina (character)">Rosalina</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_Kingdom" title="Mushroom Kingdom">Mushroom Kingdom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recurring_Mario_franchise_enemies" title="List of recurring Mario franchise enemies">Recurring enemies</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Goomba" title="Goomba">Goomba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Koopa_Troopa" title="Koopa Troopa">Koopa Troopa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_Bro." title="Hammer Bro.">Hammer Bro.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lakitu" title="Lakitu">Lakitu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(character)" title="Boo (character)">Boo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._theme" title="Super Mario Bros. theme"><i>Super Mario Bros.</i> theme</a></li>
+<li>"<a href="/wiki/World_1-1" title="World 1-1">World 1-1</a>"</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-video_game_media_featuring_Mario" title="List of non-video game media featuring Mario">Other media</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_television_series" title="List of Mario television series">TV series</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Comics_System" title="Nintendo Comics System">Nintendo Comics System</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._(film)" title="Super Mario Bros. (film)">Film</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros.:_Peach-Hime_Kyushutsu_Dai_Sakusen!" title="Super Mario Bros.: Peach-Hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen!">Anime film</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Adventures" title="Super Mario Adventures">Super Mario Adventures</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Gamebooks" title="Nintendo Gamebooks">Gamebooks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unofficial_Mario_media" title="List of unofficial Mario media">Unofficial media</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martinet" title="Charles Martinet">Charles Martinet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Iwata" title="Satoru Iwata">Satoru Iwata</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Tezuka" title="Takashi Tezuka">Takashi Tezuka</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mahito_Yokota" title="Mahito Yokota">Mahito Yokota</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nintendo</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros." title="Super Smash Bros.">Super Smash Bros.</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Mario_franchise_video_games" title="Book:Mario franchise video games"><i>Mario</i> video games</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Mario_franchise_characters" title="Book:Mario franchise characters"><i>Mario</i> characters</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mario" title="Category:Mario"><i>Mario</i> category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mario" title="Portal:Mario"><i>Mario</i> portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="Template:The Legend of Zelda"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="Template talk:The Legend of Zelda"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Legend_of_Zelda&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i> series</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main series</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Console games</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelda_II:_The_Adventure_of_Link" title="Zelda II: The Adventure of Link">The Adventure of Link</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past" title="The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past">A Link to the Past</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time">Ocarina of Time</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Majora%27s_Mask" title="The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask">Majora's Mask</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker" title="The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker">The Wind Waker</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker_HD" title="The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD">HD</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Four_Swords_Adventures" title="The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures">Four Swords Adventures</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess" title="The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess">Twilight Princess</a></i>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess_HD" title="The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD">HD</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Skyward_Sword" title="The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword">Skyward Sword</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Breath_of_the_Wild" title="The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild">Breath of the Wild</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld games</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Link%27s_Awakening" title="The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening">Link's Awakening</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Oracle_of_Seasons_and_Oracle_of_Ages" title="The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages"><i>Oracle of Seasons</i> and <i>Oracle of Ages</i></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past_and_Four_Swords" title="The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past and Four Swords"><i>A Link to the Past and Four Swords</i></a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Minish_Cap" title="The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap">The Minish Cap</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Phantom_Hourglass" title="The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass">Phantom Hourglass</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Spirit_Tracks" title="The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks">Spirit Tracks</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time_3D" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D">Ocarina of Time 3D</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_Between_Worlds" title="The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds">A Link Between Worlds</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Majora%27s_Mask_3D" title="The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D">Majora's Mask 3D</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Tri_Force_Heroes" title="The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes">Tri Force Heroes</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0.5em;">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Triforce.svg" class="image"><img alt="Triforce.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Triforce.svg/75px-Triforce.svg.png" width="75" height="65" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Triforce.svg/113px-Triforce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Triforce.svg/150px-Triforce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="868" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spin-offs</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LCD_games_from_The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" title="LCD games from The Legend of Zelda series">LCD games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_games_from_The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" title="CD-i games from The Legend of Zelda series">CD-i games</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Link:_The_Faces_of_Evil_and_Zelda:_The_Wand_of_Gamelon" title="Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon"><i>Faces of Evil</i> and <i>Wand of Gamelon</i></a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelda%27s_Adventure" title="Zelda's Adventure">Zelda's Adventure</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Satellaview_games_from_The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" title="Satellaview games from The Legend of Zelda series">Satellaview games</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Freshly-Picked_Tingle%27s_Rosy_Rupeeland" title="Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland">Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Link%27s_Crossbow_Training" title="Link's Crossbow Training">Link's Crossbow Training</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Irozuki_Tincle_no_Koi_no_Balloon_Trip" title="Irozuki Tincle no Koi no Balloon Trip">Irozuki Tincle no Koi no Balloon Trip</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyrule_Warriors" title="Hyrule Warriors">Hyrule Warriors</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe_of_The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="Universe of The Legend of Zelda">Universe</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Characters_in_The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" title="Characters in The Legend of Zelda series">Characters</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Link_(The_Legend_of_Zelda)" title="Link (The Legend of Zelda)">Link</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Zelda" title="Princess Zelda">Princess Zelda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ganon" title="Ganon">Ganon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Navi_(The_Legend_of_Zelda)" title="Navi (The Legend of Zelda)">Navi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Epona_(The_Legend_of_Zelda)" title="Epona (The Legend of Zelda)">Epona</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tingle" title="Tingle">Tingle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Midna" title="Midna">Midna</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Recurring_enemies_in_The_Legend_of_Zelda_series" title="Recurring enemies in The Legend of Zelda series">Recurring enemies</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triforce" title="Triforce">Triforce</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/I_am_Error" title="I am Error">I am Error</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_dangerous_to_go_alone!" title="It's dangerous to go alone!">It's dangerous to go alone!</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Legend_of_Zelda_media" title="List of The Legend of Zelda media">Media</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(TV_series)" title="The Legend of Zelda (TV series)">Cartoon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(manga)" title="The Legend of Zelda (manga)">Comics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Gamebooks" title="Nintendo Gamebooks">Gamebooks</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Hyrule_Historia" title="The Legend of Zelda: Hyrule Historia">Hyrule Historia</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Symphony_of_the_Goddesses" title="The Legend of Zelda: Symphony of the Goddesses">Symphony of the Goddesses</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eiji_Aonuma" title="Eiji Aonuma">Eiji Aonuma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hidemaro_Fujibayashi" title="Hidemaro Fujibayashi">Hidemaro Fujibayashi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Koizumi" title="Yoshiaki Koizumi">Yoshiaki Koizumi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dichi_Kotabe" title="Yichi Kotabe">Yichi Kotabe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Minegishi" title="Toru Minegishi">Toru Minegishi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Sugiyama" title="Tadashi Sugiyama">Tadashi Sugiyama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kensuke_Tanabe" title="Kensuke Tanabe">Kensuke Tanabe</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Tezuka" title="Takashi Tezuka">Takashi Tezuka</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nintendo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Magic" title="Animation Magic">Animation Magic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Entertainment" title="DIC Entertainment">DIC Entertainment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_(company)" title="Flagship (company)">Flagship</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Grezzo" title="Grezzo">Grezzo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus_Media" title="Tantalus Media">Tantalus Media</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Team_Ninja" title="Team Ninja">Team Ninja</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool_(company)" title="Vanpool (company)">Vanpool</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="Book:The Legend of Zelda">Book</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="Category:The Legend of Zelda">Category</a></li>
+<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="Portal:The Legend of Zelda">Portal</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Electronics_industry_in_Japan&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Electronics industry in Japan</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alaxala_Networks" title="Alaxala Networks">Alaxala Networks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alinco" title="Alinco">Alinco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Electronics" title="Alpine Electronics">Alpine</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anritsu" title="Anritsu">Anritsu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/AOR_(company)" title="AOR (company)">AOR</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Technica" title="Audio-Technica">Audio-Technica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chino_Corporation" title="Chino Corporation">Chino Corporation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen Holdings">Citizen Watch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cosina" title="Cosina">Cosina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/D%26M_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="D&M Holdings">D&M Holdings</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dainippon_Screen" title="Dainippon Screen">Dainippon Screen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Printing" title="Dai Nippon Printing">DNP</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eiki" title="Eiki">Eiki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eizo" title="Eizo">Eizo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elecom" title="Elecom">Elecom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elpida_Memory" title="Elpida Memory">Elpida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ESP_Guitars" title="ESP Guitars">ESP Guitars</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fostex" title="Fostex">Fostex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Xerox" title="Fuji Xerox">Fuji Xerox</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Ten" title="Fujitsu Ten">Fujitsu Ten</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Funai" title="Funai">Funai</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Furuno" title="Furuno">Furuno</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Corporation" title="Futaba Corporation">Futaba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu_Photonics" title="Hamamatsu Photonics">Hamamatsu Photonics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hirose_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirose Electric">Hirose Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(company)" title="Clarion (company)">Clarion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Maxell" title="Hitachi Maxell">Hitachi Maxell</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Icom_Incorporated" title="Icom Incorporated">Icom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ikegami_Tsushinki" title="Ikegami Tsushinki">Ikegami Tsushinki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/I-O_Data" title="I-O Data">I-O Data</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Iwatsu_Electric" title="Iwatsu Electric">Iwatsu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Display" title="Japan Display">Japan Display</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Radio_Company" title="Japan Radio Company">JRC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Remote_Control" title="Japan Remote Control">JR Propo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JVC_Kenwood" title="JVC Kenwood">JVC Kenwood</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Corporation" title="Kenwood Corporation">Kenwood</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kawai_Musical_Instruments" title="Kawai Musical Instruments">Kawai</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kiramek" title="Kiramek">Kiramek</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KO_PROPO" title="KO PROPO">KO Propo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman">Luxman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mabuchi_Motor" title="Mabuchi Motor">Mabuchi Motor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Maspro_Denkoh" title="Maspro Denkoh">Maspro</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Melco" title="Melco">Melco</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minebea" title="Minebea">Minebea</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumi_Electric" title="Mitsumi Electric">Mitsumi Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mutoh_Europe_nv" title="Mutoh Europe nv">Mutoh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Casio_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Casio Mobile Communications">NEC Casio Mobile Communications</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nichia" title="Nichia">Nichia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nichicon" title="Nichicon">Nichicon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nidec" title="Nidec">Nidec</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nidec_Copal_Corporation" title="Nidec Copal Corporation">Nidec Copal Corporation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nintendo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Chemi-Con" title="Nippon Chemi-Con">Nippon Chemi-Con</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">Onkyo</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Integra_Home_Theater" title="Integra Home Theater">Integra Home Theater</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Electric" title="Orion Electric">Orion Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pixela_Corporation" title="Pixela Corporation">Pixela</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Riso_Kagaku_Corporation" title="Riso Kagaku Corporation">Riso Kagaku</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rohm" title="Rohm">Rohm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rubycon_Corporation" title="Rubycon Corporation">Rubycon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sansui_Electric" title="Sansui Electric">Sansui</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sanwa_Electronic" title="Sanwa Electronic">Sanwa Electronic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Sammy_Holdings" title="Sega Sammy Holdings">Sega Sammy</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Group" title="Seiko Group">Seiko Group</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(watch)" title="Pulsar (watch)">Pulsar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Epson" title="Seiko Epson">Seiko Epson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Instruments" title="Seiko Instruments">Seiko Instruments</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shimadzu_Corp." title="Shimadzu Corp.">Shimadzu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SNK_Playmore" class="mw-redirect" title="SNK Playmore">SNK Playmore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Star_Micronics" title="Star Micronics">Star Micronics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Earspeakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stax Earspeakers">Stax</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tamron" title="Tamron">Tamron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/TEAC_Corporation" title="TEAC Corporation">TEAC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Corporation" title="Tiger Corporation">Tiger</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electron" title="Tokyo Electron">Tokyo Electron</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uniden" title="Uniden">Uniden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wacom_(company)" title="Wacom (company)">Wacom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yaesu_(brand)" title="Yaesu (brand)">Yaesu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="YagiUda antenna">YagiUda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zojirushi_Corporation" title="Zojirushi Corporation">Zojirushi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Corporation" title="Zoom Corporation">Zoom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zuken" title="Zuken">Zuken</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aiwa" title="Aiwa">Aiwa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bronica" title="Bronica">Bronica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chinon_Industries" title="Chinon Industries">Chinon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Contax</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Konica" title="Konica">Konica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_(brand)" title="National (brand)">National</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Norita" title="Norita">Norita</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Okaya_Optical" title="Okaya Optical">Okaya Optical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Association_of_Japan" title="Electronic Industries Association of Japan">Electronic Industries Association of Japan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/INCJ" title="INCJ">INCJ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronic_Industries_Development_Association" title="Japan Electronic Industries Development Association">Japan Electronic Industries Development Association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronics_and_Information_Technology_Industries_Association" title="Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association">Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Category:Electronics industry in Japan">Category</a></b></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TOPIX_100_companies_of_Japan" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TOPIX_100" title="Template:TOPIX 100"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TOPIX_100" title="Template talk:TOPIX 100"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TOPIX_100&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="TOPIX_100_companies_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TOPIX" title="TOPIX">TOPIX</a> 100 companies of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core 30</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_%26_I_Holdings_Co." title="Seven & I Holdings Co.">7&i</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Astellas_Pharma" title="Astellas Pharma">Astellas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">JT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubishi Corporation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Estate" title="Mitsubishi Estate">Mitsubishi Estate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co." title="Mitsui & Co.">Mitsui & Co.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Fudosan" title="Mitsui Fudosan">Mitsui Fudosan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Motor Company">Nissan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nomura_Holdings" title="Nomura Holdings">Nomura</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shin-Etsu_Chemical" title="Shin-Etsu Chemical">Shin-Etsu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank">SoftBank</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group">Sumitomo Mitsui Financial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tokio_Marine" title="Tokio Marine">Tokio Marine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large 70</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86ON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ON (company)">ON</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">ANA</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Breweries" title="Asahi Breweries">Asahi Breweries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Kasei" title="Asahi Kasei">Asahi Kasei</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chubu_Electric_Power" title="Chubu Electric Power">Chubu Electric Power</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Yokohama" title="Bank of Yokohama">Concordia Financial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daiichi_Sankyo" title="Daiichi Sankyo">Daiichi Sankyo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daito_Trust_Construction" title="Daito Trust Construction">Daito Trust Construction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_House" title="Daiwa House">Daiwa House</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_Securities_Group" title="Daiwa Securities Group">Daiwa Securities</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eisai_(company)" title="Eisai (company)">Eisai</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Retailing" title="Fast Retailing">Fast Retailing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji Heavy Industries">Fuji Heavy Industries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">INPEX</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Motors" title="Isuzu Motors">Isuzu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Itochu" title="Itochu">Itochu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JFE_Holdings" title="JFE Holdings">JFE</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/JXTG_Holdings" title="JXTG Holdings">JXTG</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Corporation" title="Kao Corporation">Kao</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_Electric_Power_Company" title="Kansai Electric Power Company">KEPCO</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kirin_Brewery_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirin Brewery Company">Kirin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kubota" title="Kubota">Kubota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marubeni" title="Marubeni">Marubeni</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings" title="Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings">Mitsubishi Chemical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nidec" title="Nidec">Nidec</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nintendo</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel_%26_Sumitomo_Metal" title="Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal">NSSMC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ono_Pharmaceutical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ono Pharmaceutical (page does not exist)">Ono Pharmaceutical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/The_Oriental_Land_Company" title="The Oriental Land Company">Oriental Land</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orix" title="Orix">Orix</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Gas" title="Osaka Gas">Osaka Gas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Otsuka_Pharmaceutical" title="Otsuka Pharmaceutical">Otsuka Pharmaceutical</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten" title="Rakuten">Rakuten</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resona_Holdings" title="Resona Holdings">Resona</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Secom" title="Secom">Secom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sekisui_House" title="Sekisui House">Sekisui House</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shionogi" title="Shionogi">Shionogi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shiseido" title="Shiseido">Shiseido</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SMC_Corporation" title="SMC Corporation">SMC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sompo_Japan_Nipponkoa_Holdings" title="Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings">Sompo Holdings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Metal Mining</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Trust_Holdings" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings">Sumitomo Mitsui Trust</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Realty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/T%26D_Holdings" title="T&D Holdings">T&D Holdings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electron" title="Tokyo Electron">Tokyo Electron</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Toray_Industries" title="Toray Industries">Toray</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Unicharm" title="Unicharm">Unicharm</a></li>
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class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B" title=" Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bn-lm-g</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espaol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title=" Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Franais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%8C%ED%85%90%EB%8F%84" title=" Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8" title=" Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94" title=" Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ltzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nintendos" title="nintendos Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B" title=" Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88" title=" Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintend%C3%B3" title="Nintend Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title=" Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"> / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ting Vit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90" title=" Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title=" Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title=" Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"></a></li> </ul>
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Orrin Hatch</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 130%;"><span class="fn">Orrin Hatch</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch,_official_portrait,_112th_Congress.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Orrin Hatch, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/220px-Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg" width="220" height="331" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/330px-Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/440px-Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />
+from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none">
+<div style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 1977<br />
+Serving with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Mike Lee</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss_(politician)" title="Frank Moss (politician)">Frank Moss</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none">
+<div style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br />
+January 6, 2015</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none">
+<div style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 2015</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 2003  January 3, 2005</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+January 20, 2001  June 6, 2001</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td>Patrick Leahy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td>Patrick Leahy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 1995  January 3, 2001</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td>Patrick Leahy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Labour and Human Resources Committee</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
+January 3, 1981  January 3, 1987</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Harrison_A._Williams" title="Harrison A. Williams">Harrison A. Williams</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Personal details</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span class="nickname">Orrin Grant Hatch</span><br />
+<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1934-03-22</span>)</span> March 22, 1934 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 83)</span><br />
+<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Political party</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Spouse(s)</th>
+<td><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin Hatch">Elaine Hansen <span style="font-size:90%;">(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1957)</span></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Children</th>
+<td>6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Education</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University, Utah</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</small><br />
+<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Signature</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg" class="image" title="Orrin Hatch's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg/128px-Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg.png" width="128" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg/192px-Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg/256px-Orrin_Hatch_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="115" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Website</th>
+<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hatch.senate.gov">Senate website</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Orrin Grant Hatch</b> (born March 22, 1934) is an American attorney, politician, and author who has been the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore of the United States Senate</a> since January 2015.</p>
+<p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he serves as the <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">senior</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. In office since 1977, Hatch is the most senior Republican Senator, the second-most senior Senator overall, after <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, who has served since 1975. Having served for <span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7004149080000000000</span>40 years, 298 days, Hatch is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">longest-serving Republican Senator in U.S. history</a>.</p>
+<p>Hatch served as either the chairman or <a href="/wiki/Ranking_minority_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranking minority member">ranking minority member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> from 1993 to 2005. He previously served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a> from 1981 to 1987 and currently serves as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> as well as serving on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Directors">Board of Directors</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</p>
