---
layout: presentation
title: Using Mobile Phones to Persuade
description: Using Mobile Phones to Persuade--Behavior Change through Mobile Design
class: middle, center, inverse
---
name: inverse
layout: true
class: center, middle, inverse
---
# [NOTIFICATIONS](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/)
.footnote[Picture from [itstimetologoff.com](https://www.itstimetologoff.com/2018/03/22/why-switching-off-your-social-media-and-phone-notifications-is-your-own-mini-digital-detox/)]
---
# [Dopamine, Smartphones & You: A battle for your time](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/)
---
layout: false
.left-column[
## Using Mobile Phones to Persuade
]
.right-column[
Jennifer Mankoff
CSE 340 Spring 2019
]
---
# What does it take to persuade you?
![:youtube Wildebeest arguing about a log and whether it is a crocodile, JMJXvsCLu6s]
---
.left-column[
## Technology for persuasion
Coercive: negatve connotatons, patronizing, paternalistc, "we know
what’s best for you and you will do it!"
]
.right-column[
]
---
.left-column[
## Technology for persuasion
## Is really about behavior change
]
.right-column[
Which do you think is true?
Persuasive = Coercive
Persuasive >= Coercive
Persuasive <= Coercive
Persuasive != Coercive
]
---
# What does it take to persuade you?
![:youtube People being persuaded to climb stairs, 2lXh2n0aPyw]
---
# What does it take to persuade you?
![:youtube Cialdini, cFdCzN7RYbw]
:54 6 shortcuts
---
# What’s needed to support positive behavior change?
.quote[
If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.]
Lord Kelvin
---
# Data Collection Options
---
# Data Collection Options
Or we could just use one...
---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable
## Data ]
.right-column[
]
---
.left-column[
## Where is the value?
## Data
]
.right-column[
Most of what we get is Data
]
---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable
## Knowledge ]
.right-column[
]
---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable
## Decision Making ]
.right-column[
]
---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable
### Translating data into behavior change
]
.right-column[
]
.footnote[[personalinformatics.org](http://personalinformatics.org/tools)]
---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable
### Translating data into behavior change
]
.right-column[
Developed with 68 survey participants, 11 follow-up interviews
]
.footnote[Li, Dey, Forlizzi. A Stage-Based Model of Personal
Informatics Systems. CHI 2010.]
---
.left-column[
## Preparation
]
.right-column[
Alice!
- **Wanted** to become active
- **Decided** to track her physical activity
- **Chose** to track step counts using a pedometer
]
.footnote[
**Preparation**|Collection|Integration|Reflection|Action]
---
.left-column[
## Collection
]
.right-column[
| day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps |
|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|
| Mon | 1573 | Mon | 1209 | Mon | 12344 | Mon | ... | Mon | ... | Mon | ... |
| Tue | 4392 | Tue | 1834 | Tue | 1200 | Tue | ... | Tue | ... | Tue | ... |
| Wed | 4537 | Wed | 4341 | Wed | 4311 | Wed | ... | Wed | ... | Wed | ... |
| Thu | 5842 | Thu | 8300 | Thu | 7348 | Thu | ... | Thu | ... | Thu | ... |
| Fri | 10258 | Fri | 10300 | Fri | 9384 | Fri | ... | Fri | ... | Fri | ... |
| Sat | 7528 | Sat | 6347 | Sat | 5123 | Sat | ... | Sat | ... | Sat | ... |
| Sun | 1367 | Sun | 1231 | Sun | 1430 | Sun | ... | Sun | ... | Sun | ... |
| Mon | 1497 | Mon | 1503 | Mon | 1427 | Mon | ... | Mon | ... | Mon | ... |
| Tue | 1837 | Tue | 1717 | Tue | 1643 | Tue | ... | Tue | ... | Tue | ... |
| Wed | 4537 | Wed | 4341 | Wed | 4311 | Wed | ... | Wed | ... | Wed | ... |
| Thu | 5842 | Thu | 8300 | Thu | 7348 | Thu | ... | Thu | ... | Thu | ... |
| Fri | 10258 | Fri | 10300 | Fri | 9384 | Fri | ... | Fri | ... | Fri | ... |
| Sat | 7528 | Sat | 6347 | Sat | 5123 | Sat | ... | Sat | ... | Sat | ... |
| Sun | 1367 | Sun | 1231 | Sun | 1430 | Sun | ... | Sun | ... | Sun | ... |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
]
---
.left-column[
## Integration
]
.right-column[
]
.footnote[
Preparation|Collection|**Integration**|Reflection|Action]
---
.left-column[
## Reflection
]
.right-column[
]
.footnote[
Preparation|Collection|Integration|**Reflection**|Action]
---
.left-column[
## Action
]
.right-column[
The stage when people choose what they are going to do with their
new-found understanding of themselves.
]
.footnote[
Preparation|Collection|Integration|Reflection|**Action**]
???
How can we support this with technology?
--
.right-column[
– Alerts
– Incentives
– Suggestions
]
???
Context-aware computing...