+<p>After the Republicans won control of the Senate during the <a href="/wiki/2014_midterms" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 midterms">2014 midterms</a>, Hatch became <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore</a> on January 6, 2015, after the <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th United States Congress</a> was sworn in.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Political_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political career</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1976_Senate_election"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">1976 Senate election</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Subsequent_Senate_elections"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subsequent Senate elections</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#2012_Senate_election"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">2012 Senate election</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#2000_presidential_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">2000 presidential campaign</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Possible_Supreme_Court_nomination"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Possible Supreme Court nomination</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#2016_presidential_election"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">2016 presidential election</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Political_positions_and_votes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Political positions and votes</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Anti-terrorism"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-terrorism</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Bailouts"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bailouts</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Balanced_budget_amendment"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Balanced budget amendment</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Confirmation_of_judges"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Confirmation of judges</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Recommendations_for_Nominees_to_the_Supreme_Court"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Recommendations for Nominees to the Supreme Court</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Energy"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Energy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Health_care_reform"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Health care reform</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Immigration"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Immigration</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#LGBT_issues"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">LGBT issues</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Intellectual_property"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Intellectual property</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Nuclear_testing"><span class="tocnumber">3.12</span> <span class="toctext">Nuclear testing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religious_freedom"><span class="tocnumber">3.13</span> <span class="toctext">Religious freedom</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#State_sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">3.14</span> <span class="toctext">State sovereignty</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Privacy"><span class="tocnumber">3.15</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Other_issues"><span class="tocnumber">3.16</span> <span class="toctext">Other issues</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Video_games"><span class="tocnumber">3.16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Video games</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">3.16.2</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Committee_assignments"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Committee assignments</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Lobbying_ties"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lobbying ties</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Electoral_history"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral history</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Musical_career_and_film_appearances"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Musical career and film appearances</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Writing"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Writing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Orrin Grant Hatch was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> He is the son of Jesse Hatch and his wife Helen Frances Hatch. His older brother Jesse, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_gunner" title="Air gunner">nose turret gunner</a> with the <a href="/wiki/725th_Bombardment_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="725th Bombardment Squadron">725th Bombardment Squadron</a> was killed on February 7, 1945 when the <a href="/wiki/B-24" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24">B-24</a> he was aboard was shot down over <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch, the first in his family to attend college, attended <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> and in 1959 received a B.A. degree in <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. In 1962, he received a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Law" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Law">University of Pittsburgh School of Law</a>. Hatch worked as an attorney in Pittsburgh and in Utah.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_career">Political career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1976_Senate_election">1976 Senate election</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1976 Senate election">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg/220px-Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg" width="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg/330px-Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="511" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch_1977_congressional_photo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Hatch during his first term in the Senate</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1976, in his first run for public office, Hatch was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, defeating Democrat <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss_(politician)" title="Frank Moss (politician)">Frank Moss</a>, a three-term incumbent. Among other issues, Hatch criticized Moss's 18-year tenure in the Senate, saying "What do you call a Senator who's served in office for 18 years? You call him home."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Hatch argued that many Senators, including Moss, had lost touch with their constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsequent_Senate_elections">Subsequent Senate elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subsequent Senate elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 1982, he defeated <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Salt_Lake_City" title="List of mayors of Salt Lake City">Mayor of Salt Lake City</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Wilson_(mayor)" title="Ted Wilson (mayor)">Ted Wilson</a> by 17 points. He has not faced substantive opposition since, and has been reelected four times, including defeating Brian Moss, Frank Moss's son, by 35 points in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2007, he became the longest-serving Senator in Utah history, eclipsing previous record-holder <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Reed Smoot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> He was among the first to rally conservative Christians and Mormons to the Republican Party, most notably on the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> platform which he has supported for 35 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2012_Senate_election">2012 Senate election</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2012 Senate election">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2012">United States Senate election in Utah, 2012</a></div>
+<p>After the defeat of Utah's Senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">Bob Bennett</a> in 2010, conjecture began as to whether six-term Senator Hatch would retire. It was also speculated that Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jason_Chaffetz" title="Jason Chaffetz">Jason Chaffetz</a> would run against Hatch, though Chaffetz would later decline. In January 2011, Hatch announced his campaign for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Later, nine other Republicans, including former State Senator <a href="/wiki/Dan_Liljenquist" title="Dan Liljenquist">Dan Liljenquist</a> and current State Legislator <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Herrod" title="Christopher Herrod">Chris Herrod</a>, declared campaigns for U.S. Senator.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Having elected state delegates in mid-March, both the Democratic and Republican parties held conventions on April 21, with the possibilities to determine their nominees for the November general election. At the Republican convention, Hatch failed to get the 60% vote needed to clinch the Republican nomination, so he faced Liljenquist (the second-place winner) in the primary June 26.<sup id="cite_ref-April21ConvDeseret_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-April21ConvDeseret-14">[14]</a></sup> Hatch won the primary easily.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> It was Hatch's first primary competition since his election in 1976. The Democratic convention chose former state Senator and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> executive, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Howell_(U.S._Senate_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Howell (U.S. Senate candidate)">Scott Howell</a> as the Democratic candidate. Hatch eventually retained his position with 65.2% of the vote to Howell's 30.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-April21ConvDeseret_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-April21ConvDeseret-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2000_presidential_campaign">2000 presidential campaign</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000 presidential campaign">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2000">Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2000</a></div>
+<p>In 2000, Hatch made a failed bid for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> presidential nomination, losing to then-<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. During the first Republican debate, Hatch made <a href="/wiki/Web_usability" title="Web usability">web usability</a> a campaign issue, a first for a presidential candidate. He claimed his website was more user-friendly than Bush's. At least one web usability expert agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Possible_Supreme_Court_nomination">Possible Supreme Court nomination</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible Supreme Court nomination">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Hatch has long expressed interest in serving on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WhoRunsGov-WhyHeMatters_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhoRunsGov-WhyHeMatters-17">[17]</a></sup> It was reported that he was on <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s short list of candidates to succeed <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis F. Powell, Jr.">Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, but was passed over at least in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Despite that, he vocally supported <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, who was chosen instead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> After Bork's and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Ginsburg" title="Douglas H. Ginsburg">Douglas H. Ginsburg</a>'s nominations to the seat faltered, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> was confirmed to fill the vacancy.</p>
+<p>Hatch was also mentioned as a possible nominee after <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> became president. Following the appointments of <a href="/wiki/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, a potential appointment became unlikely. Hatch's advanced age now makes him a very unlikely Supreme Court nominee. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> (R-SC) had suggested him as a nominee. The nomination instead went to <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2016_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2016 presidential election">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Hatch originally supported former Florida Governor <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> and then endorsed Florida Senator <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> once Bush ended his campaign. On May 12, 2016, after <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> became the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, Hatch endorsed him.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On May 27, 2016, after Trump suggested that a federal judge <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_P._Curiel" title="Gonzalo P. Curiel">Gonzalo P. Curiel</a> was biased against Trump because of his Mexican heritage, Hatch said: "From what I know about Trump, he's not a racist but he does make a lot of outrageous statements...I think you can criticize a judge but it ought to be done in a formal way" and said that Trump's statements were not so inappropriate that he would rescind his support.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>On October 7, 2016, following the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood controversy">Donald Trump <i>Access Hollywood</i> controversy</a>, Hatch described Trump's comments as "offensive and disgusting" and said that "There is no excuse for such degrading behavior. All women deserve to be treated with respect." Hatch maintained his endorsement of Trump's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2016)">not in citation given</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>On January 20, 2017, Hatch was absent from the Inauguration Day Festivities. Hatchs website comments Today, we observe a time-honored tradition of the worlds oldest democracy: the peaceful transition of power. This changing of the guard from one president to another is a defining feature of our Republic. At the request of President Donald Trump, I am honored to fulfill the role of <a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">designated presidential successor</a> during the inauguration. As much as I would have liked to participate in the ceremony and festivities, I am honored to perform this important constitutional duty, which ensures the continuity of government. Hatch was kept at a secure, undisclosed location for the duration of Inauguration Day.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_positions_and_votes">Political positions and votes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political positions and votes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-terrorism">Anti-terrorism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-terrorism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HatchBush.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HatchBush.jpg/220px-HatchBush.jpg" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HatchBush.jpg/330px-HatchBush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/HatchBush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="255" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HatchBush.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Sen. Hatch visits at the White House with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Pres. Bush</a> following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In 1995, Hatch was the leading figure behind the senate's <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996" title="Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996">anti-terrorism bill</a>, to a large extent a response to the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City Bombing">Oklahoma City Bombing</a>. Elements of the bill were criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> on civil liberties grounds, especially the new limits imposed on habeas corpus in capital cases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As a senior member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Intelligence_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Intelligence Committee">Senate Select Intelligence Committee</a>, Hatch was also instrumental in the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008">extension of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a>. He said, "This bipartisan bill will help defeat terrorism and keep America safe. No, the legislation is not perfect, but it ensures that the increased expansion of the judiciary into foreign intelligence gathering doesnt unnecessarily hamper our intelligence community.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bailouts">Bailouts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bailouts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Senator Hatch voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">2008 legislation</a> that established the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a> (TARP).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> In 2011, Hatch said that he "probably made a mistake voting for it", and also claimed "at the time, we were in real trouble and it looked like we were ready for a depression. I believe we would have gone into a depression."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> He voted against the renewal of TARP in 2009, and the renewal was voted down by 10 votes in the Senate.</p>
+<p>Hatch voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2008" title="Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008">Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The bill authorized $300 billion to guarantee mortgages and restore confidence in <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Balanced_budget_amendment">Balanced budget amendment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Balanced budget amendment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget amendment</a></div>
+<p>Hatch has been a longtime advocate of amending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> to require that total spending of the federal government for any fiscal year not exceed total receipts.<sup id="cite_ref-DeseretNews-20110116_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeseretNews-20110116-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SLTrib-20110116_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLTrib-20110116-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
+<p>During his time in the Senate, Hatch has sponsored a balanced budget amendment 17 times4 times as lead sponsor and 13 times as a co-sponsor.<sup id="cite_ref-DeseretNews-20110116_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeseretNews-20110116-30">[30]</a></sup> He also voted in favor of passing a Balanced Budget Amendment on at least 9 occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-RPC-BBA-1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPC-BBA-1997-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107-SJRes1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107-SJRes1-33">[33]</a></sup> Hatch's proposed amendment passed the House of Representatives in 1997, but failed to pass the Senate by the required two-thirds majority by one vote to move on the states for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-DeseretNews-20110116_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeseretNews-20110116-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105-Vote24_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105-Vote24-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On January 26, 2011, Hatch introduced S.J. Res. 3<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>a balanced budget amendment that:<sup id="cite_ref-112-SJRes3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112-SJRes3-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Mandates that total budgetary outlays for any fiscal year not exceed total revenues.</li>
+<li>Caps federal spending at 20 percent of GDP.</li>
+<li>Requires the president to submit a balanced budget to Congress every fiscal year.</li>
+<li>Requires two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate on any measure that raises taxes.</li>
+<li>Includes provisions that can be waived if there is a formal declaration of war, if the U.S. is engaged in a military conflict constituting a threat to national security, or if two-thirds of both the House and Senate approve.<sup id="cite_ref-HatchPressRelease-20110126_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HatchPressRelease-20110126-37">[37]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bank of Credit and Commerce International">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a></div>
+<p>In January 1990, the federal judge in a case against the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a> (BCCI) accepted a 1989 plea bargain offered to the bank by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. The bank was to pay $15 million in fines and only admit that it had laundered drug money. Afterward, Hatch presented an impassioned defense of the bank in a speech on the Senate floor. It had been largely written for him by the bank's attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a>. Hatch said, "The case arose from the conduct of a small number of B.C.C.I.'s more than 14,000 employees." Since 1989, Hatch and his aide, Michael Pillsbury, had been involved in efforts to counter the negative publicity that surrounded the bank. Hatch had also solicited the bank to approve a $10 million loan to a close friend, Mazur Hourani. In 1991, B.C.C.I. was shut down after regulators accused it of one of the biggest international financial frauds in history. Law enforcement officials accused the bank of making bribes throughout the third world to arrange government deposits. <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a>, a former presidential advisor and Defense Secretary, and Altman, his law partner, were charged with taking bribes from B.C.C.I., in exchange for concealing its illegal ownership of First American Bankshares, a Washington holding company which Clifford chaired. Both had denied the charges, which were filed in New York State and Federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> In 1992, in a "Report to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Foreign Relations">Committee on Foreign Relations</a> of the United States Senate," prepared by committee members, U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (D-MA) and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Brown" title="Hank Brown">Hank Brown</a> (R-CO), noted that a key strategy of "BCCI's successful secret acquisitions of U.S. banks in the face of regulatory suspicion was its aggressive use of a series of prominent Americans," Clifford amongst them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> The relationship with Hourani included the receipt of campaign contributions laundered through his employees, for which Hourani was fined $10,000, as well as his purchase of 1,200 CDs of Hatch's songs, for which Hatch received $3 to $7 each, and the management of a blind trust for Hatch. These led to a Senate Ethics Committee investigation, by which Hatch was eventually cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Confirmation_of_judges">Confirmation of judges</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Confirmation of judges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>As ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Hatch fought hard to get conservative judges nominated to the Supreme Court. He took a leading role in the Senate confirmation hearings of <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> in October 1991. He was also a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Bybee" title="Jay Bybee">Jay Bybee</a> during Bybee's confirmation hearings for a U.S. Federal judgeship stating "I've seen a lot of people around and a lot of judges and I don't know of anybody who has any greater qualifications or any greater ability in the law than you have."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
+<p>With regards to the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Senate filibuster</a> being used to stall <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">President Obama's judicial appointments</a>, Hatch voted against the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option#Use_of_nuclear_option_during_Obama_presidency" title="Nuclear option">November 2013 reforms</a>, which eliminated the use of the filibuster on executive branch nominees and judicial nominees other than to the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> In September 2014, Hatch argued that the filibuster should be restored, saying: "We should get it back to where it was. You can see the destruction that has happened around here."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> However, in November 2014, after the Republicans retook control of the Senate following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_2014" title="United States Senate elections, 2014">2014 elections</a>, Hatch wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> that "if Republicans re-establish the judicial-nomination filibuster, it would remain in place only until the moment that a new Democratic majority decided that discarding the rule again would be useful" and called for "the next Republican president to counteract President Obamas aggressive efforts to stack the federal courts in favor of his partys ideological agenda" by nominating conservative judges.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
+<p>As an opponent of the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>, Hatch submitted to the <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i> an opinion piece stating that, after meeting with Garland, his opinion on blocking Garland had not changed; the piece was published prior to Hatch's meeting with Garland.<sup id="cite_ref-anachronism_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anachronism-46">[46]</a></sup> On March 13, 2016, regarding the nomination of Supreme court candidates by President Barack Obama, Orrin Hatch states "a number of factors have led me to conclude that under current circumstances the Senate should defer the confirmation process until the next president is sworn in".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recommendations_for_Nominees_to_the_Supreme_Court">Recommendations for Nominees to the Supreme Court</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recommendations for Nominees to the Supreme Court">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 1993, Republican Senator Hatch recommended Ruth Bader Ginsburg to Bill Clinton to fill a vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court. Clinton had not previously considered Ginsburg and Hatch, as Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, assured him that a Ginsburg confirmation would go smoothly. Hatch knew Ginsburg and knew she was liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy">Energy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Hatch has investigated the use of what are known as Section 1603 grants and tax credits. The Section 1603 program was created in President Obamas 2009 stimulus package with the intention of subsidizing green energy production. Since 2009, the federal government has given out $25 billion in cash grants on behalf of the program. Hatch has investigated the program on several occasions. On June 9, 2016, his office requested from Department of Treasury, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> (IRS) and the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Inspector_General_for_Tax_Administration" title="Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration">Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration</a> (TIGTA) details about how companies use the program. In March 2016, Hatch asked the IRS and Treasury Department to demonstrate that the agencies use safeguards and coordinate with each other when reviewing applications for Section 1603 grants. Per his June letter to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a>, the agencies have cooperated with Hatchs investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_care_reform">Health care reform</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health care reform">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Hatch opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted against the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> in December 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> and he voted against the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Senator Hatch has argued that the insurance mandate found in the legislation is not in the category that can be covered by the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_commerce_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate commerce clause">interstate commerce clause</a> since it regulates the decision to engage in commercial activity rather than regulating the activity itself. He therefore regards the Act as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> NPR called Senator Hatch a "flip-flopper" on this issue since in 1993 Hatch co-sponsored a bill along with 19 other Senate Republicans that included an individual insurance mandate as a means to combat healthcare legislation proposed by Hillary Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Senator Hatch was one of the first Senators to suggest that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and has promised to work on dismantling it when he becomes the Finance Committee Chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Hatch is part of the group of 13 Senators drafting the <a href="/wiki/2017_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act_replacement_proposals#Senate_legislation" title="2017 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act replacement proposals">Senate version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Health_Care_Act_of_2017" title="American Health Care Act of 2017">AHCA</a> behind closed doors.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch also Introduced the American Liberty Restoration Act (S. 19 112th Congress). This act would repeal the provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that require individuals to keep minimum essential health care coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> He also co-sponsored the Save Our States Act (S. 281, 112th Congress), which would delay the implementation of the health care reform law until there is a final resolution of the lawsuits against it.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2003, Hatch supported the Medicare prescription drug benefit plan known as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Part_D" title="Medicare Part D">Medicare Part D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Responding to criticism of the legislation during the 2009 debate on health care reform, Hatch said that in 2003 "it was standard practice not to pay for things" and that although there was concern at the time about increasing the deficit, supporting the bill was justified because it "has done a lot of good".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On March 25, 2014, Hatch cosponsored the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Services_for_Children_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014" title="Emergency Medical Services for Children Reauthorization Act of 2014">Emergency Medical Services for Children Reauthorization Act of 2014</a> in the Senate. The bill that would amend the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a> to <a href="/wiki/Authorization_bill" title="Authorization bill">reauthorize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Services_for_Children" title="Emergency Medical Services for Children">Emergency Medical Services for Children</a> Program through FY2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2154sum_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2154sum-65">[65]</a></sup> The bill would authorize <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">appropriations</a> of about $20 million in 2015 and $101 million over the 20152019 period.<sup id="cite_ref-cbo2154_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbo2154-66">[66]</a></sup> Hatch argued that "children require specialized medical care, and that specialized care comes with unique challenges. The EMSC program helps ensure that some of our country's most vulnerable have access to the care they need, and I've been proud to support it all these years."<sup id="cite_ref-CaseyPR_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaseyPR-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Immigration">Immigration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Hatch was one of the architects and advocates of the expansion of <a href="/wiki/H-1B_visa" title="H-1B visa">H-1B visas</a> and has generally been an advocate of tougher enforcement immigration policy including voting for 1,500 new law enforcement agents to patrol the border. His 2010 Immigration Bill titled Strengthening Our Commitment to Legal Immigration and Americas Security Act has received the support of the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> He also proposed the <a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a>, which would provide a pathway to citizenship for the children of undocumented immigrants, who were children when their parents came to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch critiqued President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s 2017 <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">executive order</a> to temporarily curtail Muslim immigration until better screening methods are devised. He reflected on his own family's immigration history and described the order as placing "unnecessary burdens" on families.<sup id="cite_ref-Farber_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farber-70">[70]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="LGBT_issues">LGBT issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: LGBT issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i> reported that in 1977, Hatch told students from the University of Utah, "I wouldn't want to see homosexuals teaching school anymore than I'd want to see members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a> teaching school."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2012, Hatch recommended and supported District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_Shelby" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Shelby">Robert Shelby</a>, an Obama appointee, though Utah Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Mike Lee</a>, voted against him in the Judiciary Committee. In 2013 Shelby overturned Utah's ballot Amendment 3, which defined marriage as between a man and a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In April 2013, Hatch stated that he viewed <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> as "undermining the very basis of marital law", but declined to support a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage Amendment</a> and endorsed same-sex couples' right to form a <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil union</a>, stating that the law should "give gay people the same rights as married people".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Later that same year, Hatch voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act" title="Employment Non-Discrimination Act">Employment Non-Discrimination Act</a>, legislation creating protected classes for those identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Intellectual property">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Hatch has long been a proponent of expanding <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights, and introduced the Senate version of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-copyright_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copyright-78">[78]</a></sup> Hatch believes intellectual property laws should, in general, more closely mirror real property laws, and offer greater protections to authors and creators.<sup id="cite_ref-copyright_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copyright-78">[78]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch caused an overnight controversy on June 17, 2003 by proposing that <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> owners should be able to destroy the computer equipment and information of those suspected of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, including <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, he stated that "This may be the only way you can teach somebody about copyrights."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> In the face of criticism, especially from technology and privacy advocates, Hatch withdrew his suggestion days later, after it was discovered that Sen. Hatch's official website was using an unlicensed <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> menu from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>-based software developer Milonic Solutions. Milonic founder Andy Woolley stated that "We've had no contact with them. They are in breach of our licensing terms." Shortly after the publication of that story in <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine, the company that runs Hatch's website contacted Milonic to start registration.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></p>
+<p>One year later, he proposed the controversial <a href="/wiki/INDUCE_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="INDUCE Act">INDUCE Act</a> that attempted to make illegal all tools that could be used for copyright infringement if said tools were intentionally used for illegal copyright infringement.</p>
+<p>On September 20, 2010, Hatch once again attempted to outlaw websites which could be used for trademark and copyright infringement through the controversial <a href="/wiki/Combating_Online_Infringement_and_Counterfeits_Act" title="Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act">Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act</a> (COICA). This bill would authorize the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> to blacklist and censor all websites that the department deemed to be dedicated to "infringing activities".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nuclear_testing">Nuclear testing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nuclear testing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg/220px-Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg" width="220" height="217" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg/330px-Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="370" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Hatch_and_Rep._Owens.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Senator Orrin Hatch holds a press conference with Congressman <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Owens" title="Wayne Owens">Wayne Owens</a> in March 1989 as part of their successful charge to win passage of the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a> (RECA).</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch,_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg/220px-Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg" width="220" height="279" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg/330px-Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg/440px-Orrin_Hatch%2C_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3040" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch,_official_110th_Congress_photo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+Hatch 110th Congress</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>During Hatch's first year in the Senate in 1977, reporter Gordon Eliot White of the <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i> published the first of what would be a lengthy series of articles detailing government malfeasance in atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs at the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>. Over the next 13 years White's articles detailed how the government determined to proceed with the tests, and with mining and refining, without adequate safeguards for innocent citizens whose health would be damaged. Though Hatch feared an investigation would endanger the nation's nuclear deterrence versus the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, by 1979 he was pushing for hearings on the issue before the Senate Labor Committee. Hatch prevailed on Committee Chairman <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> to hold field hearings in Utah in 1980. At the end of 1980, Hatch was positioned to chair the committee himself.</p>
+<p>By 1984, Hatch had held a dozen hearings, passed legislation requiring scientific investigation of the injuries and had enlisted the aid of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, but still could not muster the votes to get a bill. When a vote was obtained in the Senate in 1985 (as an amendment to a bill to compensate Pacific Islanders for nuclear tests in the 1950s), it failed by a handful of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-DeseretNews-19901028_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeseretNews-19901028-83">[83]</a></sup> Hatch discovered a clause in the proposed Treaty of Peace and Friendship with <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> to pay at least $100 million to residents of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> for injuries similar to those of Utahns, and Hatch took the treaty hostage. His hold on consideration of the treaty eventually got agreement from the Reagan administration to agree not to oppose radiation compensation for Utah citizens, but it still took another five years to get the bill through. The <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a> of 1990 provided compensation for citizens injured by radioactive fallout from the tests.<sup id="cite_ref-DeseretNews-19901028_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeseretNews-19901028-83">[83]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_freedom">Religious freedom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious freedom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Hatch was the main author of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act</a>, which protected all religions' right to build church facilities on private property.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> In 2010 Senator Hatch defended the right of a private organization to build a mosque on private property in downtown Manhattan, citing this law and defense of the freedom of religion.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_sovereignty">State sovereignty</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: State sovereignty">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Senator Hatch co-sponsored the Restoring the 10th Amendment Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/4020">S. 4020</a>), which would strengthen state rights under the 10th Amendment. The bill would provide special standing for state officials in challenging proposed regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Senator Hatch has opposed the power of the Federal government to designate land in the states national monuments, believing that the states should be able to determine what the land within their borders is used for. Hatch co-sponsored the National Monument Designation Transparency and Accountability Act of 2010 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/3660">S. 3660</a>), which increases the requirements that must be met before national monuments can be designated.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy">Privacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2017, Senator Hatch voted to prevent online and telecommunication privacy protections from taking effect.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_issues">Other issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><b>Equal Opportunity to Govern</b></p>