---
.left-column50[
]
.right-column50[
# Why Behavior Change is Difficult
### Every stage presents distinct barriers
Failures in one stage cascade through later stages, must design for
entire tracking process
### This occurs in a larger context of deciding to track, selecting a tool, and eventual lapsing
]
.footnote[Epstein, Ping, Fogarty, Munson. A Lived Informatics Model of
Personal Informatics. UbiComp 2015.]
---
# Process of Change
<!--
| Precont. | Cont. | Prep. | Action | Maint. | Adoption |
|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Consciousness-raising | Consciousness-raising | Consciousness-raising | | | Social liberation | Social liberation | Social liberation | Social liberation | | |
| |
| | Self-analysis | Self-analysis | | | |
| | Emotional arousal | Emotional arousal | | | |
| | Positive outlook | Positive outlook | | | |
| | | Commitment | Commitment | Commitment | Commitment |
| | | Behavior analysis | Behavior analysis | | |
| | | Goal setting | Goal setting | Goal setting | |
| | | Self-reevaluation | Self-reevaluation | Self-reevaluation | |
| | | | Countering | Countering | |
| | | | Monitoring | Monitoring | Monitoring |
| | | | Environmental control | Environmental control | Environmental control |
| | | | Helping relationships | Helping relationships | Helping relationships |
| | | | Rewards | Rewards | Rewards |
| | | | | | |
{: .small #small}
-->
???
Using the same plan for every individual who wishes to change a behavior will not work
Timing is important in the process of willful change
---
background-image: url(img/behavior-change/phoneplanet.png)
# Case Study: <BR> Energy Use
---
# What is the responsibility of technologists to address climate change?
.footnote[[Amazon Refuses to Act on Climate Change. So We Employees Are Speaking Out](https://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/amazon-climate-change-action-jeff-bezos-20190530)]
---
.left-column[
]
.right-column[
## Case Study: UbiGreen
Sensed Transportation Behavior
Ever-present Feedback
Two formative studies
- Online survey
- In situ (ESM) study
Three week field deployment
]
.footnote[
J. Froehlich, T. Dillahunt, P. Klasnja, J. Mankoff, S. Consolvo, B. Harrison, J. A. Landay, CHI 2009
]
---
---
---
---
.left-column[
]
.right-column[
## UbiGreen
2 cities; 14 participants
Obtain preliminary feedback on prototype
- Engagement
- Potential for social use
- Potential for changing behavior
]
---
.left-column[
]
.right-column[
## UbiGreen
Engagement
.quote[It's omnipresent]
Behavior Change:
.quote[
“It really encourages you to analyze your own performance”
]
<!-- Social
.quote[
“Some people at work knew about the polar bear and every day they -->
<!-- asked me about it. ‘Did you get a seal today?’”] -->
]
???
Introspection
---
# Personal Informatics
???
Apply it to ubigreen
---
# Aside: Other ways for CS to engage with sustainability
.left-column50[
## Impact: Direct ways of reducing carbon emissions
- Efficiency (new technologies, new patterns of use, better buildings, etc.)
- Carbon capture & storage
- Alternate sources of energy
- Carbon sinks (e.g. reforestation)
- Better energy grid
]
.right-column50[
## Solutions: Indirect ways of reducing carbon emissions
- Population control
- Economic controls (e.g., taxes)
- Cross-cultural solutions (culturally-relevant technologies)
- Education
- Governmental buy in (Local laws, world treaties, etc)
- Advancing science
]
.footnote[
[Socolow &
Pacala](http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/carbon-crisis/img/stabilization_wedges.pdf);
A. Gore, Earth in the Balance
]
---
.right-column[
## My checklist for mobile ICT impact
*Measure* waste and impact
- Example: [what happens to phones when you finish with them?](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1357054.1357110)
*Monitor, Model & Inform* governments as well as individuals
- Example: [Measuring air pollution using a mobile
device](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1978942.1979290)
]
---
.left-column[
Simulated impact of multiple algorithms on three month data set
]
.right-column[
## My checklist for mobile ICT impact
*Encourage environmentality*
- example [Automated thermostat setting](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2493432.2493441)
- automation, efficiency, re-use
- people (lived experience)
- reduce waste
]
.footnote[[some computer science issues in creating a sustainable world](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~io/publications/ieee08-preprint.pdf)]
---
.left-column[
]
.right-column[
# My checklist for mobile ICT impact
*Relevance across sectors and cultures* (residential: renters, owners, etc), business, ...)
- Example: [understanding conflicts between landlords and tenants around energy use](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1864349.1864376)
- Example: [deploying an android energy monitor to help communities &
individuals monitor](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2531602.2531626)
Goal: *Scale up* to governments, nations or more
]
.footnote[
[Some computer science issues in creating a sustainable world](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~io/publications/ieee08-preprint.pdf)
]
---
.title[Why a digression on sustainability in a behavior change lecture?]
.body[
]
???
That's all there is to fix it, we need the will power at a society level
Of course there's other applications of behavior change as well :)
Health is a big one!