+<p>He has also pushed legislation for the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment</a>, which would amend Article 2, Section I, Clause 5 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. This amendment would allow anyone who has been a U.S. citizen for twenty years to seek the presidency or vice-presidency.</p>
+<p><b>Supporting new technology</b></p>
+<p>A vocal supporter of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a>, Hatch was one of 58 senators who signed a letter directed to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, requesting the relaxing of federal restrictions on embryonic stem cell research. In 2010, Senator Hatch's bill was reauthorized which allowed stem cells from umbilical cords to be used to find treatment options.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
+<p><b>Taxes</b></p>
+<p>He was criticized for comments he made suggesting that the rich have an unfair financial burden in the current tax system.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup></p>
+<p><b>Fair Housing Act</b></p>
+<p>In 1980, Hatch spoke in favor of rolling back provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a> enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Housing_and_Equal_Opportunity" title="Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity">Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity</a>. Acting on his motion in 1988, Congress eventually voted to weaken the ability of plaintiffs to prosecute cases of discriminatory treatment in housing. At the time the 1988 Fair Housing Amendments were being debated, he introduced a bill endorsed by the National Association of Realtors to severely limit who can file anti-discrimination suits and to make the proceedings a private affair.</p>
+<p><b>The G8</b></p>
+<p>In June 2013, Hatch commented on a <a href="/wiki/G8" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a> proposal that tax authorities in the world's largest economies openly share information among themselves in order to fight <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>. The proposal has strong suggestions about ways to make companies more transparent and governments more accountable for their tax policies. Hatch stated that transparency is always a good thing, but he would like to see a bill before giving any support.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Video_games">Video games</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>In 1999, Hatch called for a federal probe into manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies" title="Video game controversies">violent video games</a>, and proposed making the existing voluntary rating system for video games (<a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">ESRB</a>) mandatory by federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>In 2017, Hatch was one of 22 senators to sign a letter<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> to President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> urging the President to have the United States withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Responsive_Politics" title="Center for Responsive Politics">Center for Responsive Politics</a>, Hatch has received over $470,000 from oil, gas and coal interests since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Committee assignments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Committee on Finance</a></b> (Chairman)
+<ul>
+<li>As Chairman of the full committee, Hatch may serve as an <i>ex officio</i> member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member.</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Finance_Subcommittee_on_International_Trade,_Customs,_and_Global_Competitiveness" title="United States Senate Finance Subcommittee on International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness">Subcommittee on International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Finance_Subcommittee_on_Social_Security,_Pensions,_and_Family_Policy" title="United States Senate Finance Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy">Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions and Family Policy</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Committee on the Judiciary</a></b>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Antitrust,_Competition_Policy_and_Consumer_Rights" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights">Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Crime_and_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs">Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Terrorism,_Technology_and_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security">Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a></b>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Children_and_Families" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families">Subcommittee on Children and Families</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Employment_and_Workplace_Safety" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety">Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Special Committee on Aging</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Joint Committee on Taxation</a></b></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Porteous" title="Thomas Porteous">Impeachment Trial Committee on the Articles against Judge G. Thomas Porteous, Jr.</a></b> (Vice Chair)<sup id="cite_ref-committeesenatedems_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-committeesenatedems-94">[94]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The retirement of Senator <a href="/wiki/Judd_Gregg" title="Judd Gregg">Judd Gregg</a> in 2011 created a <a href="/wiki/Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino">domino</a> effect among high-profile Republicans: Senator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> took his spot as Ranking Republican on the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Budget Committee">Senate Budget Committee</a>, so Senator <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> took his spot on the Judiciary Committee, and Hatch took the top Republican spot on the Finance Committee.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lobbying_ties">Lobbying ties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lobbying ties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Hatch's son <a href="/wiki/Scott_Hatch" title="Scott Hatch">Scott Hatch</a> is a partner and registered lobbyist at Walker, Martin & Hatch LLC, a Washington lobbying firm. The firm was formed in 2001 with Jack Martin, a staff aide to Senator Hatch for six years, and H. Laird Walker, described as a close associate of the senator.<sup id="cite_ref-WT.3D2March2009_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT.3D2March2009-95">[95]</a></sup> In March 2003, the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> reported that the firm was formed with Hatch's personal encouragement and that he saw no conflict of interest in working on issues that involved his son's clients.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT-5Mar03_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-5Mar03-96">[96]</a></sup> In 2009, the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a></i> reported that Hatch said "My son, Scott, does not lobby me or anyone in my office".<sup id="cite_ref-WT.3D2March2009_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT.3D2March2009-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In March 2009, the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a></i> reported that the pharmaceutical industry, which has benefited from Hatch's legislative efforts, had previously unreported connections to Hatch. In 2007, five pharmaceutical companies and the industry's main trade association, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Research_and_Manufacturers_of_America" title="Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America">Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America</a> (PhRMA), donated $172,500 to the Utah Families Foundationa charitable foundation which Hatch helped start in the 1990s and has continued to support since. Walker, Martin & Hatch LLC was paid $120,000 by PhRMA in 2007 to lobby Congress on pending <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-WT.3D2March2009_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT.3D2March2009-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div style="overflow:auto;">
+<table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%">
+<tr>
+<th>Year</th>
+<th>Candidate</th>
+<th>Percent</th>
+<th>Candidate</th>
+<th>Percent</th>
+<th>Candidate</th>
+<th>Percent</th>
+<th>Candidate</th>
+<th>Percent</th>
+<th>Candidate</th>
+<th>Percent</th>
+<th>Candidate</th>
+<th>Percent</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1976" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1976">1976</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R)</span></td>
+<td>54%</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss_(politician)" title="Frank Moss (politician)">Frank Moss</a> (D) (inc.)</td>
+<td>45%</td>
+<td>George Merl Batchelor (A)</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td>Steve Trotter (L)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1982">1982</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R) (inc.)</span></td>
+<td>58%</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Ted_Wilson_(mayor)" title="Ted Wilson (mayor)">Ted Wilson</a> (D)</td>
+<td>41%</td>
+<td>George Mercier (L)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+<td>Lawrence Kauffman (A)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1988">1988</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R) (inc.)</span></td>
+<td>67%</td>
+<td>Brian Moss (D)</td>
+<td>32%</td>
+<td>Robert Smith (A)</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td>William Arth (SW)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1994">1994</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R) (inc.)</span></td>
+<td>69%</td>
+<td>Pat Shea (D)</td>
+<td>28%</td>
+<td>Craig Oliver (I)</td>
+<td>2%</td>
+<td>Gary Van Horn (A)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+<td>Nelson Gonzalez (SW)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+<td>Lawrence Topham (IA)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2000" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2000">2000</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R) (inc.)</span></td>
+<td>66%</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Howell_(U.S._Senate_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Howell (U.S. Senate candidate)">Scott Howell</a> (D)</td>
+<td>31%</td>
+<td>Carlton Edward Bowen (IA)</td>
+<td>2%</td>
+<td>Jim Dexter (L)</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2006" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2006">2006</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R) (inc.)</span></td>
+<td>62%</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Ashdown" title="Pete Ashdown">Pete Ashdown</a> (D)</td>
+<td>31%</td>
+<td>Scott Bradley (C)</td>
+<td>4%</td>
+<td>Roger Price (PC)</td>
+<td>2%</td>
+<td>Dave Seely (L)</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td>Julian Hatch (DG)</td>
+<td><1%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2012">2012</a></td>
+<td><span class="nowrap"><b> Orrin Hatch</b> (R) (inc.)</span></td>
+<td>65%</td>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Howell_(U.S._Senate_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Howell (U.S. Senate candidate)">Scott Howell</a> (D)</td>
+<td>30%</td>
+<td>Shaun Lynn McCausland (C)</td>
+<td>3%</td>
+<td>Daniel Greery (J)</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td>Bill Barron (I)</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="wikitable">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="4">U.S. Senate Republican Primary election in Utah, 2012</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Party</b></td>
+<td><b>Candidate</b></td>
+<td><b>Votes</b></td>
+<td><b>%</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td><b>Orrin Hatch (inc.)</b></td>
+<td>160,359</td>
+<td>66%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Republican</td>
+<td>Dan Liljenquist</td>
+<td>80,915</td>
+<td>34%</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Hatch married Elaine Hansen on August 28, 1957. They are the parents of six children.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch is a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. Although he was born in Pennsylvania, his parents had been raised in Utah and he had ancestors who were members of the LDS Church in <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a>. Hatch served as a <a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon missionary">Mormon missionary</a> in what was called the "Great Lakes States <a href="/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)" title="Mission (LDS Church)">Mission</a>" essentially covering large parts of Indiana, Michigan and Ohio. Hatch has since served in various positions in the LDS Church including as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">bishop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch is a founder and co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>, a conservative organization of lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch serves as a member of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch gave Benny Zippel, an Italian immigrant who was serving as the head of the Chabad-Lubavicher Synagogue in Utah a letter to send to the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration and Naturalization Services">Immigration and Naturalization Services</a> in 1992 to recommend he be given permanent residence status as a rabbi in Utah. This was not enough, and it took <a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Gordon B. Hinckley</a> linking Zippel up with lawyer Oscar McConkie III to prevent his loss of legal status in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Musical_career_and_film_appearances">Musical career and film appearances</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Musical career and film appearances">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Orrin Hatch plays the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a>. Fueled by his interest in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, Hatch has written songs for many. He co-authored "Everything And More," sung by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Gilman" title="Billy Gilman">Billy Gilman</a>. In addition to his job as a United States Senator, Hatch has earned over $10,000 as an <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS</a> music recording artist.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch also has a history in arts management. In the early 1970s he was the band manager for a Mormon-themed folk group called the Free Agency. The Free Agency was made up of members of an earlier Mormon group called the Sons of Mosiah, that was formed when guitarist David Zandonatti and vocalist Ron McNeeley relocated to Utah after their San Francisco based psychedelic group <a href="/wiki/Tripsichord_music_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripsichord music box">Tripsichord music box</a> disbanded in 1971. The group also included Lynn Bryson and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cherry" title="Alan Cherry">Alan Cherry</a>.</p>
+<p>Rock musician <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> composed a guitar instrumental entitled "Orrin Hatch On Skis," which appears on his 1988 album, <i><a href="/wiki/Guitar_(Frank_Zappa_album)" title="Guitar (Frank Zappa album)">Guitar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In March 1997 Orrin Hatch and <a href="/wiki/Janice_Kapp_Perry" title="Janice Kapp Perry">Janice Kapp Perry</a> jointly recorded an album of music with Tree Music entitled "My God Is Love".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> Later albums with Perry included "Come to the Manger".</p>
+<p>Hatch and Janice Kapp Perry co-wrote the song "Heal Our Land", which was performed at <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s January 2005 inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT2009_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2009-107">[107]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Hatch appeared as himself in <a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a>'s Oscar-winning drama <i><a href="/wiki/Traffic_(2000_film)" title="Traffic (2000 film)">Traffic</a></i>, in a brief cameo in a scene set during a Washington D.C. cocktail party.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> Soderbergh later featured one of Hatch's songs, <i>Souls Along The Way,</i> in his film <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean's 12">Ocean's 12</a></i> as background music for a scene in Hatch's home state Utah.</p>
+<p>Hatch's likeness was featured in the <i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Jack_Gets_in_the_Game" title="Jack Gets in the Game">Jack Gets in the Game</a>" as one of <a href="/wiki/Dr._Leo_Spaceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Leo Spaceman">Dr. Leo Spaceman</a>'s famous clients.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In 2009, at the request of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> correspondent <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a>, Hatch authored the lyrics to "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Days_of_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Days of Hanukkah">Eight Days of Hanukkah</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2009_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2009-107">[107]</a></sup> described by Goldberg as "a hip hop Hannukah song written by the senior senator from Utah."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Despite their political differences, Hatch was a longtime friend of fellow senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, speaking at his memorial service and publicly suggesting Kennedy's widow as a replacement for Kennedy in the Senate.</p>
+<p>Hatch appeared in a scene in the <i><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation" title="Parks and Recreation">Parks and Recreation</a></i> episode "Ms. Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington" alongside <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing">Writing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Orrin Hatch, <i>The Equal Rights Amendment: Myths and Realities</i>, Savant Press (1983)</li>
+<li>Orrin Hatch, <i>Higher Laws: Understanding the Doctrines of Christ</i> , Shadow Mountain (June 1995) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87579-896-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87579-896-7">978-0-87579-896-7</a></li>
+<li>Orrin Hatch, <i>Square Peg: Confessions of a Citizen Senator</i>, Basic Books (October 15, 2002) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02867-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02867-2">978-0-465-02867-2</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Hatch's <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> describes the challenges of balancing home and professional life as a Senator, and recounts anecdotes from his campaign experience and some of his higher-profile assignments in the Senate, such as the Confirmation Hearings of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Orrin Hatch, <i>Orrin Hatch, the L.D.S. Mormon Politician as Songwriter</i>, text of an interview of Orrin Hatch by Phillip K. Bimstein, in Washington, D.C., August 14, 2003, transcribed by Jonathan Murphy, New York City, American Music Center, 2003, without ISBN.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Senator Hatch also is the author of several law review articles.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hatch-Waxman_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch-Waxman Act">Hatch-Waxman Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Community_Ports_Act" title="Internet Community Ports Act">Internet Community Ports Act</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Act" title="Pirate Act">Pirate Act</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Burr, Thomas (November 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/news/1787743-155/hatch-senate-presidency-president-sen-chamber">"Utah's Sen. Orrin Hatch to be 3rd in line for the presidency"</a>. <i>The Salt Lake Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Utah%27s+Sen.+Orrin+Hatch+to+be+3rd+in+line+for+the+presidency&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2F1787743-155%2Fhatch-senate-presidency-president-sen-chamber&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tracey, Michael (August 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2012/08/29/hostile_takeover_ron_pauls_fans_react/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Hostile takeover': Ron Paul's fans react"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>. <q>I was born and raised in Pittsburgh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=%27Hostile+takeover%27%3A+Ron+Paul%27s+fans+react&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Tracey&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2012%2F08%2F29%2Fhostile_takeover_ron_pauls_fans_react%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Seipel, Brooke (August 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/346348-hatch-my-brother-didnt-die-fighting-hitler-for-nazis-to-go-unchallenged-today">"Hatch: My brother didn't die fighting Hitler for Nazis to go unchallenged today"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft.aulast=Seipel&rft.btitle=Hatch%3A+My+brother+didn%27t+die+fighting+Hitler+for+Nazis+to+go+unchallenged+today&rft.date=2017-08-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F346348-hatch-my-brother-didnt-die-fighting-hitler-for-nazis-to-go-unchallenged-today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=33948561">"Sen. Orrin Hatch's late brother honored at Pentagon - KSL.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Sen.+Orrin+Hatch%27s+late+brother+honored+at+Pentagon+-+KSL.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksl.com%2F%3Fnid%3D148%26sid%3D33948561&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/581291/senator-receives-shadow-box-in-honor-of-brother/">"Senator receives shadow box in honor of brother"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Senator+receives+shadow+box+in+honor+of+brother&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F581291%2Fsenator-receives-shadow-box-in-honor-of-brother%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard C. Young (February 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardcyoung.com/politics/election-2012-politics/tired-timid-troubling-dump-orrin-hatch/">"Time to Vote Dan Liljenquist, and Dump Orrin Hatch"</a>. RichardCYoung.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.au=Richard+C.+Young&rft.btitle=Time+to+Vote+Dan+Liljenquist%2C+and+Dump+Orrin+Hatch&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RichardCYoung.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardcyoung.com%2Fpolitics%2Felection-2012-politics%2Ftired-timid-troubling-dump-orrin-hatch%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Haddock, Marc (March 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700018524/On-Orrin-Hatchs-76th-birthday-his-career-in-photos.html">"On Orrin Hatch's 76th birthday: his career in photos"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=On+Orrin+Hatch%27s+76th+birthday%3A+his+career+in+photos&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Haddock&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700018524%2FOn-Orrin-Hatchs-76th-birthday-his-career-in-photos.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Davidson, Lee (September 21, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/64839/OWENS-PROPOSES-NAMING-COURTS-BUILDING-AFTER-MOSS.html">"OWENS PROPOSES NAMING COURTS BUILDING AFTER MOSS"</a>. <i>deseretnews.com</i>. Deseret News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=OWENS+PROPOSES+NAMING+COURTS+BUILDING+AFTER+MOSS&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.date=1989-09-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=deseretnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F64839%2FOWENS-PROPOSES-NAMING-COURTS-BUILDING-AFTER-MOSS.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/UT/UT.htm">Hatch Will Become Utah's Longest-Serving Senator,</a> The Associated Press, November 8, 2006</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orrinhatch.com/_blog/blog/post/American_Conservative_Union_Stands_With_Orrin/">"American Conservative Union Stands With Orrin"</a>. Orrinhatch.com. June 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=American+Conservative+Union+Stands+With+Orrin&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Orrinhatch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orrinhatch.com%2F_blog%2Fblog%2Fpost%2FAmerican_Conservative_Union_Stands_With_Orrin%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700102384/Sen-Orrin-Hatch-will-seek-reelection.html">"Sen. Orrin Hatch will seek reelection"</a>. Deseret News. January 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Sen.+Orrin+Hatch+will+seek+reelection&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700102384%2FSen-Orrin-Hatch-will-seek-reelection.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utahgop.wordpress.com/2012/04/21/ussenate/">"Election Results: U.S. Senate Candidates"</a>. Official blog for the Utah Republican Party. April 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Election+Results%3A+U.S.+Senate+Candidates&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Official+blog+for+the+Utah+Republican+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futahgop.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F04%2F21%2Fussenate%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.utah.gov/election-resources/2012-candidate-filings">"2012 Candidate Filings"</a>. Utah Lieutenant Governor Elections. April 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=2012+Candidate+Filings&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Utah+Lieutenant+Governor+Elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.utah.gov%2Felection-resources%2F2012-candidate-filings&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-April21ConvDeseret-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-April21ConvDeseret_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-April21ConvDeseret_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865554450/Hatch-Liljenquist-locked-into-second-round-of-voting-for-GOP-nomination.html">"Sen. Orrin Hatch forced into primary for first time since '76, faces Dan Liljenquist in June"</a>. <i>www.deseretnews.com</i>. April 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Sen.+Orrin+Hatch+forced+into+primary+for+first+time+since+%2776%2C+faces+Dan+Liljenquist+in+June&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deseretnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865554450%2FHatch-Liljenquist-locked-into-second-round-of-voting-for-GOP-nomination.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dennis Romboy (June 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765586210/US-Sen-Orrin-Hatch-wins-Utah-Republican-primary.html">"Sen. Orrin Hatch easily wins primary election against former state Sen. Dan Liljenquist"</a>. Deseret News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.au=Dennis+Romboy&rft.btitle=Sen.+Orrin+Hatch+easily+wins+primary+election+against+former+state+Sen.+Dan+Liljenquist&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F765586210%2FUS-Sen-Orrin-Hatch-wins-Utah-Republican-primary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Don't Make Me Think</i>, by Steve Krug; Que Publishing, 2000; <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7897-2310-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7897-2310-7">0-7897-2310-7</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WhoRunsGov-WhyHeMatters-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhoRunsGov-WhyHeMatters_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Beth Marlowe (February 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whorunsgov.com/Profiles/Orrin_G._Hatch">"Why He Matters"</a>. <i>Who Runs Gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Why+He+Matters&rft.au=Beth+Marlowe&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who+Runs+Gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whorunsgov.com%2FProfiles%2FOrrin_G._Hatch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Molotsky, Irvin (June 28, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/28/us/inside-fight-seen-over-court-choice.html">"Inside Fight Seen over Court Choice"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Inside+Fight+Seen+over+Court+Choice&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rft.aulast=Molotsky&rft.date=1987-06-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F06%2F28%2Fus%2Finside-fight-seen-over-court-choice.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Noble, Kenneth B. (September 11, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/11/us/hatch-assails-aba-over-vote-on-bork.html">"Hatch Assails ABA over Vote on Bork"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Hatch+Assails+ABA+over+Vote+on+Bork&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.date=1987-09-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F11%2Fus%2Fhatch-assails-aba-over-vote-on-bork.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hellmann, Jessie (May 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/279726-gop-sen-hatch-endorses-trump">"Hatch endorses Trump after meeting"</a>. The Hill<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Hatch+endorses+Trump+after+meeting&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft.aulast=Hellmann&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fballot-box%2Fpresidential-races%2F279726-gop-sen-hatch-endorses-trump&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/orrin-hatch-trump-not-racist">"Sen. Hatch: Trump Isn't 'Racist,' He Just Says 'Outrageous' Things"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Sen.+Hatch%3A+Trump+Isn%27t+%27Racist%2C%27+He+Just+Says+%27Outrageous%27+Things&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkingpointsmemo.com%2Flivewire%2Forrin-hatch-trump-not-racist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/news/4444721-155/after-video-huntsman-says-it-is">"Utah Gov. Herbert and Rep. Chaffetz pull Trump endorsements, Huntsman says Trump should drop out after explicit video leaks"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Utah+Gov.+Herbert+and+Rep.+Chaffetz+pull+Trump+endorsements%2C+Huntsman+says+Trump+should+drop+out+after+explicit+video+leaks&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2F4444721-155%2Fafter-video-huntsman-says-it-is&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hatch.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/releases?ID=D1BBA7FA-2245-4B38-AC6A-79599E8EDDCB">"At the Request of President Trump, Hatch Serves as Designated Survivor during Inauguration - Press Releases - United States Senator Orrin Hatch"</a>. <i>www.hatch.senate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=At+the+Request+of+President+Trump%2C+Hatch+Serves+as+Designated+Survivor+during+Inauguration+-+Press+Releases+-+United+States+Senator+Orrin+Hatch&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hatch.senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hatch.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%2Freleases%3FID%3DD1BBA7FA-2245-4B38-AC6A-79599E8EDDCB&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROJ2GIA-ALQC&pg=PA146"><i>American Jewish Year Book, 1997</i></a>. New York: American Jewish Committee. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87495-111-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87495-111-9">0-87495-111-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Year+Book%2C+1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87495-111-9&rft.pages=146&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROJ2GIA-ALQC%26pg%3DPA146&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hatch.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.View&PressRelease_id=0d432a46-1b78-be3e-e0e4-97855ddb539b">"Hatch Lauds Passage of FISA Modernization Act"</a> (Press release). Orrin Hatch. June 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Hatch+Lauds+Passage+of+FISA+Modernization+Act&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Orrin+Hatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhatch.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DPressReleases.View%26PressRelease_id%3D0d432a46-1b78-be3e-e0e4-97855ddb539b&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=s2008-213">"Senate Vote On Passage: H.R. 1424 [110th]: Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008"</a>. Govtrack.us. October 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Senate+Vote+On+Passage%3A+H.R.+1424+%5B110th%26%2393%3B%3A+Emergency+Economic+Stabilization+Act+of+2008&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Govtrack.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvote.xpd%3Fvote%3Ds2008-213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hatch-says-bailout-vote-averte.html">"Hatch tells CPAC that bailout vote averted depression"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Hatch+tells+CPAC+that+bailout+vote+averted+depression&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fthefix%2Fhatch-says-bailout-vote-averte.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:HR3221:">"Bill Summary & Status 110th Congress (20072008) H.R.3221"</a>. THOMAS (Library of Congress)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Bill+Summary+%26+Status+%E2%80%93+110th+Congress+%282007%E2%80%932008%29+%E2%80%93+H.R.3221&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=THOMAS+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbdquery%2Fz%3Fd110%3AHR3221%3A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2008" title="Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008">Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-DeseretNews-20110116-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeseretNews-20110116_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeseretNews-20110116_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeseretNews-20110116_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jamshid Ghazi Askar (January 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700104011/Sen-Orrin-Hatch-sponsors-balanced-budget-amendment-for-17th-time.html">"Sen. Orrin Hatch sponsors balanced-budget amendment for 17th time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Sen.+Orrin+Hatch+sponsors+balanced-budget+amendment+for+17th+time&rft.au=Jamshid+Ghazi+Askar&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700104011%2FSen-Orrin-Hatch-sponsors-balanced-budget-amendment-for-17th-time.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-SLTrib-20110116-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLTrib-20110116_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/home/51052567-76/hatch-budget-balanced-amendment.html.csp">"Hatch pushes balanced budgets again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i>. January 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Hatch+pushes+balanced+budgets+%E2%80%94+again&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fsltrib%2Fhome%2F51052567-76%2Fhatch-budget-balanced-amendment.html.csp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-RPC-BBA-1997-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RPC-BBA-1997_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpc.senate.gov/releases/1997/v5.htm">"S.J.Res. 1 Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment"</a>. <i>Legislative Notice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Republican_Policy_Committee_Chairman_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Policy Committee Chairman of the United States Senate">United States Senate Republican Policy Committee</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=S.J.Res.+1+%E2%80%93+Balanced+Budget+Constitutional+Amendment&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislative+Notice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpc.senate.gov%2Freleases%2F1997%2Fv5.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-105-Vote24-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105-Vote24_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=105&session=1&vote=00024">"Vote Summary: On the Joint Resolution (S.J.Res.1), Vote Number: 24"</a>. <i>U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 105th Congress 1st Session</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Vote+Summary%3A+On+the+Joint+Resolution+%28S.J.Res.1%29%2C+Vote+Number%3A+24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Votes+105th+Congress+%E2%80%93+1st+Session&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D105%26session%3D1%26vote%3D00024&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-112-SJRes3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112-SJRes3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:s.j.res.3:">"Bill Text 112th Congress (20112012) S.J.RES.3.IS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Bill+Text+112th+Congress+%282011%E2%80%932012%29+S.J.RES.3.IS&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THOMAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomas.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fc112%3As.j.res.3%3A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therealnews.com/t/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=3614&updaterx=2009-04-25+02%3A15%3A24">"The Real News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=The+Real+News&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherealnews.com%2Ft%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D31%26Itemid%3D74%26jumival%3D3614%26updaterx%3D2009-04-25%2B02%253A15%253A24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_4194186">"Hatch Says Democratic Win Could Help Terrorists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Tribune">Salt Lake Tribune</a>. August 17, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Hatch+Says+Democratic+Win+Could+Help+Terrorists&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Futah%2Fci_4194186&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Orrin Hatch; C. Boyden Gray (November 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/orrin-g-hatch-and-c-boyden-gray-after-harry-reid-the-gop-shouldnt-unilaterally-disarm-1415232867">"After Harry Reid, the GOP Shouldnt Unilaterally Disarm"</a>. The Wall Street Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=After+Harry+Reid%2C+the+GOP+Shouldn%E2%80%99t+Unilaterally+Disarm&rft.au=C.+Boyden+Gray&rft.au=Orrin+Hatch&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Forrin-g-hatch-and-c-boyden-gray-after-harry-reid-the-gop-shouldnt-unilaterally-disarm-1415232867&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orrin Hatch (2003), Square Peg: Confessions of a Citizen Senator, Basic Books, p. 180, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465028675" title="Special:BookSources/0465028675">0465028675</a></span></li>
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+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cortez, Marjorie (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865592958/US-District-Court-Judge-Robert-J-Shelby-a-seasoned-attorney-war-veteran.html?pg=all">"U.S. District Court Judge Robert J. Shelby a seasoned attorney, war veteran"</a>. <i>DeseretNews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=U.S.+District+Court+Judge+Robert+J.+Shelby+a+seasoned+attorney%2C+war+veteran&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft.aulast=Cortez&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeseretNews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865592958%2FUS-District-Court-Judge-Robert-J-Shelby-a-seasoned-attorney-war-veteran.html%3Fpg%3Dall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldextra.com/news/state-and-regional/shelby-confirmed-by-senate-as-utah-federal-judge/article_7c185124-6b06-5caa-af6d-943b3db21f33.html">Shelby confirmed by Senate as Utah federal judge</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. September 23, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2017.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Broverman, Neal (April 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2013/04/08/utah-sen-orrin-hatch-comes-out-civil-unions">"Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch Comes Out for Civil Unions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate" title="The Advocate">The Advocate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Utah+Sen.+Orrin+Hatch+Comes+Out+for+Civil+Unions&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft.aulast=Broverman&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticians%2F2013%2F04%2F08%2Futah-sen-orrin-hatch-comes-out-civil-unions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57610788/employment-non-discrimination-act-enda-makes-progress-in-the-senate/">"Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) makes progress in the Senate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. November 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Employment+Non-Discrimination+Act+%28ENDA%29+makes+progress+in+the+Senate&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-250_162-57610788%2Femployment-non-discrimination-act-enda-makes-progress-in-the-senate%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=135b59aa-4698-447d-8c0e-323aed76f659">"A new protected class?: LGBT workplace discrimination and the Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013"</a>. Lexology.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=A+new+protected+class%3F%3A+LGBT+workplace+discrimination+and+the+Employment+Non-Discrimination+Act+of+2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Lexology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3D135b59aa-4698-447d-8c0e-323aed76f659&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-copyright-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copyright_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-copyright_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orrin Hatch, "Toward a Principled Approach to Copyright Legislation at the Turn of the Millennium". <i>University of Pittsburgh Law Review</i> 59 (1998), pp. 71957.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techpolicy/2003-06-18-hatch-wants-computers-dead_x.htm">"Senator takes aim at illegal downloads"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. June 19, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Senator+takes+aim+at+illegal+downloads&rft.date=2003-06-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2Ftechpolicy%2F2003-06-18-hatch-wants-computers-dead_x.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kahney, Leander (June 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,59305,00.html">"Orrin Hatch, Software Pirate?"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Orrin+Hatch%2C+Software+Pirate%3F&rft.aufirst=Leander&rft.aulast=Kahney&rft.date=2003-06-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F0%2C1283%2C59305%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Leonard Pitts, <i>Computer-destroying idea might have some merit</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, (June 24, 2003). <i>"Orrin Hatch wants to blow up your computer. Well, OK, he didn't say "blow up" exactly. The actual verb was "destroy." So I guess he'd be just as happy to see it melted into a steaming plastic heap or dropped from the top of a very tall building. The main point is that your computer ceases to exist."</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vijayan, Jaikumar (September 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9188618/Online_IP_protection_bill_sparks_outrage">"Online IP protection bill sparks outrage"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Online+IP+protection+bill+sparks+outrage&rft.aufirst=Jaikumar&rft.aulast=Vijayan&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9188618%2FOnline_IP_protection_bill_sparks_outrage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-DeseretNews-19901028-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeseretNews-19901028_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeseretNews-19901028_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gordon Eliot White (October 28, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/129343/JUSTICE-FOR-FALLOUT-VICTIMS-HAS-BEEN-LONG-TIME-COMING.html">"Justice For Fallout Victims Has Been Long Time Coming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Justice+For+Fallout+Victims+Has+Been+Long+Time+Coming&rft.au=Gordon+Eliot+White&rft.date=1990-10-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F129343%2FJUSTICE-FOR-FALLOUT-VICTIMS-HAS-BEEN-LONG-TIME-COMING.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/AJCongress+Hails+Passage+of+Religious+Land+Use+and+Institutionalized...-a063741711">"AJCongress Hails Passage of Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act as Critical Step in Restoring Legal Protection for Religious Liberty."</a>. PR Newswire. July 28, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=AJCongress+Hails+Passage+of+Religious+Land+Use+and+Institutionalized+Persons+Act+as+Critical+Step+in+Restoring+Legal+Protection+for+Religious+Liberty.&rft.date=2000-07-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=PR+Newswire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FAJCongress%2BHails%2BPassage%2Bof%2BReligious%2BLand%2BUse%2Band%2BInstitutionalized...-a063741711&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-4020">"S. 4020 (111th): Restoring the 10th Amendment Act"</a>. <i>govtrack.us</i>. Civic Impulse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=S.+4020+%28111th%29%3A+Restoring+the+10th+Amendment+Act&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govtrack.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Ds111-4020&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-3660">"S. 3660 (111th): National Monument Designation Transparency and Accountability Act of 2010"</a>. <i>govtrack.us</i>. Civic Impulse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=S.+3660+%28111th%29%3A+National+Monument+Designation+Transparency+and+Accountability+Act+of+2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govtrack.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Ds111-3660&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/34/all-actions">"Vote to prevent privacy protections from taking effect (S.J. Res. 34)."</a>. <i>www.congress.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Vote+to+prevent+privacy+protections+from+taking+effect+%28S.J.+Res.+34%29.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fsenate-joint-resolution%2F34%2Fall-actions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s3751/show">"S.3751 Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Reauthorization Act of 2010"</a>. OpenCongress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=S.3751+%E2%80%93+Stem+Cell+Therapeutic+and+Research+Reauthorization+Act+of+2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=OpenCongress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opencongress.org%2Fbill%2F111-s3751%2Fshow&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McAuliff, Michael (July 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/11/orrin-hatch-tax-system_n_895186.html">"Orrin Hatch Rips 'Perverse' Tax System That Spares Lower Middle Class (VIDEO)"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Orrin+Hatch+Rips+%27Perverse%27+Tax+System+That+Spares+Lower+Middle+Class+%28VIDEO%29&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=McAuliff&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F07%2F11%2Forrin-hatch-tax-system_n_895186.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Snell, Kelsey; French, Lauren (June 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/gang-of-eight-tax-call-congress-93009.html">"G-8 tax call won't be answered quickly on Hill"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=G-8+tax+call+won%27t+be+answered+quickly+on+Hill&rft.au=French%2C+Lauren&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F06%2Fgang-of-eight-tax-call-congress-93009.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/694981/Hatch-assails-violent-games.html?pg=all">"Hatch assails violent games"</a>. <i>DeseretNews.com</i>. May 4, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Hatch+assails+violent+games&rft.date=1999-05-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DeseretNews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F694981%2FHatch-assails-violent-games.html%3Fpg%3Dall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Inhofe, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inhofe.senate.gov/download/?id=E1E34574-5655-42AA-92E8-0D23DC8C33BA&download=1">"Senator"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Inhofe&rft.btitle=Senator&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inhofe.senate.gov%2Fdownload%2F%3Fid%3DE1E34574-5655-42AA-92E8-0D23DC8C33BA%26download%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/01/republican-senators-paris-climate-deal-energy-donations">"The Republicans who urged Trump to pull out of Paris deal are big oil darlings"</a>. The Guardian. June 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=The+Republicans+who+urged+Trump+to+pull+out+of+Paris+deal+are+big+oil+darlings&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fjun%2F01%2Frepublican-senators-paris-climate-deal-energy-donations&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-committeesenatedems-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-committeesenatedems_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://democrats.senate.gov/newsroom/record.cfm?id=323186&">"Senate Leaders Announce Bipartisan Committee To Investigate Judge G. Thomas Porteous"</a> (Press release). Senate Democratic Caucus. March 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Senate+Leaders+Announce+Bipartisan+Committee+To+Investigate+Judge+G.+Thomas+Porteous&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Senate+Democratic+Caucus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemocrats.senate.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Frecord.cfm%3Fid%3D323186%26&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-WT.3D2March2009-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WT.3D2March2009_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WT.3D2March2009_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WT.3D2March2009_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jim McElhatton and Jerry Seper (March 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/02/the-fog-of-congressional-transparency/">"Sen. Hatch's secret drug firm links; Drugmaker money to Utah senator's charity escaped disclosure"</a>. <i>Washington Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Sen.+Hatch%27s+secret+drug+firm+links%3B+Drugmaker+money+to+Utah+senator%27s+charity+escaped+disclosure&rft.au=Jim+McElhatton+and+Jerry+Seper&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fmar%2F02%2Fthe-fog-of-congressional-transparency%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-LAT-5Mar03-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAT-5Mar03_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chuck Neubauer, Judy Pasternak and Richard T. Cooper (March 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/05/nation/na-ephedra5">"Senator, His Son Get Boosts From Makers of Ephedra"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Senator%2C+His+Son+Get+Boosts+From+Makers+of+Ephedra&rft.au=Chuck+Neubauer%2C+Judy+Pasternak+and+Richard+T.+Cooper&rft.date=2003-03-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2003%2Fmar%2F05%2Fnation%2Fna-ephedra5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/793/000023724/">"Orrin Hatch"</a>. NNDB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Orrin+Hatch&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NNDB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F793%2F000023724%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hatch.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/earlylifeandfamilygallery">"Early Life and Family Gallery"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Early+Life+and+Family+Gallery&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhatch.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%2Fearlylifeandfamilygallery&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Davidson, Lee (October 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/615154461/Wine-beer-liquor-cash-flows-into-Hatch-coffers.html">"Wine, beer, liquor cash flows into Hatch coffers"</a>. <i>deseretnews.com</i>. Deseret News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Wine%2C+beer%2C+liquor+cash+flows+into+Hatch+coffers&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=deseretnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F615154461%2FWine-beer-liquor-cash-flows-into-Hatch-coffers.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fed-soc.org/aboutus/id.31/default.asp">"Board of Visitors"</a>. The Federalist Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Board+of+Visitors&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Federalist+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fed-soc.org%2Faboutus%2Fid.31%2Fdefault.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggle.com/orrin-hatch">"Orrin Hatch"</a>. Juggle.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Orrin+Hatch&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Juggle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juggle.com%2Forrin-hatch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moore, Carrie A. (August 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionnewsblog.com/494/chabad-lubavitch-orthodox-jews-are-a-growing-utah-community">"Chabad Lubavitch: Orthodox Jews are a growing Utah community"</a>. Deseret News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.aufirst=Carrie+A.&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Chabad+Lubavitch%3A+Orthodox+Jews+are+a+growing+Utah+community&rft.date=2002-08-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionnewsblog.com%2F494%2Fchabad-lubavitch-orthodox-jews-are-a-growing-utah-community&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104201145/http://articles.boston.com/2011-06-16/news/29666577_1_book-advance-lawmakers-student-loans">"Brown earned $700,000 for book"</a>. <i>boston.com</i>. The Boston Globe. June 16, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2011-06-16/news/29666577_1_book-advance-lawmakers-student-loans">the original</a> on January 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Brown+earned+%24700%2C000+for+book&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=boston.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2011-06-16%2Fnews%2F29666577_1_book-advance-lawmakers-student-loans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zappa.com/fz/discography/1988guitar.html">"Zappa.com > FZ Official Discography > Guitar (1988)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.btitle=Zappa.com+%3E+FZ+Official+Discography+%3E+Guitar+%281988%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zappa.com%2Ffz%2Fdiscography%2F1988guitar.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldsmag.com/1/article/4894,">Ron Simpson, "Utah's Songwriting Senator: Orrin Hatch Blends Politics and Music", <i>Meridian Magazine</i></a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kapp, Steven (July 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705381767/Music-from-Orrin-Hatch-Janice-Kapp-Perry.html">"Steven Kapp Perry: Music from Orrin Hatch, Janice Kapp Perry"</a>. Deseret News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Kapp&rft.btitle=Steven+Kapp+Perry%3A+Music+from+Orrin+Hatch%2C+Janice+Kapp+Perry&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F705381767%2FMusic-from-Orrin-Hatch-Janice-Kapp-Perry.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-NYT2009-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2009_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2009_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leibovich, Mark (December 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/09/us/politics/09hanukkah.html">"A Senators Gift to the Jews, Nonreturnable"</a>. <i>nytimes.com</i>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=A+Senator%E2%80%99s+Gift+to+the+Jews%2C+Nonreturnable&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Leibovich&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nytimes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09hanukkah.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lemons, Stephen (December 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.salon.com/people/conv/2000/12/20/soderbergh/index1.html">"Steven Soderbergh"</a>. Salon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Lemons&rft.btitle=Steven+Soderbergh&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Salon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.salon.com%2Fpeople%2Fconv%2F2000%2F12%2F20%2Fsoderbergh%2Findex1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sassone, Bob (December 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoltv.com/2007/10/11/30-rock-jack-gets-in-the-game">"30 Rock: Jack Gets In The Game"</a>. <i>AOL</i>. AOL TV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=30+Rock%3A+Jack+Gets+In+The+Game&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.aulast=Sassone&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AOL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoltv.com%2F2007%2F10%2F11%2F30-rock-jack-gets-in-the-game&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tenety, Elizabeth (December 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onfaith.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/undergod/2010/12/hannukah_music_for_the_festival_of_lights.html">"Under God: Hannukah music for the Festival of Lights"</a>. <i>onfaith.washingtonpost.com</i>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrrin+Hatch&rft.atitle=Under+God%3A+Hannukah+music+for+the+Festival+of+Lights&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Tenety&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=onfaith.washingtonpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonfaith.washingtonpost.com%2Fonfaith%2Fundergod%2F2010%2F12%2Fhannukah_music_for_the_festival_of_lights.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrin_Hatch&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orrin_Hatch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></b></i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works written by or about:<br />
+<b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Orrin_Grant_Hatch" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Orrin Grant Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></i></b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Orrin_Hatch" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></b></i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hatch.senate.gov/">Senator Orrin Hatch</a> official U.S. Senate site
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hatch.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Biography.Timeline">Sen. Hatch Timeline of Accomplishments</a> <i>A year-by-year account of his time in the US Senate</i></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orrinhatch.com/">Orrin Hatch for Senate</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmoztools.net/Regional/North_America/United_States/Utah/Government/Federal/US_Senate/Orrin_Hatch_%5BR%5D">Orrin Hatch</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?orrinhatch">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
+<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000338">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/53352">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart" title="Project Vote Smart">Project Vote Smart</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/fecviewer/CandidateCommitteeDetail.do?&tabIndex=1&candidateCommitteeId=S6UT00063">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/mike-lee/2080">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/Topics/HATCH">Collected news and commentary</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Orrin_G._Hatch">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/SourceWatch" class="mw-redirect" title="SourceWatch">SourceWatch</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv76876/">Orrin Hatch papers, 1861</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/MSS%206057">Orrin Hatch papers, MSS 6057</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li>
+</ul>
+<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_J._Burton" title="Laurence J. Burton">Laurence J. Burton</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States Senators from Utah">U.S. Senator from Utah</a><br />
+(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>)</b><br />
+<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1976" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1982">1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2000" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2006" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2006">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Utah, 2012">2012</a></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Most recent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss_(politician)" title="Frank Moss (politician)">Frank Moss</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States Senators from Utah">United States Senator (Class 1) from Utah</a></b><br />
+1977present<br />
+<small>Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Jake_Garn" title="Jake Garn">Jake Garn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">Bob Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Mike Lee</a></b></small></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_A._Williams" title="Harrison A. Williams">Harrison A. Williams</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Health Committee</a></b><br />
+19811987</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></b><br />
+19931995</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></b><br />
+19952001</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></b><br />
+20012003</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></b><br />
+20032005</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a></b><br />
+20112015</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a></b><br />
+2015present</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Kevin Brady</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Joint Taxation Committee</a></b><br />
+20162017</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Kevin Brady</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Most Senior <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></b><br />
+2013present</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></b><br />
+2015present</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Current U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial)</th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a></span><br />
+<small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></b></i></small></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of Precedence of the United States</a><br />
+<i><small>as <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate</a></small></i></b></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></span></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">United States Senators by seniority</a></b><br />
+2nd</td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Thad Cochran</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Current U.S. presidential line of succession</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr style="text-align:center;">
+<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a></span><br />
+<small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a></b></i></small></td>
+<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>3rd in line<br />
+<i><small>as President pro tempore of the Senate</small></i></b></td>
+<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a></span><br />
+<small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></b></i></small></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_leadership_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_leaders_current" title="Template:US Senate leaders current"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_leaders_current" title="Template talk:US Senate leaders current"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senate_leaders_current&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Current_leadership_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">leadership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R)<br />
+<b><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a> (R)</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Majority (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>)</td>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Minority (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
+<td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:50%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (Leader)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> (Whip)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (Conference Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a> (Policy Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a> (Conference Vice Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Cory Gardner</a> (Campaign Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Mike Lee</a> (Steering Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a> (Chief Deputy Whip)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:50%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (Leader and Caucus Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> (Whip)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (Assistant Leader)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a> (Policy Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> (Caucus Vice Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (Steering Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> (Outreach Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> (Policy Committee Vice Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a> (Caucus Secretary)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen</a> (Campaign Committee Chair)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Jeff Merkley</a> (Chief Deputy Whip)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (Senate President pro tempore emeritus)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSenPresProTemp" title="Template:USSenPresProTemp"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSenPresProTemp" title="Template talk:USSenPresProTemp"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:USSenPresProTemp&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H Tazewell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island)" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island)">Bradford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky)" title="John Brown (Kentucky)">Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson" title="Joseph Anderson">Anderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Milledge" title="John Milledge">Milledge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L Tazewell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W R King</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum" title="Willie Person Mangum">Mangum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W R King</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" title="James Murray Mason">Mason</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)">Clark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Ingalls" title="John James Ingalls">Ingalls</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Manderson" title="Charles F. Manderson">Manderson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Whitaker_Ransom" title="Matt Whitaker Ransom">Ransom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li>
+<li>Office rotated 19111913
+<ul>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Octavius_Bacon" title="Augustus Octavius Bacon">Bacon</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Harold_Gallinger" title="Jacob Harold Gallinger">Gallinger</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a></small></li>
+<li><small><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></small></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Paul_Clarke" title="James Paul Clarke">Clarke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Saulsbury</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">W H King</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Young</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/90px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" width="90" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/135px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/180px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidential_line_of_succession_in_the_United_States_of_America" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Presidential_Line_of_Succession" title="Template:US Presidential Line of Succession"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Presidential_Line_of_Succession" title="Template talk:US Presidential Line of Succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Presidential_Line_of_Succession&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Presidential_line_of_succession_in_the_United_States_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential line of succession in the United States of America</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the Senate</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Mattis" title="James Mattis">James Mattis</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ryan_Zinke" title="Ryan Zinke">Ryan Zinke</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Acosta" title="Alexander Acosta">Alex Acosta</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Hargan" title="Eric Hargan">Eric Hargan</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[a]</a></sup>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Shulkin" title="David Shulkin">David Shulkin</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elaine_Duke" title="Elaine Duke">Elaine Duke</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> is the current Secretary of Transportation, she is not a <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause" title="Natural-born-citizen clause">natural-born citizen</a> (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">ineligible for the Presidency</a>.</span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Utah.27s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UT-FedRep" title="Template:UT-FedRep"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UT-FedRep" title="Template talk:UT-FedRep"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:UT-FedRep&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Utah.27s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Utah" title="United States congressional delegations from Utah">Utah's current delegation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States Senators from Utah">Senators</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Mike Lee</a> (R)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Utah" title="List of United States Representatives from Utah">Representatives<br />
+<small>(ordered by district)</small></a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Bishop" title="Rob Bishop">Rob Bishop</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stewart_(politician)" title="Chris Stewart (politician)">Chris Stewart</a> (R)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Utah%27s_3rd_congressional_district_special_election,_2017" title="Utah's 3rd congressional district special election, 2017"><i>Vacant</i></a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Love" title="Mia Love">Mia Love</a> (R)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Other states'<br />
+delegations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alabama" title="United States congressional delegations from Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alaska" title="United States congressional delegations from Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arkansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">California</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Colorado" title="United States congressional delegations from Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Connecticut" title="United States congressional delegations from Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Delaware" title="United States congressional delegations from Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Florida</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Georgia" title="United States congressional delegations from Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Idaho" title="United States congressional delegations from Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Illinois" title="United States congressional delegations from Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Indiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Iowa" title="United States congressional delegations from Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kentucky" title="United States congressional delegations from Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Louisiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Maine" title="United States congressional delegations from Maine">Maine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Maryland" title="United States congressional delegations from Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Massachusetts" title="United States congressional delegations from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Mississippi" title="United States congressional delegations from Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">Montana</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nebraska" title="United States congressional delegations from Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nevada" title="United States congressional delegations from Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Hampshire" title="United States congressional delegations from New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Jersey" title="United States congressional delegations from New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Mexico" title="United States congressional delegations from New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio" title="United States congressional delegations from Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oklahoma" title="United States congressional delegations from Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oregon" title="United States congressional delegations from Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Rhode_Island" title="United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee" title="United States congressional delegations from Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas" title="United States congressional delegations from Texas">Texas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Utah" title="United States congressional delegations from Utah">Utah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Washington" title="United States congressional delegations from Washington">Washington</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wisconsin" title="United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wyoming" title="United States congressional delegations from Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><small><i>Nonvoting:</i></small></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_American_Samoa" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Guam%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Guam's at-large congressional district">Guam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_United_States_Senators" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_U.S._Senators" title="Template:Current U.S. Senators"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_U.S._Senators" title="Template talk:Current U.S. Senators"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Current_U.S._Senators&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Current_United_States_Senators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Current members of the United States Senate">Current United States Senators</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:transparent;">
+<div><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> (R) <b><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a>:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a> (R)</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
+<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
+<td style="width:5em;">   </td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;;;;width:33%;">
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States Senators from Alabama">AL</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Shelby</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Luther_Strange" title="Luther Strange">Strange</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States Senators from Alaska">AK</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Murkowski</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)">Sullivan</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States Senators from Arizona">AZ</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Flake</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States Senators from Arkansas">AR</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">Boozman</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California" title="List of United States Senators from California">CA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States Senators from Colorado">CO</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Bennet</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Gardner</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States Senators from Connecticut">CT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Chris Murphy (Connecticut politician)">Murphy</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States Senators from Delaware">DE</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Coons</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States Senators from Florida">FL</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Nelson</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States Senators from Georgia">GA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Isakson</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">Perdue</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States Senators from Hawaii">HI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Schatz</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Hirono</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States Senators from Idaho">ID</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States Senators from Illinois">IL</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States Senators from Indiana">IN</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Donnelly" title="Joe Donnelly">Donnelly</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States Senators from Iowa">IA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Ernst</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States Senators from Kansas">KS</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Roberts</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Moran</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States Senators from Kentucky">KY</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;;;;width:33%;">
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States Senators from Louisiana">LA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Cassidy</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Neely_Kennedy" title="John Neely Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States Senators from Maine">ME</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Collins</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFFF99">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">King</a> (I)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States Senators from Maryland">MD</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States Senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States Senators from Michigan">MI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters_(politician)" title="Gary Peters (politician)">Peters</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States Senators from Minnesota">MN</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Franken</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States Senators from Mississippi">MS</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States Senators from Missouri">MO</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">McCaskill</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States Senators from Montana">MT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Daines</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States Senators from Nebraska">NE</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Fischer</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Sasse</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States Senators from Nevada">NV</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Heller" title="Dean Heller">Heller</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Cortez Masto</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States Senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Shaheen</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Hassan</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States Senators from New Jersey">NJ</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States Senators from New Mexico">NM</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Udall" title="Tom Udall">Udall</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Heinrich</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States Senators from New York">NY</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States Senators from North Carolina">NC</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Burr</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Tillis</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;;;;width:33%;">
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States Senators from North Dakota">ND</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Heitkamp" title="Heidi Heitkamp">Heitkamp</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States Senators from Ohio">OH</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Brown</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Portman</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States Senators from Oklahoma">OK</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">Lankford</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States Senators from Oregon">OR</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania">PA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Toomey</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States Senators from Rhode Island">RI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States Senators from South Carolina">SC</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States Senators from South Dakota">SD</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Rounds</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States Senators from Tennessee">TN</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States Senators from Texas">TX</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States Senators from Utah">UT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Lee</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States Senators from Vermont">VT</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFFF99">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a> (I)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States Senators from Virginia">VA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States Senators from Washington">WA</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States Senators from West Virginia">WV</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a> (D)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Moore Capito</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States Senators from Wisconsin">WI</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(American_politician)" title="Ron Johnson (American politician)">Johnson</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (D)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="width: 0px; background:transparent; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States Senators from Wyoming">WY</a>:</th>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Enzi</a> (R)</td>
+<td style="width: 50%; line-height:1.3em; padding: 0 0.1em"><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a> (R)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><span style="background:#FFB6B6">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican (52)</a></li>
+<li><span style="background:#B0CEFF">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic (46)</a></li>
+<li><span style="background:#FFFF99">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent (2)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_and_Ranking_Members_of_United_States_Joint_Congressional_committees" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USJointChairs" title="Template:USJointChairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USJointChairs" title="Template talk:USJointChairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:USJointChairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Chairs_and_Ranking_Members_of_United_States_Joint_Congressional_committees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">Ranking Members</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Joint Congressional</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of current United States congressional joint committees">committees</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Chairs</td>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Ranking Members</td>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Vice Chairs</td>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Vice Ranking Members</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
+<td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:25%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Economic</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Tiberi" title="Pat Tiberi">Pat Tiberi</a> (R-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library">Library</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Harper" title="Gregg Harper">Gregg Harper</a> (R-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Printing" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing">Printing</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a> (R-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Security and Cooperation (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Roger Wicker</a> (R-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Taxation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Kevin Brady</a> (R-House)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:25%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Economic</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Martin Heinrich</a> (D-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library">Library</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (D-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Printing" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing">Printing</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brady" title="Bob Brady">Bob Brady</a> (D-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Security and Cooperation (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alcee_Hastings" title="Alcee Hastings">Alcee Hastings</a> (D-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Taxation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> (D-Sen)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:25%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Economic</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Mike Lee</a> (R-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library">Library</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a> (R-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Printing" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing">Printing</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Davis_(politician)" title="Rodney Davis (politician)">Rodney Davis</a> (R-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Security and Cooperation (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)">Chris Smith</a> (R-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Taxation</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a> (R-Sen)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:25%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Economic</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Carolyn Maloney</a> (D-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library">Library</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brady" title="Bob Brady">Bob Brady</a> (D-House)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Printing" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing">Printing</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (D-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Security and Cooperation (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Ben Cardin</a> (D-Sen)</li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Taxation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Rich Neal</a> (D-House)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health.2C_Education.2C_Labor_and_Pensions" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SenHELPCommitteeChairmen" title="Template:SenHELPCommitteeChairmen"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#default;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:SenHELPCommitteeChairmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:SenHELPCommitteeChairmen (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#default;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SenHELPCommitteeChairmen&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#default;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health.2C_Education.2C_Labor_and_Pensions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education/Education and Labor<br />
+(18691947)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(senator)" title="James Harlan (senator)">Harlan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Drake</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Sawyer" title="Frederick A. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Flanagan" title="James W. Flanagan">Flanagan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orris_S._Ferry" title="Orris S. Ferry">Ferry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Patterson" title="John J. Patterson">Patterson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Bailey" title="James E. Bailey">Bailey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Blair" title="Henry W. Blair">Blair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Carey" title="Joseph M. Carey">Carey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">Kyle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Shoup" title="George L. Shoup">Shoup</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">Kyle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._McComas" title="Louis E. McComas">McComas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_P._Dolliver" title="Jonathan P. Dolliver">Dolliver</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/M._Hoke_Smith" title="M. Hoke Smith">H. Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Kenyon_(Iowa_politician)" title="William S. Kenyon (Iowa politician)">Kenyon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_C._Phipps" title="Lawrence C. Phipps">Phipps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Couzens" title="James J. Couzens">Couzens</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Metcalf" title="Jesse H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Murray" title="James E. Murray">Murray</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="90" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor and Public Welfare<br />
+(19471977)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Murray" title="James E. Murray">Murray</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Alexander_Smith" title="Howard Alexander Smith">A. Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_A._Williams" title="Harrison A. Williams">Williams</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor and Human Resources<br />
+(19771999)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_A._Williams" title="Harrison A. Williams">Williams</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kassebaum" title="Nancy Kassebaum">Kassebaum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions<br />
+(1999)</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Gregg" title="Judd Gregg">Gregg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Enzi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SenJudiciaryCommitteeChairs" title="Template:SenJudiciaryCommitteeChairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SenJudiciaryCommitteeChairs" title="Template talk:SenJudiciaryCommitteeChairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SenJudiciaryCommitteeChairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Chase" title="Dudley Chase">Chase</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Jr." title="James Burrill Jr.">Burrill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rowan_(Kentucky)" title="John Rowan (Kentucky)">Rowan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._politician)" title="William Wilkins (U.S. politician)">Wilkins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Garret_D._Wall" title="Garret D. Wall">Wall</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Ashley" title="Chester Ashley">Ashley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">Butler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">Bayard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Wright" title="George G. Wright">Wright</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" title="George Frisbie Hoar">Hoar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Pugh" title="James L. Pugh">Pugh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" title="George Frisbie Hoar">Hoar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orville_H._Platt" title="Orville H. Platt">Platt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Clark" title="Clarence D. Clark">Clark</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Culberson" title="Charles Allen Culberson">Culberson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Nelson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Ashurst" title="Henry F. Ashurst">Ashurst</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Van Nuys</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Kilgore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs" title="Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs" title="Template talk:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">United States Senate Committee on Finance</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Holmes (Maine)">Holmes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland)">Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Atherton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer_Taliaferro_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter">Hunter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Furnifold_McLendel_Simmons" title="Furnifold McLendel Simmons">Simmons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">McCumber</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">Roth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_chairs_and_Ranking_Members_of_United_States_Senate_committees" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSenChairs" title="Template:USSenChairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSenChairs" title="Template talk:USSenChairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:USSenChairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Current_chairs_and_Ranking_Members_of_United_States_Senate_committees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current chairs and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">Ranking Members</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of current United States Senate committees">committees</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
+<div style="padding:0px;">
+<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Chairs (Republican)</td>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Ranking Members (Democratic)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
+<td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:50%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Aging (Special)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Pat Roberts</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Thad Cochran</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Budget</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Mike Enzi</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Ethics (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Bob Corker</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Johnson (U.S. politician)">Ron Johnson</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Intelligence (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Caucus" title="International Narcotics Control Caucus">International Narcotics Control (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Jim Risch</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:50%;">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Aging (Special)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Budget</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Ethics (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Ben Cardin</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Udall" title="Tom Udall">Tom Udall</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Intelligence (Select)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Caucus" title="International Narcotics Control Caucus">International Narcotics Control (Caucus)</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Jeanne Shaheen</a></li>
+<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Jon Tester</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Senators_from_Utah" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="Template:United States Senators from Utah"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="Template talk:United States Senators from Utah"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_Senators_from_Utah&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="United_States_Senators_from_Utah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States Senators from Utah">United States Senators from Utah</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Cannon" title="Frank J. Cannon">Cannon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kearns" title="Thomas Kearns">Kearns</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">King</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orrice_Abram_Murdock,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Orrice Abram Murdock, Jr.">Murdock</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vivian_Watkins" title="Arthur Vivian Watkins">Watkins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss_(politician)" title="Frank Moss (politician)">Moss</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
+<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(Utah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Brown (Utah)">Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lafayette_Rawlins" title="Joseph Lafayette Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_F._Bennett" title="Wallace F. Bennett">W. Bennett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Garn" title="Jake Garn">Garn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">R. Bennett</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Lee (U.S. politician)">Lee</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby=".281996_.E2.86.90.29_United_States_presidential_election.2C_2000_.28.E2.86.92_2004.29" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template:United States presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template talk:United States presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2000&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id=".281996_.E2.86.90.29_United_States_presidential_election.2C_2000_.28.E2.86.92_2004.29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996" title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996 </a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">United States presidential election, 2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004"> 2004</a>)</div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">General election results</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida,_2000" title="United States presidential election in Florida, 2000">Florida results</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000">Primaries</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Bauer" title="Gary Bauer">Gary Bauer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Pat Buchanan presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="John Kasich presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="John McCain presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Bob Smith (American politician)">Bob Smith</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2000">Primaries</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Bill Bradley presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(politician)" title="Howard Phillips (politician)">Howard Phillips</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Frazier" title="Curtis Frazier">Curtis Frazier</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Titus" title="Herbert Titus">Herb Titus</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin" title="Stephen Gaskin">Stephen Gaskin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kovel" title="Joel Kovel">Joel Kovel</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Harry Browne presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Candidates</b> Jacob Hornberger</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Hess">Barry Hess</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><u><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></u>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" title="Reform Party presidential primaries, 2000">Primaries</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Pat Buchanan presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Ezola_Foster" title="Ezola Foster">Ezola B. Foster</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Candidates <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2000" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000">campaign</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber" title="Nat Goldhaber">Nat Goldhaber</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Watkins" title="Dean Watkins">W. Dean Watkins</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cal_Hollis" title="Mary Cal Hollis">Mary Cal Hollis</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Margaret Trowe</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li>
+<li><b>VP nominee</b> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Gordon_Brown" title="Cathy Gordon Brown">Cathy Gordon Brown</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Collins" title="Charles E. Collins">Charles E. Collins</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div id="Florida_election_recount_and_legal_proceedings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount and legal proceedings</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Boies" title="David Boies">David Boies</a></li>
+<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whouley" title="Michael Whouley">Michael Whouley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ginsberg_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Ginsberg (lawyer)">Benjamin Ginsberg</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Butterworth" title="Bob Butterworth">Bob Butterworth</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Stipanovich" title="Mac Stipanovich">Mac Stipanovich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Waters" title="Craig Waters">Craig Waters</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_LePore" title="Theresa LePore">Theresa LePore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Roberts" title="Carol Roberts">Carol Roberts</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election day</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Central_Voter_File" title="Florida Central Voter File">Florida Central Voter File</a> (scrub list)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Volusia_error" title="Volusia error">Volusia error</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">Chad</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ballot#Design" title="Ballot">Butterfly ballot</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath and<br />
+legal proceedings</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Brothers_riot" title="Brooks Brothers riot">Brooks Brothers riot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board_v._Harris_(Harris_I)" title="Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)"><i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris</i> (Harris I)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore"><i>Gore v. Harris</i> (Harris II)</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Recount_(film)" title="Recount (film)">Recount</a></i> (2008)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_Family_Fortunes:_The_Best_Democracy_Money_Can_Buy" title="Bush Family Fortunes: The Best Democracy Money Can Buy">Bush Family Fortunes</a></i> (2004)</li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Unprecedented:_The_2000_Presidential_Election" title="Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election">Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election</a></i> (2002)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<dl>
+<dt><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_elections,_2000" title="Template:United States elections, 2000">Other 2000 elections</a></dt>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2000" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 2000">House</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_2000" title="United States Senate elections, 2000">Senate</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_gubernatorial_elections,_2000" title="United States gubernatorial elections, 2000">Gubernatorial</a></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Patriot_Act&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div><b>Titles</b> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_I" title="Patriot Act, Title I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_II" title="Patriot Act, Title II">II</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_III" title="Patriot Act, Title III">III</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IV" title="Patriot Act, Title IV">IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_V" title="Patriot Act, Title V">V</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VI" title="Patriot Act, Title VI">VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VII" title="Patriot Act, Title VII">VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VIII" title="Patriot Act, Title VIII">VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IX" title="Patriot Act, Title IX">IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_X" title="Patriot Act, Title X">X</a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statute Legislative and Judicial History</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History of the Patriot Act</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Dempsey_(Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Dempsey (Center for Democracy and Technology) (page does not exist)">Jim Dempsey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers, Jr.</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/30341460">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30341460">30341460</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82146872">n82146872</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119197448">119197448</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065636j">cb12065636j</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065636j">(data)</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1316a433-2aad-411f-92a8-8ed9492d8baa">1316a433-2aad-411f-92a8-8ed9492d8baa</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">US Congress</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000338">H000338</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Technology_in_the_Humanities" title="Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities">IATH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6pg1xt5">w6pg1xt5</a></span></span></li>
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+<div class="mbox-text-span">This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced <b>must be removed immediately</b>, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a> or harmful.</span> <small><i>(February 2012)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Paul Edward Gottfried</span></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Paul Gottfried by Gage Skidmore.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" width="220" height="255" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Paul_Gottfried_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="3408" /></a>
+<div>Gottfried speaking at an October 2017 event in New York.</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Born</th>
+<td><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1941-11-21">November 21, 1941</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1941-11-21</span>)</span> (age 75)<br />
+<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Alma mater</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Era</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row">Region</th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Western_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Philosophy">Western Philosophy</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
+<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="note">
+<th scope="row">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
+</th>
+<td><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">democratic pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr style="display:none">
+<td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><b>Paul Edward Gottfried</b> (born November 21, 1941) is an American <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservative</a> philosopher, historian, and columnist. He is a former Horace Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_College" title="Elizabethtown College">Elizabethtown College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Pennsylvania" title="Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania">Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowships" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggenheim Fellowships">Guggenheim</a> recipient. He is currently <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> Club President.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Selected_publications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Selected publications</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Column_archives"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Column archives</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Interviews"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Interviews</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Gottfried was born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in 1941, to Jewish parents.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> His father was a successful furrier from Budapest, who had fled Hungary after the <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a> of 1934. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a> shortly after his birth. Gottfried attended <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> in New York as an undergraduate and returned to Connecticut to attend <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>. He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Unions Party of the Right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>Gottfried is the author of numerous books and articles detailing the influences which various German thinkers (such as <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a>) have exerted on American conservative <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a> and other topics, most recently a study of the nature and historiography of fascism. Many of his books also appear in translation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> He has also been a friend of many political and intellectual figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Thomas Molnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Will Herberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Francis" title="Samuel T. Francis">Samuel T. Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Piccone" title="Paul Piccone">Paul Piccone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Eugene Genovese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Robert Nisbet</a>.</p>
+<p>Gottfried is a <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservative</a> critic of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservativism">neoconservativism</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. In fact, the term paleoconservative was first used by Paul Gottfried and Thomas Fleming, with the "paleo" prefix meaning "old" in opposition to the "neo", or "new", conservatives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>Gottfried is also the first person to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Alternative_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative right">alternative right</a>", when referring specifically to developments within American right-wing politics, in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a> helped the term gain wide currency with the rise of his so-called "alt-right" movement; Spencer insists that he and Gottfried "co-created" the term.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><i>Conservative Millenarians: The Romantic Experience in Bavaria</i>, Fordham University Press, 1979 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-0982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-0982-8">978-0-8232-0982-8</a></li>
+<li><i>The Search for Historical Meaning: Hegel and the Postwar American Right</i>, Northern Illinois Univ Press, 1986 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87580-114-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87580-114-5">0-87580-114-5</a></li>
+<li><i>The Conservative Movement</i>, Twayne Pub 1988, with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Thomas Fleming</a> (second edition 1992) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-9724-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-9724-6">0-8057-9724-6</a></li>
+<li><i>Carl Schmitt: Politics and Theory</i>, Greenwood Press 1990, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27209-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-27209-3">0-313-27209-3</a></li>
+<li><i>After Liberalism: Mass Democracy in the Managerial State</i>, Princeton University Press, 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08982-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08982-5">0-691-08982-5</a></li>
+<li><i>Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Towards a Secular Theocracy</i>, University of Missouri Press, 2002 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1417-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1417-7">0-8262-1417-7</a></li>
+<li><i>The Strange Death of Marxism: The European Left in the New Millennium</i>, University of Missouri Press, 2005 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1597-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1597-1">0-8262-1597-1</a></li>
+<li><i>Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right</i>, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-61479-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-61479-5">0-230-61479-5</a></li>
+<li><cite class="citation book"><i>Encounters: My Life with Nixon, Marcuse, and Other Friends and Teachers</i> (1 ed.). Wilmington, Del: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. 2009-05-15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933859-99-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933859-99-6">978-1-933859-99-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gottfried&rft.btitle=Encounters%3A+My+Life+with+Nixon%2C+Marcuse%2C+and+Other+Friends+and+Teachers&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-933859-99-6&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Del&rft.pub=Intercollegiate+Studies+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
+<li><i>Leo Strauss and the American Conservative Movement</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2012 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-1724-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-1724-5">978-1-1070-1724-5</a></li>
+<li><i>War and Democracy</i>, Arktos, 2012, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907166808" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907166808">978-1907166808</a></li>
+<li><i>Fascism: The Career of a Concept</i>, Northern Illinois University Press, 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8758-0493-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8758-0493-4">978-0-8758-0493-4</a></li>
+<li><i>Revisions and Dissents</i>, Northern Illinois University Press, 2017 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875807621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875807621">978-0875807621</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Anti-War Anti-Americanism?. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com"><i>Telos</i></a> 114 (Winter 1999). New York: Telos Press.</li>
+<li>The Multicultural International. <i>Orbis</i> (Winter 2002)</li>
+<li>The Invincible Wilsonian Matrix. <i>Orbis</i> (Spring 2007)</li>
+<li>The WASP Roots of Liberal Internationalism. <i>Historically Speaking</i> (Fall 2010)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<div class="mw-references-wrap">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlmenckenclub.org/Home.html">"The HL Mencken Club"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gottfried&rft.btitle=The+HL+Mencken+Club&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=H.+L.+Mencken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlmenckenclub.org%2FHome.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gottfried, Paul (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/265041/inventor-term-alt-right-responds-critic-paul-gottfried">"Inventor of Term 'Alt Right' Responds to a Critic"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gottfried&rft.atitle=Inventor+of+Term+%27Alt+Right%27+Responds+to+a+Critic&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontpagemag.com%2Ffpm%2F265041%2Finventor-term-alt-right-responds-critic-paul-gottfried&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Siegel, Jacob (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/218712/spencer-gottfried-alt-right">"Paul Gottfried, the Jewish Godfather of the 'Alt-Right<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gottfried&rft.atitle=Paul+Gottfried%2C+the+Jewish+Godfather+of+the+%27Alt-Right%27&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F218712%2Fspencer-gottfried-alt-right&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Conservatisme-en-Am%C3%83%C2%A9rique-French/dp/2356311734">Le Conservatisme en Amrique</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Multikulturalismus-die-Politik-Schuld-manipulativen/dp/3902475005">Multikulturalismus und die Politik der Schuld: Unterwegs zum manipulativen Staat?</a>.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/national/348372/meet-the-jewish-paleoconservative-who-coined-the-term-alternative-right/">"Meet the Jewish Paleoconservative Who Coined The Term Alternative Right"</a>. The Forward<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gottfried&rft.btitle=Meet+the+Jewish+%E2%80%98Paleoconservative%E2%80%99+Who+Coined+The+Term+%E2%80%98Alternative+Right%E2%80%99&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Forward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F348372%2Fmeet-the-jewish-paleoconservative-who-coined-the-term-alternative-right%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/218712/spencer-gottfried-alt-right">http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/218712/spencer-gottfried-alt-right</a></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" width="26" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Column_archives">Column archives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Column archives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried-arch.html">LewRockwell.com</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vdare.com/users/paul-gottfried">VDARE.com</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://takimag.com/contributor/Gottfried/8#axzz1gk2FleVC">Takimag</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/author/paul-gottfried/">The American Conservative</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unz.com/author/paul-gottfried/">Unz</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontpagemag.com/author/paul-gottfried">Frontpage Mag</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radixjournal.com/altright-archive/?author=54698012e4b04cdc05d8a792">AlternativeRight.com</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Interviews">Interviews</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottfried&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interviews">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?paulgottfried">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8gpXnqeofQ"><span class="plainlinks">2007 Interview with Sean Gabb at the Property and Freedom Society</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatwouldthefoundersthink.com/an-interview-with-paul-gottfried">2011 Interview with What Would the Founders Think?</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alt-right" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Alt-right" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Common ideas</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Antifeminism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Factions</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Fascism">Neo-Fascism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" title="Neo-Confederate">Southern Nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's Rights">Men's Rights</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">People</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(entertainer)" title="Baked Alaska (entertainer)">Baked Alaska</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimelow" title="Peter Brimelow">Peter Brimelow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cantwell" title="Christopher Cantwell">Christopher Cantwell</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cernovich" title="Mike Cernovich">Mike Cernovich</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Mike Enoch</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gorka" title="Sebastian Gorka">Sebastian Gorka</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Gottfried</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Heimbach">Matthew Heimbach</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Augustus Sol Invictus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Johnson" title="Charles C. Johnson">Charles C. Johnson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones_(radio_host)" title="Alex Jones (radio host)">Alex Jones</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani" title="Jason Jorjani">Jason Jorjani</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Jason Kessler</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Loomer" title="Laura Loomer">Laura Loomer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_B._MacDonald" title="Kevin B. MacDonald">Kevin B. MacDonald</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Molyneux" title="Stefan Molyneux">Stefan Molyneux</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Palmgren" title="Henrik Palmgren">Henrik Palmgren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Jack Posobiec</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ray_Ramsey" title="Paul Ray Ramsey">Paul Ray Ramsey</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Southern" title="Lauren Southern">Lauren Southern</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Websites</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">/pol/</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki//r/The_Donald" title="/r/The Donald">/r/The_Donald</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">Occidental Observer</a></i></li>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Organizations</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a></i></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Foundation" title="New Century Foundation">New Century Foundation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Conspiracy theories</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School#Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Frankfurt School">Cultural Marxism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook shooting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich#Conspiracy_theories" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich murder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Events</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/2017_Berkeley_protests" title="2017 Berkeley protests">2017 Berkeley protests</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016#White_nationalists_and_white_supremacists" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate controversy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Related terms</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Basket_of_deplorables" title="Basket of deplorables">Basket of deplorables</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave#Fashwave" title="Vaporwave">Fashwave</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(21st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Nationalism (21st century)">New Nationalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_the_Frog" title="Pepe the Frog">Pepe the Frog</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)" title="Snowflake (slang)">Snowflake</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">RealNetworks</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<caption class="fn org">RealNetworks, Inc.</caption>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="logo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:RealNetwork_Logo.png" class="image"><img alt="RealNetwork Logo.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RealNetwork_Logo.png/220px-RealNetwork_Logo.png" width="220" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RealNetwork_Logo.png/330px-RealNetwork_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RealNetwork_Logo.png/440px-RealNetwork_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="75" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="logo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Plate_Center.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Home Plate Center.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Home_Plate_Center.jpg/220px-Home_Plate_Center.jpg" width="220" height="143" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Home_Plate_Center.jpg/330px-Home_Plate_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Home_Plate_Center.jpg/440px-Home_Plate_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2280" /></a>
+<div>Headquarters at Home Plate Center in Seattle</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Formerly called</div>
+</th>
+<td class="nickname" style="line-height:1.35em;">Progressive Networks (1994-1997)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_entities" title="List of business entities">Type</a></div>
+</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/rnwk">RNWK</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Industry</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Founded</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">1994<span class="noprint">; 23 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Founders</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Glaser" title="Rob Glaser">Rob Glaser</a><br />
+Phil Barrett<br />
+Andy Sharpless<br />
+Stephen Buerkle</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Headquarters</th>
+<td class="label" style="line-height:1.35em;">Home Plate Center, <span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></span>, <span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Key people</div>
+</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Glaser" title="Rob Glaser">Rob Glaser</a><br />
+(<a href="/wiki/Chairman" title="Chairman">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Products</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/RealDownloader" title="RealDownloader">RealDownloader</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/RealDVD" class="mw-redirect" title="RealDVD">RealDVD</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/RealPlayer" title="RealPlayer">RealPlayer</a><br />
+RealArcade<br />
+RealPlayer Converter<br />
+Real SuperPass<br />
+RealPlayer Trimmer<br />
+RealTime<br />
+<a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Helix_(multimedia_project)" title="Helix (multimedia project)">Helix</a><br />
+Rinse<br />
+Unifi</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Revenue</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>156.2 Million (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-annualreport_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$7.18 Million (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-annualreport_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">
+<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Number of employees</div>
+</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;">1,060 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-seattletimes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattletimes-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.5em;">Website</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realnetworks.com">www<wbr />.realnetworks<wbr />.com</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RealBall.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/RealBall.jpg/250px-RealBall.jpg" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/RealBall.jpg/375px-RealBall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/RealBall.jpg/500px-RealBall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:RealBall.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+<a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a> with the RealNetworks logo</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b>RealNetworks, Inc.</b> is a provider of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> delivery software and services based in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The company also provides subscription-based online entertainment services and mobile entertainment and messaging services.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Headquarters"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Headquarters</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Products_and_services"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Products and services</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Subscription_services"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Subscription services</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#RealDVD"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">RealDVD</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Real_Alternative"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Real Alternative</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#RealTimes_.28formerly_RealPlayer_Cloud.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">RealTimes (formerly RealPlayer Cloud)</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Helix"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Helix</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#GameHouse"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">GameHouse</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_products_and_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Other products and technologies</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>RealNetworks (then known as <b>Progressive Networks</b>) was founded in 1994 by an ex-<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> executive, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Glaser" title="Rob Glaser">Rob Glaser</a> and a management team including Phil Barrett, Andy Sharpless, and Stephen Buerkle. The original goal of the company was to provide a distribution channel for politically <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> content. It evolved into a technology venture to leverage the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> as an alternative distribution medium for audio broadcasts. Progressive Networks became RealNetworks in September 1997.</p>
+<p>RealNetworks are pioneers in the <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> markets and broadcast one of the earlier audio events over the Internet  a baseball game between the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a>  on September 5, 1995. They announced streaming video technology in 1997. According to some accounts,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2013)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> by 2000, more than 85% of streaming content on the Internet was in the Real format.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Despite this success, problems arose because Real's primary business model depended upon the sale of streaming media <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server software</a>, and Microsoft and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> were giving those products away. As servers from Microsoft and Apple became more capable, Real's server sales inevitably eroded.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On January 20, 2000, RealNetworks, Inc. filed an injunction against Streambox, Inc. regarding the aforementioned company's product designed to convert Real Audio (.rm) formatted files to other formats.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> On December 4, 2001, the company was to launch the first coordinated effort to sell and deliver music from major record labels over the Internet, part of a broader initiative by the company to develop subscription Internet services aimed at Web users with fast Internet connections.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_alliance" title="Strategic alliance">strategic alliance</a> was formed between RealNetworks and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a> to expand collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> In October, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> agreed to pay RealNetworks $460 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In August 2003, RealNetworks acquired Listen.com's <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a> music service, and renamed it <i>RealRhapsody</i>. It offered streaming music downloads for a monthly fee. In January 2004, RealNetworks announced the <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">RealPlayer Music Store</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) restricted music in the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> file format. After some initial tries to push their own DRM scheme (named <i>Helix DRM</i>) onto all device manufacturers with the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Zen" title="Creative Zen">Creative Zen Xtra</a> and the Sansa e200r as the only existing compliant devices, they sparked controversy by introducing a technology called <a href="/wiki/FairPlay#Harmony" title="FairPlay">Harmony</a> that allowed their music to play on <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPods</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">Microsoft Windows Media Audio</a> DRM-equipped devices using a "wrapper" that would convert Helix DRM into the two other target DRM schemes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>The domain <i>real.com</i> attracted at least 67 million visitors annually by 2008, according to a <a href="/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> study.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On April 6, 2010, Rhapsody was spun off from RealNetworks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>In July 2013, RealNetworks acquired <a href="/wiki/Slingo" title="Slingo">Slingo</a> for $15.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The company introduced a mobile phone app called Listen in April 2014 that plays custom ringtones to those calling the user's phone.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Headquarters">Headquarters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Headquarters">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG/220px-Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG/330px-Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG/440px-Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1748" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Plate_Center_-_RealNetworks_and_KING_5.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+RealNetworks headquarters</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>RealNetworks has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington in the Home Plate Center building in SoDo across from <a href="/wiki/Safeco_Field" title="Safeco Field">Safeco Field</a>, sharing the building with <a href="/wiki/King5" class="mw-redirect" title="King5">King5</a> and Logic 20/20 Consulting.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Products_and_services">Products and services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Products and services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subscription_services">Subscription services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subscription services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>In 2000, one of the initial products, the <a href="/wiki/Download_manager" title="Download manager">download manager</a> RealDownload, was already used for pushing small software, such as games, to subscribers' computers. On top of the subscription for RealDownload and using its RealVideo streaming technology, a service called GoldPass, including unlimited access for video snippets from <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and movie previews, was offered to registered users for a monthly $10 fee.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> More content was added through deals with <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> for the reality show <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(U.S._TV_series)" title="Big Brother (U.S. TV series)">Big Brother</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> basketball.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, RealNetworks cut most of the resources. Some of the content was lost, some were limited to local markets, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound" title="Ministry of Sound">Ministry of Sound</a> was available only to UK subscribers. With the increase in broadband usage, RealNetworks started offering live broadcasts of CNN International, BBC World, Al-Jazeera etc., separately for prices between $6 and $12, or bundled in the SuperPass for about $35 a month depending on the market. Between 2003 and 2006, SuperPass included, for European subscribers, unlimited access to <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> full-length game recordings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="RealDVD">RealDVD</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: RealDVD">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On September 30, 2008, RealNetworks launched a new product called RealDVD. The software allows any user to save a copy of a DVD movie they own. The company was later found to have violated the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> and RealNetworks' contract with the <a href="/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Association" title="DVD Copy Control Association">DVD Copy Control Association</a>, as the software also allowed anyone to save a movie they do not legally own. (See <i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc.</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The product's distribution was barred by a court injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Real_Alternative">Real Alternative</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Real Alternative">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Real Alternative is a discontinued software bundle that allows users to play <a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a> files without installing RealPlayer.<sup id="cite_ref-filehippo-ra_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filehippo-ra-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-download.com-ra_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-download.com-ra-20">[20]</a></sup> The last version, 2.02, was released on February 19, 2010. It included <a href="/wiki/Media_Player_Classic" title="Media Player Classic">Media Player Classic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Beginning in 2010, RealNetworks sued Hilbrand Edskes, a 26-year-old Dutch webmaster for having inserted <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> to Real Alternative on his site www.codecpack.nl. RealNetworks alleges that Real Alternative is a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineered</a> package.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Download.com" title="Download.com">Download.com</a><sup id="cite_ref-download.com-ra_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-download.com-ra-20">[20]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/FileHippo" title="FileHippo">FileHippo</a><sup id="cite_ref-filehippo-ra_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filehippo-ra-19">[19]</a></sup> continue to host the software product, unchallenged.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In November 2011 RealNetworks' case against Edskes was dismissed and RealNetworks was ordered to pay him 48,000 in damages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Details of the case and judgement have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span id="RealTimes_(formerly_RealPlayer_Cloud)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="RealTimes_.28formerly_RealPlayer_Cloud.29">RealTimes (formerly RealPlayer Cloud)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: RealTimes (formerly RealPlayer Cloud)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>RealNetworks in September 2013 launched RealPlayer Cloud, a service that adds the ability to share videos recorded on smartphones and tablets. RealPlayer Cloud ties into the existing RealPlayer, however it also has a Web app and apps for Android, iOS and Roku. The service has 2GB of free cloud storage and more storage for a monthly fee.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> It was renamed to RealTimes in May 2015, with a new focus on creating and sharing "Stories"video collages of users' personal photos and videos, set to background music.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Helix">Helix</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Helix">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Helix_(multimedia_project)" title="Helix (multimedia project)">Helix (multimedia project)</a></div>
+<p>Helix is a suite of streaming media software and services intended for digital TV set-top boxes, mobile devices, as well as QuickTime, Flash and other programs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-one_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-two_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-32">[32]</a></sup> It includes the Helix open-source code and the Helix Universal Server, which hosts, distributes and manages digital rights for multimedia content.<sup id="cite_ref-two_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-32">[32]</a></sup> Helix competes with the Windows Media 9 Series from Microsoft, but has a greater emphasis on open-source.<sup id="cite_ref-one_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-two_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-32">[32]</a></sup> Helix was announced in July 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-one_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-31">[31]</a></sup> Support for mobile devices was added in November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> It was discontinued in October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GameHouse">GameHouse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: GameHouse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a></div>
+<p>RealNetworks entered the gaming market in October 2001 with RealArcade, a PC game distribution application that allows users to play casual video games for free for 60 minutes, then decide if they want to purchase it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Many of the games were developed by GameHouse, which RealNetworks acquired for $35.6 million in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-four_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-37">[37]</a></sup> In 2010, RealNetworks re-launched its gaming division under the name Gamehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> It began focusing on social games, such as Facebook apps,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> and in 2013 acquired casual casino games company, Slingo, for $15.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_products_and_technologies">Other products and technologies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other products and technologies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a>, a compressed audio format</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RealDownloader" title="RealDownloader">RealDownloader</a>, a download manager</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RealPlayer" title="RealPlayer">RealPlayer</a>, a media player</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a>, a compressed video format</li>
+<li>Rinse, a digital music library cleanup tool</li>
+<li>Unifi, a <a href="/wiki/Personal_cloud" title="Personal cloud">personal cloud</a> media service</li>
+<li>Mobile entertainment and messaging services for mobile carriers</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._ASCAP" title="United States v. ASCAP">United States v. ASCAP</a></i></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kerr, Dave (July 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnet.com/news/realnetworks-names-rob-glaser-its-permanent-ceo/">"RealNetworks names Rob Glaser its permanent CEO"</a>. CNET<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+names+Rob+Glaser+its+permanent+CEO&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Frealnetworks-names-rob-glaser-its-permanent-ceo%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-annualreport-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annualreport_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annualreport_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RNWK/912895436x0x830198/8be2372b-7280-4e72-9763-9a040de14dba/10-K_2014_as_filed_.pdf">"RealNetworks, Inc. 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. RealNetworks. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks%2C+Inc.+2014+Annual+Report+on+Form+10-K&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.shareholder.com%2Fdownloads%2FRNWK%2F912895436x0x830198%2F8be2372b-7280-4e72-9763-9a040de14dba%2F10-K_2014_as_filed_.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-seattletimes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seattletimes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/technologybrierdudleysblog/2019011228_realnetworks_cutting_up_to_160.html">"Company Profile for RealNetworks Inc. (RNWK)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.btitle=Company+Profile+for+RealNetworks+Inc.+%28RNWK%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Ftechnologybrierdudleysblog%2F2019011228_realnetworks_cutting_up_to_160.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/RealNetworks-Inc-Company-History.html">"RealNetworks Inc."</a>. Funding Universe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.btitle=RealNetworks+Inc.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Funding+Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2FRealNetworks-Inc-Company-History.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetvideomag.com/Articles-2004/022324Real.htm">"The History & Future of Real Networks"</a>. Internet Video Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.btitle=The+History+%26+Future+of+Real+Networks&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Internet+Video+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetvideomag.com%2FArticles-2004%2F022324Real.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(January 18, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uh.edu/faculty/cjoyce/copyright/release10/Real.html">Real Networks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. Case Summary</a>, Retrieved on 2009-08-02</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=b5209e8f9cc2bd30abe6137c40894b57&docnum=9&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLzVzB-zSkAz&_md5=639ebf073698d0859b5b180d8fa46c2a">"Realnetworks is set to launch music service"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.btitle=Realnetworks+is+set+to+launch+music+service&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexis.com%2Fresearch%2Fretrieve%3F_m%3Db5209e8f9cc2bd30abe6137c40894b57%26docnum%3D9%26_fmtstr%3DFULL%26_startdoc%3D1%26wchp%3DdGLzVzB-zSkAz%26_md5%3D639ebf073698d0859b5b180d8fa46c2a&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2002/may/01/business/fi-techbriefs1.1">"Sony, RealNetworks Form Tech Alliance"</a>. May 1, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.btitle=Sony%2C+RealNetworks+Form+Tech+Alliance&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2002%2Fmay%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Ffi-techbriefs1.1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montalbano, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/122978/microsoft_realnetworks_settle_for_761_million.html">"Microsoft, RealNetworks Settle for $761 Million"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i>, October 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 29, 2012.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/real.com?metric=uv">Real.com attracts 67 million visitors annually</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/article/realnetworks-acquires-slingo-20130731-00982">"RealNetworks Acquires Slingo"</a>. <i>RTTNews</i>. July 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Acquires+Slingo&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTTNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasdaq.com%2Farticle%2Frealnetworks-acquires-slingo-20130731-00982&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Moscaritolo, Angela (April 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2456344,00.asp">"Ringback Tones Return on RealNetworks 'Listen' App"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Ringback+Tones+Return+on+RealNetworks+%27Listen%27+App&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.aulast=Moscaritolo&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2456344%2C00.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">John Cook (May 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekwire.com/2013/realnetworks-returns-roots-plans-move-smaller-offices-safeco-field/">"RealNetworks returns to roots, plans move to smaller offices near Safeco Field"</a>. GeekWire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.au=John+Cook&rft.btitle=RealNetworks+returns+to+roots%2C+plans+move+to+smaller+offices+near+Safeco+Field&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=GeekWire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekwire.com%2F2013%2Frealnetworks-returns-roots-plans-move-smaller-offices-safeco-field%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Remy Mooney (June 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.costar.com/News/Article/RealNetworks-Leases-85000-SF-in-the-Home-Plate-Center-in-Seattle/148883">"RealNetworks Leases 85,000 SF in the Home Plate Center in Seattle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.au=Remy+Mooney&rft.btitle=RealNetworks+Leases+85%2C000+SF+in+the+Home+Plate+Center+in+Seattle&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.costar.com%2FNews%2FArticle%2FRealNetworks-Leases-85000-SF-in-the-Home-Plate-Center-in-Seattle%2F148883&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kieskowski, Ellie (August 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streamingmedia.com/article.asp?id=6013">"RealNetworks Launches Subscription Service"</a>. Streamingmedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft.aulast=Kieskowski&rft.btitle=RealNetworks+Launches+Subscription+Service&rft.date=2000-08-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Streamingmedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streamingmedia.com%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D6013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New York Times (October 1, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/01/technology/01film.php">Studios sue to bar a DVD copying program</a>, Retrieved on 2009-08-02</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hachman, Mark (August 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2351471,00.asp">"RealNetworks Loses DVD Copying Decision"</a>. PC Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Loses+DVD+Copying+Decision&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Hachman&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2351471%2C00.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Stone_(journalist)" title="Brad Stone (journalist)">Stone, Brad</a> (August 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/11/realnetworks-loses-first-round-in-realdvd-case/">"RealNetworks Barred From Selling DVD Copy Maker"</a>. <i>Bits</i>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Barred+From+Selling+DVD+Copy+Maker&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F11%2Frealnetworks-loses-first-round-in-realdvd-case%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-filehippo-ra-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filehippo-ra_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filehippo-ra_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filehippo.com/download_real_alternative/">"Real Alternative 2.02"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FileHippo" title="FileHippo">FileHippo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Real+Alternative+2.02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FileHippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filehippo.com%2Fdownload_real_alternative%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-download.com-ra-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-download.com-ra_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-download.com-ra_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.cnet.com/Real-Alternative/3000-2139_4-10698783.html">"Real Alternative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Download.com" title="Download.com">Download.com</a></i>. CBS Interactive. October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Real+Alternative&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Download.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.cnet.com%2FReal-Alternative%2F3000-2139_4-10698783.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filehippo.com/download_real_alternative/tech/">"Real Alternative 2.02 - Technical details"</a>. <i>FileHippo</i>. February 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Real+Alternative+2.02+-+Technical+details&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FileHippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filehippo.com%2Fdownload_real_alternative%2Ftech%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.free-codecs.com/download/real_Alternative.htm">"Real Alternative 2.0.2"</a>. <i>Free-Codecs.com</i>. February 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Real+Alternative+2.0.2&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free-Codecs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.free-codecs.com%2Fdownload%2Freal_Alternative.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">De Winter, Brenno (August 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/tech-industry/3299285/realnetworks-crushes-dutch-webmaster-for-hyperlink/">"RealNetworks crushes Dutch webmaster for hyperlink"</a>. <i>PC Advisor</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+crushes+Dutch+webmaster+for+hyperlink&rft.aufirst=Brenno&rft.aulast=De+Winter&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Advisor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcadvisor.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftech-industry%2F3299285%2Frealnetworks-crushes-dutch-webmaster-for-hyperlink%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Masnick, Mike (August 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110826/00013315692/realnetworks-destroying-dutch-webmasters-life-because-he-linked-to-reverse-engineered-alternative.shtml">"RealNetworks Destroying Dutch Webmaster's Life Because He Linked To A Reverse Engineered Alternative"</a>. <i>TechDirt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Destroying+Dutch+Webmaster%27s+Life+Because+He+Linked+To+A+Reverse+Engineered+Alternative&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechDirt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20110826%2F00013315692%2Frealnetworks-destroying-dutch-webmasters-life-because-he-linked-to-reverse-engineered-alternative.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">de Winter, Brenno (November 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webwereld.nl/nieuws/108474/realnetworks-gaat-door-met-rechtszaak-om-hyperlink.html">"RealNetworks gaat door met rechtszaak om hyperlink"</a>. <i>WebWerld (Dutch language)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+gaat+door+met+rechtszaak+om+hyperlink&rft.aufirst=Brenno&rft.aulast=de+Winter&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WebWerld+%28Dutch+language%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebwereld.nl%2Fnieuws%2F108474%2Frealnetworks-gaat-door-met-rechtszaak-om-hyperlink.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Collin, Branko (November 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24oranges.nl/2011/11/06/internet-thugs-realnetworks-lose-case-against-hilbrand-edskes/">"Internet thugs Realnetworks lose case against Hilbrand Edskes"</a>. <i>24Oranges</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Internet+thugs+Realnetworks+lose+case+against+Hilbrand+Edskes&rft.aufirst=Branko&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.date=2011-11-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=24Oranges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24oranges.nl%2F2011%2F11%2F06%2Finternet-thugs-realnetworks-lose-case-against-hilbrand-edskes%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoeken.rechtspraak.nl/detailpage.aspx?ljn=BU3223">"LJN: BU3223, Rechtbank 's-Gravenhage , 363011 / HA ZA 10-1233"</a>. <i>de Rechtspraak (Dutch language)</i>. November 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=LJN%3A+BU3223%2C+Rechtbank+%27s-Gravenhage+%2C+363011+%2F+HA+ZA+10-1233&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=de+Rechtspraak+%28Dutch+language%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzoeken.rechtspraak.nl%2Fdetailpage.aspx%3Fljn%3DBU3223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gigaom.com/2013/09/24/realplayer-cloud-launch/">"With its new cloud player, RealNetworks is trying the next big turnaround Tech News and Analysis"</a>. Gigaom.com. September 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.btitle=With+its+new+cloud+player%2C+RealNetworks+is+trying+the+next+big+turnaround+%E2%80%94+Tech+News+and+Analysis&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Gigaom.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgigaom.com%2F2013%2F09%2F24%2Frealplayer-cloud-launch%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.real.com/realtimes_features">http://www.real.com/realtimes_features</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ozer, Jan (November 2012). "A closer look at streaming servers". <i>Sound & Video Contractor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=A+closer+look+at+streaming+servers&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.aulast=Ozer&rft.date=2012-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+%26+Video+Contractor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-one-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-one_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Applebaum, Simon (July 28, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multichannel.com/news/orphan-articles/realnetworks-streaming-against-microsoft-tide/161793#sthash.RPSSkviG.dpuf">"RealNetworks Is Streaming Against the Microsoft Tide"</a>. <i>Multichannel News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Is+Streaming+Against+the+Microsoft+Tide&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.date=2002-07-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multichannel+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multichannel.com%2Fnews%2Forphan-articles%2Frealnetworks-streaming-against-microsoft-tide%2F161793%23sthash.RPSSkviG.dpuf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-two-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kerschbaumer, Ken (July 28, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/realnetworks-launches-helix/93308">"RealNetworks launches Helix"</a>. <i>Broadcasting & Cable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+launches+Helix&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.aulast=Kerschbaumer&rft.date=2002-07-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+%26+Cable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastingcable.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-articles%2Frealnetworks-launches-helix%2F93308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/realnetworks-upgrades-helix-to-support-wireless-networks/d/d-id/1038076?">"RealNetworks Upgrades Helix To Support Wireless Networks"</a>. <i>InformationWeek</i>. November 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Upgrades+Helix+To+Support+Wireless+Networks&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Frealnetworks-upgrades-helix-to-support-wireless-networks%2Fd%2Fd-id%2F1038076%3F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dreier, Troy (October 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/News/Online-Video-News/RealNetworks-Discontinues-Helix-Media-Delivery-Suite-of-Products-100273.aspx">"RealNetworks Discontinues Helix Media Delivery Suite of Products"</a>. Streaming Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Discontinues+Helix+Media+Delivery+Suite+of+Products&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft.aulast=Dreier&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streamingmedia.com%2FArticles%2FNews%2FOnline-Video-News%2FRealNetworks-Discontinues-Helix-Media-Delivery-Suite-of-Products-100273.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Richman, Dan (January 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/RealNetworks-to-buy-game-developer-GameHouse-1135467.php">"RealNetworks to buy game developer GameHouse"</a>. <i>Seattle Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+to+buy+game+developer+GameHouse&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.date=2004-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FRealNetworks-to-buy-game-developer-GameHouse-1135467.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Haley, Colin (October 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/print.php/901151">"RealNetworks Launches Streaming Video Game Service"</a>. InternetNews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Launches+Streaming+Video+Game+Service&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.date=2001-10-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetnews.com%2Fbus-news%2Fprint.php%2F901151&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-four-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-four_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Evers, Joris (January 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/114456/article.html">"RealNetworks Acquires GameHouse"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. IDG News Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Acquires+GameHouse&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft.aulast=Evers&rft.date=2004-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F114456%2Farticle.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pham, Alex (May 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/05/realnetworks-gamehouse-fusion-retools-games-business-.html">"RealNetworks renovates its GameHouse business to be more social"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+renovates+its+GameHouse+business+to+be+more+social&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fentertainmentnewsbuzz%2F2010%2F05%2Frealnetworks-gamehouse-fusion-retools-games-business-.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Takahashi, Dean (September 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2011/09/22/real-networks-gamehouse-makes-its-run-at-social-gaming/">"Real Networks GameHouse makes its run at social gaming"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=Real+Networks%E2%80%99+GameHouse+makes+its+run+at+social+gaming&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2011%2F09%2F22%2Freal-networks-gamehouse-makes-its-run-at-social-gaming%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Takahashi, Dean (July 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2013/07/31/realnetworks-buys-slingo-for-15-6m-as-it-doubles-down-on-social-casino-games/">"RealNetworks buys Slingo for $15.6M as it doubles down on social casino games"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealNetworks&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+buys+Slingo+for+%2415.6M+as+it+doubles+down+on+social+casino+games&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2013%2F07%2F31%2Frealnetworks-buys-slingo-for-15-6m-as-it-doubles-down-on-social-casino-games%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RealNetworks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.real.com">Official website</a></span></span></li>
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+<div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em">
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+<li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg" class="image"><img alt="SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg/23px-SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg" width="23" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg/34px-SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg/45px-SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Seattle" title="Portal:Seattle">Seattle portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Industry5.svg" class="image"><img alt="Industry5.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/21px-Industry5.svg.png" width="21" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/32px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li>
+<li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Internet map 1024.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/21px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" width="21" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/32px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/42px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_science" title="Portal:Computer science">Computer science portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_distribution_platforms_and_content_delivery_networks" style="padding:3px">
+<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+<tr>
+<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
+<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+<ul>
+<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
+<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="Software_distribution_platforms_and_content_delivery_networks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">distribution platforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery networks</a></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+<div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">App store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_in_video_games" title="Digital distribution in video games">Online game store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
+<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal<br />
+computer</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Allmyapps" title="Allmyapps">Allmyapps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Amazon Digital Game Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Battle.net" title="Battle.net">Battle.net</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish_Games" title="Big Fish Games">Big Fish Games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_River" title="Digital River">Digital River</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Direct2Drive" title="Direct2Drive">Direct2Drive</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/DotEmu" title="DotEmu">DotEmu</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameShadow" title="GameShadow">GameShadow</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GamersGate" title="GamersGate">GamersGate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows_%E2%80%93_Live" title="Games for Windows Live">Games for Windows Live</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Game_Jolt" title="Game Jolt">Game Jolt</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man_Gaming" title="Green Man Gaming">Green Man Gaming</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Bundle" title="Humble Bundle">Humble Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Mac_Games" title="Inside Mac Games">Mac Games Arcade</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Itch.io" title="Itch.io">itch.io</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MacUpdate" title="MacUpdate">MacUpdate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Metaboli" title="Metaboli">Metaboli/GamesPlanet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Games" title="MSN Games">MSN Games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_(digital_distribution_software)" title="Origin (digital distribution software)">Origin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Playism" title="Playism">Playism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Playster" title="Playster">Playster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pogo.com" title="Pogo.com">Pogo.com</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pokki" title="Pokki">Pokki</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(software)" title="Steam (software)">Steam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center" title="Ubuntu Software Center">Ubuntu Software Center</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uplay" title="Uplay">Uplay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/WildTangent" title="WildTangent">WildTangent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game<br />
+consoles</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameFly" title="GameFly">GameFly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Shop_Channel" title="Wii Shop Channel">Wii Shop Channel</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Games_Store" title="Xbox Games Store">Xbox Games Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade" title="Xbox Live Arcade">Xbox Live Arcade</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Mobile</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Appsfire" title="Appsfire">Appsfire</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" title="App Store (iOS)">Apple App Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Aptoide" title="Aptoide">Aptoide</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cydia" title="Cydia">Cydia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GamersGate" title="GamersGate">GamersGate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Handango" title="Handango">Handango</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Apps">Samsung Apps</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/SlideME" class="mw-redirect" title="SlideME">SlideME</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store" title="Opera Mobile Store">Opera Mobile Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Playster" title="Playster">Playster</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu App Store">Ubuntu App Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_Store" title="Windows Phone Store">Windows Phone Store</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_board" title="Arcade system board">Arcade</a></th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/ALL.Net" title="ALL.Net">ALL.Net</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/NESiCAxLive" title="NESiCAxLive">NESiCAxLive</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/E-Amusement" title="E-Amusement">E-Amusement</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th>
+<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Desura" title="Desura">Desura</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameAgent" title="GameAgent">GameAgent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/GameTap" title="GameTap">GameTap</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Games for Windows Marketplace">Games for Windows Marketplace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(software)" title="Impulse (software)">Impulse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jumboplay" title="Jumboplay">Jumboplay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(service)" title="N-Gage (service)">N-Gage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Store" title="Nokia Store">Nokia Store</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/OnLive" title="OnLive">OnLive</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace" title="Windows Marketplace">Windows Marketplace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile" title="Windows Marketplace for Mobile">Windows Marketplace for Mobile</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Games" title="Yahoo! Games">Yahoo! Games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zune_software" title="Zune software">Zune Marketplace</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zylom" title="Zylom">Zylom</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
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+</div>
+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Republican Party of Virginia</h1>
+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+ <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;">
+<div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #b30000; border-bottom:2px solid #b30000; line-height: 1;"><span class="fn org">Republican Party of Virginia</span></div>
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairman</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">John Whitbeck</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">House leadership</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Howell" title="William J. Howell">William Howell</a> (Speaker)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cox" title="Kirk Cox">Kirk Cox</a> (Majority leader)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Tim_Hugo" title="Tim Hugo">Tim Hugo</a> (Caucus leader)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Senate leadership</th>
+<td class="agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stosch" title="Walter Stosch">Walter Stosch</a> (President pro tempore)<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Tommy_Norment" title="Tommy Norment">Thomas Norment</a> (Majority Leader)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;">1854<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1854</span>)</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th>
+<td class="label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Obenshain" title="Richard D. Obenshain">Obenshain</a> Center<br />
+115 E. Grace St.<br />
+<a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> 23219</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a><br />
+<a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th>
+<td class="category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Unofficial colors</th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;">
+<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 2</span>
+<div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;">
+<div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;">
+<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 11</span>
+<div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;">
+<div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" title="Senate of Virginia">VA Senate</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;">
+<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">21 / 40</span>
+<div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;">
+<div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">VA House</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;">
+<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">66 / 100</span>
+<div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;">
+<div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Virginia" title="Government of Virginia">VA statewide offices held</a></th>
+<td style="line-height:1.3em;">
+<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 3</span>
+<div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;">
+<div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height: 0.8em; padding-top:0.5em; padding-bottom:0;">Website</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpv.org">www.rpv.org</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The <b>Republican Party of Virginia</b> (RPV) is the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. It is based in the <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Obenshain" title="Richard D. Obenshain">Richard D. Obenshain</a> Center in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> As one of the most diverse state political parties in the United States, RPV builds conservative political partnerships across greatly varied geographic and cultural regions of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div class="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Current_elected_officials"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Current elected officials</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Members_of_Congress"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Members of Congress</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. House of Representatives</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Leadership"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Since_2004"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Since 2004</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Organization_and_candidate_selection"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Organization and candidate selection</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Open_primary_litigation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Open primary litigation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Richard_D._Obenshain_Center"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Richard D. Obenshain Center</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Policy_positions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Policy positions</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Recent_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recent elections</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#2008_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">2008 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2009_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">2009 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#2010_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">2010 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#2011_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">2011 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#2012_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">2012 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#2013_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">2013 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#2014_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">2014 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#2015_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">2015 elections</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#2016_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.9</span> <span class="toctext">2016 elections</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_elected_officials">Current elected officials</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current elected officials">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The Republican Party of Virginia holds majorities in the Virginia House of Delegates and Senate, and seven of the eleven <a href="/wiki/U.S._House" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House">U.S. House</a> seats are held by Republicans.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Members_of_Congress">Members of Congress</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Members of Congress">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Wittman" title="Rob Wittman">Rob Wittman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 1st congressional district">1st District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Rigell" title="Scott Rigell">Scott Rigell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 2nd congressional district">2nd District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Garrett_Jr." title="Tom Garrett Jr.">Tom Garrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 5th congressional district">5th District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte" title="Bob Goodlatte">Bob Goodlatte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 6th congressional district">6th District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brat" title="Dave Brat">Dave Brat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 7th congressional district">7th District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Griffith" title="Morgan Griffith">Morgan Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 9th congressional district">9th District</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Comstock" title="Barbara Comstock">Barbara Comstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 10th congressional district">10th District</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership">Leadership</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Since_2004">Since 2004</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Since 2004">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Kate_Obenshain_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Obenshain Griffin">Kate Obenshain Griffin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a> became the party's chairman in 2004. Following Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen (U.S. politician)">George Allen's</a> unsuccessful 2006 reelection bid, Griffin submitted her resignation as Chairman effective November 15, 2006. Her brother, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Obenshain" title="Mark Obenshain">Mark Obenshain</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia State Senate">State Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>. Both are the children of the late <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Obenshain" title="Richard D. Obenshain">Richard D. Obenshain</a>.</p>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Ed Gillespie</a> was elected as the new Chairman of the RPV on December 2, 2006. He resigned on June 13, 2007 to become the counselor to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. Mike Thomas served as interim chairman until July 21 when former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">Lieutenant Governor of Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/John_H._Hager" title="John H. Hager">John H. Hager</a> was elected chairman. On April 9, 2007 the RPV named <a href="/wiki/Fred_Malek" title="Fred Malek">Fred Malek</a> to serve as the Finance Chairman and Lisa Gable to serve as the Finance Committee Co-Chair.<sup id="cite_ref-rpv-2007-04-09_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpv-2007-04-09-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p>On May 31, 2008, Hager was defeated in his bid for re-election at a statewide GOP convention by a strongly conservative member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">House of Delegates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Frederick" title="Jeff Frederick">Jeff Frederick</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County</a>. Frederick, who was then 32 years old, was the fifth party chairman in five years. On April 4, 2009, Frederick was removed from the position by RPV's State Central Committee, in a move backed by most of the senior GOP establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Many argued that Frederick's election and later removal was a war within the party between insiders and outsiders,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> or grassroots versus establishment Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> After his removal, Frederick considered seeking the chairman job again at the party's May 2009 convention, but decided against it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Pat Mullins, who was then the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Louisa_County,_Virginia" title="Louisa County, Virginia">Louisa County</a> party unit and formerly the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfax County">Fairfax County</a> party unit, was selected on May 2, 2009 to serve in the interim before a special election at state party convention later that month.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Mullins won the special election at the May 30, 2009 convention, defeating Bill Stanley, the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin County</a> chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-wpconv_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpconv-10">[10]</a></sup> Mullins was re-elected at the party's June 2012 convention.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Mullins announced his retirement on November 5, 2014, a day after the Virginia GOP had a strong showing in the 2014 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 10th congressional district">10th District</a> Republican Committee chairman John Whitbeck was elected on January 24, 2015 by the party's State Central Committee to serve out the remainder of Mullins's term.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Whitbeck faced a challenge for the chairmanship for the 2016 election at the party's state convention from Vince Haley, who unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for state senate in the 12th state Senate district in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Haley withdrew his candidacy in early 2016, then tried to re-enter before the convention. At the convention, the party nominations committee ruled that Haley did not qualify to seek the office, and Whitbeck was re-elected unopposed to a full four-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organization_and_candidate_selection">Organization and candidate selection</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization and candidate selection">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>The State Party Plan<sup id="cite_ref-rpv-plan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpv-plan-19">[19]</a></sup> specifies the organization of the state party and how candidates will be selected. The 79-member State Central Committee sets the policy and plans for the party between larger State Conventions, which gather at least once every four years.</p>
+<p>Candidates for elective office can be selected by (1) mass meetings, (2) party canvasses, (3) conventions, or (4) primaries. A mass meeting consists of a meeting where any participants must remain until votes are taken at the end. A party canvass or "firehouse primary" allows participants to arrive anytime during announced polling hours, cast a secret ballot, and then leave. A convention includes a process for selecting delegates, and then only the delegates may vote. Mass meetings, party canvasses and conventions are conducted by party officials and volunteers. Primaries are administered by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbe.state.va.us">State Board of Elections</a> at all established polling places. Because Virginia does not have party registrations, participation in primaries are open to any register voter regardless of party. However, on June 15, 2006, the Plan was amended to redefine a primary:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>"Primary" is as defined in and subject to the Election Laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, except to the extent that any provisions of such laws conflict with this Plan, infringe the right to freedom of association, or are otherwise invalid.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>At the same time, the Plan was amended to require participants in any of the candidate selection methods to "express in open meeting either orally or in writing as may be required their intent to support all [Republican] nominees for public office in the ensuing election".</p>
+<p>The candidate selection process has been criticized as favoring "party insiders" and disfavoring moderate candidates. For example, both <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Davis" title="Thomas M. Davis">Thomas M. Davis</a> were seeking the 2008 Republican candidate for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>. However, two weeks following the decision that the candidate will be selected at a convention instead of a primary,<sup id="cite_ref-inrich_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inrich-20">[20]</a></sup> Davis announced that he would not seek the nomination.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Open_primary_litigation">Open primary litigation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open primary litigation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Virginia does not provide for voters to register by party. Virginia law requires <a href="/wiki/Open_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Open primary">"open" primaries</a> that are not restricted based on party registration:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>All persons qualified to vote... may vote at the primary. No person shall vote for the candidates of more than one party.<sup id="cite_ref-vacode-24.2-530_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vacode-24.2-530-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>In 2004, the Republican Party amended the State Party Plan to attempt to restrict participation in primaries to exclude voters who had voted in a Democratic primary after March 1, 2004, or in the last five years, whichever is more recent. In August 2004, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen H. Martin">Stephen Martin</a>, an incumbent State Senator, designated that the Republican candidate for his seat in the November 2007 election should be selected by primary. The Republicans then sued the State Board of Elections demanding a closed primary be held, with taxpayer funding of a mechanism to exclude voters who had participated in past Democratic primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-MillerBrown-pp4-5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerBrown-pp4-5-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Federal District Court dismissed the suit on standing and ripeness grounds. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed and sent the case back for a trial on its merits. The District Court then ruled that the rule forcing a party to accept the choice of its incumbent office holder of an open primary was unconstitutional. The state could continue to hold open primaries if a party opted for a primary instead of a mass meeting, party canvass, or convention to choose its nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-MillerBrown-p6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerBrown-p6-23">[23]</a></sup> On October 1, 2007, the Fourth Circuit affirmed this holding, which largely left Virginia's primary system intact, striking down only the rule allowing an incumbent officeholder to choose an open primary over the objection of his or her party.<sup id="cite_ref-MillerBrown-p18_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerBrown-p18-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The Republican State Central Committee dropped plans to require voters to sign a loyalty oath before voting in the February 2008 Presidential Primary. The party had proposed to require each voter to sign a pledge stating "I, the undersigned, pledge that I intend to support the nominee of the Republican Party for President." However, there was no way to enforce the pledge, and the proposal caused vocal public opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-pledge_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-pledge-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
+<p>At a March 20, 2014 mass meeting, John Ferguson defeated Leslie Williams to become Chair of the Campbell County Republican Committee. Williams unsuccessfully challenged the meeting before the county committee and the Fifth Congressional District Republican Committee. However, the State Central Committee overturned the vote on the grounds that school teachers and public employees participated in the meeting and that they must have been Democrats. In response, Ferguson and the other party officials that were elected filed a lawsuit to block a new mass meeting to fill the seats.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Richard_D._Obenshain_Center">Richard D. Obenshain Center</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Richard D. Obenshain Center">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The party headquarters building is named the Richard D. Obenshain Center in memory of <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Obenshain" title="Richard D. Obenshain">Richard D. Obenshain</a> (19361978), the State Party Chairman who beginning in 1972, helped lead the party's renaissance in Virginia following 95 years of virtual control by the State's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> except when <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a> coalition dominated affairs for a few years).</p>
+<p>In 1978, "Dick" Obenshain had won the party's nomination to run for the U.S. Senate to replace retiring Senator <a href="/wiki/William_L._Scott" title="William L. Scott">William Scott</a> when the 42-year-old candidate and two others were killed in an <a href="/wiki/Airplane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Airplane crash">airplane crash</a> of a twin engine aircraft on August 2, 1978 while attempting a night landing at the <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia" title="Chesterfield County, Virginia">Chesterfield County Airport</a>. They had been returning to Richmond from a campaign appearance.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Policy_positions">Policy positions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Policy positions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>While Virginia Republicans take positions on a wide variety of issues, some of the noteworthy ones include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Health care</b>: House Republicans have rejected various proposals to accept federal funds to expand Medicaid coverage to serve low-income Virginians, in both the regular and a 2014 special session of the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The Party challenged the federal requirement that all adults have health insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The Republican-controlled House of Delegates approved a bill to drop the requirement that sixth grade girls be vaccinated against HPV.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Religion</b>: The Party creed states, "That faith in God, as recognized by our Founding Fathers, is essential to the moral fiber of the Nation."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Immigration</b>: Offered legislation to limit government services, such as in-state tuition at state colleges, to undocumented residents. State and local law enforcement should cooperate in enforcing immigration laws.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Transportation</b>: Opposed funding transportation needs through increases in taxes and/or fees, offered <a href="/wiki/Virginia_abusive_driver_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia abusive driver fees">abusive driver fees</a> as an alternative revenue source; seeks to fund projects through bonds which will be funded from future general funds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> The Republican leadership has announced that it will resist any new taxes during the special session called for June 23, 2008 to fund transportation needs. In May 2010, Virginia applied to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> to erect tollbooths on I-95 near the North Carolina border to help finance road maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Pre-Kindergarten education</b>: Opposed Governor Kaine's initiative to fund pre-kindergarten education.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Handgun control</b>: Expanded the rights to carry concealed handguns and eased the process for issuing concealed weapon permits;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> oppose background checks for weapons purchased at gun shows.<sup id="cite_ref-guns_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guns-39">[39]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Judiciary</b>: Blocked judicial appointments in the 2007 legislative session.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Voting rights</b>: Defeated "early voting proposals" to allow voters to vote in-person at the County Registrars 45-days before election day<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Tobacco</b>: Defeated measures to restrict smoking rights or raise the tax on cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-guns_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guns-39">[39]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Arts and culture</b>: The Republican 2010 budget proposal sought to end long-standing state funding of the arts and defunded the Virginia Commission for the Arts. After a conference with the Virginia Senate, the final budget cut the Commission to 16% below its 2009 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Offshore drilling</b>: Supports drilling for oil and gas in federal waters 50 miles off the Virginia coast.</li>
+<li><b>Public employee pensions</b>: The approved 2010 budget delays payments to the pension fund, effectively borrowing $620 million from the fund while promising to start repaying in 2013 with 7.5% interest. The budget also increases the retirement age for new hires, and recalculates benefits for new hires. New hires will also have to pay a 5% contribution to the pension. However, the state will continue to pay for employee contributions for current employees.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> A separate bill, HB 610 sponsored by Harry R. Purkey (R), would have placed all new hires on a defined contribution pension plan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Same-sex marriage</b>: Advocated and successfully passed a 2006 amendment to the Virginia Constitution to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Virginia" title="Same-sex marriage in Virginia">prohibit same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Unsuccessfully fought <a href="/wiki/Bostic_v._Schaefer" title="Bostic v. Schaefer">legal challenges</a> that overturned that prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Unemployment benefits</b>: In a special session of the legislature held on April 8, 2009, to consider extending unemployment benefits in order to implement the federal stimulus package, the Republicans voted along party lines, 53 to 46 in the House of Delegates to defeat the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Two Republican delegates from high unemployment districts voted in favor of Kaine's proposal.</li>
+<li><b>Discrimination</b>: Since 1978, each Governor issues an executive order barring discrimination in the state workforce shortly after their inaugurations. The executive orders issued by Governors Warner and Kaine barred discrimination based on 'sexual orientation." However, McDonnell refused to issue such an order for his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> On March 10, 2010, in response to public criticism after Attorney General Kenneth T. Cuccinelli wrote an opinion letter invalidating state college policies against employment discrimination, Governor McDonnell issued a directive prohibiting discrimination in the state workforce, including on the basis of sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Unlike the prior executive orders, McDonnell's directive does not have the force of law.</li>
+<li><b>Environment</b>: On February 16, 2010, Attorney General Kenneth T. Cuccinelli II filed at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> a request to reopen its proceeding regarding EPA's finding that greenhouse gases endanger public health. He also sought judicial review of EPA's finding in federal court. As a result, Virginia joins Texas as the only states seeking to attack the EPA's actions. His press statement explained, "We cannot allow unelected bureaucrats with political agendas to use falsified data to regulate American industry and drive our economy into the ground."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Confederate History Month</b>: Governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_McDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McDonnell">Robert McDonnell</a> issued a proclamation designating April 2010 as "<a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> History Month" following similar designations by two of his Republican predecessors, <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen (U.S. politician)">George Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_S._Gilmore" class="mw-redirect" title="James S. Gilmore">James S. Gilmore</a>. However, the last two governors, who were Democrats, did not designate such a month. Unlike Gilmore's proclamation, which included anti-slavery language, McDonnell left out any mention of slavery, drawing condemnation by the Virginia Legislative Black Caucus and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></li>
+<li><b>Nullification of federal legislation</b>: On September 16, 2010, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Howell" title="William J. Howell">Bill Howell</a> (R-Stafford), Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates, wrote an online <i>Wall Street Journal</i> editorial advocating an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> to give state legislatures the power to repeal federal legislation. Under the proposal, if two-thirds of the state legislatures agree, any federal law enacted by Congress and the President would be nullified or amended. Howell announced that he will introduce legislation in the 2011 General Assembly to advocate such an amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> The Republicans advocated in favor of the amendment during the 2011 session.<sup id="cite_ref-wp11211_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp11211-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_elections">Recent elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recent elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2008_elections">2008 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> won Virginia's 13 electoral votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008 presidential election</a>, taking 1.96 million votes (52.6%) to Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s 1.73 million votes (46.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> Democrat Mark Warner soundly defeated Republican <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> in Virginia's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2008" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 2008">U.S. Senate race</a> by a margin of 65%-34%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia,_2008" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, 2008">House elections</a>, two Republican incumbents, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Drake" title="Thelma Drake">Thelma Drake</a>, were unseated, with Goode losing to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perriello" title="Tom Perriello">Tom Perriello</a> by just 727 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-official_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-61">[61]</a></sup> Democrat <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Connolly" title="Gerry Connolly">Gerry Connolly</a> took the open seat held by the retiring Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Davis" title="Thomas M. Davis">Tom Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> As a result of the 2008 elections, Democrats took control of both the state's U.S. Senate seats and the state's House delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-official_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2009_elections">2009 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2009 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The Republican Party sought to reverse its November 2008 losses in a series of special elections, which historically draw low voter turnout. In the January 13 special election to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Delegate <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moran" title="Brian Moran">Brian Moran</a> to run for Governor, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Charniele_Herring" title="Charniele Herring">Charniele Herring</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> woman from Northern Virginia to be elected to the House of Delegates, defeating Republican candidate Joe Murray by 16 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-hd_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hd-63">[63]</a></sup> She was seated on Jan. 26, following repeated efforts by the Republican caucus to delay her seating until a recount could be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> Because <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Connolly" title="Gerry Connolly">Gerry Connolly</a> was elected to Congress from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 11th congressional district">11th District</a>, a special election was held on February 3 to fill his seat as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Fairfax County Board of Supervisors">Fairfax County Board of Supervisors</a>. In that election, about 16% of the registered voters participated, and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Bulova" title="Sharon Bulova">Sharon Bulova</a> defeated Republican <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Herrity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pat Herrity (page does not exist)">Pat Herrity</a> by 1,206 votes. Anthony Bedell, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a> Republican Party told the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, "In November, we got our clocks cleaned. Three months later, even in a special this was a squeaker. That's good news for Republicans."<sup id="cite_ref-bul_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bul-65">[65]</a></sup> Another special election was held to fill Bulova's Braddock District board seat on March 10.<sup id="cite_ref-bul_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bul-65">[65]</a></sup> Republican John Cook won the seat by 89 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Virginia and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> were the only states to hold statewide general elections in 2009. The Republicans selected their candidates at a State Convention held on May 2930, 2009 in Richmond. Former <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia" title="Attorney General of Virginia">Attorney General of Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">Bob McDonnell</a> was nominated for Governor. "His candidacy is part of a Republican renaissance that starts this year in Virginia," said <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Michael Steele</a> chair of the Republican National Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-wpconv_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpconv-10">[10]</a></sup> Incumbent <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bolling" title="Bill Bolling">Bill Bolling</a>, who declined to run for governor to avoid a primary fight with McDonnell, defeated Patrick Muldoon for the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">Lieutenant Governor</a> nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-wpconv_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpconv-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" title="Senate of Virginia">State Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Cuccinelli" title="Ken Cuccinelli">Ken Cuccinelli</a>, who the <i>Washington Post</i> described as "one of the most conservative members of the General Assembly," defeated <a href="/wiki/John_L._Brownlee" title="John L. Brownlee">John Brownlee</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_M._Foster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David M. Foster (page does not exist)">David M. Foster</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia" title="Attorney General of Virginia">Attorney General</a> nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-wpconv_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpconv-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p>All three candidates won handily in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2009" title="Virginia elections, 2009">November elections</a>, in a victory for Republicans that was seen as a rebuke of the Democratic Party's policies in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></p>
+<p>All 100 House seats were up for election in 2009. Republicans took nine seats held by Democrats while just one Democrat took a seat held by a Republican, for a net gain of eight seats and a 59-seat majority.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2010_elections">2010 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2010 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On January 12, 2010, in a special election for the 37th State Senate district, Democrat Dave W. Marsden beat Republican Steve M. Hunt by a 327-vote margin.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> In the 8th State Senate district, Republican Jeff L. McWaters beat Democrat William W. "Bill" Fleming by a vote of 78-21%.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> On March 2, 2010, Democrat Eileen Filler-Corn was elected to fill Marsden's Delegate seat by 37 votes, out of 11,528 cast. Because the vote margin was within 0.5%, the state will pay for a recount.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> She was sworn in on March 3, 2010 after her opponent dropped his plans to request a recount.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></p>
+<p>All of the state's 11 U.S. House seats were up for election in 2010 (neither U.S. Senate seat was up for election). Republicans picked up three seats held by Democrats. Auto dealer <a href="/wiki/Scott_Rigell" title="Scott Rigell">Scott Rigell</a> defeated freshman Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Nye" title="Glenn Nye">Glenn Nye</a> 53%-42% in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 2nd congressional district">2nd District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2010results_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010results-75">[75]</a></sup> Attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hurt_(Virginia_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hurt (Virginia politician)">Robert Hurt</a> defeated freshman Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perriello" title="Tom Perriello">Tom Perriello</a> 51%-47% in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 5th congressional district">5th District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2010results_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010results-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> And House of Delegates Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Griffith" title="Morgan Griffith">Morgan Griffith</a> defeated 28-year Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/Rick_Boucher" title="Rick Boucher">Rick Boucher</a> 51%-46% in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 9th congressional district">9th District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2010results_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010results-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> With the election, Republicans now hold 8 of Virginia's 11 House seats.</p>
+<p>After Republicans took control of the U.S. House in the elections, Virginia Republican <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 7th congressional district">7th District</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/House_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Majority Leader">House Majority Leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2011_elections">2011 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2011 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>On November 8, 2011, Republicans took control of the State Senate with <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">Lt. Gov.</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bolling" title="Bill Bolling">Bill Bolling</a> as the tie breaking vote and increased their majority in the State House to a 68-seat vote margin, making it the Republican Party's largest House majority in history. It was the second time since the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> that the Republican Party simultaneously had a majority in the State House, a majority in the State Senate, and a sitting governor.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2012_elections">2012 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2012 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia,_2012" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, 2012">United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, 2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 2012">United States Senate election in Virginia, 2012</a></div>
+<p>Only two of six candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012">Republican nomination for president</a> qualified for the ballot for the March 6, 2012 presidential primary in Virginia after failing to meet Virginia's strict ballot requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> appeared on the ballot, and Romney received 60% of the vote to Paul's 40%, with over 265,000 votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Four candidates ran in the primary for the nomination for U.S. Senate in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2012" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 2012">2012 election</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a>. Former Virginia Governor and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen (U.S. politician)">George Allen</a>, who lost his Senate seat in 2006 to Webb, won the nomination with 65% of the vote in the June 2012 primary.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the November general election, Allen lost to <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> by a margin of 53%-47%,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> and Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> lost Virginia to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> by a margin of 51%-47%.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> The party held on to its eight Virginia seats in the U.S. House of Representatives.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2013_elections">2013 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2013 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia_convention,_2013" title="Republican Party of Virginia convention, 2013">Republican Party of Virginia convention, 2013</a>; <a href="/wiki/Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2013" title="Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013">Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013</a>; <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Attorney_General_election,_2013" title="Virginia Attorney General election, 2013">Virginia Attorney General election, 2013</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2013" title="Virginia elections, 2013">Virginia elections, 2013</a></div>
+<p>In 2013, the party nominated <a href="/wiki/Ken_Cuccinelli" title="Ken Cuccinelli">Ken Cuccinelli</a> for governor, <a href="/wiki/E.W._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.W. Jackson">E.W. Jackson</a> for lieutenant governor, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Obenshain" title="Mark Obenshain">Mark Obenshain</a> for attorney general at a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia_convention,_2013" title="Republican Party of Virginia convention, 2013">convention</a> in Richmond. All three candidates lost to their Democratic opponents. Cuccinelli lost to <a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a> by a margin of 2.5%, and Obenshain lost to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Herring" title="Mark Herring">Mark Herring</a> by a margin of 0.04%, in a <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Attorney_General_election,_2013" title="Virginia Attorney General election, 2013">race</a> that required a recount. The party gained two seats in the House of Delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2014_elections">2014 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2014 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2014" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 2014">United States Senate election in Virginia, 2014</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia,_2014" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, 2014">United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, 2014</a></div>
+<p>The party's governing body voted in May 2013 to select its 2014 U.S. Senate nominee at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2014#Republican_convention" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 2014">convention</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> which was held on June 7, 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Ed Gillespie</a> won the nomination, defeating three other candidates. Gillespie lost the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2014" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 2014">November general election</a> to Mark Warner by a margin of 0.8%. The party retained its 8-3 U.S. House seat majority.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2015_elections">2015 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2015 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2015" title="Virginia elections, 2015">Virginia elections, 2015</a></div>
+<p>The party retained its 21-19 majority in the state Senate in fiercely contested races,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> and held on to all but one of its House of Delegates seats for a 66-34 majority in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2016_elections">2016 elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2016 elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Over one million voters participated in the March 1, 2016 state-run <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia,_2016#Republican_primary" title="United States presidential election in Virginia, 2016">Virginia Republican presidential primary</a>, under which the party's 49 delegates to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 Republican National Convention</a> were allocated proportionally.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> placed first with 35% of the vote, followed by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> (32%), <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> (17%), <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> (10%), and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> (6%).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The party held its quadrennial convention in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a> and elected 13 at-large delegates to the Republican National Convention, 10 of which pledged to support Ted Cruz in the event of a contested convention.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> carried Virginia in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia,_2016" title="United States presidential election in Virginia, 2016">2016 election</a> with 50% to Donald Trump's 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The day after the 2016 general election, the RPV's headquarters in Richmond were vandalized by protestors who broke windows and the doorbell, attempted to kick in the door, and wrote <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> on the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> RPV Chairman John Whitbeck blamed the "hateful rhetoric" of Democrats as the cause of the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
+<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" width="32" height="22" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="877" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia portal</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Democratic Party of Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Virginia" title="Green Party of Virginia">Green Party of Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Virginia" title="Libertarian Party of Virginia">Libertarian Party of Virginia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2009" title="Virginia elections, 2009">Virginia elections, 2009</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2009" title="Virginia gubernatorial election, 2009">Virginia gubernatorial election, 2009</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_state_elections,_2011" title="Virginia state elections, 2011">Virginia elections, 2011</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2013" title="Virginia elections, 2013">Virginia elections, 2013</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2013" title="Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013">Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia_convention,_2013" title="Republican Party of Virginia convention, 2013">Republican Party of Virginia convention, 2013</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpv.org/about/contact.asp">Contact the Republican Party of Virginia</a>." Republican Party of Virginia. Retrieved on May 13, 2010.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-rpv-2007-04-09-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rpv-2007-04-09_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpv.org/040907Fundraising.html">"RPV Announces New Finance Chairman"</a>. <i>Press Releases</i>. Republican Party of Virginia. 9 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Releases&rft.atitle=RPV+Announces+New+Finance+Chairman&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpv.org%2F040907Fundraising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Craig, Tim (2009-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/03/frederick_fights_back_the_batt.html">"Frederick Fights Back"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Frederick+Fights+Back&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fvirginiapolitics%2F2009%2F03%2Ffrederick_fights_back_the_batt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kumar, Anita (2009-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/04/AR2009040401980.html">"Virginia GOP Ousts Controversial Chairman"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Virginia+GOP+Ousts+Controversial+Chairman&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F04%2F04%2FAR2009040401980.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Freddoso, David (2009-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=ZDRkNWQwM2UyNmFlYTYxYWI2NDRjZDc4NzU4NTE2YTg=">"Not Their Chairman"</a>. <i>National Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Not+Their+Chairman&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft.aulast=Freddoso&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle.nationalreview.com%2Fprint%2F%3Fq%3DZDRkNWQwM2UyNmFlYTYxYWI2NDRjZDc4NzU4NTE2YTg%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Craig, Tim (2009-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/17/AR2009031703524_pf.html">"GOP 'Grass Roots' at Center of Turf Battle"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=GOP+%27Grass+Roots%27+at+Center+of+Turf+Battle&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F03%2F17%2FAR2009031703524_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kumar, Anita (2009-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/05/frederick_will_not_run_for_gop.html">"Frederick Declines to Run for GOP Leader"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Frederick+Declines+to+Run+for+GOP+Leader&rft.date=2009-05-04&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fvirginiapolitics%2F2009%2F05%2Ffrederick_will_not_run_for_gop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Frederick, Jeff (2009-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://votejeff.org/news.asp?docID=219">"My decision"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+decision&rft.date=2009-05-04&rft.aulast=Frederick&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvotejeff.org%2Fnews.asp%3FdocID%3D219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2009/05/virginia-gop-elects-pat-mullins-022021">Virginia GOP elects Pat Mullins</a> - <i>Politico</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-wpconv-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpconv_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpconv_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpconv_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpconv_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kumar, Anita (May 31, 2009). "McDonnell Officially Accepts GOP Nomination". <i>Washington Post</i>. p. C1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=McDonnell+Officially+Accepts+GOP+Nomination&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bearingdrift.com/2012/06/18/rpv-convention-wrap-up/">RPV Convention Wrap-Up</a> - Bearing Drift</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wavy.com/2014/11/05/virginia-republican-party-chairman-resigns/">Virginia Republican Party chairman resigns</a> - <i>Associated Press</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Portnoy, Jenna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-gop-chairman-announces-retirement-applauds-party-for-big-wins/2014/11/05/42072f5c-6512-11e4-bb14-4cfea1e742d5_story.html">"Virginia GOP chairman announces retirement, applauds party for its big wins"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Virginia+GOP+chairman+announces+retirement%2C+applauds+party+for+its+big+wins&rft.aulast=Portnoy&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fvirginia-politics%2Fvirginia-gop-chairman-announces-retirement-applauds-party-for-big-wins%2F2014%2F11%2F05%2F42072f5c-6512-11e4-bb14-4cfea1e742d5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-gop-elects-john-whitbeck-as-new-chairman/2015/01/24/676441ac-a349-11e4-903f-9f2faf7cd9fe_story.html">Virginia GOP elects John Whitbeck as new chairman</a> - <i>Washington Post</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.gop/rpv-state-central-committee-elects-john-whitbeck-chairman/">RPV State Central Committee Elects John Whitbeck Chairman</a> - Virginia.gop</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpap.org/candidates/179778-vince-haley/">Vince Haley</a> - VPAP.org</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypress.com/news/politics/dp-nws-gop-convention-20160430-story.html">Cruz wins most Virginia GOP at-large delegates</a> - Daily Press</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/government-politics/article_2e8463ed-0fef-5622-8fdf-586547691299.html">Cruz secures 10 of 13 national delegates in fight at Virginia GOP convention</a> - <i>Richmond Times-Dispatch</i></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-rpv-plan-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rpv-plan_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hager,, John H.; John Padgett; Charles E. Judd (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpv.org/PDF/PartyPlanOct2007.pdf">"The Plan of Organization of the Republican Party of Virginia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>rpv.org</i>. Republican Party of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rpv.org&rft.atitle=The+Plan+of+Organization+of+the+Republican+Party+of+Virginia&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Hager%2C&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=John+Padgett&rft.au=Charles+E.+Judd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpv.org%2FPDF%2FPartyPlanOct2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-inrich-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inrich_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20070823052421/http://www.inrich.com/cva/ric/news.apx.-content-articles-RTD-2007-10-13-0212.html">"Va. GOP decision favors Gilmore"</a>. <i>InRich.com</i>. 13 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrich.com/cva/ric/news.apx.-content-articles-RTD-2007-10-13-0212.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InRich.com&rft.atitle=Va.+GOP+decision+favors+Gilmore&rft.date=2007-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrich.com%2Fcva%2Fric%2Fnews.apx.-content-articles-RTD-2007-10-13-0212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-vacode-24.2-530-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vacode-24.2-530_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+24.2-530">" 24.2-530: Who may vote in primary"</a>. <i>Code of Virginia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> Legislation Information System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Virginia&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+24.2-530%3A+Who+may+vote+in+primary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleg1.state.va.us%2Fcgi-bin%2Flegp504.exe%3F000%2Bcod%2B24.2-530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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